Interpol is the third EP release by New York post-punk revival^[1] band Interpol. It was released on 4 June 2002, and was the band's first release on the Matador Records label.

The album received much critical acclaim, and garnered the band a healthy amount of attention before the release of their first full length, Turn on the Bright Lights. The EP also helped the band shed accusations of cloning early post-punk bands like Joy Division, establishing an individual sound that expanded upon rather than copied the band's influences.^[2][3]

The album originally sold for $3.98 off of Matador Records' website.^[4]

"PDA" is one of the oldest songs by Interpol and has appeared on many of their early demos and EPs (included their first demo tape, the Fukd I.D. EP, and the Precipitate EP).

Between the releases of the Interpol EP and Turn on the Bright Lights, Interpol released "PDA" as a promo single along with a music video, directed by Christopher Mills.^[5]

"PDA" was nominated for a MTV2 award in 2003^[6] and is a playable track on Rock Band 2.

"PDA" was featured in Foundation's skateboard movie "That's Life" as background music during Justin Strubing's part.

The same versions of "PDA" and "NYC" were later released on Turn on the Bright Lights, while "Specialist" was released as a bonus track to a 2005 re-release of the album.^[7]

Track listing[link]

1. "PDA" – 5:02
2. "NYC" – 4:20
3. "Specialist" – 6:39

Professional ratings
Review scores
Source	Rating
Allmusic	[1]
Pitchfork Media	(9.3/10) [2]

References[link]

Interpol headquarters in Lyon.

Coordinates: 45°46′56″N 4°50′54″E / 45.78219°N 4.84838°E / 45.78219; 4.84838 The International Criminal Police Organization (ICPO), widely known as INTERPOL or Interpol,^[1] is an organization facilitating international police cooperation. It was established as the International Criminal Police Commission (ICPC) in 1923 and adopted its telegraphic address as its common name in 1956.

Its membership of 190 countries provides finance of around €59 million through annual contributions. The organization's headquarters is in Lyon, France. It is the second largest intergovernmental organization after the United Nations, in terms of number of member states.

Its current Secretary-General is Ronald Noble, a former United States Under Secretary of the Treasury for Enforcement. Its current President is Singapore's Senior Deputy Secretary of the Ministry of Home Affairs and former Commissioner of Police Khoo Boon Hui; the President before that, Jackie Selebi, National Commissioner of the South African Police Service, held his term from 2004 till his resignation on 13 January 2008, after which he was charged in South Africa on three counts of corruption and one of defeating the course of justice, and replaced by Arturo Herrera Verdugo, current National Commissioner of Investigations Police of Chile and former vice president for the American Zone, who remained acting president until the organization meeting in October 2008.^[2]

In order to maintain as politically neutral a role as possible, Interpol's constitution forbids it to undertake any interventions or activities of a political, military, religious, or racial nature.^[3] Its work focuses primarily on public safety, terrorism, organized crime, crimes against humanity, environmental crime, genocide, war crimes, piracy, illicit drug production, drug trafficking, weapons smuggling, human trafficking, money laundering, child pornography, white-collar crime, computer crime, intellectual property crime and corruption.

In 2008, the Interpol General Secretariat employed a staff of 588, representing 84 member countries. The Interpol public website^[4] received an average of 2.2 million page visits every month. Interpol issued 3,126 red notices for the year 2008 which led to the arrest of 718 people.^[5]

Despite its stance of political neutrality, the agency has been criticized for its role in some arrests which critics contend have been politically motivated, such as the arrest of Saudi journalist Hamza Kashgari by Malaysian police on February 9, 2012 for allegedly insulting Muhammad^[6][7] and his subsequent deportation to Saudi Arabia on February 12, 2012, where he may face the death penalty over charges of apostasy due to these alleged insults.^[8][9] Interpol, however, later denied its involvement in the arrest, notwithstanding the Malaysian police's assertion to the contrary.^[7]

History[link]

The first significant move towards creating INTERPOL was in 1914 at the First International Criminal Police Congress. Police officers, lawyers and magistrates from 14 countries gathered in Monaco to discuss arrest procedures, identification techniques, centralized international criminal records and extradition proceedings.^[10] However, World War I delayed this initiative and it was not until 1923 that Interpol was founded at the Second International Police Congress in Vienna as the International Criminal Police (ICP). Founding members were Poland, Austria, Belgium, China, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, and Yugoslavia.^[11] The United States joined INTERPOL in 1923.^[12]

Following the Anschluss (Austria's annexation by Germany) in 1938, the organization fell under the control of Nazi Germany, and the Commission's headquarters were eventually moved to Berlin in 1942. From 1938 to 1945, the presidents of Interpol included Otto Steinhäusl, Reinhard Heydrich, Arthur Nebe, and Ernst Kaltenbrunner. All were generals in the SS, and Kaltenbrunner was the highest ranking SS officer executed after the Nuremberg Trial.

After the end of World War II in 1945, the organization was revived as the International Criminal Police Organization by European Allies of World War II officials from Belgium, France, Scandinavia and the United Kingdom. Its new headquarters were established in Saint-Cloud, a town on the outskirts of Paris. They remained there until 1989, when they were moved to their present location, Lyon.

Until the 1980s Interpol did not intervene in the prosecution of Nazi war criminals in accordance with Article 3 of its Constitution forbidding intervention in "political" matters.^[13]

On 2 July 2010, former Interpol President Jackie Selebi was found guilty of corruption by the South African High Court in Johannesburg for accepting bribes worth €156,000 from a drug trafficker.^[14] After being charged in January 2008, Selebi resigned as president of Interpol and was put on extended leave as National Police Commissioner of South Africa.^{[citation needed]}

Constitution[link]

The role of Interpol is defined by the general provisions of its constitution.

Article 2 states that its role is to

1. To ensure and promote the widest possible mutual assistance between all criminal police authorities within the limits of the laws existing in the different countries and in the spirit of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
2. To establish and develop all institutions likely to contribute effectively to the prevention and suppression of ordinary law crimes.

Article 3 states^[15]

It is strictly forbidden for the Organization to undertake any intervention or activities of a political, military, religious or racial character.

Methodology[link]

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2012)

I­nterpol differs from most law-enforcement agencies — agents do not make arrests themselves, and there is no single Interpol jail where criminals are taken. The agency functions as an administrative liaison between the law-enforcement agencies of the member countries, providing communications and database assistance. This is vital when fighting international crime because language, cultural and bureaucratic differences can make it difficult for officers of different nations to work together. For example, if ICE and FBI special agents track a terrorist to Italy, they may not know whom to contact in the Polizia di Stato, if the Carabinieri have jurisdiction over some aspect of the case, or who in the Italian government needs to be notified of the ICE/FBI's involvement. ICE and FBI can contact the Interpol National Central Bureau in Italy, which will act as a liaison between the United States and Italian law-enforcement agencies.

Interpol's databases help law enforcement see the big picture of international crime. While other agencies have their own extensive crime databases, the information rarely extends beyond one nation's borders. Interpol can track criminals and crime trends around the world. They maintain collections of fingerprints and mug shots, lists of wanted persons, DNA samples and travel documents. Their lost and stolen travel document database alone contains more than 12 million records. They also analyze all these data and release information on crime trends to the member countries.

A secure worldwide communications network allows Interpol agents and member countries to contact each other at any time. Known as I-24/7, the network offers constant access to Interpol's databases. While the National Central Bureaus are the primary access sites to the network, some member countries have expanded it to key areas such as airports and border access points. Member countries can also access each other's criminal databases via the I-24/7 system.

In the event of an international disaster, terrorist attack or assassination, Interpol can send an incident response team. This team can offer a range of expertise and database access to assist with victim identification, suspect identification and the dissemination of information to other nations' law enforcement agencies. In addition, at the request of local authorities, they can act as a central command and logistics operation to coordinate other law enforcement agencies involved in a case. Such teams were deployed 12 times in 2005.^{[citation needed]} Interpol began issuing its own passport in 2009 with hopes that member states would remove visa requirements for individuals traveling for Interpol business, thereby improving response times.^[16]

Finances[link]

In 2009 Interpol's income was €59 million, of which 82% comprised statutory contributions by member countries and 14% income from projects, private foundations and commercial enterprises.^[17] From 2004 to 2010 Interpol's external auditors have been the Cour des comptes.^[18][19]

Emblem[link]

The current emblem of Interpol was adopted in 1950 and according to their website has the following symbolism:^[20]

• the globe indicates worldwide activity
• the olive branches represent peace
• the sword represents police action
• the scales signify justice

Member states and sub-bureaus[link]

Sub-bureaus shown in italics.

Non-member countries[link]

Secretaries-general and presidents[link]

Ronald Noble at 6th Global Congress about combating piracy and counterfeit

Secretaries-general since organization's inception in 1923:

Oskar Dressler	1923–1946
Louis Ducloux	1946–1951
Marcel Sicot	1951–1963
Jean Népote	1963–1978
André Bossard	1978–1985
Raymond Kendall	1985–2000
Ronald Noble	2000–present

Presidents since organization's inception in 1923:

Johann Schober	1923–1932
Franz Brandl	1932–1934
Eugen Seydel	1934–1935
Michael Skubl	1935–1938
Otto Steinhäusl	1938–1940
Reinhard Heydrich	1940–1942
Arthur Nebe	1942–1943
Ernst Kaltenbrunner	1943–1945
Florent Louwage	1945–1956
Agostinho Lourenço	1956–1960
Richard Jackson	1960–1963
Fjalar Jarva	1963–1964
Firmin Franssen	1964–1968
Paul Dickopf	1968–1972
William Leonard Higgitt	1972–1976
Carl Persson	1976–1980
Jolly Bugarin	1980–1984
John Simpson	1984–1988
Ivan Barbot	1988–1992
Norman Inkster	1992–1994
Björn Eriksson	1994–1996
Toshinori Kanemoto	1996–2000
Jesús Espigares Mira	2000–2004
Jackie Selebi	2004–2008
Arturo Herrera Verdugo	acting president until the General Assembly in Saint Petersburg in October 2008, and candidate for the President on that General Assembly
Khoo Boon Hui	Oct 2008–present

See also[link]

Lyon portal

• Europol, a similar EU-wide organization.
• Intelligence assessment
• International Criminal Court
• Interpol Terrorism Watch List
• INTERPOL & the U.S. Diplomatic Security Service (DSS) often work closely to hunt down fugitives
• UN Police

References[link]

Notes

External links[link]

• Official website
• Deflem, Mathieu. 2000. "Bureaucratization and Social Control: Historical Foundations of International Policing." Law & Society Review 34(3):601–640.
• Deflem, Mathieu. 2002. "The Logic of Nazification: The Case of the International Criminal Police Commission
• (Interpol)", International Journal of Comparative Sociology 43(1):21–44.
• Deflem, Mathieu, and Lindsay C. Maybin. 2005. "Interpol and the Policing of International Terrorism: Developments and Dynamics since September 11." Pp. 175–191 in Terrorism: Research, Readings, & Realities, edited by Lynne L. Snowden and Brad Whitsel. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005.
• Barnett, Michael, and Coleman, Liv. 2005. "Designing Police: Interpol and the Study of Change in International Organizations." International Studies Quarterly 49(4):593-620.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Interpol

Cheb Hasni (Arabic : الشاب حسني) born Hasni Chakroun (February 1, 1968 – September 29, 1994) was a performer of Algerian Raï music. He was popular across North Africa, having reached the height of his career in the late 1980s and early 1990s. He was the son of a welder and grew up in a working class family where he was one of seven children. Hasni is most well known for his love songs, but he also dealt with taboo subjects such as divorce and alcohol. He was murdered in 1994.

Early career[link]

Born in Oran, Algeria, Cheb Hasni was interested in performing from an early age. In an interview published in the French newspaper Libération in 1992, Hasni recounted how "everyone knew me in our neighbourhood when I was a kid. I was always walking up the road with my school bag thrown off my shoulder, singing my head off"^{[citation needed]}. Hasni was also talented in football and a good student, but these traits were overshadowed by his musical interests.

Hasni's first significant performance as a singer occurred when he attended a local wedding party, where the group led by the famous Naoui brothers was playing. Impressed by his voice, they invited him to perform on stage at a well-known cabaret, La Guinguette.

The second major launching point in Hasni's career came shortly afterwards when a producer asked him to record with Raï performer Chaba Zahouania. During the summer of 1987 the pair recorded a provocative song by Algerian standards, "Beraka" ("The Shack"), gaining them much attention. The subjects of his songs were controversial and made the song popular with Algerian youth, who contributed to the song's estimated sales of one million copies. The success of "Beraka" made Hasni famous, and a controversial subject with both critics and Islamic fundamentalists already concerned over the popularity of the Raï genre. Another major hit was "El Visa" a song about migration, which sold approximately 250,000 cassettes.

Fame[link]

Like many other Raï artists based in Algeria, Cheb Hasni spent more time performing abroad (giving concerts everywhere from Paris, Marseilles, and Boston to Washington DC, Tunis, Casablanca, and Tokyo, to name a few cities) than at home, due to curfews and musical restrictions in Algeria at the time. Hasni’s last concert in his native country was on 5 July 1993, when he performed to an audience of over 150,000 fans in Algiers at an event organised to celebrate Algerian independence.

Hasni became one of the most prolific artists on the Raï scene, recording around 100 cassettes during his career. His distinctive "Raï love" style soon inspired imitators, notably Cheb Nasro, who launched his career in 1988 with the hit "Pour te faire plaisir".

Death[link]

Hasni's fame and controversial songs led to his receiving death threats from Islamic fundamentalist extremists. His primary residence remained in Oran, even though his family lived in the then safer environment of France. On September 29, 1994, he was the first raï musician to be murdered, outside his parents' home in the Gambetta district of Oran.^[1] His death came amid other violent actions against notable North African performers. A few days before his death, Kabylian singing star Lounès Matoub was abducted by the GIA. The following year, on February 15, 1995, Raï producer Rachid Baba-Ahmed was assassinated in Oran.

References[link]

External links[link]

1. (French) "Hasni une légende a l image de l Algerie"
2. (French) Site on Cheb Hasni (sounds et videos)
3. (French) « Cheb Hasni, une legende a l'image de l'Algerie »
4. (French) "Cheb Hasni, histoire d'une tragédie"
5. (French) "Le raï et Cheb Hasni"
6. (French) "biographie de Cheb Hasni"

Salima Souakri (born 6 December 1974) is an Algerian judoka.

She finished in joint fifth place in the extra-lightweight (48 kg) division at the 1996 Summer Olympics, having lost the bronze medal match to Yolanda Soler of Spain. She moved up to the half-lightweight (52kg) division, finishing seventh in the 2000 Olympic Games and fifth again at the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens. On this occasion she lost the Bronze medal match to Amarilis Savon of Cuba.

External links[link]

• Yahoo! Sports

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