This article is about the Indian state of Tripura. For the mythological city, see
Tripura (mythology).
Tripura /ˈtrɪpərə/ is a state in North East India, and one of the Seven Sister States. The third smallest state of India, it occupies an area of 4,051 sq mi (10,490 km2). Tripura is surrounded by Bangladesh on the north, south, and west. The Indian states of Assam and Mizoram lie to its east. The state capital is Agartala. A landlocked state, Tripura's geography is characterized by several north-south laid parallel hill ranges with intervening valleys, and plain in the western part of the state.
The area of the modern Tripura was part of an independent Tripuri kingdom that ruled for several centuries, probably millennia.[3] It was known as "Hill Tippera" during the British rule in India.[4] The kingdom merged with independent India on 15 October 1949 by the Tripura Merger Agreement. Ethnic strife between original tribes and largely migrant Bengali population led to tension and scattered violence since 1970s. Establishment of an autonomous tribal zone soothed such tensions to a great extent, and the state remains peaceful, as of 2012.
Tripura lies in a geographically disadvantageous location in India, with only one major highway connecting it with the rest of India; this hinders the economic prospects of the state. An agrarian state, most of the residents are involved in agriculture and allied activities, although service sector contribute the most to the gross state domestic product. Forests cover more than half the area of the state, and provide remarkable biodiversity for a relatively small state and also source of livelihood for many tribes. Scheduled tribes are about 30% of the population, with Kokborok-speaking Tripuri people forming the major tribe; Bengali people form the ethno-linguistic majority of the population. The mainstream Indian cultural elements led by Bengali culture coexists along with tribal traditional practices.
Scholars postulated several etymological root of the name Tripura. Many scholars agree that Tripura is Sanskritized version of Tipra, the name of the aboriginal people inhabitaing the area.[5]:138 One popular theory suggests that Tripura is derived from two Kokborok words tui and pra. Tui means water, pra means near. In ancient time the boundaries of Tripura extended up to the Bay of Bengal when its ruler held sway from the Garo Hills to the Arakan.[6] According to another school of thought, the name Tripura was probably given to the state in honour of the temple of goddess Tripureshwari at Udaipur.[5]:138 The word Tripura may have originated from Tripura Sundari, the presiding deity of the land which is famous as one of the 51 Shakti Peethas, pilgrimage centres of Shakti worshippers of Hinduism.[7] Yet another myth suggests the word Tripura is attributable to the legendary tyrant king of Tripur who reigned in the region. According to legend, Tripur was the 39th descendant of Druhya, who was a descendant of Yayati, one of the lunar race kings.
The Indian epic Mahabharata mentions Tripura as the three cities constructed by Asura artificer Maya.[8] The Puranas and pillar inscriptions of Emperor Ashoka mention Tripura.[5]:138 An ancient name of Tripura is believed to be Kirat Desh,[5]:137 probably referring to the Kirata Kingdom or the more generic term Kirata.
Tripura was a princely state. The Tripuri Kings (bubagra) held the title of Manikya and ruled Tripura for 3000 years until its merger with the union of India. Udaipur, in South Tripura district, was the capital of the Kingdom. The capital was shifted to Old Agartala by King Krishna Manikya in the eighteenth century, and then to the present Agartala in the 19th century. The 19th century marked the beginning of Tripura's modern era, when King Bir Chandra Manikya Bahadur Debbarma modeled his administration on the pattern of British India and enacted various reforms.
The Ganamukti Parishad movement led to the integration of the kingdom with India signed by the Regent Maharani on September 9, 1947 and the administration of the state was actually taken over by the Govt. of India on October 15, 1949 within Assam state.[9]:3 Tripura became a Union Territory without legislature with effect from November 1, 1956 and a popular ministry was installed in Tripura on July 1, 1963. On January 21, 1972 Tripura attained statehood.[10] Tripura was heavily affected by the partition of India and the majority of the population now comprises Bengalis, many of whom came as refugees from East Pakistan after independence in 1947. The partition of India also resulted in major economic and infrastructural setback for the state, as the road transport between the state and other major cities of India became significantly longer and difficult. The road distance between Kolkata and Agartala before partition was less than 350 km (220 mi), which became 1,700 km (1,100 mi) following partition, as the road now winded around East Pakistan (later Bangladesh).[11] The geo-political isolation was aggravated by lack of rail transport.
Some parts of the state received shelling from Pakistan Army during Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. Migration of Bengali people and settlement by Hindu Bengali increased around the Bangladesh Liberation War. Reversal of demographics led to tribes becoming minority. Ethnic strife between the tribes and largely migrant Bengali community led to scattered violence in the state from 1970s, and ebb and flows of insurgency spanning decades. The insurgencies gradually abated following establishment of a tribal autonomous district council and strategic counter-insurgency activities,[12] aided by overall socio-economic progress of the state.
Tripura is a landlocked state in northeastern India. With an area of 10,491.69 km2 (4,050.86 sq mi), Tripura is the third smallest state of the country. The state extends between 22°56'N and 24°32'N and 91°10'E and 92°21'E.[13] Its maximum stretch measures about 184 km (114 mi) from north to south and 113 km (70 mi) from east to west. Tripura is bounded by the country of Bangladesh in the west, south and north; the Indian states of Assam lies to the north-east while Mizoram forms the eastern boundary.[13] The state is accessible to the rest of India through the Karimganj district of Assam and Aizawl district of Mizoram in the east.
The physiography is characterized by hill ranges, valleys and plains. The state has several hill ranges running from north to south. From east to west, these ranges are—Boromura, Atharamura, Longtharai, Shakhan and Jampui.[13] Valleys such as Khowai, Dhalai, Manu, Deo run almost parallel to and in between these hill ranges in a north to south pattern.[9]:4 Betling Shib in the Jampui hill range with an altitude of 939 m (3,081 ft) is the highest point of the state.[9]:4 The small isolated hillocks interspersed in the state are known as tilla, whereas narrow fertile alluvial valleys mostly present in the western part of the state are called lunga.[9]:4 In geologic time scale, the rocks found in the state represent age from paleogene (approximately 40 million years ago) to recent (less than a million years) belonging to Pleistocene epoch.[13] The hills have red laterite soil that is porous. The flood plains and narrow valleys have alluvial soil.[9]:4 Some flood plains located in the western and southern part of the state form the major part of agricultural land.[9]:4 A number of rivers flow through the hilly regions carving valleys, and pass through the plains to enter Bangladesh.[9]:4 The rivers Khowai, Dhalai, Manu River, Juri and Langai flow towards north; Gomoti, Muhuri and Feni are the westward rivers.[13]
The state is overall subject to a tropical savanna climate that is designated Aw under the Köppen climate classification, although the undulating topography lead to local variations particularly in the hill ranges.[14] The four main seasons are as follows—Winter (December–February), Pre-monsoon or Summer (March–April), Monsoon (May–September) and Post Monsoon (October–November).[15] The southwest monsoon brings heavy rains during the monsoon season.[9]:4 According to data from 1977–2008, the average annual rainfall of the state is 2,196.4 mm (86.47 in).[16] Generally, the maximum and minimum temperatures during Winter (December–January) are around 27 °C (81 °F) and 13 °C (55 °F), and during Summer (March–April) are 36 °C (97 °F) and 24 °C (75 °F) respectively.[15]
Tripura—like the most of the Indian subcontinent—lies within the Indomalaya ecozone. According to the Biogeographic classification of India, the state is in biogeographic zone 9B— the North-East Hills.[18] Forests form 57.73% of the area of the state.[19] Tripura hosts different types of ecosystems including mountain, forest and freshwater ecosystems.[20] Hill slopes and sandy river banks have evergreen forest with species such as Dipterocarpus, Artocarpus, Amoora, Elaeocarpus, Syzygium and Eugenia dominating the canopy.[21] Moist deciduous forest form a major part of the forests in the state—moist deciduous mixed forest and Sal (Shorea robusta)-predominant forests are its two types.[21] A notable peculiarity of the flora in the state is the presence of large tracts of bamboo and some cane forests intersperesd with deciduous and evergreen flora.[21] Grassland and swamp are also present, particularly in the plains. The swamp lands are noted for herbaceous plants, shrubs, and trees such as Albizia, Barringtonia, Lagerstroemia, Macaranga; shrubs and grasses include Schumannianthus dichotoma (shitalpati), Phragmites and Saccharum (sugarcane).[21]
A survey in 1989–90 concluded that Tripura hosts 90 land mammal species from 65 genera and 10 orders.[22] The main extant land mammal species include: elephant (Elephas maximus), bear (Melursus ursinus), binturong (Arctitis binturong), wild dog (Cuon alpinus), porcupine (Artherurus assamensis), barking deer (Muntiacus muntajak), sambar (Cervus unicolor), wild boar (Sus scrofa), gaur (Bos gaurus), leopard (Panthera pardus), clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa), and many species of small cats and primates.[22] Out of 15 free ranging primates of India, 7 are found in Tripura; this is the highest number of primate species found in any Indian state.[22] There are nearly 300 species of birds in the state.[23]
Wildlife sanctuaries of the state include Sipahijola Wildlife Sanctuary, Gumti Wildlife Sanctuary, Rowa Wildlife Sanctuary, and Trishna Wildlife Sanctuary.[24] National parks of the state include Clouded Leopard National Park and Rajbari National Park.[24] These protected areas cover a total of 566.93 km2 (218.89 sq mi).[24] Gumti is also an Important Bird Area.[25] In winter, thousands of migratory waterfowl throng Gumti and Rudrasagar lakes.[26]
Gross State Domestic Product at Constant Prices
(2004–05 base)[27]
figures in crores Indian rupee
|
| Year |
Gross State
Domestic Product
|
| 2004–05 |
8,904 |
| 2005–06 |
9,482 |
| 2006–07 |
10,202 |
| 2007–08 |
10,988 |
| 2008–09 |
11,596 |
| 2009–10 |
12,248 |
| 2010–11 |
12,947 |
Tripura's gross state domestic product for 2010–11 was 
12,947 crore (US$2.58 billion) at constant (2004–05) price,[27] recording 5.71% growth over the previous year. In the same period, the GDP of India was 4,877,842 crore (US$973.13 billion), with a growth rate of 8.55%.[27] Annual per capita income at current price of the state was 38,493 (US$767.94), compared to the national per capita income 44,345 (US$884.68).[28] In 2009, the tertiary sector of the economy (service industries) was the largest contributor to the gross domestic product of the state, contributing 53.98% of the state's economy compared to 23.07% from primary sector (agriculture, forestry, mining) and 22.95% from secondary sector (industrial and manufacturing).[28]
Tripura is an agrarian state, with more than 50% of its population depending on agriculture and allied activities.[29] However, due to hilly terrain and forest cover, only 27% of land is available for cultivation.[29] Rice is overwhelmingly major crop of the state, with 91% of cropped area being sown with rice.[29] 2009–10 statistics reveal that potato, sugarcane, mesta, pulses and jute are other major crops, in terms of production.[30] Jackfruit and pineapple top the list of horticultural products.[30] Traditionally, most of the tribal population of the state practiced jhum method (a type of slash-and-burn) cultivation. The number of people dependent on jhum has declined over the years since Tripura joined the union of India.[31]:37–39
Pisciculture has made significant progress, since per capita consumption of fish in the state is high.[32] Rubber and tea are the important cash crops of the state. Tripura, known as the second rubber capital of India,[33] is the second largest producer of natural rubber in India, after Kerala.[34] The state is known for its handicraft, particularly hand-woven cotton fabric, wood carvings, and bamboo products, are also important. High quality timber including sal, garjan, teak, and Gamar are found abundantly in the forests of Tripura.
According to the Economic Census 2005 report, after agriculture, the maximum number of workers were engaged in retail trade (28.21% of total non-agricultural workforce), followed by manufacturing (18.60%), public administration (14.54%), and education (14.40%).[35] Government-sponsored organized sector remains the primary avenue of employment in organized sector in the state, as private presence in organized sector is minimal, except some brick fields and tea industry.[35] Tripura has poor mineral resources, with meagre deposits of kaolin, iron ore, limestone, coal[citation needed] but this state has considerable amount of natural gas. According to estimate by Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), the state has a reserve of 400 billion cubic meter natural gas, out of which 16 billion cubic meter is recoverable.[34] ONGC produced 480 million cubic meter natural gas in the state in 2006–07.[34] The industrial sector of the state continues to be highly underdeveloped. ONGC has its natural gas gathering station & Gas Authority of India Limited has marketing terminals of natural gas in north, west and south part of Tripura. Heavy industries are conspicuous by their absence in the state. Tourism industry has shown an increasing trend, with the revenue earned in tourism sector crossing Rs. 1 crore (US$ 199,500) for the first time in 2009–10, and surpassing Rs. 1.5 crore (US$ 299,250) in 2010–11.[36]
The Planning Commission estimates the poverty rate of all north east Indian states based on head count ratio in the state of Assam (the largest state in north east India). According to 2001 Planning Commission assessment, 22% of Tripura's rural residents were below the poverty line. However, Tripura government's independent assessment based on consumption distribution data reports that 55% of the rural population was below the poverty line, as of 2001.[35] Geographic isolation and communication bottleneck coupled with insufficient infrastructure has restricted economic growth of the state.[29] High rate of poverty and unemployment continues to be prevalent.[29]
The 19th century
Ujjayanta Palace, earlier used as the meeting place of Tripura's State Legislative Assembly and now under reconstruction
Tripura is governed through a parliamentary system of representative democracy, a feature the state shares with other Indian states. Universal suffrage is granted to residents. There are three branches of government. The legislature, the Tripura Legislative Assembly, consists of elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and Deputy Speaker, that are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence. The judiciary is composed of the Guwahati High Court (Agartala Bench) and a system of lower courts. Executive authority is vested in the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, although the titular head of government is the Governor. The Governor is the head of state appointed by the President of India. The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the Chief Minister by the Governor, and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly. The Assembly is unicameral with 60 Members of the Legislative Assembly, or MLAs.[37] Terms of office run for 5 years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term. Tripura sends 2 representatives to the Lok Sabha and 1 representative to the Rajya Sabha. Auxiliary authorities known as panchayats, for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs. Tripura also has an autonomous tribal council, the Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council which has it head-quarters in Khumulwng.
The main political parties are the Left Front and the Indian National Congress. Tripura is currently governed by Left Front, with Manik Sarkar as Chief Minister. Until 1977 the state was governed by the Indian National Congress. The left front governed from 1978 to 1988, and then returned in power in 1993. During 1988–1993 the state was governed by a coalition of the Congress and Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti. On the last elections (23 February 2008) the Left Front gained 49 out of 60 seats in the Assembly, 46 of which went to the CPI(M).[38]
In January 2012, major changes were implemented in the administrative divisions of Tripura. Prior to these changes, Tripura had four districsts—Dhalai (headquarters Ambassa), North Tripura (headquarters Kailashahar), South Tripura (headquarters Udaipur), and West Tripura (headquarters Agartala). Four new districts were carved out of the existing four in January 2012—Khowai, Unakoti, Sipahijala& Gomati.[39] Each district is governed by a district collector or district magistrate, usually appointed by the Indian Administrative Service. Each district is subdivided into Sub-Divisions, governed by a sub-divisional magistrate, and again into Blocks. Blocks consists of panchayats (village councils) and town municipalities. The eight districts of the state are subdivided into 29 subdivisions and 50 development blocks. National census and state statistical reports are available for the previous administrative divisions, as of April 2012. The largest city and capital is Agartala. Other major towns are Badharghat, Jogendranagar, Indranagar, Pratapgarh, Khowai, Teliamura, Bisramganj, Bishalgarh, Sonamura, Udaipur, Amarpur, Belonia, Sabroom, Ambassa, Kailashahar, and Dharmanagar.
A road crossing in Agartala
Tripura is remarkable in that only one major road, the National Highway 44 (NH-44), connects it to the rest of India.[40] The national highway starts at Sabroom in southern Tripura, goes north to the capital Agartala, turns east and then north-east to enter the state of Assam. Locally known as Assam Road, the NH-44 is often called the lifeline of Tripura.[40] However, the highway is single lane and of poor quality; often landslides, rains or other disruptions on the highway cut off the state from its neighbours.[31]:44 Tripura Road Transport Corporation is the government agency overlooking public transport on road. A hilly and land-locked state, Tripura is dependent mostly on roads for transport.[40] The total length of national highways in the state is 448 km (278 mi); state highways 689 km (428 mi), as of 2009–10.[40]
Rail transport was absent in the state until 2008–09 when a rail connection was established between the capital Agartala and Lumding junction in Assam.[40] This is a meter gauge rail track connecting to the usual Indian gauge at Lumding. The major railways stations in this line are in Agartala, Dharmanagar, and Kumarghat. As of 2009–10, the total length of railway tracks in the state is 153 kilometres (95 mi). Extension of railway line from Agartala to the southernmost town of Sabroom is in progress, as of 2012.[40] Agartala Airport, which has flights to Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, Guwahati, Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, and Silchar, is the main airport of the state. The Agartala–Kolkata and Agartala–Guwahati flights are particularly important for rapid connectivity with the rest of India.[40] Passenger helicopter services are available between the capital and major towns (Kailashahar, Dharmanagar) as well as to more remote areas such as Kanchanpur, Tripura and Gandacherra.[40] Residents in rural areas frequently use waterways as a mode of transport.[41]
Most of the major telecommunication companies of India are present in the state, with the state capital and regions of the state being served by Airtel, Aircel, Vodafone, Reliance, Tata Indicom, Idea and BSNL landline, mobile, and broadband networks. There are 84 telephone exchanges (for landlines) and 716 post offices in the state.[40]
| Population Growth |
| Census |
Pop. |
|
%± |
| 1951 |
639,000 |
|
—
|
| 1961 |
1,142,000 |
|
78.7% |
| 1971 |
1,556,000 |
|
36.3% |
| 1981 |
2,053,000 |
|
31.9% |
| 1991 |
2,757,000 |
|
34.3% |
| 2001 |
3,199,203 |
|
16.0% |
| 2011 |
3,671,032 |
|
14.7% |
| Source:Census of India[42] |
Tripura is the second most populous state in North-East India, after Assam. According to the provisional results of 2011 census of India, Tripura has a population of 3,671,032 with 1,871,867 males and 1,799,165 females.[43] The sex ratio of the state is 961 females per thousand males.[43] The density of population is 350 persons per square kilometer.[44] Tripura constitutes 0.3% of India's total population. The literacy rate of Tripura in 2011 was 87.75%,[43] higher than the national average of 74.04%.
In the 2001 census of India, Bengalis represented almost 70% of Tripura's population and the tribal population comprised 30% of Tripura's population.[citation needed] The tribal population comprises several different tribes and ethnic groups with diverse languages and cultures. The largest tribal group was the Kokborok-speaking tribe of the Tripuri who had a population of 543,848 in 2001 census,[45] representing 16.99% of the state population and 54.7% of the scheduled tribe population.[45] The other major tribes in order of decreasing population were Reang (16.6% of the tribal population), Jamatia (7.5%), Chakma (6.5%), Halam (4.8%), Mog (3.1%), Munda, Kuki tribes and Garo.[45] Bengali is the most spoken language, due to the predominance of Bengali people in the state. Kokborok is a prominent language among the tribes. Several other languages belonging to Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan families are spoken by the different tribes.
Tripura ranks 23rd in the Human Development Index, according to 2005 HDI report, and 24th in the poverty index in India according to 1991 sources[citation needed]. According to 2001 census, Hinduism is the majority religion in the state, with 85.6% of the population following the religion.[46] Muslims make up 7.9% of the population, Christians 3.2%, and Buddhists 3.1%.[46] The Muslim percentage in the state gradually declined from 1971 due to heavy influx of Hindu populations from and the migration of Muslim population to Bangladesh. Majority of the tribes in the state are Hindu and practice Hindu religious rites. They believe in the existence of God in all the elements of nature as they are animistic.[47] Mogs and Chakmas are the followers of Buddhism in Tripura. Christianity in the state is followed by Lushai, Kuki and Garo tribes.[41]
Children in Tripura prepare for a traditional dance.
Tripura has several diverse ethno-linguistic groups, which has given rise to a composite culture. The dominant cultures are Bengali, Manipuri, Tripuris, Jamatia, Reang, Noatia, Koloi, Murasing, Chakma, Halam, Garo, Kuki, Mizo, Mogh, Munda, Oraon, Santhal, and Uchoi.
Tripura has a rich cultural heritage of music, fine arts, handicrafts and dance. Music is an integral part of the tribal people of Tripura. Some of their indigenous instruments are the sarinda, chongpreng, and sumui (a kind of flute). Songs are sung during religious occasions, marriages, and other festivals. Agricultural festivals are integral to the culture of the state.
Dance is important to the tribal way of life. Dances are performed during Goria Puja. Hojagiri dance is performed by standing on a pitcher and is performed by the Reang clans. The Bizhu dance is performed by the Chakmas during the Bizhu festival (the last day of the month of Chaitra). Hindus believe that Tripureshwari is the patron goddess of Tripura and an aspect of Shakti. Several fertility gods are also worshipped by the tribes, such as Lam-Pra (the twin deities of sky and sea), Mailu-ma (goddess of corn, identified with Lakshmi), Khulu-ma (goddess of the cotton plant), and Burha-cha (god of healing). Durga Puja, Navaratri, Kali Puja, and the worship of the Chaturdasha deities are important festivals. In the Ganga festival, Tripura's tribal peoples worship the Ganges River.[48]
Football and cricket are the most popular sports in the state. The state capital Agartala has its own club football championships every year where many local clubs compete in a league and knockout format. Tripura participates as an eastern state team in the Ranji Trophy, the Indian domestic cricket competition. The state also is a regular participant of the Indian National Games and the North Eastern Games.
Tripura schools are run by the state government or by private organisations, including religious institutions. Instruction is mainly in English or Bengali, though Kokborok and other tribal languages are also used. The schools are affiliated with the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE), the National Institute of Open School (NIOS) or the Tripura Board of Secondary Education.[49] Under the 10+2+3 plan, after completing secondary school, students typically enroll for 2 years in a junior college, also known as pre-university, or in schools with a higher secondary facility affiliated with the Tripura Board of Secondary Education or any central board. Students choose from one of three streams, namely liberal arts, commerce or science.[49] Upon completing the required coursework, students may enroll in general or professional degree programs.
Notable education institutions of Tripura are Holy Cross College, MBB College, National Institute of Technology, Tripura Institute of Technology, Agartala Government Medical College, Tripura Medical College, Tripura Institute Of Paramedical Science, Tripura University, Indira Gandhi National Open University and ICFAI University all located in Agartala and outskirts of it.
- ^ Tripura, State. "Our Governor". Information about state leaders. Tripura state government. http://tripura.nic.in/govr3.htm. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
- ^ Tripura, State. "The Chief Minister". Information about state leaders. Tripura state government. http://tripura.nic.in/ocmm.htm. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
- ^ Henry, Soszynsky (1996-2004). "Tripura (Princely State)". The Indian Princely States Website. Archived from the original on 5 June 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20080605163318/http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/t/tripura.html. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
- ^ "Hill Tippera - History." (GIF). The Imperial Gazetteer of India 13: 118. 1909. http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V13_124.gif. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
- ^ a b c d Singh, G.P. (2008). "The history and culture of ancient Tripura: a re-appraisement". Historical research into some aspects of the culture and civilization of North-East India. Gyan Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-212-1012-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=TAd-EiKwK9IC. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
- ^ Das, J.K. (2001). "Chapter 5: old and new political process in realization of the rights of indigenous peoples (regarded as tribals) in Tripura". Human rights and indigenous peoples. APH Publishing. pp. 208–209. ISBN 9788176482431.
- ^ "Tripura - A Profile". National Informatics Centre. http://tripura.nic.in/kt3.htm. Retrieved 2011-10-27.
- ^ Ganguli, Kisari Mohan (2008) [1883–1896]. "Book 7 of 18: Drona Parva". The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa. Forgotten Books. p. 244. ISBN 978-1-60506-617-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=5jY875Yg0_4C. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "The state of human development" (PDF). Tripura Human Development Report 2009. Government of Tripura. 2007. http://hdr.undp.org/en/nhdr/support/other/national/Tripura_india_hdr_2007.pdf. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
- ^ "Our State". Tripura Police. http://tripurapolice.nic.in/state.htm. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
- ^ "Economic review of Tripura 2010–11" (PDF). Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura. pp. 3–6. http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ Sahaya, D.N. (19 September 2011). "How Tripura overcame insurgency". The Hindu. http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/article2465348.ece. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ a b c d e Bhargava, Gopal K.; Bhatt, Shankarlal C., eds. (2006). Land and people of Indian states and union territories. 26. Tripura. Gyan Publishing House. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-81-7835-382-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=wtlXBWKCcpcC. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
- ^ "Land, soil and climate". Department of Agriculture, Government of Tripura. http://www.agritripura.in/Agriculture/Pages/land.htm. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
- ^ a b "Agro climactic condition". Department of Agriculture, Government of Tripura. http://www.agritripura.in/Agriculture/Pages/agro.htm. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
- ^ "Rainfall data for the state of Tripura" (PDF). Department of Agriculture, Government of Tripura. http://www.agritripura.in/Agriculture/Pages/rain.pdf. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
- ^ a b c "State animals, birds, trees and flowers" (PDF). Wildlife Institute of India. Archived from the original on 4 March 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090304232302/http://www.wii.gov.in/nwdc/state_animals_tree_flowers.pdf. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
- ^ Wildlife Institute of India. Biogeographic classification of India (Map). http://www2.wii.gov.in/envis/envisdec99/bzone.htm. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
- ^ "Forest and tree resources in states and union territories: Tripura" (PDF). India state of forest report 2011. Forest Survey of India, Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India. pp. 225–229. http://www.fsi.org.in/cover_2011/tripura.pdf. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
- ^ "Biodiversity". State of Environment Report of Tripura–2002. Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. http://www.tripura.nic.in/tspcb/TSPCB-Websit/bioderversity.htm. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
- ^ a b c d "Forest". State of Environment Report of Tripura–2002. Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. http://www.tripura.nic.in/tspcb/TSPCB-Websit/forest.htm. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
- ^ a b c Gupta, A.K. (December 2000). "Shifting cultivation and conservation of biological diversity in Tripura, Northeast India". Human Ecology 28 (4): 614–615. DOI:10.1023/A:1026491831856. ISSN 0300-7839. http://www.springerlink.com/content/m16w416706145187/. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
- ^ Choudhury, A.U. (2010). Recent ornithological records from Tripura, north-eastern India, with an annotated checklist. Indian Birds 6(3): 66-74.
- ^ a b c "Protected area network in India" (PDF). Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. p. 28. http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/protected-area-network.pdf. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
- ^ Choudhury, A.U. (2009). Gumti –Tripura’s remote IBA. Mistnet 10 (3): 7-8.
- ^ Choudhury, A.U. (2008). Rudrasagar – a potential IBA in Tripura in north-east India. Mistnet 9 (2): 4-5.
- ^ a b c "Gross State Domestic Product of Tripura". North Eastern Development Finance Corporation. http://databank.nedfi.com/content/gross-state-domestic-product-tripura. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
- ^ a b "Economic review of Tripura 2009–2010" (PDF). Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura. p. 9. http://destripura.nic.in/review2009_10.pdf. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
- ^ a b c d e "Economic review of Tripura 2010–11" (PDF). Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura. pp. 8–10. http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ a b "Tripura at a glance—2010" (PDF). Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura. Section: Agriculture 2009–10. http://destripura.nic.in/tripuraGlance2010.pdf. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
- ^ a b "The economy" (PDF). Tripura Human Development Report 2009. Government of Tripura. 2007. http://hdr.undp.org/en/nhdr/support/other/national/Tripura_india_hdr_2007.pdf. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
- ^ "Economic review of Tripura 2010–11" (PDF). Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura. pp. 133–138. http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ Dholabhai, Nishit (25 June 2007). "After barbed wire, social fencing— ministry suggests extending border rubber plantations to stop smuggling". The Telegraph. http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070625/asp/northeast/story_7968300.asp. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ a b c "Economic review of Tripura 2010–11" (PDF). Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura. pp. 14–16. http://destripura.nic.in/review2009_10.pdf. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ a b c "Economic review of Tripura 2010–11" (PDF). Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura. pp. 77–82. http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ "Economic review of Tripura 2010–11" (PDF). Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura. pp. 228–230. http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ "Tripura Legislative Assembly". Legislative Bodies in India. National Informatics Centre. http://legislativebodiesinindia.gov.in/States/Tripura/tripura-w.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-21.
- ^ Das, Haripada (2008-03-16). "6th Left Front Govt Assumes Office". People's Democracy (Weekly Organ of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) 32 (11). http://www.cpim.org/pd/2008/0316_pd/03162008_leaded.htm. Retrieved 2011-10-27.
- ^ "Four new districts, six subdivisions for Tripura". IBN Live. 26 October 2011. http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/four-new-districts-six-subdivisions-for-tripura/876579.html. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Economic review of Tripura 2010–11" (PDF). Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura. pp. 195–201. http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ a b Bareh, Hamlet (2001). Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Tripura. Mittal Publications. p. 140. ISBN 978-81-7099-795-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=Fk8kq9PUapkC. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
- ^ "Census population" (PDF). Census of India. Ministry of Finance India. http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf. Retrieved 18 December 2008.
- ^ a b c "Provisional population totals paper 2 of 2011: Tripura" (PDF). Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/tripura/paper%202-Data%20Sheet.pdf. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ "Provisional population totals at a glance figure : 2011 – Tripura". Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_tripura.html. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ a b c "Tripura data highlights: the scheduled tribes" (PDF). Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_st_tripura.pdf. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ a b "Population by religious communities". Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ Bhargava, Gopal K.; Bhatt, Shankarlal C. (2006). Land and people of Indian states and union territories. 26. Tripura. Gyan Publishing House. p. 29. ISBN 978-81-7835-382-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=wtlXBWKCcpcC&pg=PA13. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
- ^ "Tribals of Tripura celebrate Ganga festival"
- ^ a b "Boards of secondary & senior secondary education in India". Department of School Education and Literacy, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India. http://mhrd.gov.in/recognized_boards. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
- Jagadis Gan-Chaudhuri (1985), An Anthology of Tripura, Inter India Publications ISBN 81-210-0075-0
- Roychoudhury, N.R. (1977), Tripura Through the Ages: A Short History of Tripura from the Earliest Times to 1947 A.D., Bureau of Research & Publications on Tripura.
- Bhattacharjee, P.R. (1994), Economic Transition in Tripura (Hardcover), Vikas Publishing House ISBN 978-0-7069-7171-2
- Palit, P.K. (2004), History of Religion in Tripura (Hardcover) Kaveri Books ISBN 978-81-7479-064-4
- Debbarma, Chandramani (2006), Glory of Tripura Civilisation Parul Prakashani, Agartala
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Tripura 
