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(en) France, Organisation Communiste Libertarie (OCL) - Some elements of the situation in Brazil by RaÃl Zibechi (fr) [machine translation]
Date
Thu, 18 Jul 2013 15:45:03 +0300
The mass protests that shook Brazil reflect a deep and growing public discontent over
living conditions. In a country ruled by the left for a decade, this is the political
panorama find upset. ---- Also with the emergence of new urban struggles, the emergence of
a new generation of movements and activists, most proponents of direct action, outreach
work, flexible modes of organization and assemblÃaires that bureaucratic structures the
traditional left, who also openly support the government, were integrated into the state
apparatus and are bound up with the Brazilian multinationals. ---- The texts of RaÃl
Zibechi that we publish are written for different media and different readers, Uruguay,
Mexico, South Basque Country ... These are articles on the most with the limits and
constraints of this type of exercise .
They have some inevitable repetitions. However, depending on when the main topic, this or
that aspect is particularly emphasized.
course, these texts are not exhaustive. And elsewhere for now, few are as the Brazilian
situation is fluid, where many local initiatives mobilizations were taken in the wake of
major events of June (including in remote areas such as in the city of Tefà in the Amazon)
and for which the information is difficult to collect in a country as vast.
One thing is certain, there is a before and an after in June 2013 in Brazil. Almost
everywhere, the claims have been met: increases in public transport fares have been
canceled. Local authorities who thought they could resist the wave of protests ended up
with occupations mayor or local parliaments ... And finally let go.
Other claims arising in particular against police violence, especially after the attack on
the Military Police (MP) of Compexo do Marà in Rio [a set of 13 favelas and 130,000
inhabitants in the north of Rio, close to the Airport], which resulted in the deaths of 13
people, killed by the bullets, real, not rubber, the notorious Special Operations
Battalion (BOPE) of the PM. Starts a campaign calling for the demilitarization of the
police, the dismantling of the PM which dates from the dictatorship.
Meanwhile, the Movement of People Affected by Dams (MAB) rallies in various places in
GoiÃs, northern Minas Gerais, Parà and recently occupied the site of Belo Monte as did
hundreds of Indians a few weeks ago.
Contents
The rebellion of twenty cents , June 21
Why the World Cup causes indignation , June 20
The Fall of progressivism , July 1
The end of luliste consensus , July 7
The slow construction of a new political culture in Brazil , July 10
The return of the social movement , July 12
Lula and the Brazilian multinational , April 7
On operations metropolisation and urban restructuring in Brazil now, we can see the text
Zibechi Rio de Janeiro: From the Marvelous City to City Business inserted in the article
"Metropolisation, mega-events and accumulation by dispossession" consulted here
The rebellion of twenty cents
RaÃl Zibechi
June 21, 2013 - Brecha
The increase in freight rates was the breach through which has engulfed the deep
discontent that saw the Brazilian society. Because of the poor quality of services, due to
a paternalistic political leadership that blocks the participation, because they do not
want to remain world champions inequality. The middle classes in action. And vinegar to
withstand tear gas.
The boos and whistles have been around the world. Dilma Rousseff remained impassive but
his face showed the uneasiness and Joseph Blatter personally felt stigma and is cleared by
criticizing Brazilian soccer fans for their lack of "fair play". That the President of
Brazil and Mandarin Cup, one of the most corrupt institutions in the world, have been
insulted by tens of thousands of sports fans from the upper middle and middle class (as
the popular sectors can not access to these shows), reflects the deep unease that runs
through the Brazilian society.
What happened to Brasilia Mane Garrincha stadium overflowed into the streets, is
amplified, Monday, June 17, when more than 200,000 people demonstrated in nine cities,
including young people affected by shortages and inequality, reflected in the high prices
for poor quality services while construction companies and public works amass fortunes in
the great works for mega events financed by the budget of the State.
It all started with a very small event, as in the great revolts of the twenty-first
century: a modest increase in urban transport of only 20 cents (from 3 to 3.20 reais,
euros seven cents). There were first small protests activists Movimento Passe Livre (MPL)
and the Committee against the work of the World Cup 2014. Police brutality did the rest,
because she was able to amplify the protest turning into the biggest wave of protests
since the empeachment against Fernando Collor de Melo in 1992.
On Friday, June 7 held the first event in SÃo Paulo against rising ticket with a little
more than a thousand demonstrators. Tuesday 11, there were also numerous, but two buses
were burned. The two main local authorities, the rule of the state, the social democrat
Geraldo Alckmin and PT mayor, Fernando Haddad, were Paris where they were promoting a new
mega-event for the city and accused protesters of being "hooligans".
Wednesday 12, a new demonstration ended with 80 bus attacked and eight policemen injured.
On Thursday 13, the spirits were angry: Police cracked the 5000 protesters causing more
than 80 wounded, including several journalists Folha de SÃo Paulo . A tsunami of
indignation swept the country and led a few hours later, with boos and Dilma against
Blatter. Even the most conservative media had to echo the police brutality. The protest
against rising ticket unwittingly converged with the campaign against the great works of
the Confederations Cup. What looked like small events, almost testimony became a wave of
discontent across the country.
One of the symptoms of the seriousness of the facts is that on Monday 17 at the fifth
mobilization, with more than 200,000 people in a dozen capitals of the country's most
important politicians, former presidents Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Luiz InÃcio Lula da
Silva condemned the repression. "disqualify as the vandals is a serious mistake. That they
are violent solves nothing. Justify repression is useless " wrote Cardoso, who attributed
the protests to "disenchantment of youth for the future" .
Lula has tweeted something similar: "Democracy is not a pact of silence, but a moving
company in search of new conquests. The only certainty is that the social movement and the
claims are not police business, but negotiating table. I'm sure among the protesters most
are willing to help build a solution for urban transport " . In addition to embarrass the
elites, the protesters managed to suspend increases.
The feeling of injustice
Public transport in cities like Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro are among the most expensive
in the world and the quality is dire. A survey of the daily Folha de Sao Paulo analysis
price of public transport in the two largest cities in Brazil and the relationship with
the working time needed to pay for a ticket, according to the average salary in different
cities. The result is catastrophic for the Brazilians. While a resident of Rio needs to
work 13 minutes to pay for a ticket and 14 minutes SÃo Paulo, Buenos Aires do work for a
minute and a half, ten times less. But the list includes the world's major cities: Beijing
tickets is three and a half minutes of work, Paris, New York and Madrid six minutes to
Tokyo, as Santiago nine minutes. In London, one of the most expensive cities in the world,
each ticket requires 11 minutes of work ( Folha de SÃo Paulo on 17 June 2013).
The newspaper quoted the former mayor of BogotÃ, Enrique PeÃalosa, to illustrate what
should be the urban democratization "Advanced city is not one where the poor travel by
car, but where the rich use public transport" . In Brazil, the paper concludes, the
opposite happens.
Over the past eight years, the transport of the city of SÃo Paulo has deteriorated,
according to a survey published by O Estado de SÃo Paulo . The dealership currently in
force was signed during the management Marta Suplicy (PT) in 2004. System transport
increased 1600-2900000000 passengers per year between 2004 and 2012. However, the number
of buses in circulation fell from 14,100 to 13,900. The conclusion is almost obvious:
"More people are transported by paying a higher price in fewer buses that make fewer
trips" ( O Estado de SÃo Paulo , June 15, 2013). In each unit, travel 80% more passengers.
According to the Secretariat of the municipality for the city transport, improving the
economic situation has led to an increase in passenger numbers, but on the other hand,
buses make fewer trips due to traffic congestion, it inevitably "falls on the users who
suffer from the inefficiency of the system, with the increase in travel time ' .
Costs have also soared because of the inefficiency of misuse infrastructure. If to this is
added the waste of millions invested in the work of the 2014 World Cup and 2016 Olympic
Games, with its corollary of forced relocation of residents, it is possible to understand
the prevailing malaise.
The six stadiums that have been opened for the Confederations Cup has cost nearly two
billion dollars. The renovation of the Maracanà [Rio] has exceeded 500 million and Mane
Garrincha [Brasilia] has engulfed much a monumental site with 288 columns that give it the
appearance of "modern Roman Colosseum" , according to the secretary general of FIFA Jerome
Valcke. All this public money to receive a single match for the Cup and September during
the World Cup.
These are pregnant luxury built by a half-dozen construction companies, some of which have
also been administering these arenas that will host performances which few have access.
The final cost of all this work usually doubles the initial budget. Still missing six
stages which are under construction, and renovation of airports, roads and hotels. BNDES
[National Bank of Economic and Social Development] has granted a loan of $ 200 million for
the completion of the ItaquerÃo, the new stadium of Corinthians [club SÃo Paulo] which
will host the first game of the Cup World 2014.
Tired of bread and circus
The National Coordination of Popular Committees Cup, has released a report that indicates
that in the twelve cities hosting matches of the World Cup, there are 250,000 people at
risk of being deported, adding the threat of relocation and those living in the disputed
by the work (areas BBC Brazil , June 15, 2013). In some cases, houses were demolished with
only 48 hours notice. Many families complain that they have been transferred to remote
locations with inadequate compensation to buy new homes, less than five thousand dollars
on average.
To complete the picture, just for the Confederations Cup, a military operation was mounted
which involved the mobilization of 23,000 soldiers of the three weapons, with a central
command, control and intelligence. The device mobilizes 60 aircraft and 500 vehicles.
The World in 2014 forced Brazil to build 12 stadiums, 21 new airport terminals, seven
runways and 5 port terminals. The total cost to the state of all this work will be $ 15
billion. With such an array of spending to build luxury kept pregnant with maximum
security, the National Council of Christian Churches (CONIC) issued a statement condemning
the police brutality saying that what happened on June 13 in Sao Paulo " us back to the
dark times in the history of our country " ( www.conic.org.br ). The text of the churches
denounced the lack of openness to dialogue and ensures that "the authoritarian culture
continues to be a feature of the Brazilian state. "
It reminds the Government that the Council of Human Rights of the UN just made ââa number
of recommendations, among them to do away with the military police. CONIC believes that
the police crackdown is the same as "extermination of young people takes place every day
in the outskirts of cities. " He ends by saying that the great events that bring
additional profit "in financial markets and mega-industrial conglomerates" . "We not only
want the circus. We want bread, fruit of social justice " . If this is the spirit of the
state churches, one can imagine the feelings of millions of young people who spend two
hours to go to work, three to return to their homes "in stupid and expensive bus and faced
200 kilometers caps " , as described in the writer Marcelo Rubens Paiva ( O Estado de SÃo
Paulo , 16 June 2013).
All Paulistas know that the rich travel by helicopter. Brazil has one of the main fleets
of business aviation in the world. Since the PT governs the country, the helicopter fleet
increased by 58.6%, according to the Brazilian Association of General Aviation (ABAG). SÃo
Paulo has 272 heliports and business more than 650 helicopters which carry around 400
daily flights. Many more cities like Tokyo and New York. "Currently, the Paulista capital
is the only city in the world with an air traffic control only for helicopters" , said the
ABAG. This is why the outrage spread and that which they have been so many to celebrate
the return of the protest, why they had to wait no less than two decades.
___
[Insert]
A response of social dignity
"Oooo, acordou o Povo" (Oooo, the people woke up), shouted the thousands of people who
took to the streets. As if they were asleep for years. Dilma Rousseff even mentioned the
term "Brazil today, woke up stronger. The magnitude of the events of yesterday shows the
power of our democracy, the strength of the voice of the street " . There was not much
room to say something else after the huge demonstrations that we had not seen for two
decades. Gilberto Carvalho, Secretary General of the Presidency, was less politically
correct and recognized "does not understand" what was happening in the street. One of the
reasons why politicians do not understand what is happening, is that while the governments
of PT, 40 million Brazilians out of poverty and entered the consumer market in a favorable
economic environment .
Meanwhile, social movements are weak and fragmented. The second problem is the generation
gap. In seven out of ten protesters, according to the institute Datafolha, it was the
first time they participated in a demonstration. More than eight out of ten does not
support any party and 53% are under 25. In a passionate football country, 70% of Paulistas
were interested in demonstrations against 18% after the Confederations Cup.
Half the population of Brazil's main city rejects the institutions, including the Congress
is distinguished by the highest level rejection at 82%, while 77% support the protests.
How a small movement to free transport can it generate as membership?
The Movimento Passe Livre (MPL) was born in 2003 in Salvador (Bahia) in the "Revolta do
Buzu" when thousands of students and young workers off the streets for ten days against
the rising cost of transport in common. The National Union of Students, pro-government,
managed to co-opt a spontaneous and independent she could never lead mobilization. A year
later, in 2004, students from FlorianÃpolis [State of Santa Catarina] inspired by the
events of Bahia, organized the "Revolta da Catracas" (revolt tourniquets) which could
count on the support of residents' associations , teachers and workers.
During the World Social Forum in Porto Alegre in 2005, held a large plenary where was
formalized Movimento Passe Livre today is present in all major cities. The principles of
organization adopted reject hierarchical and bureaucratic style of the official student
associations and character is independent, horizontal, autonomous, federal, with
decision-making by consensus and non-party political, which they point out, is not
synonymous with anti-party political.
In its statement of principles, the MPL emphasizes that the movement "is not an end in
itself but a means to build a new society" ( www.mpl.org.br ) and in their struggle for
"free passage student "they note that their perspective is "the expropriation of public
transport, removing the private sector, without compensation, by placing it under the
control of the workers and the public. " The police also expressed surprise, in addition
to being upset by this type of movement. An intelligence report of the Military Police,
commented by the media, noted that "the absence of leaders is considered the worst
nightmare for the police because it is not clear objectives" ( Folha de SÃo Paulo June 16,
2013).
Sociologist Rudà Ricci, near the trade union movement believes that activists and
politicians who still have their feet in the twentieth century "to be bothered by the lack
of unity of command, avant-garde" ( http: / / rudaricci.blogspot.com ). It supports a
small movement created in 2005 won such a projection due to "channel blocking
participation classical entities of representation" and the "inability of the historical
social leaders to read the daily life of the population Because of their confinement in
locked institutions " . Political analyst Jorge Almeida, of the Federal University of
Bahia, says that under the Lula government two important events took place: the movements
were demobilized by supporting a government, on the other hand, "represented the
strengthening of hegemony of big business in Brazil " ( Valor , 19 June 2013).
The increased purchasing power of the population and the fact that large companies come to
defend the social order, "a fact that bourgeois hegemony are becoming more stable. "
However, "as inequalities continue, other organizations had to be built" , capable of
filling the void left by historical movements. The Cup was the spark that lit the fire.
"World Cup seems like a genuine intervention by FIFA in large urban centers. It restricts
freedom of expression, commerce, within two kilometers of stages, it can be no
demonstrations " .
Prices skyrocket because of mega-events particularly affecting poorer classes who undergo
inflation% from November to December. Finally, Almeida said, while powerful thought they
could do what they wanted, the repression has placed before "a response of social dignity" .
Why the World Cup provokes outrage
RaÃl Zibechi
June 20, 2013 - MediosAlt
In Brazil, twelve were formed People's Committees in each of the cities that will host the
World to resist eviction and denounce the significance of these events revealed Zibechi in
this research.
Although it seems hard to believe football is a matter of elites as well for those who
profit from the sport for those who can access the stage. World Cups speeds up the process
by turning stadiums large platforms for business and denying access to the majority. A
half-century history of the legendary Maracanà is the latest confirmation.
Approximately 203,000 people attended the 1950 final at the Maracana, which represented
8.5% of the population of Rio de Janeiro. The entries in the so-called "general" and
"popular" locations, where the popular sectors attended the game, accounted for 80% of the
total audience. An important part of the audience watching the match standing in a stadium
that had a capacity of 199,000 people.
Today, the Maracana is a "multi-purpose vessel" which hosts sporting events, concerts and
performances of all kinds. The bleachers were built cabins overlooking the entire field,
with windows that separate the VIPs from the rest of the spectators. They are equipped
with bar, TV and air conditioning and are generally rented by companies who invite their
associates or partners and officials. They have the privilege to get directly drive a ramp
without incurring any contact with the "crowd".
Stages began to change in 1990 with the pretext of security and comfort, as part of a
global campaign that not only participated but also FIFA clubs, driven by their private
sponsors. Towards the end of the decade, the price of tickets worldwide, has risen well
above inflation, making access more difficult for working families.
The Maracanà has reduced its capacity after a renovation conducted in 1999 for the FIFA
Club World Cup 2000, only 103,022 people because individual seats were installed on the
top ring. Between April 2005 and January 2006, it was closed for renovations to
accommodate the 2007 Pan American Games. On this occasion have been removed "general"
areas where the public meeting followed up and the seats were installed, reducing the
ability to only 82,238 people, but with reclining seats.
Currently the new Maracana undergoes renovation for the final of the 2014 World Cup and
2016 Olympic Games.
Since mid-2010, it is closed to the transformations that follow the model "fifa" which
requires that all sites are covered, which requires to change the entire roof. In fact,
the stadium was imploded and only the exterior has been preserved because it is considered
as a national heritage. Reconstruction will cost a billion reais, a minimum of $ 600
million, the stadium will be a concession to the private sector, will have even less of
locations that will become increasingly expensive.
More than just a football stadium, it will become a theater with numbered seats where you
can not watch the game standing. Thus were abolished spaces collective creations of fan
clubs, rowdy and disorderly, and in their place there will remain the possibility of
choreography preformatted as "olas" and the wise and orderly deployment of individual mini
flags.
After the maior do mundo , Maracanà has come to occupy a modest 14th place behind the two
largest stadiums in the world: Rungrado May Day Pyongyang (North Korea), with a capacity
of 150,000 spectators, and Salt Lake Kolkata (India) with 120,000 seats. More importantly,
it has ceased to be a popular space to become a media and entertainment business.
Social cleansing
The People's Committee of Rio de Janeiro, which was created during the 2007 Pan American
Games, while people were forcibly evicted for construction, began to resist transfers. "We
also began to see that evictions are not the only problem of major events. We noted other
factors such as corruption. The work of the Pan American Games were budgeted at 300
million reais, but have cost 3.5 billion " , about two billion, says Roberto Morales,
adviser to Congressman Marcelo Freixo, the Party of Socialism and Liberty.
Rio is the Brazilian city most affected by the work, as it will host the 2014 World Cup
and 2016 Olympic Games. In the twelve host cities of the World Cup, popular committees
have been established which are coordinated and mobilized under the slogan "The Cup and
the Olympics in respect for human rights."
The report "Mega events and human rights violations", published in April by the People's
Committee of Rio de Janeiro, noted that during the last five national championships,
public participation per game declined, although there a slight increase in total public
while revenue soared. Between 2007 and 2011, the number of spectators per game in the
league has dropped from 17,400 to 14,900, the total audience of the entire league has
increased from 5.6 to 6,500,000 while revenue rose nearly 50%, indicating that the input
price is increasing.
As elsewhere in the world, Brazil soccer is more than what is paid depends on the
audience. In 2010, clubs have their budgets mainly covered by the export of players
occupying position 28% of the budget, followed by the televised games representing 24% of
revenues and 12% advertising. The entries cover only 11% of budgets.
The People's Committees report notes that Brazil has a deficit of five million units. The
major work of the World, stadiums to expand airports and highways, will cost a total of
about $ 20 billion for a championship that lasts less than a month. A colossal sum that
comes from Brazilian taxes which have only a few mega-corporations.
The displaced
Although the government does not give information on forced evictions that work cause, it
is estimated that affect approximately 170,000 people. The Popular Committees have
detected a kind of model that is repeated in each city that will host the expulsions
victims never know anything from the government but are informed by rumors or because work
starts close to home. "The lack of information and notification generates instability and
fear about the future" , which paralyzes families and makes thank you powers or
speculators, the report says.
Almost all of those affected live in low-income areas, in precarious or informal.
In the metropolitan Curitiba (ParanÃ) region, 1173 buildings will be affected for the
construction of the Metropolitan Corridor 52 km long, rail access and the reconstruction
and widening of several avenues and highways. The only expansion of the airport and its
parking area involves the demolition of 320 homes without any of their residents were
informed of the compensation they receive or where they will be moved.
In Belo Horizonte, a huge building complex is under construction, which will occupy 10,000
hectares of green space to build 75,000 apartments. He called Vila da Copa and will
initially accommodate delegations, tourists and journalists at the World Cup.
A Fortaleza, 15,000 families will be affected, nearly 10,000 will be resettled, but have
not yet been informed of where they live.
Most of those affected will be displaced by the expansion or construction of new highways.
La Voie Express Fortaleza cross 22 districts to connect the resort with the city center
and the CastelÃo stage. In this case, families can choose between compensation, an
apartment in an apartment complex or exchange against another housing in a neighborhood of
the capital. Although 70% of nine thousand affected families have chosen a residential,
social pressure has slowed the whole process until presents an alternative project in
better conditions.
Hundreds of houses on the outskirts of Fortaleza were marked in green ink to be demolished
this year, but people have no official communication informing when will the demolition.
The Popular Committees Cup argue that in 21 districts and poor favelas of seven cities
that will host the World Cup, the State applies "strategies of war and persecution, such
as the marking of houses with ink without explanation, the invasion of homes without a
warrant, illegal appropriation and destruction of buildings " , as well as threats,
cutting services and other acts of intimidation.
Work for the World facilitate a kind of "social cleansing" driven by speculation and
displacement of families living on land for four five decades, as in SÃo Paulo with the
construction of Parque Lineal VÃrzeas do Tietà [Linear Park Plain TietÃ], a floodplain
which four thousand families were evicted and six thousand others will be evicted.
State of emergency
Parliament was forced to approve the General Law of the Cup, which establishes the legal
standards for the conduct of the Confederations Cup in June 2013 and the World the
following year. The project was presented by the Executive on the basis of criteria
established by the federation, but many members felt that it contradicts the Brazilian
legislation. For example, in Brazil, the sale of alcohol in stadiums is prohibited, but
FIFA requires that there be complete freedom, which can generate situations of violence,
as many MPs.
Another point of disagreement revolves around the rights acquired by students, pensioners,
beneficiaries of the Bolsa Familia and the sick, who pay half the price of entry, that
FIFA refuses too. The law called Act Pele, which benefits the unions of professional
athletes, with 5% of revenue from audiovisual broadcasting rights to sporting events, will
also be suspended for the World Cup.
The federation also requires that the host country issues visas and work permits to all
delegates, guests, officials confederations, journalists and visitors from other countries
who have bought tickets. These special permit that will expire December 31, 2014, six
months after the end of the World Cup. In short, a large part of national legislation is
suspended to meet FIFA requirements.
The report of the Coordination of Popular Committees Cup adds to the list of grievances,
violations of rights of informal workers (nearly two-thirds of Brazilians). Indeed,
Article 11 of the Act Cup banned the sale of all types of goods in "official venues in
their area and main access routes" without the express permission of the federation. The
definition and limits of "exclusive areas" trade products FIFA must be delimited by
municipalities "considering the requirements of FIFA or third indicated by it" , which are
expressly excluded vendors in radius of two kilometers of stages.
Article 23 punishes even bars that would transmit the matches of the World Cup without
permission and if in addition they promote certain unauthorized brands. The National
Confederation of Commerce and other business associations of traders have expressed their
opposition to the Law of the Cup. The most serious is perhaps the bill, through Article
37, that "special courts may be established for procedures indictments and trials of cases
related to events" .
Accumulated by the sports federations in recent decades power is able to impose millions
of people around the world who are actually those who support them, and powerful states
from all continents without causing debates in which the public interest may be reflected
frame.
The Fall of progressivism
RaÃl Zibechi
On July 1, 2013 - La Jornada
People want solutions and after a decade we can not continue to say that there are no
resources. Those who believe that it is a spring eruption, are wrong. This is the
beginning of something new.
The President Dilma Rousseff took the political initiative by calling Monday, June 25,
before the 27 governors and 26 mayors of state capitals, five agreements for Brazil:
fiscal responsibility, political reform, health, public transport and education . She
proposed a referendum authorizing the convening of a constituent assembly to drive
political reform, which is the most polemical and most fought by institutions. Although
the next day she had to backtrack about the constituent, it maintained the initiative,
since it is possible to channel reforms through parliament.
Time will tell if reforms are realized, and especially if they manage to meet the
expectations of the population, especially irritated by corruption and inequality, old
Brazilian problems have not decreased during the decade led by Workers Party. At present,
two things seem clear: the institutions continue to be on the defensive, despite the
efforts of the President, and the street is still the choice for many young people to be
heard.
Alarmed by the continuing protests, Congress shelved the proposed constitutional amendment
No. 37 (by 430 votes against nine), which promoted a constitutional reform to remove the
Attorney General the ability to conduct criminal investigations that only the police could
do in a country where only 11% of common crimes and 8% of homicides are solved. The
proposed constitutional amendment 37 has raised a storm of protest under the slogan
"Brazil against impunity."
On the same day, the House passed a bill that 75% of oil royalties to education and 25 %
to health. Until then, there had been heavy fighting between the different States to
spread the benefits of one of the most promising sources of revenue for the state, but the
street was able to convince them.
The protests continue and will continue for some time. But we begin to notice changes and
differentiations. In SÃo Paulo, the Movimento Passe Livre (MPL) decided to walk in urban
peripheries, while groups like MudanÃa JÃ ("change now"), who do not accept the parties
and only speak of corruption, tend to concentrate in the center - the middle class enclave
- as the sociologist analysis Rudà Ricci.
Brazilian street sends a strong message not only to the government of Dilma Rousseff, but
all progressive governments in the region: the passivity came to an end. After a decade of
excellent international prices for exports and an obvious economic boom - which seems to
be coming to an end - not much has changed. In particular, there has been no structural
change.
Even a conservative like former Minister of Finance of the military regime, Antonio Delfim
Netto, commenting international Researh Pew Center notes that the main problem is that a
market economy controlled by the finance carries serious problems of inequalities ( Valor
, 18 June 2013).
The majority of respondents in 39 countries around the world believe that the operation of
the system benefits the rich. This indicates that the population is well aware of what is
happening, and we can conclude that if it was not raised before it's because she has not
found the right moment.
A study of the PIT-CNT trade union center Uruguayan reveals that the wage bill relative to
GDP in 2010 was lower than in 1998, when the right and ruled that reigned the most
unbridled neoliberalism. The data speak for themselves: in 1998, the wages of workers
accounted for 27.2% of GDP. In 2010, after eight years of government of the Frente Amplio
[left coalition] and sustained growth of the economy, they receive 23.5% of the product.
This indicates an increase in appropriate by the owners of capital (Cuesta-Duarte
Institute, December 2011) portion.
30% of Uruguayan workers earn little more than minimum wage, and half of those who work
earn less than two minimum wages. The situation is not very different in Brazil and
Argentina. There is no doubt that part of the population out of extreme poverty, with more
the cycle of economic growth by making social policies that always do that cover the
problems, but do not resolve the situation background majorities.
This half of the population is no longer hungry, but can not live either in dignity, is
tired and starts to lose patience. So far, the progressive governments have played with
two cards in their favor: the working poor has improved somewhat, and a triumph of right
could involve social decline. But the ghost of the right has ceased to operate in the
collective imagination. Because it is a little more than a ghost.
If in one of the countries mentioned above right should prevail, those who lose the most
are the thousands of activists and professionals left who occupy positions of trust in
government departments, municipalities, enterprises state and central governments. The
impression is that most people, like those who protest these days in Brazil but also in
Uruguay streets are not willing to continue to be fooled by the ghost of blackmail from
the right. A good example is the case of Chile, where the population has intensified its
protests against the right-wing government of SebastiÃn PiÃera, but shows no enthusiasm
for the likely return of Michelle Bachelet during the presidential election in November of
this year.
People want solutions and after a decade can not continue to say that there are no
resources. Those who believe that this is a spring eruption wrong. This is the beginning
of something new. The debate over whether the political crisis that has settled in Brazil,
which deepens in Argentina benefit right-wing parties or those on the left, is of little
importance.
Today, the reality is in the street, and this is where the future plays.
The end of consensus luliste
RaÃl Zibechi
July 7, 2013 - Gara
Uruguayan journalist analyzes the causes of the events of recent weeks in Brazil. Before
the fall of protest movements, especially from the governments of Lula and because of
their social policies, emerged a large number of urban organizations at the initiative of
young people who began their activism in the government and who " feel bound to their
history "and experience the urban reforms as privatization. According Zibechi, next year
will be decisive, and the PT in power and the political elites will have to take into
account the demands of the street.
In Brazil, the floodgates of social protest are open to such an extent that they can not
be closed in the short term. June will be remembered as the period of the largest
demonstrations in the history of the country, with days that have recorded two million
demonstrators in a process that began June 6 and is far from over . The massiveness of the
protests is frayed and modalities have mutated into a multitude of small and medium
actions in the most diverse places, but in the center of large cities.
Many wonder why, if the situation was so bad, the protests have not arisen earlier. The
answer is that the two governments of Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva (2003-2010) articulated
major social policy with the neutralization of the main movements in the country, in a
context marked by a certain economic boom sitting on good prices commodities [ commodities
for export]. Two data to consider: the program Bolsa Familia has affected 50 million
Brazilians, or 25% of the total population, improving the incomes of the underground
strata [*]. The second is that the minimum wage was increased threefold in ten years (from
240 reais in 2003 to nearly 700 in 2013, about 250 euros). Therefore, between 30 and 40
million are out of poverty and entered the consumer market.
Most significant, however, is what happened on the side of social struggles. Brazil
experienced at the end of the dictatorship, the largest amount of the world strikes: 4000
1989. From there, the labor movement has declined, with an average of 500 strikes per year
in 1990 and between 300 and 400 under the Lula government. More important is the
institutionalization of unions, with features unknown in Europe. A good example are the
acts of May 1, where the two main stations (CUT and ForÃa Sindical, both allies of the
government) do not realize events with an ideological content but organize parties,
financed by companies that enhance the consumerism.
The events of May 1, 2011 in SÃo Paulo were the paradigm of this union culture that
reserve VIP areas in their actions to "personalities". Both parties have claimed more than
two million. The state company Petrobras has contributed 250,000 euros, while Banco do
Brasil and other Crown corporations have provided about 70,000 euros each. Private
companies were also represented: banks Itaà and Bradesco, multinational Brahma, Carrefour
and BMG, department stores Casas Bahia and PÃo de AÃÃcar, contributed between 50 and 80
thousand euros each. Between the two parties, 20 cars were won by lottery.
The Landless Workers Movement (MST) has also suffered a major setback in terms of the
amount of its struggles, though he maintained essentially principles for land reform and
against the developmentalist model. During the decade of the Government of the Workers'
Party (PT), the land conflicts have not diminished, but the first level of the
organization, camps [occupation], experienced a net outflow. 285 in 2003, when the arrival
of the Lula government, the number of settlements fell to a low of 13 in 2012. Conflicts
are increasing de facto permanent offensive agribusiness, but resilience (which
materializes in the camps) decreases steadily.
Faced with this panorama of institutionalization and setbacks, were born many urban
organizations: Free Radio Indymedia , which functions as Independent Media Center (IMC),
the movement of unemployed workers movement roofless and best known in recent weeks: the
Movimento Passe Livre and the People's Committees of the Cup. It is a new generation of
activists who began his activism in the governments of PT, do not feel bound to its
history and, instead, undergo urban reforms as privatization led by their governments.
MPL (which literally means Movement for Free ticket) was born in the World Social Forum in
Porto Alegre in 2005, having recaptured two important experiences: the "revolt of the bus"
( Revolta do Buzu ) from 2003 to Salvador ( Bahia), which mobilized 40,000 people against
rising prices and the "revolt of turnstiles" ( Revolta das Catracas ) in FlorianÃpolis in
2004. These are small groups of a few dozen militants who operate in many cities, they
study and publicize the reality of urban transport, complain and practice direct action
with which they put pressure on the authorities.
The Popular Committees Cup were born around 2008 in the twelve cities hosting the World
Cup in 2014 and coordinate at the national level. In their reports, they estimate that
some 170,000 people will be evicted to larger airports, stadiums and highways. They claim
that in 21 poor districts and slums of seven cities that will host the World Cup, the
State applies strategies of war and persecution, the invasion of homes without a warrant,
illegal appropriation and destruction of buildings and threats, cut services to force
people to abandon their neighborhoods.
Major works for the World facilitate a kind of "social cleansing" driven by speculation
and displacement of families living on land for four five decades,
The experience left by previous sports mega-events, not only in emerging countries but
also in the developed world, the cost of living adds, real estate speculation explodes
because infrastructure projects move some populations, attract those who can afford more
expensive housing while the poorest are transferred to the periphery, which dislocates
their survival strategies.
PaÃque Duques Lima, MPL activist, anthropologist, 27, born in a favela in one of the
satellite cities of Brasilia, explained to me these days that both the MPL and the
Committees Cup began to make a large work in urban peripheries in 2008, where they are
related to the culture of Black and precarious youth, who made ââhip-hop mode of asserting
their identity. In the peripheries of these two cultures are mixed: the young activists of
organizations practicing horizontality and autonomy and those of black youth gangs by
repression. "Both cultures have come together with the growth of cities and real estate
speculation has strengthened urban segregation, because both sectors have common problems
such as transport " indicates PaÃque.
This youth that the media are trying to call "middle class" has shattered the "luliste
consensus" in just three weeks, forcing the government of Dilma Rousseff to recognize
late, correctness protests. An investigation revealed that, in SÃo Paulo, more than a
million people go to work on foot for more than three hours because they can not afford
transportation or because it would take them longer than walk.
2014 will be a decisive year. The World Cup will take place and there will be protests.
Elections will be held and Dilma may not be re-elected, although it is in the polls.
Without social peace, PT and political elites will have to meet at least part of the
requirements of the street: an end to corruption and a substantial improvement in
transport, health and education.
___
NdT
[*] The social program Bolsa Familia [Family Shopping] is a conditional aid paid to
families against schooling and child immunization. The monthly amount is 22 reais [â 7.50]
per child, up to a limit of 3. It is paid to families with incomes below 140 reais [47
euros] per capita monthly income. In May 2012, it was distributed to about 13.4 million
families (26% of the population). But, according to various surveys, nearly 4 million
families who nevertheless qualify, are excluded. The rate of unmet demand reached 80% in
some favelas . This program represents about 4% of public social state aid to 0.46% of GDP.
The slow construction of a new political culture in Brazil
Interview with a social activist MPL conducted by RaÃl Zibechi
On July 10, 2013 - CIPAmÃricas
Passed the most critical times of mobilization in Brazil, it seems necessary to
investigate the roots of the horizontal and autonomous political culture that emerged in
the streets, but that has matured slowly in everyday resistance, driven by a new
generation of social fighters. Dialogue with them is the best way to understand.
When Lula came in the Planalto Palace, in January 2003, PaÃque Duques Lima was 17 years
old and took his first steps in social activism. He lived with his parents in Brasilia,
Federal District. The rest of his family lived in one of the many favelas , away from
aseptic urban modernism designed by Oscar Niemeyer, the biggest Brazilian architect and
one of the most admired in the world. Over the years, became PaÃque anthropologist,
perhaps as a form of loyalty to his race and service to his class, and it is linked to
various social movements, including the MPL (Movimento Passe Livre) which says it: "in
Portuguese means free pass" .
-Major events in June seem like small local history movement that created the
organizational and subjective conditions such as MPL and the People's Committees of the
Cup. Do you share this reading?
Throughout the period of the Lula government, but even before there was alternative
movements and small and medium struggles have created a new culture of struggle, linked to
the right or left of the traditional organizations. With protests against globalization,
around 2000, was born a culture of direct action for much of urban youth: free radios, CMI
(Indymedia), youth groups of political parties which fought against their own parties and
broke with them, and generally young people who rejected the traditional structures such
as unions and students bureaucracies.
- You give more importance to this new horizontal political culture assemblÃaire and
autonomous than the amount of militants that each group has. Do you mean that it is more
about quality than quantity?
It is relative. In 2003, in Salvador, 40,000 people took to the streets against the rise
in prices of transport, in what was known as the "Revolta do Buzu" (buses in local slang).
Youth is took to the streets spontaneously and then the student organizations have
negotiated with the government in passing over the lead.
It was a betrayal. Nine demands of the movement have been approved by the municipality,
all but the cancellation of the rate increase, which was the main point. Ã from the time
we saw it was possible to fight without being in a party or in a traditional structure. In
2004, in FlorianÃpolis comes the "Revolta das Catracas "(turnstiles), initiated by a small
organization for free transport with a few dozen people. But it was possible to politicize
the struggle, calling for action and talk with the authorities. Members of the movement
are not negotiated but only sent to people's concerns. This is what was the power
struggle, a horizontal organization, without permanent leadership.
In 2005, the National MPL was created with demands for transport and free, on the basis of
a culture and a way to fight with the principles of apartidisme (but not antipartyism),
the autonomy, horizontality, independence, federalism and practices focused on direct
action and an anti-capitalist horizon. Since then, every year in different cities, there
have been struggles against price increases.
struggles are usually localized, because each city has its own transportation management.
Over the past decade, in about 60 cities, there have been small and medium mobilization,
ranging from a handful of protesters in ten thousand people. In some cities, the increases
were offset, in others, free transport were won for students. The Popular Committees Cup
appeared in 2008 and other organizations have also built a culture of horizontal fighting
in the streets.
- It is said that these are movements of the middle class, students and skilled workers.
Would you agree with this characterization?
Not. It is a mobilization of the proletarian youth who still has many divisions, as in
Brazil there is a split in the cities, which have a center with a class of informal
workers and suburbs with more formal class workers and a large periphery where the working
class precarious lives. When they talk about the middle class, they invisibilisent
participation informal center of the city participating in the demonstrations. These are
divided into cities classes, spaces and races. There are many black activists and protesters.
- In this new militant culture, is there something about the hip-hop culture is a movement
not very structured, more diffuse, but very powerful and very present in Brazil in youth?
What was the daily activity of nuclei MPL before June?
In the organization of MPL and Committees Cup, there are youth center and the periphery.
In our meetings at the beginning of the movement, in Brasilia, for example, there were
between 40 and 80 people, but after 2007, when we had a free period increase, there was
much less crowded, we were between 8 and 20 . during our weekly or biweekly meetings
We mainly three types of activities: direct action, study and information on public
transport and urban mobility with approaches in terms of class, gender and race, we lobby
and proposals towards government by offering free passage [Free Shipping], the "zero
tariff", and we mobilize when they increase rates or privatization occur.
- Today, while Brazil know that the Cup is a business and that transport is a disaster,
which shows the effectiveness of the work done for years. Somehow this new critical
awareness talks about the importance of small groups of activists with a high level of
commitment.
The Popular Committees Cup are involved joints where movement of undocumented roof,
expelled communities and academic activists. Both committees that MPL have always been in
contact with the culture of the suburbs, the favelas . The culture of black youth,
precarious and favelada was very challenged over the last decade by the government policy
of Lula and Dilma promoting consumption. But control has its double meanings and its
vulnerabilities.
Neighbourhood associations have an historical relationship with the PT and did their job
with the state and social plans. This has created a vacuum that was filled by the new
horizontal militant culture and youth culture favelada which are closer over the past five
years, young workers in the periphery and the center have many contacts. I live in the
center of the Federal District of Brasilia, but my family is favelada . The important
point is that these two cultures have come together with the growth of cities and real
estate speculation that increased urban segregation because both sectors have common
problems such as transport.
Since 2007 and 2008, the MPL comes increasingly in schools and neighborhoods on the
outskirts. Our movement began to do workshops on public transport on urban segregation and
the right to the city in schools and universities, but now the work is mainly in the
peripheral communities. In many cases, we have been called to discuss the problem of
transportation.
Populaire Committees Cup followed the same path, approaching the evicted communities.
Police violence that speech committees had an echo in people. Before, in the periphery,
many people thought that the Cup was their salvation because it would create jobs, but
that changed very quickly and they are now in the protests. The Popular Committees began
to gain strength in the elimination of entire neighborhoods. On the other hand, some
traditional media are open to criticism against the Cup as Le Monde Diplomatique , Carta
Capital , the magazine Piauà and the television channel ESPN Brasil, where there are many
former leftists who are critical of sports journalism and were very hard with FIFA.
But the key is that people have begun to organize. Since the beginning of this year, the
mobilizations for free transportation were more numerous. In ten cities, they managed to
bring down the price of the ticket. Ã GoiÃnia in May in Porto Alegre in March in Natal,
Terezinha and BelÃm, they mobilized before what happened in SÃo Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.
This tells us that when the events in Rio and SÃo Paulo occur, this culture of horizontal
mobilization embodied by the MPL and Committees Cup had already spread.
- All indications repression SÃo Paulo played a key role in the expansion of the movement.
I am not an activist of the movement of SÃo Paulo (I MPL in Brasilia), but I can make an
assessment of what I saw and heard, because we are a national organization. I think it is
a combination of three questions.
The first and most important is that there are years of work by several organizations that
have created this culture of struggle, not only the MPL and the Committees of the Cup, but
the CMI, the radical students , the homeless, free radio, hip-hop, the movement of
unemployed workers [BAT], the cartoneros [ catadores in Brazil], all urban movements that
participated in the creation of this culture.
The second issue is that the actions called by the MPL in the center of SÃo Paulo received
a brutal police response when many thought that having won the municipality, PT Fernando
Haddad, there would be co-opted and negotiation, but no one ever imagined that there would
be a harsh crackdown. We knew that the state government, the Social Democrat Geraldo
Alckmin (PSDB) was very repressive, but we do not believe that the city of PT would
support terrorist actions of the police. This brutal repression was important in the
nationalization of solidarity and increase the number of protesters. It is also important
to note that early manifestations, prior to the crackdown, were already very large, with
20, 40 and 70 thousand people.
The third point was the extension of the movement throughout Brazil with the celebration
of the Confederations Cup, which brought the struggle for urban mobility in the fight
against urban reform and the right to the city as a result of major work undertaken for
the World Cup 2014.
- The right-mobilizations took to complete his game against the Government.
The right already has a political bloc and a media block and now wants to build a social
bloc. Many people took to the streets and then the right has tried to lead his game by
trying to impose its focus on criticism of corruption program, but only against the
corrupt governments of the PT, but not the PSDB , showing his electoral intentions, as
well as campaigns for lowering the age of criminal responsibility against abortion and in
some way against the rights of blacks and homosexuals. They tried to challenge the
narrative of the movement. People left parties were attacked by the extreme right, but
they avoided talking about the real problems that led us into the streets.
- How do you analyze the day of July 11, organized by the unions and the MST where there
is no reference to police repression and the massacre of 24 June in the Complexo do MarÃ,
the largest favela in Rio?
There are some trade union, small areas that support the movement. The anti-government and
as Conlutas Intersindical unions participated in protests and others have criticized the
MPL, saying that we had been manipulated by the right. The labor movement has failed to
articulate a response class. The activities of 11 can be understood in part as a way to
support the government, justified by the idea that the right can strike a blow against the
government and to avoid this, it is necessary to help strengthen governance. It is also an
attempt to control people who are in the street. But this day was also called by other
sectors that are not in the government camp and are more related to social struggles. [*]
- How do you see the future of the movement in the medium term, say to the World Cup in
2014 and the presidential election next year?
In this regard, we have three problems. The first is that the government and the media
will try to control struggles with repression but also by the appointment and what we may
call the "sociological defeat" of the movement through the construction of mechanisms for
consensus.
The second issue is that the young activists that we are faced with the problem that we
had a great isolation, but the people who speak ill of us do not even have a culture of
protest and there is a field of conflict organization. This opens up the problem of the
organization.
The MPL was a movement of dozens of people who called the masses to take to the streets.
Now the question is whether we have the ability to be a mass organization, horizontal,
autonomous, anti-capitalist, able to organize thousands of people on the basis of these
principles. All small organizations are asking the same question.
The third point is that we had a late involvement of the social sectors which are
essential because they undergo structural oppression. In Brazil, racism and exclusion are
structural, we do not live in Brazil, not to mention the segregation of class, sexism and
race, it is essential. In recent days, there have been 30 or 40 acts of protest on the
outskirts of SÃo Paulo, very radical, with buses burned. In the area north of Brasilia, it
happens the same thing. While the event was held on the esplanade of the Planalto (seat of
government), at the same time, this is what happened. Which brings us to discuss how to
boost the struggles that attack classist, racist and sexist structures of our society, and
there appears the crucial question: do we have the strength to boost it?
Especially since we are facing a very short period to boost, just a year before the World
Cup, which will be imposed anti-terrorism laws and police repression that will be very
strong. We are facing organizational challenges, ideological, military (ie how do we deal
with police repression and massive control) and economic. The bosses do not want reverse
Dilma because they are fine with this model, so that if there is a consensus, it is
against us, a consensus government and employers against us. That's why I say that we have
enormous challenges ahead of us.
NdT
[*] The "national day of action" (strikes and demonstrations) of 11 July did not mobilize
the masses ... A few thousand protesters in major cities have responded to this word very
bureaucratic, with podiums, large sound systems and made ââthe speeches by the leaders. A
report of even a manifestation of 15-20,000 steelworkers in SÃo Josà dos Campos, a dock
strike in the port of Santos (main port terminal SÃo Paulo) and transport in Porto Alegre.
Conlutas and Intersindicale are small unions, not less bureaucratic than larger ones, but
more "aggressive." They are both related parties located to the left of the PT and the
subject of bitter power struggles between different fractions or trends related to
political groups, often Trotskyites references.
The return of social movement
RaÃl Zibechi
July 12, 2013 - La Jornada
The mobilizations of June in Brazil can be a long-term shift. These are the first major
events for 20 years, since 1992 against the then President Fernando Collor de Melo, who
was forced to resign. Now things are different: the movement is much broader, encompassing
hundreds of cities and best organized sectors offer larger targets with an anti-capitalist
orientation. We are not at a point explosion, but the face of a broad mass discontent.
This allows us to assume that we are probably at the beginning of a new cycle of struggles
driven by different than the period prior organizations. But what were these earlier
movements?
In the 1970s, there was a real social earthquake in Brazil, seen from below, in the
military regime. The factory committees have embodied a new unionism rejection of the
vertical structure of the official unions. Strikes in SÃo Bernardo do Campo and other
cities of the industrial belt of Sao Paulo broke the control of the regime, a move that
has materialized in the creation of the Single Confederation of Workers (CUT) in 1983. In
1979, the landless have resumed business as tools to fight with the occupation of the
properties and Macali Brilhante considered the origin of the MST (Landless Movement). In
1980, the Workers Party (PT) is created.
The greatest creations of Brazilian popular movement began with small movements of
resistance and struggle, and the players, say, marginal in terms of high politics.
Creation of PT is the conjunction of three streams: the defeat of the armed struggle of
the 60s and 70s, the basic ecclesial communities - who have never separated politics and
ethics - and the new unionism in the context of a broad popular movement for freedom. As
shown Chico de Oliveira, the largest Brazilian sociologist, these conjunctions are rare in
history and are unique.
Two decades later, things have changed dramatically. The upper stratum of unionism has
become, thanks to pension funds, an ally of financial capital and Brazilian
multinationals. The PT is a more traditional party, which is no different parties of the
right, with some of which he co-governance. The policy has led to the possible advantage
of Lula to get dirty in notorious cases of corruption as mensalÃo , monthly allowance for
parliamentarians to vote for the government. Only the MST has maintained its very high up,
but at the cost of greater isolation.
The same year when Lula came to government, more than 40,000 young people took to the
streets of Salvador (Bahia), against rising rates of urban transport in a move that lasted
10 days called Revolta do Buzu (referring to the bus ). The following year, in 2004,
another mass mobilization in Florianopolis struggled against the high cost of transport,
Revolta das Catracas (turnstiles). The units of student unions negotiated with the
municipal authority in passing over the head of the movement, which generated a profound
rejection.
In 2005, at the World Social Forum in Porto Alegre was created Movimento Passe Livre (MPL)
with groups in every major city. It was a small group who worked on the principles of
horizontality, autonomy, federalism and apartidisme, but not anti-partidisme. In this way,
they reject the dependent hierarchical and centralized organizations, the state and
government, which are hegemonic in the popular camp. The MPL was not the only movement of
its kind. The Independent Media Center (IMC, or Indymedia Brasil ) Movement roofless
(TLB), the unemployed (BAT), the cartoneros , combinations autonomous and libertarian
students in universities and some secondary schools, formed a giant rainbow.
The MPL was noticed by the mobilization of tens of thousands in the streets against the
poor quality of urban transport in private general and against their exorbitant prices. In
2008, the People's Committees appear Cup, which analyzed the consequences for the
population of the great work done for the 2014 World Cup and 2016 Olympic Games. Like the
others are smaller groups, the heterogeneous composition, which began working with
communities in urban peripheries and the inhabitants of favelas threatened by mega-projects.
The most important point is that in these groups is born a new culture of politics and
protest. Some call direct action. In all cases, it is based on four axes mentioned, grew
and spread outside the institutions, is not intended to become separated from the people
who fight and mobilize or to participate in organizational apparatus elections. During a
decade-long consumerist consensus, lubricated by social policies that have frozen
inequality, this new culture is rooted in the margins of social action and from there
began to expand.
In the past the great mobilizations June semester, these modes of action have achieved
victories in ten cities in resistance to major works of the World and in the reduction of
transport costs. This culture which mobilized hundreds of people came to the protests of
tens of thousands.
As we know, police repression and arrogance FIFA did the rest. When people began to
overwhelm the main avenues, while Brazil knew that works great for the World Cup are part
of a segregationist urban reform concocted by speculative capital. They are fighting for
the right to the city as the capital denied.
Today, we know that, circa 2003, in Bahia, began to gradually build a new generation of
movements. But do not forget that it all started with small groups of young people on the
margins of the political system and against the current modes of action and to set up.
Lula and the Brazilian multinational
RaÃl Zibechi
April 7, 2013 - Gara
Small article not directly on the current social movement protest but that illustrates the
position and role of the "progressivism" of the PT, and its most illustrious
representative in the stabilization and development of "indigenous" Brazilian capitalism .
On some occasions, the facts do not seem to have significant merit to show the bottom of
it, to expose the true nature of political reality that previously did not appear as
clearly. Something like this happened a few days ago, when a journalistic investigation
revealed the relationship between a handful of Brazilian multinational construction and
President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva.
The fact is that half of all trips made ââby Lula after leaving the presidency were paid
by construction companies, all in Latin America and Africa, where these companies focus
their greatest interests. Since 2011, Lula has visited 30 countries, 20 are in Africa and
Latin America. The companies paid thirteen of these trips, almost all by Odebrecht, OAS
and Camargo Correa ( Folha de Sao Paulo , March 22, 2013).
Journalistic Survey shows telegrams embassies of Brazil abroad in which it is stated that
the travel of former President help defend the country's interests. A telegram sent by the
Brazilian Embassy in Mozambique, after a visit by Lula, highlights the role of president
as ambassador for multinationals. "By combining prestige companies operating here, former
President Lula has developed the eyes of Mozambicans engagement with the results of the
activity of Brazilian firms " , writes Ambassador Ligia Scherer.
In August 2011, Lula began a tour of Latin America in Bolivia, where he arrived with his
entourage in a private plane RSA, the company seeking to build a road through the TIPNIS
(Indigenous Territory and National Park Isiboro Secure), causing massive mobilizations
supported by the urban indigenous communities. From there, he continued his journey in the
same plane to Costa Rica, where the company was playing a tender to build a road, which
was eventually awarded to 500 million dollars.
Lula activities are not illegal. Instead, his attitude is in line with what are usually
the presidents and former presidents from around the world working to encourage large
companies in their countries. Incidentally, this has nothing to do with an attitude of
left solidarity with the workers and progressive governments.
The undertakings concerned have a very special history and are also large multinationals.
Each is developed under the military dictatorship, which they were closely related.
Odebrecht is a conglomerate of family origin is mainly in construction and petrochemicals.
It controls Braskem, the largest producer of thermoplastic resins in the Americas. This is
one of the Brazilian companies with the largest international presence, employs 130,000
people (40,000 only in Angola) and generates 55 billion turnover. It is present in 17
countries, mainly in Latin America and Africa, and 52% of its revenues come from outside
Brazil. In 2008, she was expelled from Ecuador by the government of Rafael Correa due to
serious deficiencies in the dam of San Francisco, which forced its closure a year after
being opened.
Camargo Correa is now the most diversified construction, with investments in cement,
power, steel and footwear. It has 61,000 employees in eleven countries. Only in Argentina,
she has Loma Negra, the main cement company that controls 46% of the Argentine market, in
addition to Alpargatas, one of the main textile company in the country with Topper, Flecha
and Pampero brands. The OAS group, meanwhile, has projects in 22 countries in Latin
America and Africa and employs 55,000 people.
The power of large Brazilian companies is particularly acute in the smaller countries of
the region. In Bolivia, Petrobras controls half of oil is responsible for 20% of GDP in
Bolivia and 24% of tax revenue of the state. The construction company OAS, as we have
seen, was a political and social crisis that came to destabilize the government of Evo
Morales with which it maintains good relations.
Almost all infrastructure included in the Integration of South American Regional
Infrastructure (IIRSA) project, a total of more than 500 achievements for a total of $ 100
billion jobs are being built by the Brazilian multinational . The same goes for
hydroelectric dams. The state bank BNDES (National Bank for Economic and Social
Development) is the main funder of this work but it does on the condition that the
recipient of the loan commitment of Brazilian companies.
Lula's role is to promote "their" companies, helping to overcome difficulties due to his
enormous prestige and millionaire fund BNDES, which has more money to invest in the region
as the IMF and the World Bank combined. Nothing illegal, I insist, but politically
unacceptable for someone who claims to be considered the left.
The March 15, 2011, the 20,000 workers employed in the construction of the Jirau dam on
the Madeira River in RondÃnia, led one of the greatest upheavals of recent decades, burned
offices Camargo Correa ( the company that built the plant), dormitories and more than 45
buses. What has been called the "revolt of laborers" [laborers, laborers] was not
motivated to pay but for dignity, to protest against working conditions of semi-slavery.
These same companies are now fatten the work for the 2014 World Cup and 2016 Olympics.
Given the trajectory of Lula and the Workers Party, the temptation to speak of "treason"
is great. However, things are more complex. In Brazil, a more intense than in other
countries in the region mode, has produced a profound reconfiguration of elites. The
arrival of the Lula government has accelerated the formation of an alliance, or rather an
amalgam of the great leaders of Brazilian companies, executives of the state apparatus
(including commanders) and a small but powerful sector of the labor movement related to
pension funds, which together with the BNDES, are part of a select group of large investors.
Lula is the ambassador of Brazilian multinationals, most of which have close ties with the
state, either because their grants gigantic work or because Ãtatico-union alliance has a
decisive weight in them. Thus, the second largest mining company in the world is
controlled by the pension fund of the state bank Banco do Brasil, under the hegemony of
the government and the banking syndicate. The same applies to other large companies.
What is difficult is to see how generous speech speaking of workers' rights and regional
integration, are used to facilitate business that harm workers themselves, destroy nature
and benefit only a handful of large companies that have grown up in the shadow of one of
the worst dictatorships on the continent.
RaÃl Zibechi is an international analyst for Brecha of Montevideo weekly, teacher and
researcher on social movements at the Franciscan University of Latin America and adviser
to several social organizations.
Translations: XYZ OCLibertaire
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