Old Firm

Fans kept apart at a match between the clubs
City or region	Glasgow
First contested	28 May 1888
Teams involved	Celtic and Rangers

The Old Firm is the collective name for the Glasgow football clubs Celtic and Rangers. The origin of the term is unclear but may derive from the commercial benefits of the two clubs' rivalry.^[1]

The two clubs are the most successful in Scotland, between them having won 97 Scottish League championships, 68 Scottish Cups and 41 Scottish League Cups. Interruptions to their ascendancy have occurred infrequently, most recently with the challenge of the New Firm of Aberdeen and Dundee United in the first half of the 1980s. Since the 1985–86 season one half of the Old Firm has won the Scottish League and since the 2005–06 season the Old Firm have finished in the top two places.

Rangers and Celtic have played each other 400 times: Rangers have won 159 matches, Celtic 144 matches and 96 have been draws.^[2] The two clubs normally compete four times a year in the SPL and have regularly met in Scottish cup competitions.

The clubs have large support bases around Glasgow but also have supporters clubs in most towns throughout Scotland and in many cities around the world. The presence of Rangers and Celtic has been estimated to be worth £120 million to the Scottish economy.^[3]

Rivalry and sectarianism[link]

The competition between the two clubs has roots in more than just a simple sporting rivalry. It is infused with a series of complex disputes, sometimes centred on religion (Catholic and Protestant) and Northern Ireland-related politics (Loyalist and Republican). Another primary contributor to the intensity of the rivalry in the west of Scotland is that Rangers supporters are historically native Scots and Celtic supporters are historically Irish-Scots. While the confrontation between the two sets of supporters is often labelled as 'Sectarianism', 'Native-Immigrant tension' is an equally accurate catalyst for hostility between the two teams' supports in Scotland. Rangers' traditional support was largely from the Protestant community, while Celtic's was largely from those of Irish Roman Catholic backgrounds. One effect is that Scottish flags are rarer than might be expected amongst both sets of supporters; Celtic fans are more likely to wave the Irish tricolour while Rangers fans tend to wave the Union Flag.

The ferocity of the rivalry has made it rare for a player to represent both teams during his career. Players who have played for both sides of the Old Firm include Alex Bennett, Scott Duncan, Robert Campbell, and George Livingstone, who all played before the intensity of the rivalry had started prior to 1912, as well as later players: Alfie Conn, Maurice Johnston, Kenny Miller, Steven Pressley and Mark Brown.

Opposing fans fought an on-pitch battle in the aftermath of Celtic's 1–0 victory in the 1980 Scottish Cup Final at Hampden. This remains one of the worst invasions onto a football pitch ever reported, and was instrumental in alcohol being banned from football grounds in Scotland.^[4]

There was serious fan disorder during an Old Firm match played in May 1999 at Celtic Park, as several missiles were thrown by Celtic fans, one of which struck referee Hugh Dallas, forcing the game to be stopped while he received medical treatment.^[5] At least four Celtic fans invaded the field of play to confront Dallas during the game,^[5] and more missiles were thrown at players on the pitch after the game.^[5] Since the events of that day, Old Firm league matches have normally been played in the early afternoon and the possibility of an Old Firm title decider has been deliberately avoided.^[6][7]

The Old Firm rivalry fuels many assaults on Old Firm Derby days, and some deaths in the past have been directly related to the aftermath of Old Firm matches.^{[citation needed]} An activist group that monitors sectarian activity in Glasgow has reported that on Old Firm weekends, violent attacks increase ninefold over normal levels.^[8] An increase in domestic abuse can also be attributed to Old Firm fixtures.^[9] A freedom of information request found that Strathclyde Police incurred costs of £2.4 million for the seven derbies played during the 2010–11 season, with the clubs only contributing £0.3 million towards that.^[10] Other high profile games involving Rangers and Celtic incurred much lower costs.^[10] The reason for the disparity in costs and the contribution made is that Strathclyde Police has to increase its activity elsewhere in Glasgow and beyond, while the clubs are only responsible for costs incurred in the vicinity of their stadium.^[10]

Head-to-head record[link]

An Old Firm clash in 2008

Note: League championship statistics include play-off match for the 1904–05 title which Celtic won 2–1.

1888–1999 statistics obtained from RSSSF; Remaining stats obtained from Soccerbase

Biggest wins[link]

* Four or more goals difference, OR the winning team scored five or above

Celtic[link]

• Celtic 6–2 Rangers on 27 August 2000. Scottish Premier League

• Celtic 5–1 Rangers on 21 November 1998. Scottish Premier League

• Celtic 4–0 Rangers on 26 April 1969. Scottish Cup Final

• Celtic 5–1 Rangers on 01 January 1966. SFL Division One

• Rangers 1-7 Celtic on 19 October 1957. Scottish League Cup

• Celtic 6–2 Rangers on 01 January 1939. SFL Division One

• Celtic 5–0 Rangers on 21 March 1925. Scottish Cup

• Celtic 4–0 Rangers on 01 January 1914. SFL Division One

• Celtic 4–0 Rangers on 10 March 1900. Scottish Cup

• Rangers 0–4 Celtic on 01 January 1898 SFL Division One

• Celtic 6–2 Rangers on 01 January 1896. SFL Division One

Rangers[link]

• Rangers 5–1 Celtic on 26 November 2000. Scottish Premier League

• Rangers 4–0 Celtic on 26 March 2000. Scottish Premier League

• Rangers 5–1 Celtic on 01 January 1989. SFL Premier Division

• Rangers 4–0 Celtic on 01 January 1963. SFL Division One

• Celtic 1–5 Rangers on 01 January 1961. SFL Division One

• Celtic 0–4 Rangers on 31 August 1955. Scottish League Cup

• Rangers 4–0 Celtic on 01 January 1950. SFL Division One

• Rangers 4–0 Celtic on 01 January 1949. SFL Division One

• Celtic 0–4 Rangers on 01 January 1948. SFL Division One

• Rangers 4–0 Celtic on 14 April 1928. Scottish Cup

• Celtic 0–4 Rangers on 01 January 1899. SFL Division One

• Rangers 5–0 Celtic on 01 January 1894. SFL Division One

Players who have played for both teams[link]

Pre-war[link]

• Tom Dunbar (Celtic 1888–1891, Rangers 1891–1892, Celtic 1892–1898) ^[11]
• Allan Martin (Rangers 1891–1892, Celtic 1895–1896)
• George Livingstone (Celtic 1901–1902, Rangers 1906–1909)
• Alex Bennett (Celtic 1903–1908, Rangers 1908–1918)
• Tom Sinclair (Rangers 1904–1906, Celtic 1906–1907)
• Robert Campbell (Celtic 1905–1906, Rangers 1906–1914)
• Hugh Shaw (Rangers 1905–1906, Celtic 1906–1907)
• Willie Kivlichan (Rangers 1905–1907, Celtic 1907–1911)
• David Taylor (Rangers 1906–1911, Celtic 1918–1919 wartime guest)
• Davie McLean (Celtic 1907–1909, Rangers 1918–1919)
• Scott Duncan (Rangers 1913–1918, Celtic 1918–1919 wartime guest)
• James Young (Celtic 1917–1918, Rangers 1917–1918)
• Tully Craig (Celtic 1919–1922, Rangers 1923–1935)

Post-war[link]

• Alfie Conn (Rangers 1968–1974, Celtic 1977–1979)
• Mo Johnston (Celtic 1984–1987, Rangers 1989–1991)
• Kenny Miller (Rangers 2000–2001, Celtic 2006–2007, Rangers 2008–2011)
• Steven Pressley (Rangers 1990–1994, Celtic 2006–2008)
• Mark Brown (Rangers 1999–2001, Celtic 2007–2010)

See also[link]

Footnotes[link]

Further reading[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Old Firm rivalry

• Head-to-head results Soccerbase
• The Old Firm, The Scotsman

v t e The City of Glasgow History Timeline of Glasgow history Politics City Chambers Lord Provost Red Clydeside Battle of George Square Scottish Parliament electoral region Glasgow's miles better Geography Climate Demographics Subdivisions Glasgow city centre Greater Glasgow Urban Area River Clyde Culture Architecture Art Festivals Glasgow Fair Glasgow patter Media Music venues Parks Famous Glaswegians Transport Glasgow Central station Queen Street station Glasgow Airport Prestwick Airport Subway Clyde Tunnel Kingston Bridge Trams (until 1962) Trolleybuses (until 1967) Education Schools University of Strathclyde Glasgow Caledonian University University of Glasgow Glasgow Medical School Glasgow School of Art College of Nautical Studies Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama Religion Archbishop of Glasgow (Roman Catholic) Bishop of Glasgow and Galloway (Episcopalian) Churches Glasgow Cathedral Glasgow Central Mosque Presbytery of Glasgow (Church of Scotland) Saint Mungo Sectarianism Sport Celtic F.C. Rangers F.C. Partick Thistle F.C. Clyde F.C. Queen's Park F.C. Glasgow Warriors West of Scotland Cricket Club Hampden Park Hamilton Crescent Scottish Football Museum 2014 Commonwealth Games bid Old Firm Glasgow Rocks Attractions Ashton Lane Buchanan Street Burrell Collection Celtic Park Clyde Auditorium Concert Hall Gallery of Modern Art Glasgow Green Holmwood House Ibrox Stadium Museum of Transport Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum Pollok House Glasgow Science Centre Willow Tearooms Glasgow International Hilton Hotel List of tallest buildings in Glasgow Category

Look up old or olde in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Old or OLD may refer to:

Age[link]

• Old age or, by extension, a description or nickname for someone or something that has endured and become comfortable or widely familiar.

Places[link]

• Old, Baranya, Hungary
• Old, Northamptonshire, England
• Old Town Municipal Airport and Seaplane Base in Old Town, Maine, United States (IATA code)

People[link]

• Old Boys and Old Girls, former pupils of schools in Britain, some schools in Australia, New Zealand and other British Commonwealth countries

Surname[link]

• Alan Old (born 1945), English rugby union player
• Ashley George Old (1913–2001), British artist
• Chris Old (born 1948), English cricketer
• Lloyd J. Old (born 1933), cancer researcher
• Richard Old (1856–1932), English woodcraftsman and model maker
• Steven Old (born 1986), New Zealand footballer
• William Erwood Old, Jr. (1928–1982), American malacologist

Music[link]

• Old (album), an album by Starflyer 59
• "Old" (song), a song by Machine Head
• OLD (band), a grindcore/industrial metal group

Acronyms[link]

• Oxford Latin Dictionary
• Over-Locknut Distance (or Dimension), a measurement of bicycle hubs and frames

See also[link]

• List of people known as the Old
• All pages beginning with Old

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. It needs additional citations for verification. Tagged since August 2008. It may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Tagged since February 2009.

A business (also known as enterprise or firm) is an organization engaged in the trade of goods, services, or both to consumers.^[1] Businesses are predominant in capitalist economies, where most of them are privately owned and administered to earn profit to increase the wealth of their owners. Businesses may also be not-for-profit or state-owned. A business owned by multiple individuals may be referred to as a company, although that term also has a more precise meaning.

The etymology of "business" relates to the state of being busy either as an individual or society as a whole, doing commercially viable and profitable work. The term "business" has at least three usages, depending on the scope — the singular usage to mean a particular organization; the generalized usage to refer to a particular market sector, "the music business" and compound forms such as agribusiness; and the broadest meaning, which encompasses all activity by the community of suppliers of goods and services. However, the exact definition of business, like much else in the philosophy of business, is a matter of debate and complexity of meanings.

Basic forms of ownership[link]

Although forms of business ownership vary by jurisdiction, there are several common forms:

• Sole proprietorship: A sole proprietorship is a business owned by one person for-profit. The owner may operate the business alone or may employ others. The owner of the business has unlimited liability for the debts incurred by the business.
• Partnership: A partnership is a business owned by two or more people. In most forms of partnerships, each partner has unlimited liability for the debts incurred by the business. The three typical classifications of for-profit partnerships are general partnerships, limited partnerships, and limited liability partnerships.
• Corporation: A corporation is a limited liability business that has a separate legal personality from its members. Corporations can be either government-owned or privately-owned, and corporations can organize either for-profit or not-for-profit. A privately-owned, for-profit corporation is owned by shareholders who elect a board of directors to direct the corporation and hire its managerial staff. A privately-owned, for-profit corporation can be either privately held or publicly held.
• Cooperative: Often referred to as a "co-op", a cooperative is a limited liability business that can organize for-profit or not-for-profit. A cooperative differs from a for-profit corporation in that it has members, as opposed to shareholders, who share decision-making authority. Cooperatives are typically classified as either consumer cooperatives or worker cooperatives. Cooperatives are fundamental to the ideology of economic democracy.

Classifications[link]

• Agriculture and mining businesses are concerned with the production of raw material, such as plants or minerals.
• Financial businesses include banks and other companies that generate profit through investment and management of capital.
• Information businesses generate profits primarily from the resale of intellectual property and include movie studios, publishers and packaged software companies.
• Manufacturers produce products, from raw materials or component parts, which they then sell at a profit. Companies that make physical goods, such as cars or pipes, are considered manufacturers.
• Real estate businesses generate profit from the selling, renting, and development of properties comprising land, residential homes, and other kinds of buildings.
• Retailers and distributors act as middle-men in getting goods produced by manufacturers to the intended consumer, generating a profit as a result of providing sales or distribution services. Most consumer-oriented stores and catalog companies are distributors or retailers.
• Service businesses offer intangible goods or services and typically generate a profit by charging for labor or other services provided to government, other businesses, or consumers. Organizations ranging from house decorators to consulting firms, restaurants, and even entertainers are types of service businesses.
• Transportation businesses deliver goods and individuals from location to location, generating a profit on the transportation costs.
• Utilities produce public services such as electricity or sewage treatment, usually under a government charter.

There are many other divisions and subdivisions of businesses. The authoritative list of business types for North America is generally considered to be the North American Industry Classification System, or NAICS. The equivalent European Union list is the Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community (NACE).Mill,

Management[link]

The efficient and effective operation of a business, and study of this subject, is called management. The major branches of management are financial management, marketing management, human resource management, strategic management, production management, operations management, service management and information technology management.^{[citation needed]}

Owners engage in business administration either directly or indirectly through the employment of managers. Owner managers, or hired managers administer to three component resources that constitute the business' value or worth: financial resources, capital or tangible resources, and human resources. These resources are administered to in at least five functional areas: legal contracting, manufacturing or service production, marketing, accounting, financing, and human resourcing.^{[citation needed]}

Reforming state enterprises[link]

In recent decades, assets and enterprises that were run by various states have been modeled after business enterprises. In 2003, the People's Republic of China reformed 80% of its state-owned enterprises and modeled them on a company-type management system.^[2] Many state institutions and enterprises in China and Russia have been transformed into joint-stock companies, with part of their shares being listed on public stock markets.

Business process management (BPM) is a holistic management approach[1] focused on aligning all aspects of an organization with the wants and needs of clients. It promotes business effectiveness and efficiency while striving for innovation, flexibility, and integration with technology. BPM attempts to improve processes continuously. It can therefore be described as a "process optimization process." It is argued that BPM enables organizations to be more efficient, more effective and more capable of change than a functionally focused, traditional hierarchical management approach.

Organization and government regulation[link]

This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this section if you can; the talk page may contain suggestions. (August 2007)

The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (May 2009)

Most legal jurisdictions specify the forms of ownership that a business can take, creating a body of commercial law for each type.

The major factors affecting how a business is organized are usually:

The Bank of England in Threadneedle Street, London, England.

• The size and scope of the business firm and its structure, management, and ownership, broadly analyzed in the theory of the firm. Generally a smaller business is more flexible, while larger businesses, or those with wider ownership or more formal structures, will usually tend to be organized as corporations or (less often) partnerships. In addition, a business that wishes to raise money on a stock market or to be owned by a wide range of people will often be required to adopt a specific legal form to do so.
• The sector and country. Private profit-making businesses are different from government-owned bodies. In some countries, certain businesses are legally obliged to be organized in certain ways.
• Limited Liability Companies (LLC), limited liability partnerships, and other specific types of business organization protect their owners or shareholders from business failure by doing business under a separate legal entity with certain legal protections. In contrast, unincorporated businesses or persons working on their own are usually not so protected.
• Tax advantages. Different structures are treated differently in tax law, and may have advantages for this reason.
• Disclosure and compliance requirements. Different business structures may be required to make less or more information public (or report it to relevant authorities), and may be bound to comply with different rules and regulations.

Many businesses are operated through a separate entity such as a corporation or a partnership (either formed with or without limited liability). Most legal jurisdictions allow people to organize such an entity by filing certain charter documents with the relevant Secretary of State or equivalent and complying with certain other ongoing obligations. The relationships and legal rights of shareholders, limited partners, or members are governed partly by the charter documents and partly by the law of the jurisdiction where the entity is organized. Generally speaking, shareholders in a corporation, limited partners in a limited partnership, and members in a limited liability company are shielded from personal liability for the debts and obligations of the entity, which is legally treated as a separate "person". This means that unless there is misconduct, the owner's own possessions are strongly protected in law if the business does not succeed.

Where two or more individuals own a business together but have failed to organize a more specialized form of vehicle, they will be treated as a general partnership. The terms of a partnership are partly governed by a partnership agreement if one is created, and partly by the law of the jurisdiction where the partnership is located. No paperwork or filing is necessary to create a partnership, and without an agreement, the relationships and legal rights of the partners will be entirely governed by the law of the jurisdiction where the partnership is located.

A single person who owns and runs a business is commonly known as a sole proprietor, whether that person owns it directly or through a formally organized entity.

A few relevant factors to consider in deciding how to operate a business include:

1. General partners in a partnership (other than a limited liability partnership), plus anyone who personally owns and operates a business without creating a separate legal entity, are personally liable for the debts and obligations of the business.
2. Generally, corporations are required to pay tax just like "real" people. In some tax systems, this can give rise to so-called double taxation, because first the corporation pays tax on the profit, and then when the corporation distributes its profits to its owners, individuals have to include dividends in their income when they complete their personal tax returns, at which point a second layer of income tax is imposed.
3. In most countries, there are laws which treat small corporations differently than large ones. They may be exempt from certain legal filing requirements or labor laws, have simplified procedures in specialized areas, and have simplified, advantageous, or slightly different tax treatment.
4. To "go public" (sometimes called IPO) -- which basically means to allow a part of the business to be owned by a wider range of investors or the public in general—you must organize a separate entity, which is usually required to comply with a tighter set of laws and procedures. Most public entities are corporations that have sold shares, but increasingly there are also public LLCs that sell units (sometimes also called shares), and other more exotic entities as well (for example, REITs in the USA, Unit Trusts in the UK). However, you cannot take a general partnership "public."

Commercial law[link]

Offices in the Los Angeles Downtown Financial District

Most commercial transactions are governed by a very detailed and well-established body of rules that have evolved over a very long period of time, it being the case that governing trade and commerce was a strong driving force in the creation of law and courts in Western civilization.

As for other laws that regulate or impact businesses, in many countries it is all but impossible to chronicle them all in a single reference source. There are laws governing treatment of labor and generally relations with employees, safety and protection issues (Health and Safety), anti-discrimination laws (age, gender, disabilities, race, and in some jurisdictions, sexual orientation), minimum wage laws, union laws, workers compensation laws, and annual vacation or working hours time.

In some specialized businesses, there may also be licenses required, either due to special laws that govern entry into certain trades, occupations or professions, which may require special education, or by local governments. Professions that require special licenses range from law and medicine to flying airplanes to selling liquor to radio broadcasting to selling investment securities to selling used cars to roofing. Local jurisdictions may also require special licenses and taxes just to operate a business without regard to the type of business involved.

Some businesses are subject to ongoing special regulation. These industries include, for example, public utilities, investment securities, banking, insurance, broadcasting, aviation, and health care providers. Environmental regulations are also very complex and can impact many kinds of businesses in unexpected ways.

Capital[link]

Mexican Stock Exchange in Paseo de la Reforma, Mexico City

When businesses need to raise money (called 'capital'), more laws come into play. A highly complex set of laws and regulations govern the offer and sale of investment securities (the means of raising money) in most Western countries. These regulations can require disclosure of a lot of specific financial and other information about the business and give buyers certain remedies. Because "securities" is a very broad term, most investment transactions will be potentially subject to these laws, unless a special exemption is available.

Capital may be raised through private means, by public offer (IPO) on a stock exchange, or in many other ways. Major stock exchanges include the Shanghai Stock Exchange, Singapore Exchange, Hong Kong Stock Exchange, New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq (USA), the London Stock Exchange (UK), the Tokyo Stock Exchange (Japan), Bombay Stock Exchange(India) and so on. Most countries with capital markets have at least one.

Businesses that have gone "public" are subject to extremely detailed and complicated regulation about their internal governance (such as how executive officers' compensation is determined) and when and how information is disclosed to the public and their shareholders. In the United States, these regulations are primarily implemented and enforced by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Other Western nations have comparable regulatory bodies. The regulations are implemented and enforced by the China Securities Regulation Commission (CSRC), in China. In Singapore, the regulation authority is Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), and in Hong Kong, it is Securities and Futures Commission (SFC).

As noted at the beginning, it is impossible to enumerate all of the types of laws and regulations that impact on business today. In fact, these laws have become so numerous and complex, that no business lawyer can learn them all, forcing increasing specialization among corporate attorneys. It is not unheard of for teams of 5 to 10 attorneys to be required to handle certain kinds of corporate transactions, due to the sprawling nature of modern regulation. Commercial law spans general corporate law, employment and labor law, health-care law, securities law, M&A law (who specialize in acquisitions), tax law, ERISA law (ERISA in the United States governs employee benefit plans), food and drug regulatory law, intellectual property law (specializing in copyrights, patents, trademarks and such), telecommunications law, and more.

Intellectual property[link]

Businesses often have important "intellectual property" that needs protection from competitors for the company to stay profitable. This could require patents, copyrights, trademarks or preservation of trade secrets. Most businesses have names, logos and similar branding techniques that could benefit from trademarking. Patents and copyrights in the United States are largely governed by federal law, while trade secrets and trademarking are mostly a matter of state law. Because of the nature of intellectual property, a business needs protection in every jurisdiction in which they are concerned about competitors. Many countries are signatories to international treaties concerning intellectual property, and thus companies registered in these countries are subject to national laws bound by these treaties. In order to protect trade secrets, companies may require employees to sign non-compete clauses which will impose limitations on an employees interactions with stakeholders, and competitors.

See also[link]

Business and economics portal

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Notes and references[link]

External links[link]

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This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (May 2010)

Lars Frederiksen
Background information
Born	(1971-08-30) August 30, 1971 (age 40)
Origin	Campbell, California, United States
Genres	Punk rock, ska punk
Instruments	Guitar, vocals
Years active	1986–present
Associated acts	Rancid Lars Frederiksen and the Bastards UK Subs The Silencers The Old Firm Casuals

Lars Erik Frederiksen (born August 30, 1971) is a Danish-American guitarist and vocalist, most notably for the punk rock band Rancid, and as the frontman of Lars Frederiksen and the Bastards and The Old Firm Casuals. He was also briefly a member of the UK Subs in 1991.^[1] He joined Rancid in 1993 after the band was searching for a second guitar player and was present on their second album Let's Go. He has produced albums for bands such as Agnostic Front, The Business, Dropkick Murphys, Swingin Utters, Anti-Heros, Patriot, The Forgotten, and Pressure Point. He recently mixed Charged GBH's new album entitled Perfume and Piss, as well as Cock Sparrer's album "Here We Stand" both alongside Michael Rosen.

History[link]

Early life[link]

Frederiksen is half-Danish, his father was Italian, and his mother, Minna, was a Danish immigrant, and was reared in Campbell, California, a town near San Jose, California.

Personal life[link]

He married his girlfriend Megan in 1998. They divorced, and he is now married to Stephanie Snyder, who gave birth to their son, Wolfgang Erik Anders Frederiksen, on September 11, 2007. Frederiksen and his wife celebrated the birth of their second child, Soren Erik Adler Frederiksen on October 27, 2011. He is a fan of Millwall Football Club, and often has the Millwall lion on his guitar.^[2]

Frederiksen appears in several episodes of Tim Armstrong's Tim Timebomb's Rock n Roll Theater as Dante. Lars can also be seen in the documentary film, The Other F Word.

References[link]

Notes[link]

• Davies, Mike. "The Lock Up", BBC. Audio interview with Lars Frederiksen, requires RealPlayer. (February 16, 2005)
• Cummins, Johnson. "Lars Frederiksen takes stock of his hard knocks", The Montreal Mirror. (December 2, 2004)
• Ashare, Matt "Pretty in punk: Rancid's Lars Frederiksen steps forward", The Boston Phoenix. (March 15–22, 2001)

External links[link]

• Rancid Official Website
• Lars Frederiksen at the Internet Movie Database

Gary Hooper

Hooper playing for Celtic
Personal information
Full name	Gary Hooper
Date of birth	(1988-01-26) 26 January 1988 (age 24)[1]
Place of birth	Harlow, England[2]
Height	1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)[1]
Playing position	Striker
Club information
Current club	Celtic
Number	88
Youth career
1995–2002	Tottenham Hotspur
2002–2003	Maldon Town
2003–2004	Grays Athletic
Senior career*
Years	Team	Apps†	(Gls)†
2004–2006	Grays Athletic	69	(20)
2006–2008	Southend United	32	(2)
2007	→ Leyton Orient (loan)	4	(2)
2008	→ Hereford United (loan)	19	(11)
2008–2010	Scunthorpe United	80	(43)
2010–	Celtic	63	(44)
* Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 13 May 2012. † Appearances (Goals). ‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 30 March 2011

Gary Hooper (born 26 January 1988) is an English footballer who plays as a striker for Scottish Premier League club Celtic.

Hooper started his career at non-League Grays Athletic in 2003. While there he won the 2004–05 Conference South, as well as the FA Trophy twice in 2005 and 2006. After this Championship club Southend United signed him on a free transfer in 2006. He was loaned out twice by the club, on a three month loan to League One club Leyton Orient in 2007 and a six month loan to League Two club Hereford United in 2008. Scunthorpe United signed him in 2008, for a fee of £175,000. After two years he was signed by Scottish Premier League side Celtic for £2.4 million. In his first season with the club he was the top scorer and also won the 2011 Scottish Cup.

Hooper was born in England but has not represented the national team at any level. In March 2011 it was thought that he may be eligible to represent Scotland. However, this possibility was later closed off. Since his move to Celtic he has been considered for England duty and was called up to the under-21 squad for a friendly but had to pull out due to injury. He was then included in the provisional squad for the 2011 European Under-21 Football Championship but did not go to the tournament.

Club career[link]

Early career[link]

Hooper joined the Tottenham Hotspur youth team at the age of seven. When he was 14 he played 20 minutes of a trial game and was then released by the club.^[3] After this he had trials with Northampton Town and Luton Town. These proved unsuccessful and he started playing Sunday league football.^[4] He then had a short spell with Maldon Town,^[5] before he was signed by Conference National side Grays Athletic at the start of the 2003–04 season.^[6]

Grays Athletic[link]

Hooper joined Isthmian Premier side Grays Athletic, in the 2003–04 season, being named as an unused substitute in an Essex Senior Cup clash against Braintree Town whilst he was still 15 years old.^[6]

His debut was the following season when Grays were promoted into the newly formed Conference South, helping them to win the league by scoring 12 goals in 29 league appearances.^[6] He started for Grays in the 2004–05 FA Trophy Final against Hucknall Town, but was substituted off towards the end of extra-time. The match went to penalties and Grays won the shoot-out 6–5.^[7]

The following season in the Conference National,^[8] Hooper scored eight times in 40 league appearances.^[6] He was an unused substitute in Grays Athletic's 2–0 triumph over Woking in the final of the 2006 FA Trophy.^[9] At the end of the 2006 season he was released by Grays. Hooper said that he was only getting substitute appearances for the last few minutes of games and that he wanted to move.^[10]

Southend United[link]

In July 2006, after his release by Grays, Hooper went on two trials. Firstly to League Two side Barnet, then to Championship club Southend United,^[10] where he was given a one-year contract by manager Steve Tilson the following month.^[11] On 24 October, Hooper scored twice in a 3–1 League Cup win over Leeds United.^[12] He went on to make 18 appearances for Southend in the Championship, although only two were starts. On 15 March, Hooper joined League One side Leyton Orient on loan for the rest of the season. Tilson said that this loan would allow him to assess whether Hooper merited a new contract and would give the young striker experience.^[13] Hooper was recalled from loan on 1 May before, already relegated, Southend's last match of the season. A number of players were out injured for the match and,^[14] five days after his recall, Hooper started in the 4–1 defeat to Southampton.^[15]

Hooper made 18 appearances in League One for Southend during the first half of the 2007–08 season, scoring twice. On 28 January 2008, Hooper signed a new 18-month contract to extend his stay with the club. He then moved on loan to League Two club Hereford United.^[16]

At the start of the 2008–09 season. Hooper, along with three other strikers, was listed for transfer as Tilson looked to re-build his attack.^[17] Hereford had a bid accepted for Hooper after his successful loan spell, but could not afford to match the larger transfer fees offered by other teams.^[18] Several other League One sides were interested in him. Cheltenham Town had a bid accepted but Hooper eventually decided to move to Scunthorpe United.^[19] He scored just four goals in 44 appearances during his time at Southend. Although he did have two successful loan spells.^[14][20]

Leyton Orient (loan)[link]

On 15 March 2007, Hooper moved on loan to League One club Leyton Orient.^[13] Two days after joining the club he scored in a 2–2 draw with Oldham Athletic after coming on as a substitute.^[21] A week later, he scored against League One leaders Scunthorpe United in another 2–2 draw.^[22] Hooper made two more appearances for Orient,^[14] before being recalled to Southend on 1 May, when the club activated a 24-hour return clause in his contract.^[23] Orient manager Martin Ling said that he thought Hooper had done well during his loan spell with the club and that he would monitor the progress of the young striker.^[14]

Hereford United (loan)[link]

On 28 January 2008, Hooper signed a one-month loan deal with League Two side Hereford United.^[16] He made his debut two days after signing for them, starting in a 2–1 loss to Barnet. He scored in his next game for the club, a 1–0 win over Rotherham United.^[24] He played five more times, scoring four goals, before his loan deal was due to expire on 28 February. However, manager Graham Turner agreed a deal to keep him until the end of the season. Southend manager Steve Tilson agreed to this despite having two strikers out injured at the time.^[25] Hooper's 11 goals in 19 appearances for Hereford helped them finish third in League Two and secure promotion.^[17][26]

Scunthorpe United[link]

Hooper playing for Scunthorpe United

On 14 July 2008, League One club Scunthorpe United signed Hooper for a fee of £125,000, rising to £175,000. Hooper signed a three-year contract with the League One club.^[20] In the first game of Scunthorpe's league campaign, Hooper scored in a 2–1 defeat at Glanford Park against Leeds United.^[27] He scored his first ever hat-trick against, Brighton, on 6 September^[28] and netted seven goals in his first seven games to help Scunthorpe's promotion push.^[29] After this teammate Izzy Iriekpen paid tribute to Hooper saying that "As soon as he started training you could see there was something special there."^[30] On 28 October, league leaders, Scunthorpe suffered their first defeat in 12 games as they lost 3–0 to Oldham Athletic.^[31] Hooper came off with an injury in this match and it was feared he had broken his foot and may have been out for up to six months. However, scans later revealed that his foot was just badly bruised.^[32] He was labelled in the media as the latest from Scunthorpe's "production line for talented young forwards."^[33] He scored both goals in a win over promotion rivals Millwall on 31 January 2009.^[34] Scunthorpe reached the final of the Football League Trophy and faced League Two Luton Town. Hooper scored the opener but Luton pulled it back to win the match 3–2 in extra-time.^[35] At the end of the season Hooper won Scunthorpe's Player of the Year award. He said he was delighted with the team's performance during the season, in which he scored 24 league goals to help Scunthorpe gain promotion. He then set himself a target of 15 Championship goals for the next season.^[2] He scored 30 goals in all competitions throughout the 2008–09 season, just three goals short of Billy Sharp's record 33 goals in a season for Scunthorpe.^[36]

At the start of the 2009–10 season, Queens Park Rangers had a £1 million rejected for Hooper.^[37] Coventry City were also rumoured to be interested in the striker.^[38] On 15 August, Hooper scored twice in a 3–2 win over Derby County. Scunthorpe manager Nigel Adkins said that he thought Hooper was a "massive threat" to the opposition and that he was worried that other teams would try to sign him before the end of the transfer window.^[39] On 22 February, captain Cliff Byrne, described Hooper as the kind of striker who could "create something out of nothing". He also stated that he hoped Hooper would stay at the club but if he did leave it would be for a lot of money. This was just after Hooper had scored in a 2–2 draw with Watford, taking his seasonal tally to 13.^[40] He scored a hat-trick against Bristol City on his return from a groin injury on 17 April 2010,^[41] and added a further two goals at Doncaster Rovers a week later.^[42] He scored 20 goals in 39 appearances in all competitions in the 2009–10 season, including 19 in 35 in the league,^[43] where he finished as third-top goal scorer behind Peter Whittingham and Nicky Maynard who both scored 20.^[44]

Celtic[link]

On 26 July 2010, Scottish Premier League club Celtic signed Hooper for £2.4 million.^[45] This move completed his "meteoric rise" from non-league football to one of Europe's top clubs. Only six seasons before he was playing in the Conference South but he progressed upwards, playing in every lower league division in England before earning his dream move to Celtic. This has provided him with great experience, despite his young age and has kept him grounded.^{[46][47][48][49]} He opted to wear the unusual number 88 shirt, representing both 1988, the year he was born, and 1888, the year Celtic were founded.^[50] On 4 August, he scored on his debut for the club, against Braga in the Champions League third qualifying round.^[51] He tore his calf muscle in a friendly against Blackburn Rovers on 8 August, which kept him out of action for almost six weeks.^[52] On 22 September 2010, Hooper made his return from injury in the League Cup scoring in a 6–0 victory over Inverness Caledonian Thistle.^[53] On 25 September, he made his SPL debut in a 2–1 victory over Hibernian at Celtic Park.^[54] He scored his first League goal on 2 October, in a 3–1 win over Hamilton Academical,^[55] and then scored a double against Dundee United at Tannadice on 17 October.^[56] A week later, he scored the opening goal in a 3–1 defeat to Rangers at Celtic Park.^[57] On 6 November, Hooper and strike partner Anthony Stokes each scored hat-tricks in a league record 9–0 win over Aberdeen.^[58] The following week, he scored the winner against St. Mirren.^[59] After recovering from an injury that kept him out of action during the Christmas period, Hooper returned to the team against Hibernian on 15 January 2011 and scored the opening goal in a 3–0 win.^[60] On 1 February, Hooper scored the first goal in a 3–0 win against Aberdeen.^[61] He netted twice in Celtic's 3–0 victory over Rangers on 20 February.^[62] He grabbed another brace on 6 April 2011, in a 3–1 victory over Hibernian.^[63] Two weeks later, he had a man of the match performance against Kilmarnock,^[64] scoring a goal and setting up another three in a 4–0 SPL victory.^[65] On 1 May 2011, Hooper scored in a 4–1 victory over Dundee United.^[66] He then scored a brace against Hearts,^[67] and the opener in a 4–0 win over Motherwell, in the final league match of the season.^[68] He was nominated for the PFA Player of the Year award, but lost out to teammate Emilio Izaguirre.^[69] Hooper was also picked in the PFA Team of the Year.^[70] He picked up his first medal for Celtic in the Scottish Cup after a 3–0 win over Motherwell in the final on 21 May 2011.^[71] During the 2010–11 season, Hooper had the best strike rate of any player in Britain, scoring 20 goals in 26 games with a strike rate of 0.77 goals per game. This was also the fourth best strike rate in Europe, behind Cristiano Ronaldo, Lionel Messi and Antonio Di Natale.^[72]

Hooper playing for Celtic.

On 24 July 2011, Hooper had a penalty saved by Graham Stack in Celtic's first match of the 2011–12 season, a 2–0 win over Hibs.^[73] On 13 August, he scored his first goal of the season in a 5–1 win over Dundee United.^[74] He also picked up an ankle injury which ruled him out for the next two matches.^[75] On 25 August he made his return in Celtic's 3–1 loss to FC Sion.^[76] Three days later, he scored both goals in a 2–0 win over St. Mirren.^[77] English Premier League clubs Queens Park Rangers and Wolverhampton Wanderers expressed interest in signing him on transfer deadline day, however Celtic rejected their enquiries about his availability. Hooper's regular strike partner Stokes said "He's a top, top player. I have no doubt one day he could play at the very top level but we want to keep him here as long as possible."^[78] Hooper then started in Celtic's 2–0 loss to Atlético Madrid at the Vicente Calderón Stadium.^[79] Before scoring in Celtic's 4–2 loss to rivals Rangers on 18 September. This was his fourth goal in seven Old Firm matches^[80] He then started Celtic's first Scottish League Cup game of the season against Ross County, scoring one goal in a 2–0 win for Celtic.^[81] On 29 September he played in Celtic's 1–1 draw with Italian side Udinese. After three minutes he won a penalty which Ki Sung-Yueng scored. He then gave away a penalty, which was converted, after 83 minutes when he fouled Neuton.^[82] A month later, he scored in Celtic's 4–1, League Cup quarter-final, victory over Hibs.^[83] On 3 November, Hooper scored his first European goal of the season, netting the final goal of Celtic's 3–1 UEFA Europa League group stage win against Rennes, after coming on as a 78th minute substitute for James Forrest.^[84] Three days later, he again came on as a substitute and scored the winner in a 2–1 win over Motherwell.^[85] On 26 November, he scored a hat-trick in a 5–0 win over St. Mirren.^[86] After scoring five goals in November, he won the SPL Player of the Month award.^[87] On 15 December, Hooper scored in Celtic's final Europa League group game, a 1–1 draw against Udinese which meant Celtic finished third in the group and didn't qualify.^[88] During the January transfer window English Championship league leaders Southampton made several bids for Hooper. However, they were rejected by Celtic and Hooper reiterated his desire to stay with the club.^[89] On 14 January, Hooper scored in a 2–1 win over Dundee United.^[90] He then scored in Celtic's 4–0 win against Hearts on 8 February.^[91] On 29 April 2012, Hooper scored the final goal as Celtic beat Rangers 3–0 at Celtic Park. This was his 5th goal in 10 Old Firm appearances.^[92] After Southampton won promotion to the English Premier League there was speculation linking them with a £7 million for Hooper at the start of the new season. However, Hooper said that he was happy at Celtic and was looking forward to playing UEFA Champions League football.^[93] On 13 May, Hooper scored all five goals for Celtic as they beat Hearts 5-0 in the final SPL match of the season.^[94]

International career[link]

Hooper has not represented England at any level.^[95] His paternal grandfather William Hooper was raised in the Scottish Borders,^[96] and this led to hopes that Hooper could be eligible to play for Scotland.^[95] Scotland head coach Craig Levein sought clarification as to the place of birth his grandfather's birth certificate recorded, as he had been born in a hospital in the English border town Berwick-upon-Tweed.^[95] The possibility was closed off when it was confirmed that his grandfather was included in the English Births Index.^[96] On 13 March 2011, Hooper was included by, Stuart Pearce in his 31-man squad for the England under-21 team to play Denmark and Iceland.^[97] However, Hooper was forced to pull out of the squad due to injury.^[98] On 3 May 2011, he was named in the 40-man provisional squad for the UEFA Under-21 Championship,^[99] but did not make the final selection.^[100][101] In February 2012, it was confirmed the Welsh Football Association were investigating his eligibility for Wales.^[102]

Hooper has declared his desire to play for the Great Britain Olympic football team at the 2012 London Olympics.^[103]

Career statistics[link]

As of 13 May 2012

Style of play[link]

Hooper has all the main attributes to play as a striker, he is strong and can hold up the ball well. He is also a good finisher, he has been described as being a 'penalty box striker'. However, he can also pass the ball well and this allows midfielders to play off him.^[104][105] He has received praise since moving to Scotland. Newspaper The Daily Record described him as being one of the most skilled attackers in the SPL. They also said that he had shown that he could deal with the physical nature of the Scottish game, due to his ability to ride a challenge well.^[106] He is able to play the game at a very high tempo and has a very good first touch.

One criticism that Steve Claridge had when analysing Hooper's game was that '[he often] played at either breakneck speed when involved in play or at walking pace when not', Claridge noted that Hooper needed to work harder to make himself available to his teammates for passes. Especially long balls out from defence.^[107]

Since moving to Celtic, Hooper has struck up an excellent partnership with fellow striker Anthony Stokes. They scored over 40 goals between them in their first season together and are considered to be Celtic's best strike partnership. Although on many occasions, especially for big matches, Georgios Samaras has often been used alongside Hooper. Hooper has expressed his disappointment at this because he feels he works very well with Stokes.^[108] In their partnership Hooper usually has a more advanced role, he plays off the shoulder of the last defender, or in the box, and makes runs in behind. His strength, pace, finishing ability and awareness make him suitably adapted to this role. Stokes usually plays a deeper role, he comes short to get the ball and creates space through his dribbling skill and passing. Although Hooper is more suited to an advanced role, and Stokes to a deeper one, they are capable of switching and both have the skills required to play in either role. This makes it very hard for defenders to mark them.^[109][110]

Honours[link]

Club[link]

Grays Athletic

• Conference South (1): 2004–05
• FA Trophy (2): 2004–05, 2005–06

Hereford United

• Football League Two Promotion (1): 2007–08 (3rd place)

Scunthorpe

• Football League One Playoffs (1): 2008–09

Celtic

• Scottish Premier League (1): 2011–12
• Scottish Cup (1): 2010–11

Individual[link]

• SPFA SPL Team of the Year (2): 2010–11, 2011–12
• Scottish Premier League Top Scorer (1): 2011–12
• Scottish Premier League Player of the Month (1): November 2011
• Celtic Top Scorer (2): 2010–11, 2011–12
• Scunthorpe United Player of the Year (1): 2008–09
• Scunthorpe United Greatest Ever Player: 2012 ^[111]

References[link]