Look up commission or commissioning in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Commission may refer to:

• Commission (remuneration), a form of payment to an agent for services rendered
• Commission (document), a document given to commissioned officers.
• Commissioning, a process or service provided to validate the completeness and accuracy of a project or venture
  • Project commissioning, the process of assuring that all systems and components of a building or industrial plant are designed, installed, tested, operated, and maintained according to the operational requirements of the owner or final client
  • Building commissioning, a quality assurance process during and following building construction
• Ship commissioning, placing a warship in active military duty
• Commissioned officer, who derives authority directly from a sovereign power
  • Contrast with Non-commissioned officers
• Statutory commission, a government authority created by statutes of the legislature such as:
  • Statutory authority
  • Independent agencies of the United States government
  • Regulatory agency
  • Public benefit corporation
• Constitutional Commission, a body reviewing or writing a constitution
• European Commission, the executive body of the European Union
• Presidential Commission (United States), a high level research group
• Royal Commission, a public inquiry
• Irish Land Commission, a body designed to fix rents in Ireland
• U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, a US body enforcing and regulating the securities industry
• Great Commission, a tenet of Christian theology given by Jesus to spread his teachings
• The Commission (mafia), the governing body of the mafia in the United States
• Commission (art), the purchase of the creation of a piece of art most often on behalf of another
• Commissioned (gospel group)

Commission may also be used for:

• Letters patent, an open letter issued by a government granting an office or other status to someone or some entity
• A type of government agency that operates under the authority of a board of commissioners, though the term may also be applied to non-governmental groups such as the Knight Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics
• A type of contract for performance or creation of a specific work

See also[link]

• Commissioner

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Kimberly Denise Jones (born July 11, 1975^[1]), better known by her stage name Lil' Kim, is an American rapper and actress who was a member of the group Junior M.A.F.I.A..

Jones was born and raised in Brooklyn, living much of her adolescent life on the streets after being expelled from home. As a teenager, Kim would rap for fun, being heavily influenced by other female MCs like MC Lyte and Lady of Rage. When word got to The Notorious B.I.G. that she could rhyme, he made Jones perform a freestyle for him on the spot. Impressed with her, he took her in and she began her music career in 1995 with the group Junior M.A.F.I.A., whose debut album Conspiracy generated three hit singles. In late 1996, her solo debut album Hard Core was released. Hard Core was certified double platinum and spawned three consecutive #1 rap hits that included: "No Time" "Not Tonight (Ladies Night remix)" and "Crush on You", a record for a female rapper. Her following albums, The Notorious K.I.M. (2000) and La Bella Mafia (2003), both were certified platinum by the RIAA, making Kim the only female rapper besides Missy Elliott to have at least 3 platinum albums so far. Kim solidified her star power in 2001, when "Lady Marmalade", a song Kim was featured on, went to #1 on the Billboard Hot 100. That made her the second female rapper to earn a #1 on that chart.

In 2005, she served a year long prison sentence for lying to a jury about her friends' involvement in a shooting four years earlier. During her incarceration, her fourth album The Naked Truth was released. Lil' Kim returned to the public spotlight in 2009 with an appearance on Dancing with the Stars.

Early life[link]

Jones was born in the Bedford-Stuyvesant neighborhood of the New York City borough Brooklyn to parents Linwood Jones and Ruby Mae.^[2] At the age of 9, her parents separated, and her father raised her until he expelled her from home when she was a teenager. Thus, she lived with her friends and even on the streets. While struggling through her personal life, Kim met The Notorious B.I.G., who was a key figure in both her personal and artistic life, particularly when Wallace had gained popularity and influence through his relationship with Bad Boy Records.^[3] As a teenager, Jones attended Brooklyn College Academy, the same school were fellow rappers Nas and Foxy Brown attended. She dropped out of high school as a teenager, and worked as a cashier for department store Bloomingdale's for a short period of time.

Music career[link]

Early career with Junior M.A.F.I.A.[link]

In 1994, B.I.G. was instrumental in introducing and promoting the Brooklyn based group, Junior M.A.F.I.A., which included Lil' Kim. The group's first and only album was titled Conspiracy.^[3] Three hit singles came from Conspiracy: "Player's Anthem" (peaked at #7 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and #2 on the Hot Rap Tracks chart), "I Need You Tonight" (#43 R&B, #12 Rap), and "Get Money" (#17 on the Billboard Hot 100, #4 R&B, #2 Rap).^[4] The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified Conspiracy Gold on December 6, 1995, marking sales of 500,000 units. "Player's Anthem" was Gold, and "Get Money" went Platinum (sales of a million units).^[5]

[edit] Hard Core (1996)

After a year with Junior M.A.F.I.A., Jones began a solo career by making guest performances on R&B albums and recording her debut album, Hard Core, which was released in November 1996. The album peaked at #11 on the Billboard 200 and #3 on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart.^[6] Hard Core was RIAA-certified double platinum on March 14, 2001 after having been certified Gold on January 6, 1997 and Platinum on June 3, 1997.^[7] The album's lead single "No Time", a duet with Sean "Puff Daddy" Combs (who would later change his stage name to "P. Diddy" and then "Diddy"), reached the top spot of the Billboard Hot Rap Tracks chart^[3] and was certified Gold by the RIAA.^[5] The following single, "Crush on You", reached #6 on the Hot 100 and #2 on the rap chart.^[8] A remix of the album's track "Not Tonight" saw Lil' Kim team up with Missy Elliott, Angie Martinez, Da Brat and Left Eye of TLC. The song was part of the soundtrack to the Martin Lawrence movie Nothing To Lose, nominated for a Grammy Award, and certified Platinum.^[5] In one stockholders' meeting of Warner Bros. Records, activist C. Delores Tucker criticized the label "for producing this filth," referring to perceived graphic sexual content in Kim's lyrics, and labeling them "gangsta porno rap".^[9]

[edit] The Notorious K.I.M. (2000-2002)

From 1998 to 2000, Kim continued her road to stardom under the management of B.I.G.'s best friend, Damion "D-Roc" Butler's "Roc Management", touring and modeling for various fashion and pop culture companies including Candies, Versace, Iceberg, and Baby Phat. In 1998, she performed in P. Diddy's "No Way Out" tour.^[10] In the same year, she launched her own label Queen Bee Entertainment and even though she had not had an album of her own released, she was seen on dozens of remixes and guest appearances on other artist's records. On June 27, 2000, Kim released her second album The Notorious K.I.M. The album marked a new image and revamped look for the rapper. Despite the limited success of its singles, the album reached #4 on the Billboard 200, and #1 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. It was certified platinum by the RIAA.^[5] It was on this LP that the well-known hip-hop feud between Lil' Kim and Foxy Brown blossmed.

In 2001, Lil' Kim teamed up with Christina Aguilera, Pink, and Mýa to remake "Lady Marmalade", which was originally written about a bordello in New Orleans and performed by the group Labelle (which included diva Patti LaBelle) 25 years earlier. The song was recorded for the Moulin Rouge! film soundtrack, released in April 2001, and stayed #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 for five weeks. The song also went to #1 in 50 countries around the world. This was a big accomplishment for female rap, as well as for Kim, who scored her first #1 Hot 100 hit and became the first female rapper in history to hit #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 charts. "Lady Marmalade" also garnered Kim her first Grammy Award.

Lil' Kim also performed in two international hit singles. "In the Air Tonite", a remix of the Phil Collins song "In the Air Tonight" and duet with Collins, was released as a single from the Collins tribute album Urban Renewal. "Kimnotyze" is the lead single of record producer DJ Tomekk's compilation album Beat Of Life, Vol 1. It was released in Switzerland, Austria and Germany only. The song was successful, becoming Lil' Kim's third consecutive Top 10 hit in Germany after her number 5 hit "Lady Marmalade".

In 2002, Lil' Kim recorded a new entrance theme for then World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) Women's Champion Trish Stratus entitled, "Time to Rock 'n Roll", which was used during broadcasts, until Stratus' retirement. The single was released on WWE Anthology, a compilation of entrance theme music to various professional wrestling superstars.

[edit] La Bella Mafia (2003)

On March 4, 2003, Kim released her third critically acclaimed album, La Bella Mafia. Highly rated (4.5 mics) by music magazine The Source, La Bella Mafia spawned the hit "The Jump Off" featuring Mr. Cheeks, which climbed to number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100. The single "Magic Stick", feat. 50 Cent, hit #2 on the Hot 100 without a video ever being shot.

La Bella Mafia debuted at #5 on the Billboard 200. Kim was nominated for five Source Awards and won two ("Female Hip-Hop Artist of the Year", and "Female Single of the Year"). This album also got two Grammy Award nominations: Best Female Rap Solo Performance ("Came Back For You") and Best Rap Collaboration ("Magic Stick"). She was also nominated for Best Pop Collaboration with singer Christina Aguilera for the song "Can't Hold Us Down", from Aguilera's album Stripped.

Greg Thomas, an English professor at Syracuse University, began teaching "Hip-Hop Eshu: Queen B@#$H Lyricism 101". Kim herself was a guest speaker at the school. Professor Thomas considered Kim's lyrics "the art with the most profound sexual politics I've ever seen anywhere."^[11] David Horowitz criticized the course as "academic degeneracy and decline".^[12] Lil' Kim also made an appearance on the multi-platform videogame Def Jam: Fight for NY. Kim provided voice-overs for her part in the storyline, where the player may fight an opponent to have Lil' Kim as his girlfriend.^[13]

[edit] The Naked Truth (2005-2008)

Kim released a fourth album, The Naked Truth, on September 27, 2005, while serving a federal prison sentence (see below). It earned her a 5 mic rating from The Source, making her the only female rapper to ever receive a 5 mic rating. The album debuted at #6 on the Billboard 200 charts, giving Kim her Third Top 10 debut on the charts. The Naked Truth did not sell as well as her previous works, selling less than 400,000 copies. Kim has said that her prison sentence left her with no time to promote the project. There have been many rumors about a re-release of Truth but to no avail.The music video for The Naked Truth's first single, "Lighters Up" was number one on BET's 106 & Park for two weeks. "Lighters Up", was a Top Ten hit on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks chart. The single also reached #67 on the German Single Chart, #12 on the UK Top 75 and #4 on the Finland Single Chart. The second single, "Whoa" was released on February 17, 2006. It reached No. 22 on Airplay. The Dance Remixes extended play was also released in 2005. Kim also made appearances on the show Pussycat Dolls Present: The Search For The Next Doll and Pussycat Dolls Present: Girlicious in 2007 and 2008. Ms. G.O.A.T., an acronym for "Greatest Of All Time",^[14][15] is the debut mixtape by Lil' Kim. It was officially released on June 3, 2008^[16] and was produced by Mister Cee and DJ Whoo Kid, DJ's from New York City.^[17] Among critics, the album has received generally positive reviews.^[18][19][20] It has been called a representation of Lil' Kim's return to the streets.^[21] Tito Salinas of All Hip Hop says "Lil’ Kim shows that her time behind bars did not rust all of her swag away" on Ms. G.O.A.T.^[19] On the other hand, Ehren Gresehover of New York Mag says that although one of the tracks "The Miseducation of Lil' Kim" is not bad, he wished that it was Lauryn Hill who was making a comeback instead.^[22]

[edit] 5th Studio Album (2009-present)

On March 10, 2009, the song "Girls" by the Korean singer, Seven featuring Lil' Kim was released through digital stores for his U.S. debut single. Kim appeared in the music video that was released on the same day. "Girls" was produced by Darkchild. On March 24, 2009, Kim released the song "Download" featuring R&B singers T-Pain and Charlie Wilson. It was written by Lil Kim and T-Pain and produced by Trackmasters. The song samples "Computer Love" by Zapp. Peaking at #21 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. It eventually made it to the top 10 US Urban Radio airplay and the top 30 UK Single Charts at #22.

Kim confirmed in January, 2011 that she would be releasing her next album which is currently untitled in 2012.^[23] She is expected to make a guest appearance on a track from 50 Cent's upcoming studio album as well as Dr. Dre's 2011 album Detox and Tionne "T-Boz" Watkins' album Still Cool.^[24]

Kim released a mixtape titled Black Friday on February 14, 2011. In a recent radio interview at 99 Jamz, Kim stated that her upcoming book, "The Price of Loyalty", is on hold to coincide with the release of her fifth studio album, to be release in the next coming months.^[25][26]

On June 19, Kim preformed along side G-Unit member Shawty Lo and hinted a possible working relationship with G-Unit Records. Kim is also featured along with Rick Ross on a track titled "Anything (To Find You)", by R&B singer Monica, off her upcoming album "New Life", but her verse was removed due to contractual issues. On November 28, 2011 Lil' Kim released a new buzz single called "I Am Not the One" which is available on iTunes. She has announced that she will be releasing an EP, but later on it was shelved. ^[27]

On Valentine's Day, 2012, Kim released the song "If You Love Me" as a gift to her fans. That same month it was announced she would make her return to the stage on BET's 'Rip the Runway.'^[28] It marked the her first televised performance in years. In March, 2012, during an interview with MTV's Sucker Free, Kim revealed that contract issues with production duo Trackmasters were the reason behind her album delay, saying "...contractually, by the courts, I could not record any music - I wasn’t supposed to put any music out.” ^[29]

Lil' Kim In October 2011

On March 23, 2012, the song "Keys To The City", a collaboration with Young Jeezy, was leaked to the internet. Release date of the song as a single has not been decided yet.

Other ventures[link]

Lil Kim: Countdown to Lockdown[link]

On March 9, 2006, BET premiered the show Lil Kim: Countdown to Lockdown, which was filmed before Kim headed to prison. The show became the highest rated premiere in BET history, with 1.7 million viewers. In May 2006, Debbie Harry released a Lil' Kim tribute song called "Dirty and Deep" in protest of her conviction. The song is available free from the Deborah Harry Home Page.

Dancing With the Stars[link]

Lil' Kim appeared on the eighth season reality show Dancing with the Stars, which began airing on March 9, 2009. She was paired with professional dancer Derek Hough until the dance couple was eliminated on May 5, 2009,^[30] putting her at fifth place from all thirteen contestants that season. During the second week of the season, judge Len Goodman said that she "must have a bionic booty," a nickname that resulted from her performance of the selected dance that evening.

Legal issues[link]

On March 17, 2005, Kim was convicted of three counts of conspiracy and one count of perjury for lying to a Federal grand jury about her and her friends' involvement in a 2001 shooting outside the Hot 97 studios in Manhattan.^[31] During the trial of her co-manager, Damion "D-Roc" Butler, and her bodyguard, Suif "Gutta" Jackson, a former member of the hip-hop group Junior M.A.F.I.A, she testified not to have known they were at the scene.^[32] However, video footage from a security camera placed all three at the scene, exiting the building. This directly contravened testimony before the grand jury.^[33] Butler and Jackson have since pled guilty to gun charges. Jackson was sentenced, in U.S. District Court, to twelve years in federal prison as part of plea bargain in which he admitted to firing at least twenty rounds during the incident. The length of the sentence was said to have been influenced by his previous gun-related convictions.^[32] In July 2005, Kim was sentenced to a one year and a day in prison, thirty days home detention upon release from custody, and three years of probation. She served the entirety of her sentence at the Federal Detention Center, Philadelphia in Center City, Philadelphia. She was released on July 3, 2006, after serving approximately 12 months.^[33] Kim, Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) Register #56198-054, was released from BOP supervision on August 2, 2006.^[34][35]

Discography[link]

• Hard Core (1996)
• The Notorious K.I.M. (2000)
• La Bella Mafia (2003)
• The Naked Truth (2005)
• TBA (2012)

Tours[link]

Headlining 2012: Return Of The Queen Tour Filmography[link] Films Year Film Role 1997 Gangstresses Herself 1999 She's All That Alex 2000 Longshot (film) Herself 2001 Zoolander Herself 2002 Juwanna Mann Tina Parker 2003 Those Who Walk in Darkness Soledad Gang of Roses Chastity 2004 Nora's Hair Salon Herself You Got Served Herself 2005 Lil' Pimp Sweet Chiffon (voice) There's a God on the Mic Herself 2008 Superhero Movie Xavier's daughter Television V.I.P. (as freedom fighter) (1999) DAG (as Gina Marie) (2001) Moesha (as Diamond) (2001) The Parkers (as herself) (2001) American Dreams as Shirley Ellis (October 12, 2003) Lil Kim: Countdown to Lockdown (2006) The Game (as herself) (2007) Pussycat Dolls Present: The Search for the Next Doll (2007) Pussycat Dolls Present: Girlicious (2008) Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 8) (2009) Awards[link] This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (June 2011) Grammy Awards 1997: Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group for "Ladies Night (Not Tonight remix)" (with Missy Elliott, Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes, Da Brat, and Angie Martinez) (nominated) 2002: Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals for "Lady Marmalade" (WINNER) 2003: Best Female Rap Solo Performance for "Came Back for You" (nominated) 2003: Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals for "Can't Hold Us Down" (with Christina Aguilera) (nominated) 2003: Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group for "Magic Stick" (with 50 Cent) (nominated) 2008: Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for "Let It Go" (with Keyshia Cole & Missy Elliott) (nominated) MTV Video Music Awards 1998: Viewer's Choice for "All About The Benjamins" (with P. Diddy and others) 2001: Video of the Year for "Lady Marmalade" 2001: Best Video from a Film for "Lady Marmalade" My VH1 Awards 2001: Favorite Video ("Lady Marmalade") 2001: Is It Hot In Here Or Is It Just My Video? ("Lady Marmalade") Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards 1997: Best Video by a Female - Rap/R&B ("Crush On You") 1999: Best Video by a Female - Rap/R&B ("Not Tonight (remix)") Source Awards 2003: Female Artist of the Year 2003: Female Single of the Year "The Jumpoff" Teen Choice Awards 2001: Choice Song of the Summer ("Lady Marmalade") MOBO Awards 2003: Most Stylish Artist of the Year Radio Music Awards 2001: Song of the Year Top 40 Pop Radio-"Lady Marmalade" TMF Awards-Belgium 2001: Video of The Year-"Lady Marmalade" TMF Awards-Netherlands 2001: Video of The Year-"Lady Marmalade" ALMA Awards 2002: Outstanding Song- Motion Picture Soundtrack "Lady Marmalade" ASCAP Music Awards 2002: Song of the Year-"Lady Marmalade" MTV Japan Awards 2002: Best Choreography "Lady Marmalade" MVPA Video Awards 2002: Best Styling In A Video-"Lady Marmalade" VIBE Awards 2005: Album of the Year The Naked Truth (nominated) BET Awards 2006: Best Female Hip-Hop Artist (nominated) 2008: Best Song "Let It Go" (nominated) 2010: Best Female Hip-Hop Artist (nominated) American Music Awards 2003: Best Female Hip-Hop Artist 2005: Best Female Hip-Hop Artist (nominated) References[link] ^ a b Federal Bureau of Prisons ^ "The Lil Kim Picture Pages". Superiorpics.com. http://www.superiorpics.com/lil_kim/. Retrieved 2012-03-09.  ^ a b c Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (2008). "Lil' Kim > Biography". http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p198619/biography. Retrieved 2009-03-30.  ^ "Junior M.A.F.I.A. > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles". allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p165563/charts-awards/billboard-singles. Retrieved 2009-03-30.  ^ a b c d "Gold and Platinum - Junior M.A.F.I.A.". RIAA. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=Junior%20M.A.F.I.A&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2009&sort=CertificationDate&perPage=25. Retrieved 2009-03-30.  ^ "Lil' Kim > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums". allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p198619/charts-awards. Retrieved 2009-03-30.  ^ "Gold & Platinum (Lil' Kim)". RIAA. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=Lil%20Kim&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2009&sort=CertificationDate&perPage=25. Retrieved 2009-03-30.  ^ "Lil' Kim > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles". allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p198619/charts-awards/billboard-singles. Retrieved 2009-03-30.  ^ "Li'l Kim Comes Under Fire From Political Activist". MTV News. 1997-05-19. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1431197/19970519/lil_kim.jhtml. Retrieved 2009-03-30.  ^ "Puffy, Dru Hill, Mase, Busta, Lil' Kim To Hit The Road". MTV News. 1998-02-06. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1426803/19980206/rhymes_busta.jhtml. Retrieved 2009-03-30.  ^ Wolf, Buck (2004-11-09). ["Hip-Hop Eshu: Queen B@#$H 101 -- The Life and Times of Lil' Kim" "Queen B 101: College Lessons in Stardom"]. ABC News. "Hip-Hop Eshu: Queen B@#$H 101 -- The Life and Times of Lil' Kim". Retrieved 2009-03-30.  ^ Horowitz, David (2006). The Professors: The 101 Most Dangerous Academics in America. Washington, D.C.: Regnery. p. 333. ISBN 978-0-89526-003-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=CYqZjtVp00AC.  ^ "Def Jam: Fight for NY - Cheats". GameFAQs. GameSpot. http://www.gamefaqs.com/console//code/920170.html. Retrieved 2009-03-30.  ^ Megaproml, p. 104. ^ missxpose (4 December 2007). "MS. G.O.A.T.". MissXpose: Celebrity Gossip and Entertainment News. http://www.missxpose.com/2007/12/ms-goat/. Retrieved 12 September 2010.  ^ "Ms. G.O.A.T.". All Music Guide. http://www.allmusic.com/album/ms-goat-r1334720. Retrieved 12 September 2010.  ^ Janson, Jesse (23 December 2007). "Dj Whoo Kid & Mister Cee – Lil Kim "Ms. G.O.A.T.". Get Right Music. http://www.getrightmusic.com/2007/12/23/dj-whoo-kid-mister-cee-lil-kim-ms-goat-2/. Retrieved 12 September 2010.  ^ "Lil Kim - Ms. G.O.A.T". DatPiff.com. 23 December 2007. Archived from the original on 5 April 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080405123128/http://www.datpiff.com/Lil-Kim-DJ-Whoo-Kid-Mister-Cee-Ms-GOAT-mid9559.html. Retrieved 12 September 2010.  ^ a b Salinas, Tito (14 January 2008). "Lil' Kim: Ms. G.O.A.T. (Mixtape)". All Hip Hop. http://allhiphop.com/stories/reviews/archive/2008/01/14/19133653.aspx. Retrieved 12 September 2010.  ^ "Lil’ Kim – Ms. G.O.A.T. Mixtape". Hip Hop Music. 27 December 2007. http://www.hiphopmusicdotcom.com/lil-kim-ms-goat-mixtape.html. Retrieved 12 September 2010.  ^ "Ms. G.O.A.T. | Lil' Kim with Mister Cee & Whoo Kid". Mix Unit: The Hip Hop Shop. http://www.mixunit.com/index.asp?PageAction=VIEWPROD&ProdID=10341. Retrieved 12 September 2010.  ^ Gresehover, Ehren (17 December 2007). "2. Lil' Kim, "The Miseducation of Lil' Kim"". New York Mag. http://nymag.com/daily/entertainment/2007/12/rem_wish_you_a_merry_xmas.html. Retrieved 12 September 2010.  ^ "LiL KIm Interveiw (pt.2) NEW YEARS 2011 GME". YouTube. 2011-01-03. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_REPYaKrrko. Retrieved 2012-03-09.  ^ "50 Cent Says He’s ‘Working With Eminem’ On Upcoming Black Magic LP". Rapfix.mtv.com. 2011-01-24. http://rapfix.mtv.com/2011/01/24/50-cent-eminem-black-magic-lil-kim-working/. Retrieved 2012-03-09.  ^ "Lil Kim 99 Jamz Interview". YouTube. 2011-04-23. http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=RfoRlATGiGQ#at=322. Retrieved 2012-03-09.  ^ singlecoversFM (2012-02-24). "Daily Music Juice: Lil' Kim To Hold Debut Single Off New Album". Dailymusicjuice.blogspot.com. http://dailymusicjuice.blogspot.com/2012/02/lil-kim-to-hold-debut-single-off-new.html#more. Retrieved 2012-03-09.  ^ » by Danielle Canada November 27, 2011, 10:04am (2011-11-27). "Lil Kim Releasing Five-Track EP". Hip-Hop Wired. http://hiphopwired.com/2011/11/27/lil-kim-releasing-five-track-ep/. Retrieved 2012-03-09.  ^ Khalila Douze (2012-02-24). "Exclusive: Estelle, Lil Kim to Perform on BET's 'Rip the Runway'". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/column/the-juice/exclusive-estelle-lil-kim-to-perform-on-1006276552.story#/column/the-juice/exclusive-estelle-lil-kim-to-perform-on-1006276552.story. Retrieved 2012-03-29.  ^ Nadeska Alexis (2012-03-22). "Lil Kim Attributes Album Delay To Contract Issues". RapFix. http://rapfix.mtv.com/2012/03/22/lil-kim-album-delay-contract-issues/. Retrieved 2012-03-29.  ^ "Television News, Reviews and TV Show Recaps - HuffPost TV". Television.aol.com. http://television.aol.com/dancing-with-the-stars/tag/lil+kim/. Retrieved 2012-03-09.  ^ Vineyard, Jennifer (March 17, 2005). "Lil' Kim Found Guilty Of Lying To Grand Jury, Investigators". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1498251/20050317/lil_kim.jhtml. Retrieved April 13, 2010.  ^ a b Rashbaum, Alyssa (September 23, 2004). "Lil' Kim's Bodyguard Sentenced To 12 Years For His Role In Shootout". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1491311/20040923/lil_kim.jhtml. Retrieved March 17, 2009.  ^ a b Moss, Corey (July 3, 2006). "Lil' Kim Released From Prison". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1535483/20060629/lil_kim.jhtml. Retrieved March 17, 2009.  ^ "Lil' Kim leaves prison, steps into Rolls." Philadelphia Inquirer. July 3, 2006. Retrieved on January 6, 2010. ^ "Kimberly Jones (56198-054)." Federal Bureau of Prisons. Retrieved on January 6, 2010. External links[link] Official website Lil' Kim at the Internet Movie Database v t e Lil' Kim Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums and singles Hard Core "No Time" "Crush on You" "Not Tonight" "Queen Bitch" The Notorious K.I.M. "No Matter What They Say" "How Many Licks?" La Bella Mafia "The Jump Off" "Magic Stick" "Thug Luv" The Naked Truth "Lighters Up" "Whoa" Mixtapes Ms. G.O.A.T. Black Friday Soundtrack and Promotional "Lady Marmalade" "In the Air Tonite" "Kimnotyze" "Download" Featured singles "I Can Love You" "It's All About the Benjamins" "Money, Power & Respect" "Hit Em wit da Hee" "Notorious B.I.G." "Wait a Minute" "Get Down on It" "Can't Hold Us Down" "Let It Go" Film work She's All That Those Who Walk in Darkness Gang of Roses You Got Served Lil' Kim: Countdown to Lockdown Related articles Junior M.A.F.I.A. The Notorious B.I.G. Puff Daddy Mary J. Blige v t e Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 8) Shawn Johnson Gilles Marini Melissa Rycroft Ty Murray Lil' Kim Chuck Wicks Lawrence Taylor Steve-O David Alan Grier Steve Wozniak Holly Madison Denise Richards Belinda Carlisle Persondata Name Jones, Kimberly Denise Alternative names Lil' Kim Short description Rapper, actress, model Date of birth 1974-07-11 Place of birth Brooklyn, New York, U.S. Date of death Place of death

David Ray Griffin

Born	August 8, 1939
Era	20th-century philosophy
Region	Western Philosophy
School	Process Theology
Influenced by Alfred North Whitehead, Charles Hartshorne

David Ray Griffin (born 1939) is a retired American professor of philosophy of religion and theology. Along with John B. Cobb, Jr., he founded the Center for Process Studies in 1973, a research center of Claremont School of Theology which seeks to promote the common good by means of the relational approach found in process thought.^[1] Griffin has published a number of books on the subject of the September 11 attacks, suggesting that there was a conspiracy involving some elements of the United States government.^[2]

Life and professional career[link]

David Ray Griffin is a longtime resident of Santa Barbara, California, was a full-time academic from 1973 until April 2004. He is currently a co-director of the Center for Process Studies, and one of the foremost contemporary exponents of process theology, founded on the process philosophies of Alfred North Whitehead and Charles Hartshorne.

Griffin grew up in a small town in Oregon, where he was an active participant in his Disciples of Christ church. After deciding to become a minister, Griffin entered Northwest Christian College, but became disenchanted with the conservative-fundamentalist theology that was taught there. While getting his master’s degree in counseling from the University of Oregon, Griffin attended a lecture series delivered by Paul Tillich at the Graduate Theological Union in Berkeley, California. At this time, Griffin made his decision to focus on philosophical theology. He eventually attended the Claremont Graduate University, where Griffin received his Ph.D. in 1970.^[3]

As a student in Claremont, Griffin was initially interested in Eastern religions, particularly Vedanta. However, he started to become a process theologian while attending John B. Cobb’s seminar on Whitehead’s philosophy. According to Griffin, process theology, as presented by Cobb, “provided a way between the old supernaturalism, according to which God miraculously interrupted the normal causal processes now and then, and a view according to which God is something like a cosmic hydraulic jack, exerting the same pressure always and everywhere (which described rather aptly the position to which I had come)", (Primordial Truth and Postmodern Theology). Griffin applied Whitehead’s thought to the traditional theological subjects of christology and theodicy and argued that process theology also provided a sound basis for addressing contemporary social and ecological issues.^[4]

After teaching theology and Eastern religions at the University of Dayton, Griffin came to appreciate the distinctively postmodern aspects of Whitehead’s thought. In particular, Griffin found Whitehead’s nonsensationist epistemology and panexperientialist ontology immensely helpful in addressing the major problems of modern philosophy, including the problems of mind-body interaction, the interaction between free and determined things, the emergence of experience from nonexperiencing matter, and the emergence of time in the evolutionary process. In 1973, Griffin returned to Claremont to establish, with Cobb, the Center for Process Studies at the Claremont School of Theology.^[5]

While on research leave in 1980–81 at Cambridge University and Berkeley, the contrast between modernity and postmodernity became central to his work. Many of Griffin’s writings are devoted to developing postmodern proposals for overcoming the conflicts between religion and modern science. Griffin came to believe that much of the tension between religion and science was not only the result of reactionary supernaturalism, but also the mechanistic worldview associated with the rise of modern science in the seventeenth century. In 1983, Griffin started the Center for a Postmodern World in Santa Barbara, and became editor of the SUNY Series in Constructive Postmodern Philosophy between 1987 and 2004.^[6]

Statements and publications on the September 11 attacks[link]

Following the September 11 attacks, David Ray Griffin moved his focus from questions of philosophy and religion to ones of politics and history, specifically American expansionism and imperialism. He intended to write a book on the subject, presenting 9/11 in terms of "blowback" for aggressive United States foreign policies of the 20th century:

"Until the spring of 2003, I had not looked at any of the evidence. I was vaguely aware there were people, at least on the internet, who were offering evidence against the official account of 9/11... I knew the US government had 'fabricated' evidence to go to war several times before. Nevertheless... I did not take this possibility seriously... I was so confident that they must be wrong." ^[7]

After reading the work of Paul Thompson and Nafeez Ahmed, he became convinced that there was a prima facie case for the contention that there must have been complicity from individuals within the United States, and joined the 9/11 Truth Movement in calling for an extensive investigation from the United States media, Congress and the 9/11 Commission. At this time, he set about writing his first book on the subject, which he called The New Pearl Harbor: Disturbing Questions About the Bush Administration and 9/11 (2004).^[8]

Part One of the book looks at the events of 9/11, discussing each flight in turn and also the behaviour of President George W. Bush and his Secret Service protection. Part Two examines 9/11 in a wider context, in the form of four "disturbing questions". David Ray Griffin discussed this book and the claims within it in an interview with Nick Welsh, reported under the headline Thinking Unthinkable Thoughts: Theologian Charges White House Complicity in 9/11 Attack.^[9]

Critics of Griffin's thesis, such as Chip Berlet, say that many of the claims in the book are refutable.^[10] Griffin has rejected these criticisms ^[11] and debated Berlet.^[12]

Griffin's second book on the subject was a direct critique of the 9/11 Commission Report, called The 9/11 Commission Report: Omissions And Distortions (2005).^[13] Griffin's article The 9/11 Commission Report: A 571-page Lie summarises this book, presenting 115 instances of either omissions or distortions of evidence he claims are in the report, stating that "the entire Report is constructed in support of one big lie: that the official story about 9/11 is true."^[14]

In his next book, Christian Faith and the Truth Behind 9/11: A Call to Reflection and Action (2006), he summarizes some of what he believes is evidence for government complicity and reflects on its implications for Christians. The Presbyterian Publishing Corporation, publishers of the book, noted that Griffin is a distinguished theologian, and praised the book’s religious content, but said, "The board believes the conspiracy theory is spurious and based on questionable research."^[15][16]

In 2006, Griffin, along with Peter Dale Scott, edited 9/11 and the American Empire: Intellectuals Speak Out, a collection of essays including Steven Jones' paper Why Indeed Did The World Trade Center Towers Collapse?.^[17] Debunking 9/11 Debunking (2007) looks at the way mainstream media such as Popular Mechanics have sought to debunk the alternative 9/11 theories and the tactics he claims they employ to persuade the reader that they have done so.^[18] In 9/11 Contradictions: An Open Letter to Congress and the Press (2008) he presents chapters on 25 alleged contradictions involving elements of the "accepted story" of 9/11, and calls for Congress and the press to investigate and resolve them.^[19]

David Ray Griffin has delivered several lectures that are popular within the 9/11 Truth Movement, and has given interviews on alternative media shows such as The Alex Jones Show.^[20] A lecture entitled 9/11 and American Empire: How should religious people respond?, delivered on April 18, 2005 at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, was aired by C-SPAN.^[21] At the end of one of his lectures, 9/11: The Myth and the Reality, Griffin was asked why a theologian would take such an interest in 9/11, to which he replied: "If 9/11 is not a religious issue, then I don't know what is."^[22]

In a review published in the magazine The Nation, former Central Intelligence Agency agent Robert Baer dismissed the gist of Griffin's writings as one in a long line of conspiracy theories about national tragedies, but stated that the Bush administration had created a climate of secrecy and mistrust that helped generate such explanations.^[23] He later said:

"Until we get a complete, honest, transparent investigation—not one based on 'confession' extracted by torture—we will never know what happened on 9/11. David Griffin will never let this go until we get the truth."^[24]

Affiliations[link]

• Center for Process Studies
• Scholars for 9/11 Truth and Justice

References[link]

1. ^ "About the Center". The Center for Process Studies. http://www.ctr4process.org/about/general.shtml. Retrieved December 14, 2009. 
2. ^ Powell, Michael (September 8, 2006). "The Disbelievers – 9/11 Conspiracy Theorists Are Building Their Case Against the Government From Ground Zero". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/07/AR2006090701669.html. Retrieved May 1, 2010. 
3. ^ Directory of history departments and organizations in the United States and Canada. American Historical Association. 1991. p. 101. 
4. ^ David R. Griffin (2007). Whitehead's radically different postmodern philosophy: an argument for its contemporary relevance. State University of New York. 
5. ^ Leslie A. Muray (2008). Liberal Protestantism and science. Greenwood Press. p. 97. 
6. ^ Kevin J. Vanhoozer, ed. (2003). The Cambridge companion to postmodern theology. Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 94. 
7. ^ Griffin, David Ray; Richard Falk (2004). The New Pearl Harbor: Disturbing Questions About the Bush Administration and 9/11. p. 13. ISBN 1-56656-552-9. http://bogusstory.com/TheNewPearlHarbor.html/. Retrieved July 26, 2007. 
8. ^ Griffin, David Ray; Richard Falk. The New Pearl Harbor: Disturbing Questions About the Bush Administration and 9/11. ISBN 1-56656-552-9. http://bogusstory.com/TheNewPearlHarbor.html/. Retrieved July 26, 2007. 
9. ^ Native Forest Council: News
10. ^ PublicEye.org – Post 9/11 Conspiracism
11. ^ PublicEye.org – Response to Chip Berlet's Review of "The New Pearl Harbor"
12. ^ Democracy Now! | The New Pearl Harbor: A Debate On A New Book That Alleges The Bush Administration Was Behind The 9/11 Attacks
13. ^ Griffin, David (2004). The 9/11 Commission Report: Omissions and Distortions. Olive Branch Press. ISBN 1-56656-584-7. 
14. ^ "David Ray Griffin's "The 9/11 Commission Report: A 571-page Lie"". http://www.911truth.org/article.php?story=20050523112738404. 
15. ^ Smith, Peter (2006). "Presbyterian publishing board criticizes own book". courier-journal.com. The Courier-Journal. http://www.courier-journal.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061116/NEWS01/61116033/1008/NEWS01. Retrieved November 28, 2006. ^{[dead link]}
16. ^ Kane, Jason (2006). "PPC backs away from 9/11 conspiracy book". Presbyterian News Service. Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.). http://www.pcusa.org/pcnews/2006/06596.htm. Retrieved November 28, 2006. 
17. ^ Griffin, David Ray (2006). 9/11 and American Empire: Intellectuals Speak Out, Vol. 1. Olive Branch Press. ISBN 1-56656-659-2. 
18. ^ Griffin, David Ray (2007). Debunking 9/11 Debunking: An Answer to Popular Mechanics and Other Defenders of the Official Conspiracy Theory.. Olive Branch Press. ISBN 978-1-56656-686-5. 
19. ^ Thomsson, Lena (May 2, 2009). "25 frågor hela världen vill ha svar på". Gefle Dagblad. http://gd.se/kultur/boken/1.1008102. Retrieved May 26, 2009. 
20. ^ Alex Jones Interviews David Ray Griffin
21. ^ 911truth.org ::::: 9/11 and American Empire: How should religious people respond?
22. ^ "9/11: The Myth and the Reality" Lecture
23. ^ "Dangerous Liaisons," September 27, 2004)
24. ^ Amazon.com: Debunking 9/11 Debunking: An Answer to Popular Mechanics and Other Defenders of the Official Conspiracy Theory: Books: David Ray Griffin

Books[link]

About Philosophy, Theology, Religion and Nature Science[link]

• A process Christology, Westminster Press, 1973, ISBN 0-664-20978-5

• Process Theology: An Introductory Exposition, with John B. Cobb, Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1976, ISBN 0-664-24743-1

• John Cobb's Theology in Process, Westminster John Knox Press, 1977, ISBN 0-664-21292-1

• Process and Reality, Free Press; 2nd edition, 1979, ISBN 0-02-934570-7

• Physics and the Ultimate Significance of Time: Bohm, Prigogine and Process Philosophy, State University of New York Press, 1986, ISBN 0-88706-115-X

• The Reenchantment of Science: Postmodern Proposals (Suny Series in Constructive Postmodern Thought), State Univ of New York Press, 1988, ISBN 0-88706-784-0

• Spirituality and Society: Postmodern Visions (Suny Series in Constructive Postmodern Thought), State University of New York Press, 1988, ISBN 0-88706-853-7

• Varieties of Postmodern Theology (Suny Series in Constructive Postmodern Thought), State University of New York Press, 1989, ISBN 0-7914-0050-6

• God and Religion in the Postmodern World: Essays in Postmodern Theology (Constructive Postmodern Thought), State University of New York Press, 1989, ISBN 0-88706-929-0

• Archetypal Process: Self and Divine in Whitehead, Jung, and Hillman, Northwestern University Press, 1990, ISBN 0-8101-0815-1

• Sacred Interconnections: Postmodern Spirituality, Political Economy and Art (SUNY Series in Constructive Postmodern Thought), State University of New York Press, 1990, ISBN 0-7914-0231-2

• Primordial Truth and Postmodern Theology (Suny Series in Constructive Postmodern Thought), State University of New York Press, 1990, ISBN 0-7914-0198-7

• God, Power, and Evil: A Process Theodicy, University Press of America, 1991, ISBN 0-8191-7687-7

• Evil Revisited: Responses and Reconsiderations, State University of New York Press, 1991, ISBN 0-7914-0612-1

• Founders of Constructive Postmodern Philosophy: Peirce, James, Bergson, Whitehead, and Hartshorne (SUNY Series in Constructive Postmodern Thought), State University of New York Press, 1993, ISBN 0-7914-1333-0

• Postmodern Politics for a Planet in Crisis: Policy, Process, and Presidential Vision (SUNY Series in Constructive Postmodern Thought), State University of New York Press, 1993, ISBN 0-7914-1485-X

• Jewish Theology and Process Thought (Suny Series in Constructive Postmodern Thought), State University of New York Press, 1996, ISBN 0-7914-2810-9

• Parapsychology, Philosophy, and Spirituality: A Postmodern Exploration (SUNY Series in Constructive Postmodern Thought), State University of New York Press, 1997, ISBN 0-7914-3315-3

• Reenchantment Without Supernaturalism: A Process Philosophy of Religion (Cornell Studies in the Philosophy of Religion),Cornell University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8014-3778-4

• Religion and Scientific Naturalism: Overcoming the Conflicts (SUNY Series in Constructive Postmodern Thought),State University of New York Press, 2000, ISBN 0-7914-4563-1

• Process Theology and the Christian Good News: A Response to Classical Free Will Theism in 'Searching for an Adequate God: A Dialogue between Process and Free Will Theists', Cobb and Pinnock (editors), Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2000, ISBN 0-8028-4739-0

• Two Great Truths: A New Synthesis of Scientific Naturalism and Christian Faith, Westminster John Knox Press, 2004, ISBN 0-664-22773-2

• Deep Religious Pluralism, Westminster John Knox Press, 2005, ISBN 0-664-22914-X

• Whitehead's Radically Different Postmodern Philosophy: An Argument for Its Contemporary Relevance (SUNY Series in Philosophy), State University of New York Press, 2007, ISBN 0-7914-7049-0

About the September 11 attacks[link]

• The New Pearl Harbor: Disturbing Questions About the Bush Administration and 9-11, Olive Branch Press, 2004, ISBN 1-56656-552-9

• The 9/11 Commission Report: Omissions and Distortions, Olive Branch Press, 2004, ISBN 1-56656-584-7

• Christian Faith and the Truth Behind 9/11: A Call to Reflection and Action, Westminster John Knox Press, 2006, ISBN 0-664-23117-9

• The American Empire and the Commonwealth of God: A Political, Economic, Religious Statement, with John B. Cobb, Richard A. Falk and Catherine Keller, Westminster John Knox Press, 2006, ISBN 0-664-23009-1

• 9/11 and American Empire: Intellectuals Speak Out, Vol. 1, editor, with Peter Dale Scott, Olive Branch Press, 2006, ISBN 1-56656-659-2

• Debunking 9/11 Debunking: An Answer to Popular Mechanics and Other Defenders of the Official Conspiracy Theory (Revised & Updated Edition), Olive Branch Press, Paperback: 392 pages, March 2007, ISBN 1-56656-686-X

• 9/11 Contradictions: An Open Letter to Congress and the Press, Interlink Publishing Group, March 2008, ISBN 1-56656-716-5

• New Pearl Harbor Revisited: 9/11, the Cover-up and the Exposé, Olive Branch Press, September 2008, ISBN 1-56656-729-7

• Osama Bin Laden: Dead or Alive?, Olive Branch Press, May 2009, ISBN 1-56656-783-1

• Osama Bin Laden: Dead or Alive?, Arris Books UK, July 2009, ISBN 1-84437-081-X

• The Mysterious Collapse of World Trade Center 7: Why the Final Official Report About 9/11 Is Unscientific and False, Interlink Publishing, September 2009, ISBN 1-56656-786-6

• The Mysterious Collapse of World Trade Center 7: Why the Final Official Report About 9/11 Is Unscientific and False, Interlink Publishing, Arris Books UK, September 2009, ISBN 1-84437-083-6

• Cognitive Infiltration: An Obama Appointee's Plan to Undermine the 9/11 Conspiracy Theory, Olive Branch Press, September 2010

• 9/11 Ten Years Later: When State Crimes Against Democracy Succeed , Olive Branch Press, September 6, 2011, ISBN 978-1-56656-868-5

External links[link]

• DVD - David Ray Griffin "9/11: Why Do Bill Moyers and Robert Parry Accept Miracles?" A talk given in Seattle, May, 2011
• Official website
• Articles by David Ray Griffin
• VIDEO: David Ray Griffin on new 9/11 evidence June 4, 2008
• Center for process studies
• Presbyterian Church publishes 9/11 conspiracy theory
• David Ray Griffin Curriculum Vitae
• Bibliography of Published Articles
• OUT LOUD: AN INSIDE JOB?
• Unquestioned Answers
• Independent.com – 'Thinking Unthinkable Thoughts: Theologian Charges White House Complicity in 9/11 Attack', Nick Welsh (April 1, 2005)
• SeptemberEleventh.org – 'The 9/11 Commission Report: A 571-Page Lie, David Ray Griffin, 9/11 Visibility Project (May 22, 2005)
• The Destruction of the World Trade Center: Why the Official Account Cannot Be True
• Getting Agnostic About 9/11 – A society of nonbelievers questions the official version LATimes, Friday, August 26, 2005.
• Review of The New Pearl Harbor, by Chip Berlet.
• Response to Chip Berlet's Review of The New Pearl Harbor, David Ray Griffin, May 1, 2004.
• Claremont School of Theology retired faculty.
• Bio at coast to coast am
• David Ray Griffin's testimony at the Congressional Black Caucus, Annual Legislative Conference 2005 (September 21–24, Washington Convention)
• Is American Democracy Too Feeble To Deal With 9/11?
• 9/11 The Myth and the Reality: Dr. David Ray Griffin – Two speeches given by philosopher and theologian Dr. David Ray Griffin at The Commonwealth Club in San Francisco (4/3/06) and at The Grand Lake Theater in Oakland (3/30/06).
• The Muslim-Jewish-Christian Alliance for 9/11 Truth – Articles by Dr David Ray Griffin
• Ryan Mackey (2007-08-31). On Debunking 9/11 Debunking: Examining Dr. David Ray Griffin’s Latest Criticism of the NIST World Trade Center Investigation. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. http://jod911.com/drg_nist_review_2_1.pdf. 

Raymond Griffin (born June 26, 1956) is a former American football cornerback. He is the younger brother of former two-time Heisman Trophy winner Archie Griffin, and also played college football with the Ohio State Buckeyes and pro football for the Cincinnati Bengals.

Ray set up the winning touchdown in the 1975 Michigan-Ohio State rivalry game, by intercepting a Rick Leach pass with the score tied at 14-14. Griffin returned the ball to inside the 10 yard line of Michigan, leading to fullback Pete Johnson's winning TD. This winning score put the Buckeyes into the 1976 Rose Bowl^[1]

References[link]