Louis XVI, dressed in culottes, drinks a toast to the sans-culottes

Culottes is a word that originated in French. Historically, "culottes" referred to the knee-breeches commonly worn by gentlemen of the European upper-classes from the late Middle Ages or Renaissance through the early nineteenth century. This style of tight pants ending just below the knee was first popularized in France during the reign of Henry III (1574–1589).^[1] Culottes were normally closed and fastened about the leg, to the knee, by either buttons, a strap and buckle, or by a draw-string. During the French Revolution of 1789–1799, working-class revolutionaries were known as the "sans-culottes" – literally, "without culottes" – a name derived from their rejection of aristocratic apparel.^[2]

In military uniforms[link]

Military uniforms incorporated culottes as a standard uniform article, the lower leg being covered by either stockings, leggings, or knee-high boots. Culottes were a common part of military uniforms during the European wars of the eighteenth-century (the Great Northern War, the War of the Spanish Succession, the War of the Austrian Succession, the Seven Years' War, the Franco-British Colonial Wars, and the American Revolution).

Later definitions[link]

The women's fashion industry commonly takes words that have historically been used to describe men's garments and uses them to describe an entirely different garment, often creating confusion among historians and history students and readers. For example, currently, the term "culottes" in French is now used to describe women's panties, an article of clothing that has little or no relation to the historic culottes.

A pair of modern culottes. From the crotch downwards, separate legs can be discerned

Women's culottes[link]

Another latter-day use of the word culottes describes a split or divided skirt^[3] or any garment which "hangs like a skirt, but is actually pants."^[1] During the Victorian Era (mid- to late-nineteenth century) long split skirts were developed for horseback riding so that women could sit astride a man's saddle rather than riding side-saddle. The term "culottes" was co-opted from the original French definition of the word to describe these split riding skirts. Later, split skirts were developed to provide women more freedom to do activities such as gardening, cleaning, bike riding, etc. and still look like one is wearing a skirt.^[4]

Skort[link]

In place of the term "culottes," the term skort (a portmanteau for skirt and shorts) is more widely used in some areas. While some garments sold as culottes resemble short trousers, to truly be a skort it needs to look like a skirt. Thus, they differ from trousers or shorts by being much fuller at the bottom (hem) than at the waist. A skort is shorts that have a front covering to resemble a skirt^[5] or short pant legs with a same length or longer skirt sewn over the top.^[6]

Some culottes have a part sewn over only the front, some are shorts with a skirt sewn over them. While these may not be completely the same, they are often called by either name, so either term can apply.

School uniforms[link]

Culottes are used in girls' school uniforms along with skirts as an option or culottes are brought in as a replacement to skirts. Culottes are worn as part a uniform mainly to primary, middle and Catholic schools. Culottes were also part of the uniform of Brownie Guides ^[7] up until recently, when the uniform was modernised and the traditional brown culottes were replaced.

References[link]

Notes

Sarah Jessica Parker
Parker at the 2009 premiere of Wonderful World
Born	(1965-03-25) March 25, 1965 (age 47) Nelsonville, Ohio, United States
Occupation	Actress, producer
Years active	1974–present
Spouse	Matthew Broderick (1997–present)

Sarah Jessica Parker (born March 25, 1965) is an American actress and producer.

She is best known for her leading role as Carrie Bradshaw on the HBO television series Sex and the City (1998–2004), for which she won four Golden Globe Awards, three Screen Actors Guild Awards, and two Emmy Awards. She played the same role in the 2008 feature film based on the show, Sex and the City: The Movie, and in its sequel, Sex and the City 2, which opened on May 26, 2010. Parker has also appeared in many other films.

Early life[link]

Sarah Jessica Parker was born in Nelsonville, Ohio, the daughter of Barbara Parker (née Keck), a nursery school operator and teacher, and Stephen Parker, an entrepreneur and journalist.^[1][2] She was one of a total of eight children from her parents' marriage and her mother's second marriage (her full siblings include actors Timothy Britten Parker and Pippin Parker). After her parents' divorce, her mother married Paul Forste, a truck driver and account executive who was a part of Parker's life from an early age.^[3] Parker's father, a native of Brooklyn, was of Eastern European Jewish background; his family's original surname was "Bar-Kahn" ("son of Kohen").^[2][4] Parker's mother was of English and German descent; through her mother, Parker is descended from Esther Elwell, one of the accused during the Salem witch trials.^[5][6] Parker has identified culturally and ethnically with her father's religion, Judaism, although she has had no religious training.^[4] She has said that even while her family lived in Cincinnati, her mother emulated a New York lifestyle.^[4]

As a young girl, Parker trained in singing and ballet, and was soon cast in the Broadway revival of William Archibald's The Innocents.^[7] Her family moved to Cincinnati, Ohio and then to Dobbs Ferry, New York, near New York City, so that she could get specialized training. There, her mother and stepfather helped Parker develop her career as a child actress. In 1977, the family moved to the newly-opened planned community on Roosevelt Island, in the East River between Manhattan and Queens, and later to Manhattan. The family later moved to Englewood, New Jersey, where Parker attended Dwight Morrow High School.^[8]

Parker attended the School for Creative and Performing Arts in Cincinnati,^{[citation needed]} the School of American Ballet in New York City,^{[citation needed]} Dwight Morrow High School in New Jersey, and the Professional Children's School,^{[citation needed]} Hollywood High School in Los Angeles, California.^{[citation needed]}

Career[link]

Early acting career[link]

Parker and four siblings appeared in a production of The Sound of Music at the outdoor Municipal Theatre (Muny) in St. Louis, Missouri.^[9] She was selected for a role in the new 1977–81 Broadway musical Annie: first in the small role of "July" and then succeeding Andrea McArdle and Shelley Bruce in the lead role of the Depression-era orphan, beginning March 1979. Parker held the role for a year.

In 1982, Parker was cast as the co-lead of the CBS sitcom Square Pegs. The show lasted just one season, but Parker's performance, as a shy teen who showed hidden depths, was critically well-received. In the three years that followed, she was cast in four films: the most significant being Footloose in 1984 and 1984's Girls Just Wanna Have Fun, co-starring Helen Hunt. In 1986, Parker appeared in the cult classic Flight of the Navigator, a Disney science fiction film.

By the early 1990s, Parker's career was gaining momentum. In 1991, she appeared in a supporting role in the romantic comedy L.A. Story; both the movie and her performance garnered positive reviews.^[7] The following year, she landed a starring role in the well-received film Honeymoon in Vegas, co-starring Nicolas Cage. Her 1993 role in the film Hocus Pocus was a higher grosser at the box office but received negative reviews. Also in 1993, she starred as a police diver opposite Bruce Willis in the film Striking Distance. The following year, she appeared opposite Johnny Depp in the critically acclaimed movie Ed Wood^[7] as Wood's girlfriend Dolores Fuller.

The film Miami Rhapsody, in 1995, was a romantic comedy in which she had a leading role. In 1996, she appeared in another Tim Burton-directed movie, Mars Attacks!, as well as in The First Wives Club and The Substance of Fire, in which she reprised her 1991 stage role. In 1997, she appeared as Francesca Lanfield, a washed-up former child actress, in the comedy Till There Was You.

[edit] Sex and the City (1998–2004, 2008–2010)

Parker in New York City, June 2003

The script for an HBO drama/comedy series titled Sex and the City was sent to Parker. The show's creator, Darren Star, wanted her for his project. Despite some doubts about being cast in a long-term television series, Parker agreed to star.^[10] After five nominations, in 2004, Parker won an Emmy Award for her lead role. Parker said in 2006 that she "will never do a television show again".^[10][11]

After Sex and the City ended in 2004, rumors of a film version circulated. It was revealed that a script had been completed for such a project. At the time, Parker said such a film would likely never be made.^[12] Two years later, preparations were resumed, and the film was released on May 30, 2008. A sequel to the movie, Sex and the City 2, was released in 2010.

Later work[link]

In addition to work in film and television, Parker has gained respect as a stage actor, having appeared in well-reviewed lead roles in the off-Broadway play Sylvia, alongside future husband Matthew Broderick in How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying, and the Tony Award-nominated Once Upon a Mattress.

In December 2005, Parker appeared in her first film in several years, The Family Stone; she received a Golden Globe nomination as Best Actress — Comedy for the role. Her next film, the romantic comedy Failure to Launch, co-starring Matthew McConaughey, was released on March 10, 2006, and opened at #1 in the North American box office, grossing slightly over $24 million on its opening weekend,^[13] despite mediocre reviews.^[14] Parker's work as a producer continued with the independent film Spinning Into Butter (which she also starred in), based on the Rebecca Gilman play.

On July 20, U.S. cable network Bravo announced it had picked up a reality show produced by Parker under the working title American Artist.^[15] As a self-described "art enthusiast", Parker will feature artists of any age over 17, with each show having 13 finalists. Parker's inspiration comes from her mother-in-law, whose artwork became noticed only after she died.^[16]

Parker participated in the United States version of the hit U.K. television series Who Do You Think You Are? for NBC, in which celebrities were helped to trace their family trees. The executive producer was Lisa Kudrow, and the series featured Parker, husband Matthew Broderick, Kudrow and others.^[17]

Fashion industry[link]

Endorsements

In 2000, Parker hosted the MTV Movie Awards, appearing in fourteen different outfits during the show.^[18]

She has also become the face of many of the world's biggest fashion brands through her work in a variety of advertising campaigns. In August 2003, Parker signed a lucrative deal with Garnier to appear in TV and print advertising promoting their Nutrisse hair products.

In early 2004, shortly after the last season of Sex and the City wrapped up, Parker signed a $38 million contract with the Gap.^[19] It was the first multi-season contract in the clothing company’s history, in which Parker was to appear in their upcoming fall ads, and continue until the Spring of 2005.^[19] The endorsement sparked many levels of criticism from the public; the glamorous, urban-chic fashionista that her character Carrie Bradshaw has branded her with, was ironic considering the Gap maintains an image that does not promote high-end fashion.^[20] Wendy Liebmann, president of WSL strategic retail, suggested that the Gap “felt the need for an iconic but contemporary face to represent [themselves]. . . . they were perhaps feeling a little insecure, a little in need of some high luster around the brand".^[19] However, the ad campaigns were a success, and Parker had given the Gap a new, fresh face that appeared in many commercials, online and print ads, and other promotions.

In March 2005, Parker’s contract with the Gap ended, and was replaced with then 17-year old British soul singer Joss Stone. A rising star at the time, Stone’s replacing of Parker was a puzzling move to the public. The company then stated that “While Gap will always seek partnerships with celebrities, musicians and rising stars, we don’t have any future plans to sign a single person to a multi-season deal like the unique and special relationship we enjoyed with Sarah Jessica”.^[21]

Parker released her own perfume in 2005, called "Lovely".^[7] In March 2007, Parker announced the launch of her own fashion line, "Bitten",^[22] in partnership with discount clothing chain Steve & Barry's.^[23] The line, featuring clothing items and accessories under $20, launched on June 7, 2007, exclusively at Steve and Barry's.^[24]

In July 2007, following the success of "Lovely," Parker released her second fragrance "Covet." In 2007, Parker was a guest on Project Runway for the second challenge.^[25] In 2008, Covet Pure Bloom was released as continuous series of Covet.^[26] In February 2009, as part of the "Lovely" collection, Parker launched a series of three new fragrances called "Dawn", "Endless" and "Twilight".^[27]

Personal life[link]

Parker was romantically involved with actor Robert Downey, Jr. from 1984 until 1991. They met on the set of Firstborn. Downey had a drug problem, which affected their relationship. Parker has said, "I believed I was the person holding him together."^[28]

Matthew Broderick and Parker in 2009.

On May 19, 1997, she married actor Matthew Broderick, to whom she was introduced by one of her brothers at the Naked Angels theater company, where they both performed.^[29] The couple married in a civil ceremony in a historic synagogue on the Lower East Side in Manhattan. The couple's son, James Wilkie Broderick, was born on October 28, 2002. He was named after Broderick's father, the actor James Joseph Broderick, and writer Wilkie Collins.^[30]

Parker and Broderick's twin daughters, Marion Loretta Elwell and Tabitha Hodge, were delivered via surrogate on June 22, 2009. Their middle names of "Elwell" and "Hodge" are from Parker's mother's family.^[31]

As of 2009, she lives in New York City with her husband, son, and daughters. They also spend considerable time at their second home near Kilcar, a village in County Donegal, Ireland, where Broderick spent summers as a child.^[32]

Parker is a prominent member of the Hollywood's Women's Political Committee.^{[citation needed]} She is UNICEF's Representative for the Performing Arts; in 2006, she traveled to Liberia as a UNICEF celebrity ambassador. She said, "It's a place that gets little or no attention, so we're going to try and bring some attention to it".^[33] She is a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador for the United States. Parker appeared in the premiere episode of the U.S. version of Who Do You Think You Are? on March 5, 2010, where she discovered she had ancestors involved in the California Gold Rush of 1849–50 and in the Salem Witch Trials of 1692.^[34]

Awards[link]

Golden Globes

• 1999: Nominee: Best Performance by an Actress in a TV Series: Musical or Comedy – Sex and the City
• 2000: Winner: Best Performance by an Actress in a TV Series: Musical or Comedy – Sex and the City
• 2001: Winner: Best Performance by an Actress in a TV Series: Musical or Comedy – Sex and the City
• 2002: Winner: Best Performance by an Actress in a TV Series: Musical or Comedy – Sex and the City
• 2003: Nominee: Best Performance by an Actress in a TV Series: Musical or Comedy – Sex and the City
• 2004: Winner: Best Performance by an Actress in a TV Series: Musical or Comedy – Sex and the City
• 2005: Nominee: Best Performance by an Actress in a TV Series: Musical or Comedy – Sex and the City
• 2005: Nominee: Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture: Musical or Comedy – The Family Stone

Emmy Awards

• 1999: Nominee: Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series – Sex and the City
• 2000: Nominee: Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series – Sex and the City
• 2001: Nominee: Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series – Sex and the City
• 2001: Winner: Outstanding Comedy Series – as an executive producer of Sex and the City
• 2002: Nominee: Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series – Sex and the City
• 2002: Nominee: Outstanding Comedy Series – as an executive producer of Sex and the City
• 2003: Nominee: Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series – Sex and the City
• 2002: Nominee: Outstanding Comedy Series – as an executive producer of Sex and the City
• 2004: Winner: Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series – Sex and the City
• 2004: Nominee: Outstanding Comedy Series – as an executive producer of Sex and the City

Screen Actors Guild Awards

• 2000: Nominee: Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series – Sex and the City
• 2001: Winner: Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series – Sex and the City
• 2001: Nominee: Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series – Sex and the City
• 2002: Nominee: Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series – Sex and the City
• 2002: Winner: Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series – Sex and the City
• 2003: Nominee: Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series – Sex and the City
• 2004: Winner: Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series – Sex and the City
• 2005: Nominee: Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series – Sex and the City
• 2005: Nominee: Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series – Sex and the City

Razzie Award

• 2009: Nominee: Worst Actress – "Did You Hear About the Morgans?"
• 2010: Winner: Worst Actress (with Kim Cattrall, Kristin Davis and Cynthia Nixon) – "Sex and the City 2"^[35]

Bambi Award

• 2010: Surprise-Award for her life and style.^[36]

Maxim Magazine Award

• 2007: Number 1 Unsexiest Woman Alive^[37]

Women in Film Crystal + Lucy Award

• 1999: Lucy Award, along with the rest of the cast of Sex & The City.^[38]

Filmography[link]

Films[link]

Television[link]

Producer[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Sarah Jessica Parker

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Sarah Jessica Parker

• Sarah Jessica Parker at the Internet Movie Database
• Biography at Sex and the City's website
• Sarah Jessica Parker at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
• Harper's BAZAAR interview
• Sarah Jessica Parker's perfumes