- published: 28 Jul 2011
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Send this Playlist by SMS
Extremadura, Spain Unplugged #3 Cáceres
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:35
- Updated: 24 Apr 2013
http://davidsbeenhere.com/ In this episode David finally arrives in the city of Caceres during one of the city's medieval festivals. At the festival he check...
http://wn.com/Extremadura,_Spain_Unplugged_3_Cáceres
http://davidsbeenhere.com/ In this episode David finally arrives in the city of Caceres during one of the city's medieval festivals. At the festival he check...
Spain, Caceres
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:40
- Updated: 01 Apr 2013
Spain, Caceres, 02/17/2009.
http://wn.com/Spain,_Caceres
Cáceres - (Spain) Patrimonio de la Humanidad (Panorámica)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:29
- Updated: 07 May 2013
Cáceres (Spain) Patrimonio de la Humanidad. Te animo a que la conozcas si no la has visto ya. Creerás que al pasar por su casco antiguo estas en la Edad o Er...
http://wn.com/Cáceres_Spain_Patrimonio_de_la_Humanidad_Panorámica
Cáceres (Spain) Patrimonio de la Humanidad. Te animo a que la conozcas si no la has visto ya. Creerás que al pasar por su casco antiguo estas en la Edad o Er...
- published: 01 Mar 2009
- views: 3051
- author: Mabapol
Caceres, Spain
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:39
- Updated: 27 Mar 2012
spanish project.
http://wn.com/Caceres,_Spain
PETDuo @ Code on Tour - Caceres, Spain - 02.03.2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 45:14
- Updated: 05 May 2013
Watch in HD! Best moments from PETDuo DJ set @ Code on Tour - Caceres, Spain - 02.03.2013.
http://wn.com/PETDuo_@_Code_on_Tour_Caceres,_Spain_02032013
Watch in HD! Best moments from PETDuo DJ set @ Code on Tour - Caceres, Spain - 02.03.2013.
- published: 06 Mar 2013
- views: 3845
- author: petduomusic
Cáceres - España - Spain
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:31
- Updated: 18 Feb 2013
Cáceres fue el punto estratégico de los almohades en Extremadura. Hoy, en la visita a la ciudad podrás conocer su Aljibe, prácticamente intacto, y varias tor...
http://wn.com/Cáceres_España_Spain
Cáceres fue el punto estratégico de los almohades en Extremadura. Hoy, en la visita a la ciudad podrás conocer su Aljibe, prácticamente intacto, y varias tor...
- published: 22 Feb 2011
- views: 3526
- author: REVISTAQTRAVEL
HANGGAI WOMAD 2013 CACERES SPAIN
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:11
- Updated: 17 May 2013
http://wn.com/HANGGAI_WOMAD_2013_CACERES_SPAIN
- published: 17 May 2013
- views: 62
WOMAD 2013 CACERES SPAIN - THE BARONS OF TANG
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:30
- Updated: 21 May 2013
http://wn.com/WOMAD_2013_CACERES_SPAIN_THE_BARONS_OF_TANG
Los Gallos 2013. Albalá (Cáceres) Spain
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:38
- Updated: 27 Feb 2013
http://wn.com/Los_Gallos_2013_Albalá_Cáceres_Spain
WOMAD 2013 CACERES SPAIN - JULIAN MAESO
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:29
- Updated: 17 May 2013
http://wn.com/WOMAD_2013_CACERES_SPAIN_JULIAN_MAESO
- published: 17 May 2013
- views: 217
Hanggai @Womad 2013 (Cáceres- Spain) HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:20
- Updated: 17 May 2013
Womad 2013 Plaza SAn Jorge Cáceres- Spain.
http://wn.com/Hanggai_@Womad_2013_Cáceres_Spain_HD
CÁCERES (España - Spain) - Otro ''vistazo al medievo''
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:34
- Updated: 08 Mar 2013
Cáceres no necesita ya presentación, aunque he de confesar que me parecen muy malos todos los videos que hago, y es por ello que insisto una y otra vez... De...
http://wn.com/CÁCERES_España_Spain_Otro_''vistazo_al_medievo''
Cáceres no necesita ya presentación, aunque he de confesar que me parecen muy malos todos los videos que hago, y es por ello que insisto una y otra vez... De...
- published: 26 Sep 2011
- views: 1914
- author: Mabapol
WOMAD 2013 - CACERES SPAIN - ROKIA TRAORÉ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:27
- Updated: 17 May 2013
http://wn.com/WOMAD_2013_CACERES_SPAIN_ROKIA_TRAORÉ
- published: 17 May 2013
- views: 30
The Dhol Foundation @Womad 2013 (Cáceres- Spain) HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:10
- Updated: 12 May 2013
The Dhol Foundation Womad 2013 Plaza Mayor - Cáceres.
http://wn.com/The_Dhol_Foundation_@Womad_2013_Cáceres_Spain_HD
Nidi D'Arac @Womad 2013 (Cáceres- Spain) HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:17
- Updated: 12 May 2013
Womad 2013
Plaza Mayor
Cáceres- Spain
http://wn.com/Nidi_D'Arac_@Womad_2013_Cáceres_Spain_HD
Womad 2013
Plaza Mayor
Cáceres- Spain
- published: 12 May 2013
- views: 179
Turismo Extremadura - Ojalá Estuvieras Aquí - Spain Tourism - Cáceres 2016
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:00
- Updated: 18 May 2013
Campaña de promoción turística de la comunidad de Extremadura. Publirreportaje realizado por la agencia Pita Publicidad para la Junta de Extremadura. Descubre Extremadura: Cáceres Badajoz...
http://wn.com/Turismo_Extremadura_Ojalá_Estuvieras_Aquí_Spain_Tourism_Cáceres_2016
Campaña de promoción turística de la comunidad de Extremadura. Publirreportaje realizado por la agencia Pita Publicidad para la Junta de Extremadura. Descubre Extremadura: Cáceres Badajoz...
- published: 28 Aug 2009
- views: 44557
- author: juanmicc
Guadalupe-Caceres-Spain
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:43
- Updated: 22 Feb 2013
pueblos preciosos de Extremadura http://www.exiloto.com.
http://wn.com/Guadalupe-Caceres-Spain
pueblos preciosos de Extremadura http://www.exiloto.com.
- published: 23 Jan 2013
- views: 107
- author: nikolfergar
WOMAD 2013 CACERES SPAIN - NIDI D´ARAC
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:21
- Updated: 17 May 2013
http://wn.com/WOMAD_2013_CACERES_SPAIN_NIDI_D´ARAC
- published: 17 May 2013
- views: 32
Hotel Iberia Plaza Am�rica Caceres Spain
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:16
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
Hotel Iberia Plaza Am�rica Caceres Spain
http://wn.com/Hotel_Iberia_Plaza_Am�rica_Caceres_Spain
Hotel Iberia Plaza Am�rica Caceres Spain
- published: 08 Dec 2012
- views: 1
Caceres, Spain.Tatiana Mckeen's Spanish Immersion International in Spain!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:13
- Updated: 06 Feb 2013
Cáceres is capital of the Caceres province in Extremadura, Spain. Approximately 92000 inhabitants. A World Heritage City walled city. Amazing to see how wel...
http://wn.com/Caceres,_SpainTatiana_Mckeen's_Spanish_Immersion_International_in_Spain!
Cáceres is capital of the Caceres province in Extremadura, Spain. Approximately 92000 inhabitants. A World Heritage City walled city. Amazing to see how wel...
- published: 14 Jan 2013
- views: 29
- author: tatianamckeen's channel
8-bed 6-bath Commercial in Benquerencia, Caceres, Spain on aspanishlife.com
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:31
- Updated: 15 Apr 2013
More Info on Commercial for Sale in Benquerencia, Caceres, Spain with 8-bedroom, 6-bathroom: http://aspanishlife.com/properties/16867-commercial-for-sale-in-...
http://wn.com/8-bed_6-bath_Commercial_in_Benquerencia,_Caceres,_Spain_on_aspanishlifecom
More Info on Commercial for Sale in Benquerencia, Caceres, Spain with 8-bedroom, 6-bathroom: http://aspanishlife.com/properties/16867-commercial-for-sale-in-...
- published: 15 Apr 2013
- views: 1
- author: ASpa nishlife
Hotel Fontecruz Caceres Caceres Spain
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:06
- Updated: 11 Dec 2012
Hotel Fontecruz Caceres Caceres Spain
http://wn.com/Hotel_Fontecruz_Caceres_Caceres_Spain
Hotel Fontecruz Caceres Caceres Spain
- published: 11 Dec 2012
- views: 1
Coria (Caceres) Spain
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:19
- Updated: 26 Sep 2012
A finales del siglo XIV, se comienza a construir la Catedral, que tardará en finalizarse tres siglos, mezclando así varios estilos artísticos. En el S. XV, E...
http://wn.com/Coria_Caceres_Spain
A finales del siglo XIV, se comienza a construir la Catedral, que tardará en finalizarse tres siglos, mezclando así varios estilos artísticos. En el S. XV, E...
- published: 06 Feb 2008
- views: 7691
- author: Vicente Luengo
photo: AP
02 Jun 2013
Despite the astonishing, far-reaching changes that Turkey has undergone in recent years, clouds of anxiety are gathering over the country. The apprehension has little to do with the economy. The negative energy emanating from Syria has a partial impact ... All attention is focused on the decisive impact that Turkey's Kurds will have on the country's macro politics. Let's first lay out some observations on social unrest ... But how? ... ... Like....(size: 6.7Kb)
photo: AP / Jens Meyer
02 Jun 2013
Flood alarms have been raised in southern and eastern Germany, the Czech Republic and Austria after unseasonal summer downpours. People have gone missing at several locations. Riverside festivals have been cut short ... Along the Danube, the flood level in the city of Passau neared 11 meters, prompting the premier of the southern German state of Bavaria, Horst Seehofer, to call emergency talks ... ipj/msh (dpa, ap, AFP). ....(size: 2.2Kb)
photo: AP / Qusair Lens
02 Jun 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. Americans should be forewarned that an item on President Barack Obama's wish list is another slippery slope. This time he wants the Pentagon to draw up a no-fly zone plan over Syria and its volatile, ongoing civil war.(1) In political terms, a slippery slope is a metaphor for accepting laws and policies that will invariably lead to abuses and disastrous policies ... The U.S ... As U.S ... The U.S....(size: 4.0Kb)
Edit
noodls
03 Jun 2013
The Australian women's water polo team, the Aussie Stingers, have tasted their first defeat of 2013, going down to London Olympic silver medallists Spain 10-9 in their second pool game of the FINA World League Super Finals in Beijing, China. The Stingers led 8-7 at the final break and were on track to make it two wins from two to start the tournament, before a 3-1 final quarter from Spain put an end to the Aussie charge....(size: 3.7Kb)
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BBC News
03 Jun 2013
Spain v Russia (6 June, Jerusalem, 17.00) Netherlands v Germany (6 June, Petah Tikva, 19.30) Netherlands v Russia (9 June, Jerusalem, 17.00) Germany v Spain (9 June, Netanya, 19.30) Spain v Netherlands (11 June, Petah Tikva, 17.00) Russia v Germany (11 June, Netanya, 17.00) ... Spain are favourites to retain the crown they won in 2011, having named an experienced squad ... Spain 2009 ... Spain 1996 ... Spain 1984 ... Rodrigo - Spain....(size: 13.4Kb)
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FourFourTwo
03 Jun 2013
Dempsey double helps USA beat Germany. Rest of the World 1 hours ago. England earn 2-2 draw at Maracana. England 2 hours ago. Alonso out of Spain Confederations Cup squad. World Cup 3 hours ago. Perez returns unopposed as Real president. Spain Yesterday, 12.59. Valverde decides to leave Valencia post. Spain Yesterday, 00.19 ... Spain Saturday 01 June 2013, 23.20 ... Spain Saturday 01 June 2013, 20.07 ... Alonso out of Spain Confederations Cup squad ... ....(size: 3.8Kb)
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CNBC
03 Jun 2013
While foreign investors have piled into government bonds in peripheral euro zone countries such as Spain, Italy and Portugal this year as concerns about the debt crisis in the region ease, stock markets in those countries have broadly underperformed major equity markets ... For instance, Spain's benchmark stock index is up 1.87 percent so far this year, while the pan-European FTSEEurofirst 300 index has gained more than 7 percent....(size: 3.0Kb)
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FourFourTwo
03 Jun 2013
Brazilian championship results and standings. South America 2 minutes ago. Allegri to stay on as Milan coach, says Berlusconi. Italy 8 minutes ago. Argentine championship results and standings. South America 36 minutes ago. Dempsey double helps USA beat Germany ... Alonso out of Spain Confederations Cup squad ... Spain Yesterday, 12.59 ... Spain Yesterday, 00.19 ... Spain Saturday 01 June 2013, 23.20 ... Spotlight ... Alonso out of Spain Confederations Cup squad....(size: 3.8Kb)
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Newstrack India
03 Jun 2013
Madrid, June 3 (IANS) Real Madrid midfielder Xabi Alonso will miss Spain's Confederations Cup football trip due to a groin injury ... Spain will travel to Brazil for their opening game of the tournament against Uruguay, June 16 in Recife....(size: 1.5Kb)
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noodls
03 Jun 2013
Going on his club performances in the blue of Chelsea alone, Juan Mata will be one of Spain's players to watch at the forthcoming FIFA Confederations Cup Brazil 2013 ... It's not long until Spain's first game at the FIFA Confederations Cup [against Uruguay] ... Spain have won the last two UEFA EUROs and are the reigning world champions ... Do you miss Spain?....(size: 9.6Kb)
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The Irish Times
03 Jun 2013
Among the positions to be filled, six are immediate and range from administration to sales management roles across a variety of countries, including China, Bulgaria, Turkey, Spain and Russia ... It has sold a number of Irish-owned villas in Spain and Bulgaria with prices ranging from €38,000 to €480,000 and expects to reach 360 sales by the year-end, up from 196 in 2012....(size: 2.0Kb)
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FourFourTwo
03 Jun 2013
Brazilian championship results and standings. South America 2 minutes ago. Dempsey double helps USA beat Germany. Rest of the World 1 hours ago. England earn 2-2 draw at Maracana. England 2 hours ago. Alonso out of Spain Confederations Cup squad. World Cup 3 hours ago. Perez returns unopposed as Real president. Spain Yesterday, 12.59 ... Spain Saturday 01 June 2013, 23.20 ... Top Stories ... Spotlight ... Alonso out of Spain Confederations Cup squad ... ....(size: 3.8Kb)
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Yahoo Daily News
03 Jun 2013
MADRID (Reuters) - Real Madrid midfielder Xabi Alonso was left out of Spain's squad for the Confederations Cup in Brazil this month when Vicente del Bosque cut his list to 23 on Sunday ... For the Confederations Cup, Spain have been drawn in Group B with Uruguay, Tahiti and Nigeria and they open the tournament in Recife on June 16 against the 2011 Copa America winners....(size: 2.0Kb)
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FourFourTwo
03 Jun 2013
Berlusconi. Allegri to stay on as Milan coach. Italy 44 minutes ago. England earn 2-2 draw at Maracana. England 3 hours ago. Alonso out of Spain Confederations Cup squad. World Cup 4 hours ago. Bayern cling on to win cup and complete treble. Rest of Europe Saturday 01 June 2013, 22.28. Pellegrini turns attention to Man City talks ... Spain Thursday 30 May 2013, 09.31 ... Alonso out of Spain Confederations Cup squad ... SPAIN Yesterday, 12.59 ... ....(size: 3.8Kb)
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CNBC
03 Jun 2013
European shares are expected to open lower on Monday ahead of manufacturing data from the euro zone ... Manufacturing purchasing managers' index (PMI) data for May are expected from Spain, Italy, France, Germany and the euro zone on Monday ... Other events this week include revised first quarter gross domestic product (GDP) figures from the EU on Wednesday and unemployment figures from Spain and Greece are expected this week ... ....(size: 2.1Kb)
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2011) |
| Cáceres | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| — Municipality — | |||
 |
|||
|
|||
 Cáceres
|
|||
| Coordinates: 39°29′N 6°22′W / 39.483°N 6.367°W / 39.483; -6.367Coordinates: 39°29′N 6°22′W / 39.483°N 6.367°W / 39.483; -6.367 | |||
| Country |  Spain |
||
| Autonomous community |  Extremadura |
||
| Province | Cáceres | ||
| Comarca | Llanos de Cáceres | ||
| Judicial district | Cáceres | ||
| Government | |||
| • Mayor | Elena Nevado del Campo (PP) | ||
| Area | |||
| • Total | 1,750.33 km2 (675.81 sq mi) | ||
| Elevation | 459 m (1,506 ft) | ||
| Population (2011) | |||
| • Total | 94,203 | ||
| • Density | 54/km2 (140/sq mi) | ||
| Demonym | Cacereños | ||
| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | ||
| Postal code | 10001-10005 | ||
| Website | Official website | ||
| Old Town of Cáceres * | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Country | Spain |
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | iii, iv |
| Reference | 384 |
| Region ** | Europe and North America |
| Inscription history | |
| Inscription | 1986 (10th Session) |
| * Name as inscribed on World Heritage List ** Region as classified by UNESCO |
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Cáceres (pronounced: [ˈkaθeɾes]) is the capital of the same name province, in the autonomous community of Extremadura, Spain. As of 2009[update], its population was 91,131 inhabitants. The municipio has a land area of 1,750.33 km², and is the second largest in geographical extension in Spain.
There have been settlements near Cáceres since prehistoric times. Evidence of this can be found in the caves of Maltravieso and El Conejar. The city was founded by the Romans in 25 BC.
The old town (Ciudad Monumental) still has its ancient walls; this part of town is also well known for its multitude of storks' nests. The walls contain a medieval town setting with no outward signs of modernity, which is why many films have been shot there. The Universidad de Extremadura, and two astronomical observatories are situated in Cáceres. The city is also a seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Coria-Cáceres.
Cáceres was declared a World Heritage City by UNESCO in 1986 because of the city's blend of Roman, Moorish, Northern Gothic and Italian Renaissance architecture. Thirty towers from the Islamic period still stand in Cáceres, of which the Torre del Bujaco is the most famous.
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Geography[link]
The city of Cáceres is located in the province of Cáceres, in the Extremadura region of western central Spain. The city has a continental climate which is tempered by its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean. In winter the average temperature does not exceed 10 °C maximum, reaching 5 °C minimum, with some frost. In summer the average maximum temperature is 31 °C and the average minimum is 18 °C. Rainfall is abundant in the months of October, November, March, April and May, but very intermittent. [1]
History[link]
The origins of Cáceres go back to prehistoric times, as evidenced by the paintings in the Cuevas de Maltravieso (Maltravieso Caves) which date back to the late Paleolithic period. Visitors can see remains from medieval times, the Roman occupation, Moorish occupation and the Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain. Cáceres has four main areas to be explored: the historical quarter, the Jewish quarter, the modern center, and the outskirts.
The first evidence of humans living in Cáceres is from the Late Paleolithic era, around 25,000 BC. Cáceres as a city was founded as Castra Caecilia by Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius and started to gain importance as a strategic city under Roman occupation, and remains found in the city suggest that it was a thriving center as early as 25 BC. Some remains of the first city walls built by the Romans in the 3rd and 4th centuries still exist, including one gateway, the Arco del Cristo.
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the city was occupied by the Visigoths, and entered a period of decline until the Arabs conquered Cáceres in the 8th century. The city spent the next few centuries mostly under Arab rule, although power alternated several times between Moors and Christians. During this time, the Arabs rebuilt the city, including a wall, palaces, and various towers, including the Torre de Bujaco. Cáceres was reconquered by the Christians in the 13th century (1229). During this period the city had an important Jewish quarter: in the 15th century when the total population was 2,000, nearly 140 Jewish families lived in Cáceres. The Jewish population was expelled by Queen Isabella and Ferdinand of Aragon in 1492, but many remains of the Jewish presence of the period can still be seen today in the Barrio San Antonio.
Cáceres flourished during the Reconquista and the Discovery of America, as influential Spanish families and nobles built homes and small palaces there, and many members of families from Extremadura participated in voyages to America where they made their fortunes. In the 19th century, Cáceres became the capital of the province, marking a period of growth which was halted by the Spanish Civil War. Today, the headquarters of the university as well as several regional government departments are to be found in Cáceres.
Main sights[link]
Cathedrals and churches[link]
- Church and convent of San Pablo (15th century)
- Convent of la Compañía de Jesus, in Baroque style, today used for art exhibitions
- Church of Santa María, cathedral built in the 13th century, in Gothic style
- Iglesia de San Mateo, a 15th century church built on the site of a former mosque
- Iglesia de San Francisco Javier (18th century), in Baroque style
- Iglesia de San Juan, large majestic church built between the 13th and 15th century
- Hermitage of San Antonio Iglesia de Santo Domingo
- Hermitage de la Paz
- Church of Santiago
Wall[link]
- Torre de Bujaco (12th century)
- Arco de la Estrella (18th century)
- Torre de Sande (14th-15th centuries)
- Torre de los Púlpitos
- Torre de la Hierba
- Arco de Santa Ana
- Torre del Horno
- Torre del Postigo
- Torre Redonda
- Torre Desmochada
- Arco del Cristo
- Arco del Socorro
Palaces and stately homes[link]
- Palacio de los Golfines de Arriba
- Palacio de los Golfines de Abajo. Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand I lived here
- Palacio del Comendador de Alcuescar
- Palacio-Fortaleza de los Torreorgaz, today a Parador hotel
- Palacio Episcopal
- Palacio de Carvajal (15th century). It is now seat of the Patronage Office for Tourism and Handicraft of the province
- Palacio de Godoy
- Palacio de Mayoralgo
- Mansión de los Sande
- Palacio de las Veletas
- Palacio de los Cáceres-Ovando
- Casa del Mono
- Palacio de los Toledo-Moctezuma
- Casa del Sol
- Casa Mudejar
- Casa de Carvajal y Ulloa
Museums[link]
- Museum of Cáceres - ALJIBE - housed in La Casa de las Veletas y la Casa de los Caballos in the historical quarter.
- La Casa-Museo Árabe, between the Plaza San Jorge and the Arco del Cristo. Arab culture, art and remains.
- Museo Concatedral de Caceres, in the Plaza Santa Maria. Religious art.
- Museo Piedrilla - Guayasamín
Nature reserves and rural tourism[link]
- Monfragüe National Park: It encompasses 85 square kilometers or 17,852 hectares and contains the following villages: Torrejón el Rubio, Serradilla, Malpartida de Plasencia, Toril, Serrejón, Jaraicejo and Casas de Miravete. The park contains one of the largest areas of Mediterranean forest and scrub in Spain with over 1,400 different species of trees. A favorite with birdwatchers, the park has the world's largest colony of Black Vulture and Spanish Imperial Eagle. It also harbours breeding pairs of Black Storks (with the most visible nests in Iberia), Eagle Owl, Black-shouldered Kites and many grassland birds including Great and Lesser Bustards and Sandgrouse. Camping is not allowed in the park, though a camp site and various types of lodging are near the park.
- Los Barruecos Natural Monument, 14 km away from the city, in the locality of Malpartida de Cáceres. It has massive granite boulders with the only colony of White Stork nesting on them. There is also a medieval reservoir and a mill for wool washing. The building complex has been restores and houses a surprising collection of art by German artist Wolf Vostell, who was an important member of the fluxus movement. Spring brings an explosion of colour with the blossom of Spanish White Broom all pervasive in the area.
- The Cáceres and Trujillo plains are protected under the ZEPA (Spanish for Special Protection Area for birds or SPA) protection figure.
Festivals[link]
- The Festival of the Martyrs (La Fiesta de los mártires) is held in January.
- Carnival, The Festival of the Candles ( La Fiesta de las Candelas) and Fiesta de San Blas are held in February.
- The Easter Festival Semana Santa is held during the week before Easter Sunday. Processions wind through the narrow streets in the historical center.
- Music Festival Extremúsika, held around March–April.
- Music Festival del Oeste, a pop, rock and heavy music festival, around first days of July.
- The San Jorge Festival, held on the 22–23 April, involves a dragon being burnt in a bonfire in the town square (La Plaza Mayor), accompanied by a fireworks display.
- WOMAD music festival is held at the beginning of May.
- Ferias de San Fernando is held at the end of May.
- Fleadh Cáceres is a new cultural event that occurs between October and November months. The idea comes from Fleadh Cheoil Na hEireann which is an Irish music event that happens every August in Ireland.
Shopping and cuisine[link]
The small streets in the historical center have lots of small shops selling typical products. The convents sell homemade sweets and pastries. Wines from Extremadura are affordable, full-bodied red wine. Local liquors include cherry liquor made with cherries from the nearby Jerte valley, or other original liquors such as chestnut or blackberry. Other produce in the province include sheep cheese (Torta del Casar, is not made of goat milk, but with milk from merino sheep), fig cake, chestnuts, hams and other pork products, lamb, olive oil, and paprika (pimentón de la Vera).
Salt-cured ham and red wine are produced locally and are officially recognized by the Spanish government. Both goat and sheep cheese are produced by traditional methods and renowned throughout the country. Cáceres is also famous for its stews, roast meats (especially pork, lamb and game), fried breadcrumbs (migas), trout, pastries and honey.
Education[link]
The University of Extremadura (founded in 1973) has a campus in Cáceres. It comprises several schools:
- Polytechnic School (offering studies in Computer Engineering, Architecture, amongst others)
- Nursing and Occupational Therapy School
- School of Sports Science
- School of Teaching
- School of Business and Tourism
- Veterinary School
- Philosophy and Letters School (offering studies in Literature and History, amongst others)
- Law School
The university has three other campuses in Badajoz, Mérida and Plasencia.
Neighborhoods[link]
- Center: 26,914 inhabitants.
- West (new): 15,726 inhabitants.
- South: 14,738 inhabitants.
- Mejostilla: 11,484 people.
- Aldea Moret: 6,756 inhabitants
- Old Town, 5,799 inhabitants.
- West: 4,591 inhabitants.
- North: 4,656 inhabitants.
- East: 2,646 inhabitants.
- Pedanías (Rincón de Ballesteros Valdesalor and Arroyo-Malpartida Station): 749 inhabitants.
- Rest: 295 inhabitants.
Twin towns[link]
- Santiago de Compostela, Spain
La Roche-sur-Yon, France
Castelo Branco, Portugal- Portalegre, Portugal
Piano di Sorrento, Italy
Gaza, Palestine
Netanya, Israel
References[link]
External links[link]
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Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Cáceres (city). |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Cáceres |
- Cáceres City Council website (Spanish)
- Astronomical Observatory (Spanish)
- Cáceresjoven - Website with information about Cáceres (Spanish)
- Festival del Oeste 2009 - Official website of Festival del oeste with dates, location, tourist and transport information an de line-up of 2009 festival. (Spanish)
- Cáceres: Don't Tell a Soul by The Guardian
- Official Website the region Extremadura (English)
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http://wn.com/Cáceres,_Spain
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cáceres,_Spain
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the country. For other uses, see Spain (disambiguation).
| Kingdom of Spain
Reino de España
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| Motto: "Plus Ultra" (Latin) "Further Beyond" |
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| Anthem: "Marcha Real" (Spanish) "Royal March"  |
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![Location of Spain (dark green)– in Europe (green & dark grey)– in the European Union (green) — [Legend]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130603075133/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EU-Spain.svg) Location of Spain (dark green)
– in Europe (green & dark grey) |
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| Capital (and largest city) |
Madrid 40°26′N 3°42′W / 40.433°N 3.7°W / 40.433; -3.7 |
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| Official language(s) | Spanish[a] | |||||
| Recognised regional languages | Basque, Catalan/Valencian, Galician and Occitan | |||||
| Demonym | Spanish, Spaniard | |||||
| Government | Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy | |||||
| - | King | Juan Carlos I | ||||
| - | Prime Minister | Mariano Rajoy | ||||
| Legislature | Cortes Generales | |||||
| - | Upper house | Senate | ||||
| - | Lower house | Congress of Deputies | ||||
| Formation | 15th century | |||||
| - | Traditional date | 569 (ascension to the throne of Liuvigild) | ||||
| - | Dynastic | 1479 | ||||
| - | De facto | 1516 | ||||
| - | De jure | 1715 | ||||
| - | Nation state | 1812 | ||||
| - | Constitutional democracy | 1978 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 504,030 km2 (51st) 195,364 sq mi |
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| - | Water (%) | 1.04 | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2010 estimate | 46,030,109[1] (27th) | ||||
| - | Density | 93/km2 (106th) 231/sq mi |
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| GDP (PPP) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $1.413 trillion[2] | ||||
| - | Per capita | $30,625[2] | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $1.495 trillion[2] | ||||
| - | Per capita | $32,360[2] | ||||
| Gini (2005) | 32[3] | |||||
| HDI (2011) |  0.878[4] (very high) (23rd) |
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| Currency | Euro (€) (EUR) |
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| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) | |||||
| - | Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | ||||
| Except the Canary Islands which observe UTC+0 (WET) (UTC+1 during summer time) | ||||||
| Date formats | dd.mm.yyyy (Spanish; CE) | |||||
| Drives on the | right | |||||
| ISO 3166 code | ES | |||||
| Internet TLD | .es[b] | |||||
| Calling code | 34 | |||||
.svg)
Spain (
i/ˈspeɪn/ SPAYN; Spanish: España, pronounced: [esˈpaɲa] (
listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España),[c][5] is a sovereign state and a member of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north and north east by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa, Ceuta and Melilla, that border Morocco. Furthermore, the town of Llívia is a Spanish exclave situated inside French territory. With an area of 504,030 square kilometres (194,610 sq mi), it is the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union after France, and the fourth largest country in Europe after Russia, Ukraine and France.
Because of its location, the territory of Spain was subject to many external influences since prehistoric times and through to its dawn as a country. Spain emerged as a unified country in the 15th century, following the marriage of the Catholic Monarchs and the completion of the reconquest, or Reconquista, of the Iberian peninsula in 1492. Conversely, it has been an important source of influence to other regions, chiefly during the modern era, when it became a global empire that has left a legacy of over 500 million Spanish speakers today, making it the world's second most spoken first language.
Spain is a democracy organised in the form of a parliamentary government under a constitutional monarchy. It is a developed country with the twelfth largest economy in the world by nominal GDP, and very high living standards, including the tenth-highest quality of life index rating in the world, as of 2005. It is a member of the United Nations, European Union, NATO, OECD, and WTO.
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Etymology[link]
The true origins of the name España and its cognates "Spain" and "Spanish" are disputed. The ancient Roman name for Iberia, Hispania, may derive from poetic use of the term Hesperia to refer to Spain, reflecting the Greek perception of Italy as a "western land" or "land of the setting sun" (Hesperia, Εσπερία in Greek) and Spain, being still further west, as Hesperia ultima.[6]
It may also be a derivation of the Punic Ispanihad, meaning "land of rabbits" or "edge", a reference to Spain's location at the end of the Mediterranean; Roman coins struck in the region from the reign of Hadrian show a female figure with a coney at her feet.[7] There are also claims that España derives from the Basque word Ezpanna meaning "edge" or "border", another reference to the fact that the Iberian peninsula constitutes the southwest of the European continent.[6]
The humanist Antonio de Nebrija proposed that the word Hispania evolved from the Iberian word Hispalis, meaning "city of the western world". Jesús Luis Cunchillos argues that the root of the term span is the Phoenecian word spy, meaning "to forge metals". Therefore i-spn-ya would mean "the land where metals are forged".[8]
History[link]
Main article: History of Spain
The Iberian peninsula enters written records as a land populated largely by the Iberians, Basques and Celts. After an arduous conquest, the peninsula came under the rule of Rome. During the early Middle Ages it came under Germanic rule but later, it was conquered by Moorish invaders from North Africa. In a process that took centuries, the small Christian kingdoms in the north gradually regained control of the peninsula. The last Moorish kingdom fell in the same year Columbus reached the Americas. A global empire began which saw Spain become the strongest kingdom in Europe and the leading world power for a century and a half and the largest overseas empire for three centuries.
Continued wars and other problems eventually led to a diminished status. The Napoleonic invasions of Spain led to chaos, triggering independence movements that tore apart most of the empire and left the country politically unstable. Prior to the Second World War, Spain suffered a devastating civil war and came under the rule of an authoritarian government, whose rule oversaw a period of stagnation but that finished with a powerful economic surge. Eventually democracy was peacefully restored in the form of a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. In 1986, Spain joined the European Union, experiencing a cultural renaissance and steady economic growth.
Prehistory and pre-Roman peoples[link]
Main article: Prehistoric Iberia
Archaeological research at Atapuerca indicates the Iberian Peninsula was populated by hominids 1.2 million years ago.[10] Modern humans first arrived in Iberia, from the north on foot, about 32,000 years ago.[11] The best known artifacts of these prehistoric human settlements are the famous paintings in the Altamira cave of Cantabria in northern Iberia, which were created about 15,000 BCE by cro-magnons.[9]
Archaeological and genetic evidence strongly suggests that the Iberian Peninsula acted as one of several major refugia from which northern Europe was repopulated following the end of the last ice age.
The two main historical peoples of the peninsula were the Iberians and the Celts. The Iberians inhabited the Mediterranean side from the northeast to the southeast. The Celts inhabited the Atlantic side, in the north, center (Celtiberian), northwest and southwest part of the peninsula. Basques occupied the western area of the Pyrenees mountain range and adjacent areas.
In the south of the peninsula appeared the semi-mythical city of Tartessos (c.1100 BC), whose flourishing trade in items made of gold and silver with the Phoenicians and Greeks is documented by Strabo and the Book of Solomon. Between about 500 BC and 300 BC, the seafaring Phoenicians and Greeks founded trading colonies along the Mediterranean coast. The Carthaginians briefly exerted control over much of the Mediterranean side of the peninsula, until defeated in the Punic Wars by the Romans.[12]
Roman Empire and the Gothic Kingdom[link]
Main article: Hispania
_01.jpg)
During the Second Punic War, an expanding Roman Empire captured Carthaginian trading colonies along the Mediterranean coast from roughly 210 BC to 205 BC. It took the Romans nearly two centuries to complete the conquest of the Iberian peninsula, though they had control of much of it for over six centuries. Roman rule was bound together by law, language, and the Roman road.[13]
The cultures of the Celt and Iberian populations were gradually romanized (Latinized) at differing rates in different parts of Hispania. Local leaders were admitted into the Roman aristocratic class[d][12] Hispania served as a granary for the Roman market, and its harbors exported gold, wool, olive oil, and wine. Agricultural production increased with the introduction of irrigation projects, some of which remain in use. Emperors Hadrian, Trajan, Theodosius I, and the philosopher Seneca were born in Hispania.[e] Christianity was introduced into Hispania in the 1st century CE and it became popular in the cities in the 2nd century CE.[12] Most of Spain's present languages and religion, and the basis of its laws, originate from this period.[13]
The weakening of the Western Roman Empire's jurisdiction in Hispania began in 409, when the Germanic Suevi and Vandals, together with the Sarmatian Alans crossed the Rhine and ravaged Gaul until the Visigoths drove them into Iberia that same year. The Suevi established a kingdom in what is today modern Galicia and northern Portugal. As the western empire disintegrated, the social and economic base became greatly simplified: but even in modified form, the successor regimes maintained many of the institutions and laws of the late empire, including Christianity.
The Alans' allies, the Hasdingi Vandals, established a kingdom in Gallaecia, too, occupying largely the same region but extending farther south to the Duero river. The Silingi Vandals occupied the region that still bears a form of their name –Vandalusia, modern Andalusia, in Spain. The Byzantines established an enclave, Spania, in the south, with the intention of reviving the Roman empire throughout Iberia. Eventually, however, Hispania was reunited under Visigothic rule.
Muslim Iberia (711–1492)[link]
Main article: Al-Andalus
In the 8th century, nearly all of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered (711–718) by largely Moorish Muslim armies from North Africa. These conquests were part of the expansion of the Umayyad Islamic Empire. Only a small area in the mountainous north-west of the peninsula managed to resist the initial invasion.
Under Islamic law, Christians and Jews were given the subordinate status of dhimmi. This status permitted Christians and Jews to practice their religions as people of the book but they were required to pay a special tax and to be subject to certain discriminations.[14][15]
Conversion to Islam proceeded at a steadily increasing pace. The muladies (Muslims of ethnic Iberian origin) are believed to have comprised the majority of the population of Al-Andalus by the end of the 10th century.[16][17]
The Muslim community in the Iberian peninsula was itself diverse and beset by social tensions. The Berber people of North Africa, who had provided the bulk of the invading armies, clashed with the Arab leadership from the Middle East.[f] Over time, large Moorish populations became established, especially in the Guadalquivir River valley, the coastal plain of Valencia, the Ebro River valley and (towards the end of this period) in the mountainous region of Granada.[17]
Córdoba, the capital of the caliphate, was the largest, richest and most sophisticated city in western Europe. Mediterranean trade and cultural exchange flourished. Muslims imported a rich intellectual tradition from the Middle East and North Africa. Muslim and Jewish scholars played an important part in reviving and expanding classical Greek learning in Western Europe. The Romanized cultures of the Iberian peninsula interacted with Muslim and Jewish cultures in complex ways, thus giving the region a distinctive culture.[17] Outside the cities, where the vast majority lived, the land ownership system from Roman times remained largely intact as Muslim leaders rarely dispossessed landowners, and the introduction of new crops and techniques led to a remarkable expansion of agriculture.[citation needed]
In the 11th century, the Muslim holdings fractured into rival Taifa kingdoms, allowing the small Christian states the opportunity to greatly enlarge their territories.[17] The arrival from North Africa of the Islamic ruling sects of the Almoravids and the Almohads restored unity upon the Muslim holdings, with a stricter, less tolerant application of Islam, and saw a revival in Muslim fortunes. This re-united Islamic state, experienced more than a century of successes that partially reversed Christian gains.
Fall of Muslim rule and unification[link]
Main article: Reconquista
The Reconquista ("Reconquest") was the centuries-long period of expansion of Iberia's Christian kingdoms. The Reconquista is viewed as beginning with the Battle of Covadonga in 722, and was concurrent with the period of Muslim rule on the Iberian peninsula. The Christian army's victory over Muslim forces led to the creation of the Christian Kingdom of Asturias along the northwestern coastal mountains. Shortly after, in 739, Muslim forces were driven from Galicia, which was to eventually host one of medieval Europe's holiest sites, Santiago de Compostela and was incorporated into the new Christian kingdom. Muslim armies had also moved north of the Pyrenees, but they were defeated by Frankish forces at the Battle of Poitiers, Frankia. Later, Frankish forces established Christian counties on the southern side of the Pyrenees. These areas were to grow into the kingdoms of Navarre, Aragon and Catalonia.[18] For several centuries, the fluctuating frontier between the Muslim and Christian controlled areas of Iberia was along the Ebro and Duero valleys.
The breakup of Al-Andalus into the competing taifa kingdoms helped the long embattled Iberian Christian kingdoms gain the initiative. The capture of the strategically central city of Toledo in 1085 marked a significant shift in the balance of power in favour of the Christian kingdoms. Following a great Muslim resurgence in the 12th century, the great Moorish strongholds in the south fell to Christian Spain in the 13th century—Córdoba in 1236 and Seville in 1248—leaving only the Muslim enclave of Granada as a tributary state in the south.[19]
In the 13th and 14th centuries, the Marinids Muslim sect based in North Africa invaded and established some enclaves on the southern coast but failed in their attempt to re-establish Muslim rule in Iberia and were soon driven out. The 13th century also witnessed the Crown of Aragon, centred in Spain's north east, expand its reach across islands in the Mediterranean, to Sicily and even Athens.[20] Around this time the universities of Palencia (1212/1263) and Salamanca (1218/1254) were established. The Black Death of 1348 and 1349 devastated Spain.[21]
In 1469, the crowns of the Christian kingdoms of Castile and Aragon were united by the marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon. 1478 commenced the completion of the conquest of the Canary Islands and in 1492, the combined forces of Castile and Aragon captured the Emirate of Granada, ending the last remnant of a 781-year presence of Islamic rule in Iberia. The Treaty of Granada guaranteed religious tolerance toward Muslims.[22] The year 1492 also marked the arrival in the New World of Christopher Columbus, during a voyage funded by Isabella. That same year, Spain's Jews were ordered to convert to Catholicism or face expulsion from Spanish territories during the Spanish Inquisition.[23] A few years later, following social disturbances, Muslims were also expelled under the same conditions.[g][24]
As Renaissance New Monarchs, Isabella and Ferdinand centralized royal power at the expense of local nobility, and the word España, whose root is the ancient name Hispania, began to be commonly used to designate the whole of the two kingdoms.[24] With their wide-ranging political, legal, religious and military reforms, Spain emerged as the first world power.
Imperial Spain[link]
Main article: Spanish Empire
The unification of the crowns of Aragon and Castile laid the basis for modern Spain and the Spanish Empire.[25] Spain was Europe's leading power throughout the 16th century and most of the 17th century, a position reinforced by trade and wealth from colonial possessions. It reached its apogee during the reigns of the first two Spanish Habsburgs – Charles I (1516–1556) and Philip II (1556–1598). This period saw the Italian Wars, the revolt of the comuneros, the Dutch revolt, the Morisco revolt, clashes with the Ottomans, the Anglo-Spanish war and wars with France.[26]
The Spanish Empire expanded to include great parts of the Americas, islands in the Asia-Pacific area, areas of Italy, cities in Northern Africa, as well as parts of what are now France, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. It was the first empire of which it was said that the sun never set.
This was an age of discovery, with daring explorations by sea and by land, the opening-up of new trade routes across oceans, conquests and the beginnings of European colonialism. Along with the arrival of precious metals, spices, luxuries, and new agricultural plants, Spanish explorers brought back knowledge from the New World, and played a leading part in transforming the European understanding of the globe.[27] The cultural efflorescence witnessed is now referred to as the Spanish Golden Age. The rise of humanism, the Protestant Reformation and new geographical discoveries raised issues addressed by the influential intellectual movement now known as the School of Salamanca.
In the late 16th century and first half of the 17th century, Spain was confronted by unrelenting challenges from all sides. Barbary pirates under the aegis of the rapidly growing Ottoman empire, disrupted life in many coastal areas through their slave raids and renewed the threat of an Islamic invasion.[28] This at a time when Spain was often at war with France.
The Protestant Reformation schism from the Catholic Church dragged the kingdom ever more deeply into the mire of religiously charged wars. The result was a country forced into ever expanding military efforts across Europe and in the Mediterranean.[29]
By the middle decades of a war- and plague-ridden 17th century Europe the Spanish Habsburgs had enmeshed the country in the continent-wide religious-political conflicts. These conflicts drained it of resources and undermined the European economy generally. Spain managed to hold on to most of the scattered Habsburg empire, and help the imperial forces of the Holy Roman Empire reverse a large part of the advances made by Protestant forces, but it was finally forced to recognise the separation of Portugal (with whom it had been united in a personal union of the crowns from 1580 to 1640) and the Netherlands, and eventually suffered some serious military reverses to France in the latter stages of the immensely destructive, Europe-wide Thirty Years War.[30]
In the latter half of the 17th century, Spain went into a gradual relative decline, during which it surrendered a number of small territories to France. However it maintained and enlarged its vast overseas empire, which remained intact until the beginning of the 19th century.
The decline culminated in a controversy over succession to the throne which consumed the first years of the 18th century. The War of Spanish Succession was a wide ranging international conflict combined with a civil war, and was to cost the kingdom its European possessions and its position as one of the leading powers on the Continent.[31]
During this war, a new dynasty originating in France, the Bourbons, was installed. Long united only by the Crown, a true Spanish state was established when the first Bourbon king, Philip V, united the crowns of Castile and Aragon into a single state, abolishing many of the old regional privileges and laws.[32]
The 18th century saw a gradual recovery and an increase in prosperity through much of the empire. The new Bourbon monarchy drew on the French system of modernising the administration and the economy. Enlightenment ideas began to gain ground among some of the kingdom's elite and monarchy. Military assistance for the rebellious British colonies in the American War of Independence improved the kingdom's international standing.[33]
Napoleonic rule and its consequences[link]
Main article: Mid-nineteenth century Spain
See also: Spanish American wars of independence
In 1793, Spain went to war against the new French Republic, which had overthrown and executed its Bourbon king, Louis XVI. The war polarised the country in an apparent reaction against the gallicised elites. Defeated in the field, peace was made with France in 1795 and it effectively became a client state of that country; In 1807, the secret treaty of Fontainebleau between Napoleon and the deeply unpopular Godoy led to a declaration of war against Britain and Portugal. French troops entered the kingdom unopposed, supposedly to invade Portugal, but instead they occupied Spanish fortresses. This invasion by trickery led to the abdication of the ridiculed Spanish king in favour of Napoleon's brother, Joseph Bonaparte.
This foreign puppet monarch was widely regarded with scorn. The 2 May 1808 revolt was one of many nationalist uprisings against the Bonapartist regime across the country.[34] These revolts marked the beginning of what is known to the Spanish as the War of Independence, and to the British as the Peninsular War.[35] Napoleon was forced to intervene personally, defeating several badly coordinated Spanish armies and forcing a British army to retreat. However, further military action by Spanish guerrillas and armies, and Wellington's British-Portuguese forces, combined with Napoleon's disastrous invasion of Russia, led to the ousting of the French imperial armies from the Spain in 1814, and the return of King Ferdinand VII.[36]
The French invasions devastated the economy, and left Spain a deeply divided country prone to political instability. The power struggles of the early 19th century led to the loss of all of its colonies in the Americas (which stretched from Las Californias to Patagonia), with the sole exception of Cuba and Puerto Rico.
Spanish–American War (1898)[link]
Main article: Spanish–American War
Amid the instability and economic crisis that afflicted Spain in the 19th century there arose nationalist movements in the Philippines and Cuba. Wars of independence ensued in those colonies and eventually the United States became involved. Despite the commitment and ability shown by some military units, they were so mismanaged by the highest levels of command that the Spanish–American War, fought in the Spring of 1898, did not last long. "El Desastre" (The Disaster), as the war became known, helped give impetus to the Generation of 98 who were already conducting much critical analysis concerning the country. It also weakened the stability that had been established during Alfonso XII's reign.
Spanish Civil War (1936–39)[link]
Main article: Spanish Civil War
The 20th century brought little peace; Spain played a minor part in the scramble for Africa, with the colonisation of Western Sahara, Spanish Morocco and Equatorial Guinea. The heavy losses suffered during the Rif war in Morocco helped to undermine the monarchy. A period of authoritarian rule under General Miguel Primo de Rivera (1923–1931) ended with the establishment of the Second Spanish Republic. The Republic offered political autonomy to the Basque Country, Catalonia and Galicia and gave voting rights to women.
The Spanish Civil War (1936–39) ensued. Three years later the rebel Nationalist forces, led by General Francisco Franco, emerged victorious with the support of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. The Republican side was supported by the Soviet Union, Mexico and International Brigades, including the American Abraham Lincoln Brigade, but it was not supported officially by the Western powers due to the British-led policy of Non-Intervention.
The Civil War claimed the lives of over 500,000 people[37] and caused the flight of up to a half-million citizens.[38] Most of their descendants now live in Latin American countries, with some 300,000 in Argentina alone.[39] The Spanish Civil War has been called the first battle of the Second World War.[by whom?]
Spain under Franco (1939-75)[link]
Main article: Spain under Franco
The Spanish State established by Franco was nominally neutral in the Second World War, although sympathetic to the Axis. The only legal party under Franco's post civil war regime was the Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS, formed in 1937; the party emphasised anti-Communism, Catholicism and nationalism. Given Franco's opposition to competing political parties, the party was renamed the National Movement (Movimiento Nacional) in 1949.
After World War II Spain was politically and economically isolated, and was kept out of the United Nations. This changed in 1955, during the Cold War period, when it became strategically important for the U.S. to establish a military presence on the Iberian peninsula as a counter to any possible move by the Soviet Union into the Mediterranean basin. In the 1960s, Spain registered an unprecedented rate of economic growth in what became known as the Spanish miracle, which resumed the much interrupted transition towards a modern economy.
Post Franco (1975-)[link]
Further information: Spanish society after the democratic transition
With Franco's death in November 1975, Juan Carlos succeeded to the position of King of Spain and head of state in accordance with the law. With the approval of the new Spanish Constitution of 1978 and the restoration of democracy, the State devolved much authority to the regions and created an internal organization based on autonomous communities.
In the Basque Country, moderate Basque nationalism has coexisted with a radical nationalist movement led by the armed organisation ETA. The group was formed in 1959 during Franco's rule but has continued to wage its violent campaign even after the restoration of democracy and the return of a large measure of regional autonomy.
On 23 February 1981, rebel elements among the security forces seized the Cortes in an attempt to impose a military backed government. King Juan Carlos took personal command of the military and successfully ordered the coup plotters, via national television, to surrender.
On 30 May 1982 Spain joined NATO, following a referendum. That year the Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE) came to power, the first left-wing government in 43 years. In 1986 Spain joined the European Community; what became the European Union. The PSOE was replaced in government by the Partido Popular (PP) after the latter won the 1996 General Elections; at that point the PSOE had served almost 14 consecutive years in office.
On 1 January 2002, Spain ceased to use the peseta as currency replacing it with the euro, which it shares with 15 other countries in the Eurozone. Spain has also seen strong economic growth, well above the EU average; however, well publicised concerns issued by many economic commentators at the height of the boom that the extraordinary property prices and high foreign trade deficits of the boom were likely to lead to a painful economic collapse were confirmed by a severe property-led recession that struck the country in 2008/9.[40]
A series of bombs exploded in commuter trains in Madrid, Spain on 11 March 2004. After a five month trial in 2007 it was concluded the bombings were perpetrated by a local Islamist militant group inspired by al-Qaeda.[41] The bombings killed 191 people and wounded more than 1800, and the intention of the perpetrators may have been to influence the outcome of the Spanish general election, held three days later.[42]
Though initial suspicions focused on the Basque group ETA, evidence soon emerged indicating possible Islamist involvement. Because of the proximity of the election, the issue of responsibility quickly became a political controversy, with the main competing parties PP and PSOE exchanging accusations over the handling of the aftermath.[43] At 14 March elections, PSOE, led by José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, obtained a plurality, enough to form a new cabinet with Rodríguez Zapatero as the new Presidente del Gobierno or Prime Minister of Spain, thus succeeding the former PP administration.[44]
The bursting of the Spanish property bubble in 2008 led to the 2008–2012 Spanish financial crisis.
Geography[link]
Main article: Geography of Spain
At 504,782 km2 (194,897 sq mi), Spain is the world's 51st-largest country. It is some 47,000 km2 (18,000 sq mi) smaller than France and 81,000 km2 (31,000 sq mi) larger than the U.S. state of California. Mt. Teide (Tenerife, Canary Islands) has the highest mountain peak of Spain and the third largest volcano in the world from its base.
Spain lies between latitudes 26° and 44° N, and longitudes 19° W and 5° E.
On the west, Spain borders Portugal; on the south, it borders Gibraltar (a British overseas territory) and Morocco, through its exclaves in North Africa (Ceuta, Melilla, and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera). On the northeast, along the Pyrenees mountain range, it borders France and the tiny principality of Andorra. Along the Pyrenees in Gerona, a small exclave town called Llívia is surrounded by France.
Islands[link]
Spain also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean and a number of uninhabited islands on the Mediterranean side of the Strait of Gibraltar, known as Plazas de soberanía, such as the Chafarine islands, the isle of Alborán, Alhucemas, and the tiny Isla Perejil. The little Pheasant Island in the River Bidasoa is a Spanish-French condominium.
Islander population:[45]
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Mountains and rivers[link]
Mainland Spain is a mountainous country, dominated by high plateaus and mountain chains. After the Pyrenees, the main mountain ranges are the Cordillera Cantábrica, Sistema Ibérico, Sistema Central, Montes de Toledo, Sierra Morena and the Sistema Penibético whose highest peak, the 3,478 m high Mulhacén, located in Sierra Nevada, is the highest elevation in the Iberian peninsula, while the highest point in Spain is the Teide, a 3,718 m high active volcano in the Canary Islands. The Meseta Central is a vast plateau in the heart of peninsular Spain.
There are several major rivers in Spain such as the Tagus, the Ebro, the Duero, the Guadiana and the Guadalquivir. Alluvial plains are found along the coast, the largest of which is that of the Guadalquivir in Andalusia.
Climate[link]
Main article: Climate of Spain
Three main climatic zones can be separated, according to geographical situation and orographic conditions:[46][47][48]
- The Mediterranean climate, characterized by dry and warm summers. According to the Köppen climate classification, it is dominant in the peninsula, with two varieties: Csa and Csb.
- The semiarid climate (Bsh, Bsk), located in the southeastern quarter of the country, especially in the region of Murcia and in the Ebro valley. In contrast with the Mediterranean climate, the dry season extends beyond the summer.
- The oceanic climate (Cfb), located in north quarter of the country, especially in the region of Basque Country, Asturias, Cantabria and partly Galicia. In contrary to the Mediterranean climate, winter and summer temperatures are influenced by the ocean, and have no seasonal drought.
Apart from these main types, other sub-types can be found, like the alpine climate in the Pyrenees and Sierra Nevada, and a typical subtropical climate in the Canary Islands.
Governance[link]
Main articles: Politics of Spain and Spanish Constitution of 1978
The Spanish Constitution of 1978 is the culmination of the Spanish transition to democracy. The constitutional history of Spain dates back to the constitution of 1812. Impatient with the pace of democratic political reforms in 1976 and 1977, Spain's new King Juan Carlos, known for his formidable personality, dismissed Carlos Arias Navarro and appointed the reformer Adolfo Suárez as Prime Minister.[49][50] The resulting general election in 1977 convened the Constituent Cortes (the Spanish Parliament, in its capacity as a constitutional assembly) for the purpose of drafting and approving the constitution of 1978.[51] After a national referendum on 6 December 1978, 88% of voters approved of the new constitution.
As a result, Spain is now composed of 17 autonomous communities and two autonomous cities with varying degrees of autonomy thanks to its Constitution, which nevertheless explicitly states the indivisible unity of the Spanish nation. The constitution also specifies that Spain has no state religion and that all are free to practice and believe as they wish.
As of November 2009, the government of Spain keeps a balanced gender equality ratio. Nine out of the 18 members of the government are women. Under the administration of José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, Spain has been described as being "at the vanguard" in gender equality issues and also that "[n]o other modern, democratic, administration outside Scandinavia has taken more steps to place gender issues at the centre of government".[52] The Spanish administration has also promoted gender-based positive discrimination by approving gender equality legislation in 2007 aimed at providing equality between genders in Spanish political and economic life (Gender Equality Act).[53][54] However, in the legislative branch, as of July 2010 only 128 of the 350 members of the Congress are women (36.3%).[55] It places Spain 13th on a list of countries ranked by proportion of women in the lower house. In the Senate, the ratio is even lower, since there are only 79 women out of 263 (30.0%).[56] The Gender Empowerment Measure of Spain in the United Nations Human Development Report is 0.794, 12th in the world.[57]
Branches of government[link]
Spain is a constitutional monarchy, with a hereditary monarch and a bicameral parliament, the Cortes Generales. The executive branch consists of a Council of Ministers of Spain presided over by the Prime Minister, nominated and appointed by the monarch and confirmed by the Congress of Deputies following legislative elections. By political custom established by King Juan Carlos since the ratification of the 1978 Constitution, the king's nominees have all been from parties who maintain a plurality of seats in the Congress.
The legislative branch is made up of the Congress of Deputies (Congreso de los Diputados) with 350 members, elected by popular vote on block lists by proportional representation to serve four-year terms, and a Senate (Senado) with 259 seats of which 208 are directly elected by popular vote and the other 51 appointed by the regional legislatures to also serve four-year terms.
- Head of State
- King Juan Carlos I, since 22 November 1975
- Head of Government
- Prime Minister of Spain (Spanish Presidente del Gobierno literally President of the Government): Mariano Rajoy Brey, elected 20 November 2011.
- Cabinet
- Council of Ministers (Spanish Consejo de Ministros) designated by the Prime Minister.
Spain is organizationally structured as a so-called Estado de las Autonomías ("State of Autonomies"); it is one of the most decentralized countries in Europe, along with Switzerland, Germany and Belgium;[58] for example, all Autonomous Communities have their own elected parliaments, governments, public administrations, budgets, and resources. Health and education systems among others are managed regionally, and in addition, the Basque Country and Navarre also manage their own public finances based on foral provisions. In Catalonia and the Basque Country, a full fledged autonomous police corps replaces some of the State police functions (see Mossos d'Esquadra, Ertzaintza, Policía Foral and Policía Canaria).
See also: List of Spanish monarchs and Monarchs of Spain family tree
Administrative divisions[link]
Main article: Political divisions of Spain
The Spanish State is integrated by 17 autonomous communities and 2 autonomous cities, both groups being the highest or first-order administrative division in the country. Autonomous communities are integrated by provinces, of which there are 50 in total, and in turn, provinces are integrated by municipalities. In Catalonia, two additional divisions exist, the comarques (sing. comarca) and the vegueries (sing. vegueria) both of which have administrative powers; comarques being aggregations of municipalities, and the vegueries being aggregations of comarques. The concept of a comarca exists in all autonomous communities, however, unlike Catalonia, these are merely historical or geographical subdivisions.
Autonomous communities and autonomous cities[link]
Main article: Autonomous communities of Spain
See also: Nationalities and regions of Spain
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Autonomous communities are the first level administrative division in the country. These were created after the 1979 and current constitution came into effect in recognition of the right to self-government to the "nationalities and regions of Spain".[59] Autonomous communities were to be integrated by adjacent provinces with common historial, cultural, and economical traits. This territorial organization, based on devolution, is known in Spain as the "State of Autonomies".
The basic institutional law of each autonomous community is the Statute of Autonomy. The Statutes of Autonomy establish the name of the community according to its historical identity, the limits of their territories, the name and organization of the institutions of government and the rights they enjoy according the constitution.[60]
The government of all autonomous communities must be based on a division of powers comprising:
- a Legislative Assembly whose members must be elected by universal suffrage according to the system of proportional representation and in which all areas that integrate the territory are fairly represented;
- a Government Council, with executive and administrative functions headed by a president, elected by the Legislative Assembly and nominated by the King of Spain;
- a Supreme Court of Justice, under the Supreme Court of the State, which head the judicial organization within the autonomous community.
Catalonia, Galicia and the Basque Country, which identified themselves as "nationalities" were granted self-government through a rapid process. Andalusia also took that denomination in its first Statute of Autonomy, even though it followed the longer process stipulated in the constitution for the rest of the country. Progressively, other communities in revisions to their Statutes of Autonomy have also taken that denomination in accordance to their historical regional identity, such as the Valencian Community,[61] the Canary Islands,[62] the Balearic Islands,[63] and Aragon.[64]
The autonomous communities have wide legislative and executive autonomy, with their own parliaments and regional governments. The distribution of powers may be different for every community, as laid out in their Statutes of Autonomy, since devolution was intended to be asymmetrical. Only two communities—the Basque Country and Navarre—have full fiscal autonomy. Aside of fiscal autonomy, the "historical" nationalities—Andalusia, the Basque Country, Catalonia, and Galicia—were devolved more powers than the rest of the communities, amongst them the ability of the regional president to dissolve the parliament and call for elections at any time. In addition, the Basque Country, Catalonia and Navarre have police corps of their own: Ertzaintza, Mossos d'Esquadra and the Policía Foral respectively. Other communities have more limited forces or none at all, like the Policía Autónoma Andaluza[65] in Andalusia or the BESCAM in Madrid.
Nonetheless, recent amendments to existing Statutes of Autonomy or the promulgation of new Statutes altogether, have reduced the asymmetry between the powers originally granted to the "historical nationalities" and the rest of the regions.
Finally, along with the 17 autonomous communities, two autonomous cities are also part of the State of Autonomies and are first-order territorial divisions: Ceuta and Melilla. These are two exclaves located in the northern African coast.
Provinces and municipalities[link]
Main article: Provinces of Spain
Autonomous communities are subdivided into provinces (provincias), which served as their territorial building blocks. In turn, provinces are integrated by municipalities (municipios). The existence of both the provinces and the municipalities is guaranteed and protected by the constitution, not necessarily by the Statutes of Autonomy themselves. Municipalities are granted autonomy to manage their internal affairs, and provinces are the territorial divisions designed to carry out the activities of the State.[66]
The current provincial division structure is based—with minor changes—on the 1833 territorial division by Javier de Burgos, and in all, the Spanish territory is divided into 50 provinces. The communities of Asturias, Cantabria, La Rioja, the Balearic Islands, Madrid, Murcia and Navarre are the only communities that are integrated by a single province, which is coextensive with the community itself. In this cases, the administrative institutions of the province are replaced by the governmental institutions of the community.
Foreign relations[link]
Main article: Foreign relations of Spain
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After the return of democracy following the death of Franco in 1975, Spain's foreign policy priorities were to break out of the diplomatic isolation of the Franco years and expand diplomatic relations, enter the European Community, and define security relations with the West.
As a member of NATO since 1982, Spain has established itself as a participant in multilateral international security activities. Spain's EU membership represents an important part of its foreign policy. Even on many international issues beyond western Europe, Spain prefers to coordinate its efforts with its EU partners through the European political cooperation mechanisms.
Spain has maintained its special identification with Latin America. Its policy emphasizes the concept of an Iberoamerican community, essentially the renewal of the historically liberal concept of hispanoamericanismo, or Hispanism as it is often referred to in English, which has sought to link the Iberian peninsula with Latin America through language, commerce, history and culture.
Territorial disputes[link]
Spain claims Gibraltar, a six square km Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom in the southernmost part of the Iberian Peninsula. Then a Spanish town, it was conquered by an Anglo-Dutch force in 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession on behalf of Archduke Charles, pretender to the Spanish throne.
The legal situation concerning Gibraltar was settled in 1713 by the Treaty of Utrecht, in which Spain ceded the territory in perpetuity to the British Crown[67] stating that, should the British abandon this post, it would be offered to Spain first. Since the 1940s Spain has called for the return of Gibraltar. The overwhelming majority of Gibraltarians strongly oppose this, along with any proposal of shared sovereignty.[68] UN resolutions call on the United Kingdom and Spain, both EU members, to reach an agreement over the status of Gibraltar.[69][70]
However, the Spanish claim makes a distinction between the isthmus that connects the Rock to the Spanish mainland on the one hand, and the Rock and city of Gibraltar on the other. While the Rock and city were ceded by the Treaty of Utrecht, Spain asserts that the "occupation of the isthmus is illegal and against the principles of International Law".[71] The United Kingdom relies on de facto arguments of possession by prescription in relation to the isthmus,[72] as there has been "continuous possession [of the isthmus] over a long period".[73]
Another claim by Spain is about the Savage Islands, not recognized by Portugal.
Spain claims the sovereignty over the Perejil Island, a small, uninhabited rocky islet located in the South shore of the Strait of Gibraltar. The island lies 250 meters just off the coast of Morocco, 8 km from Ceuta and 13.5 km from mainland Spain. Its sovereignty is disputed between Spain and Morocco. It was the subject of an armed incident between the two countries in 2002. The incident ended when both countries agreed to return to the status quo ante which existed prior to the Moroccan occupation of the island. The islet is now deserted and without any sign of sovereignty.
Besides the Perejil Island, the Spanish-held territories claimed by other countries are two: Morocco claims the Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla and the plazas de soberanía islets off the northern coast of Africa; and Portugal does not recognise Spain's sovereignty over the territory of Olivenza.
Military[link]
Main article: Spanish Armed Forces
The armed forces of Spain are known as the Spanish Armed Forces (Spanish: Fuerzas Armadas Españolas). Their Commander-in-chief is the King of Spain, Juan Carlos I.[74]
The Spanish Armed Forces are divided into three branches:[75]
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of Spain
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Spain's capitalist mixed economy is the twelfth largest worldwide and the fifth largest in the European Union, as well as the Eurozone's fourth largest.
The centre-right government of former prime minister José María Aznar worked successfully to gain admission to the group of countries launching the euro in 1999. Unemployment stood at 7.6% in October 2006, a rate that compared favorably to many other European countries, and especially with the early 1990s when it stood at over 20%. Perennial weak points of Spain's economy include high inflation,[76] a large underground economy,[77] and an education system which OECD reports place among the poorest for developed countries, together with the United States and UK.[78]
However, the Spanish property bubble that begun building from 1997, fed by historically low interest rates and an immense surge in immigration, imploded in 2008, leading to a rapidly weakening economy and soaring unemployment. By the end of May 2009, unemployment reached 18.7% (37% for youths).[79][80]
Before the current crisis, the Spanish economy was credited for having avoided the virtual zero growth rate of some of its largest partners in the EU.[81] In fact, the country's economy created more than half of all the new jobs in the European Union over the five years ending 2005, a process that is rapidly being reversed.[82] The Spanish economy has been until recently regarded as one of the most dynamic within the EU, attracting significant amounts of foreign investment.[83]
The most recent economic growth benefited greatly from the global real estate boom, with construction representing an astonishing 16% of GDP and 12% of employment in its final year.[84]
According to calculations by the German newspaper Die Welt in 2007, Spain was on course to overtake Germany in per capita income by 2011.[85] But the collapse of the housing boom in 2008 brought this to an end. According to the IMF, the PPP GDP per capita of Spain had, by 2010, slipped to USD 29,830; this compared to Germany at 36,081, UK 35,059, France 33,910, Italy 29,480, Greece 28,496, and Portugal 23,262.[86]
Research about quality of life by the Economist Intelligence Unit's quality of life survey placed Spain as the country among the top 10 best quality of life in the world for 2005, ahead of other economically and technologically advanced countries like France, Germany, the United Kingdom and South Korea.[87]
Before the collapse of the real estate boom there had been a corresponding rise in the levels of personal debt as prospective home owners struggled to meet asking prices. The average level of household debt tripled in less than a decade. This placed great pressure upon lower to middle income groups; by 2005 the median ratio of indebtedness to income had grown to 125%, due primarily to expensive boom time mortgages.[88]
The 2008/2009 credit crunch and world recession manifested itself in Spain through a massive downturn in the property sector. Fortunately, Spain's banks and financial services avoided the more severe problems of their counterparts in the USA and UK, due mainly to a stringently enforced conservative financial regulatory regime. The Spanish financial authorities had not forgotten the country's own banking crisis of 1979 and an earlier real-estate-precipitated banking crisis of 1993. Indeed, Spain's largest bank, Banco Santander, participated in the UK government's bail-out of part of the UK banking sector.[89]
A European Commission forecast predicted Spain would enter a recession by the end of 2008.[90] According to Spain’s Finance Minister, “Spain faces its deepest recession in half a century”.[91] Spain's government forecast the unemployment rate would rise to 16% in 2009. The ESADE business school predicted 20%.[92] In 2012, it had already risen to an astonishing 23.3%.[93]
Tourism[link]
Main article: Tourism in Spain
During the last four decades the Spanish tourism industry has grown to become the second biggest in the world, worth approximately 40 billion Euros, about 5% of GDP, in 2006.[84][94] Today, the climate of Spain, historical and cultural monuments and its geographic position together with its facilities make tourism one of Spain's main national industries and a large source of stable employment and development. The Spanish hotel star rating system has requirements much more demanding than other European countries, so at a given rating Spanish accommodations worth higher.[95]
Energy[link]
Main article: Renewable energy in Spain
Spain is one of the world's leading countries in the development and production of renewable energy. In 2010 Spain became the solar power world leader when it overtook the United States with a massive power station plant called La Florida, near Alvarado, Badajoz.[96][97] Spain is also Europe's main producer of wind energy. In 2010 its wind turbines generated 42,976 GWh, which accounted for 16.4% of all the energy produced in Spain.[98][99][100] On November 9, 2010, wind energy reached an instantaneous historic peak covering 53% of mainland electricity demand[101] and generating an amount of energy that is equivalent to that of 14 nuclear reactors.[102] Other renewable energies used in Spain are hydroelectric, biomass and marine (2 power plants under construction).[103]
Non-renewable energy sources used in Spain are nuclear (8 operative reactors), gas, coal, and oil.
Transport[link]
Main article: Transport in Spain
The Spanish road system is mainly centralized, with six highways connecting Madrid to the Basque Country, Catalonia, Valencia, West Andalusia, Extremadura and Galicia. Additionally, there are highways along the Atlantic (Ferrol to Vigo), Cantabrian (Oviedo to San Sebastián) and Mediterranean (Girona to Cádiz) coasts.
Spain has the most extensive high-speed rail network in Europe, and the second most extensive in the world after China.[104][105][106] As of October 2010 Spain has a total of 3,500 km (2,174.80 mi) of high speed tracks linking Málaga, Seville, Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia and Valladolid, with the trains reaching speeds up to 300 km/h (187 mph). On average, the Spanish high-speed train is the fastest one in the world followed by the Japanese bullet train and the French TGV.[107] Regarding punctuality, it is the second one in the world (98.54% on-time arrival) after the Japanese Shinkansen (99%). [108] Should the aims of the ambitious AVE program (Spanish high speed trains) be met, by 2020 Spain will have 7000 km (4300 mi) of high-speed trains linking almost all provincial cities to Madrid in less than 3 hours and Barcelona within 4 hours.
There are 47 public airports in Spain. The busiest one is the airport of Madrid (Barajas), with 50 million passengers in 2011, being the world's 15th busiest airport, as well as the European Union's fourth busiest. The airport of Barcelona (El Prat) is also important, with 35 million passengers in 2011, being the world's 31th busiest airport. Other main airports are located in Majorca (23 million passengers), Málaga (13 million passengers), Las Palmas (Gran Canaria) (11 million passengers), Alicante (10 million passengers) and smaller, with the number of passengers between 4 and 10 million, for example Tenerife (two airports), Valencia, Seville, Bilbao, Ibiza, Lanzarote, Fuerteventura. Also, more than 30 airports with the number of passengers below 4 million.
Spain aims to put 1 million electric cars on the road by 2014 as part of the government's plan to save energy and boost energy efficiency.[109] The Minister of Industry Miguel Sebastian said that "the electric vehicle is the future and the engine of an industrial revolution."[110]
Demographics[link]
Main article: Demographics of Spain
In 2008 the population of Spain officially reached 46 million people, as recorded by the Padrón municipal.[111] Spain's population density, at 91/km² (235/sq mi), is lower than that of most Western European countries and its distribution across the country is very unequal. With the exception of the region surrounding the capital, Madrid, the most populated areas lie around the coast. The population of Spain more than doubled since 1900, when it stood at 18.6 million, principally due to the spectacular demographic boom in the 1960s and early 1970s.[112]
Native Spaniards make up 88% of the total population of Spain. After the birth rate plunged in the 1980s and Spain's population growth rate dropped, the population again trended upward, based initially on the return of many Spaniards who had emigrated to other European countries during the 1970s, and more recently, fuelled by large numbers of immigrants who make up 12% of the population. The immigrants originate mainly in Latin America (39%), North Africa (16%), Eastern Europe (15%), and Sub-Saharan Africa (4%).[113] In 2005, Spain instituted a three-month amnesty program through which certain hitherto undocumented aliens were granted legal residency.
In 2008, Spain granted citizenship to 84,170 persons, mostly to people from Ecuador, Colombia and Morocco.[114] A sizeable portion of foreign residents in Spain also comes from other Western and Central European countries. These are mostly British, French, German, Dutch, and Norwegian. They reside primarily on the Mediterranean coast and the Balearic islands, where many choose to live their retirement or telecommute.
Substantial populations descended from Spanish colonists and immigrants exist in other parts of the world, most notably in Latin America. Beginning in the late 15th century, large numbers of Iberian colonists settled in what became Latin America and at present most white Latin Americans (who make up about one-third of Latin America's population) are of Spanish or Portuguese origin. In the 16th century perhaps 240,000 Spaniards emigrated, mostly to Peru and Mexico.[115] They were joined by 450,000 in the next century.[116] Between 1846 and 1932 it is estimated that nearly 5 million Spaniards emigrated to the Americas, especially to Argentina and Brazil.[117] Approximately two million Spaniards migrated to other Western European countries between 1960 to 1975. During the same period perhaps 300,000 went to Latin America.[118]
Urbanization[link]
File:Spain met.png
Map of the main metropolitan areas
File:Girona riverside HDR.jpg
The city of Girona
| Pos. | City | Region | Province | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Madrid | Community of Madrid | Madrid | 6,501,717 |
| 2 | Barcelona | Catalonia | Barcelona | 5,511,147 |
| 3 | Valencia | Valencian Community | Valencia | 2,575,362 |
| 4 | Seville | Andalusia | Seville | 1,927,109 |
| 5 | Bilbao | Basque Country | Biscay | 1.152.658 |
| 6 | Málaga | Andalusia | Málaga | 1,624,145 |
| 7 | Oviedo–Gijón | Asturias | Asturias | 844,000 |
| 8 | Alicante–Elche | Valencian Community | Alicante | 793,000 |
| 9 | Las Palmas de G.C. | Canarias | Las Palmas | 750,000 |
| 10 | Zaragoza | Aragon | Zaragoza | 730,000 |
| Pos. | City | Region | Province | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Madrid | Community of Madrid | Madrid | 3,213,271 |
| 2 | Barcelona | Catalonia | Barcelona | 1,615,908 |
| 3 | Valencia | Valencian Community | Valencia | 810,064 |
| 4 | Seville | Andalusia | Seville | 703.206 |
| 5 | Zaragoza | Aragon | Zaragoza | 699.240 |
| 6 | Málaga | Andalusia | Málaga | 566,447 |
| 7 | Murcia | Murcia | Murcia | 430,571 |
| 8 | Palma de Mallorca | Balearic Islands | Balearic Islands | 401,570 |
| 9 | Las Palmas de G.C. | Canary Islands | Las Palmas | 381,723 |
| 10 | Bilbao | Basque Country | Biscay | 353,340 |
Peoples[link]
Main articles: Spanish people and Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain
The Spanish Constitution of 1978, in its second article, recognises historic entities ("nationalities", a carefully chosen word in order to avoid the more politically charged "nations") and regions, within the context of the Spanish nation. For some people, Spain's identity consists more of an overlap of different regional identities than of a sole Spanish identity. Indeed, some of the regional identities may even conflict with the Spanish one.[clarification needed] Distinct traditional regional identities within Spain include the Basques, Catalans, Galicians and Castilians, among others.[120]
It is this last feature of "shared identity" between the more local level or Autonomous Community and the Spanish level which makes the identity question in Spain complex and far from univocal.
Minority groups[link]
Spain has a number of descendants of populations from former colonies (especially Equatorial Guinea) and immigrants from several Sub-Saharan and Caribbean countries have been recently settling in Spain. There are also sizeable numbers of Asian immigrants, most of whom are of Chinese, Indian, Filipino, Middle Eastern and South Asian origins; the population of Latin Americans is sizable as well and a fast growing segment. Other growing groups are Britons, 760,000 in 2006, Germans and other immigrants from the rest of Europe.[121]
The arrival of the Gitanos, a Romani people, began in the 16th century; estimates of the Spanish Gitano population fluctuate around 700,000.[122] The Mercheros (also Quinquis) are a minority group, formerly nomadic, that share a lot of the way of life of Gitanos. Their origin is unclear.
Immigration[link]
Main article: Immigration to Spain
According to the Spanish government there were 5.7 million foreign residents in Spain in 2011, or 12.2% of the total population. According to residence permit data for 2011, more than 860,000 were Romanian, about 770,000 were Moroccan, approximately 390,000 were British, and 360.000 were Ecuadorian.[123] Other sizeable foreign communities are Colombian, Bolivian, German, Italian, Bulgarian, and Chinese. There are more than 200,000 migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa living in Spain, principally Senegaleses and Nigerians.[124] Since 2000, Spain has experienced high population growth as a result of immigration flows, despite a birth rate that is only half the replacement level. This sudden and ongoing inflow of immigrants, particularly those arriving clandestinely by sea, has caused noticeable social tension.[125]
Within the EU, Spain had the second highest immigration rate in percentage terms after Cyprus, but by a great margin, the highest in absolute numbers, up to 2008.[126] The number of immigrants in Spain had grown up from 500,000 people in 1996 to 5.2 million in 2008 out of a total population of 46 million.[127][128] In 2005 alone, a regularisation programme increased the legal immigrant population by 700,000 people.[129] There are a number of reasons for the high level of immigration, including Spain's cultural ties with Latin America, its geographical position, the porosity of its borders, the large size of its underground economy and the strength of the agricultural and construction sectors, which demand more low cost labour than can be offered by the national workforce.
Another statistically significant factor is the large number of residents of EU origin typically retiring to Spain's Mediterranean coast. In fact, Spain was Europe's largest absorber of migrants from 2002 to 2007, with its immigrant population more than doubling as 2.5 million people arrived.[130] According to the Financial Times, Spain is the most favoured destination for West Europeans considering a move from their own country and seeking jobs elsewhere in the EU.[131]
In 2008, the government instituted a Plan of Voluntary Return which encouraged unemployed immigrants from outside the EU to return to their home countries and receive several incentives, including the right to keep their unemployment benefits and transfer whatever they contributed to the Spanish Social Security.[132] The program had little effect; during its first two months, just 1,400 immigrants took up the offer.[133] What the program failed to do, the sharp and prolonged economic crisis has done from 2010 to 2011 in that tens of thousands of immigrants have left the country due to lack of jobs. In 2011 alone, more than half a million people have left Spain.[134] For the first time in decades the net migration rate is expected to be negative, and 9 out 10 emigrants are foreigners.[134]
Languages[link]
Main article: Languages of Spain
|
Spanish official and spoken all over the country
Catalan/Valencian, co-official
Basque, co-official
Galician, co-official
|
Asturian, recognised
Aragonese, recognised
Leonese, unofficial
Extremaduran, unofficial
Fala, unofficial
|
Spain is openly multilingual,[135] and the constitution establishes that the nation will protect "all Spaniards and the peoples of Spain in the exercise of human rights, their cultures and traditions, languages and institutions.[136]
Spanish (español) — officially recognized in the constitution as Castilian (castellano) — is the official language of the entire country, and it is the right and duty of every Spaniard to know the language. The constitution also establishes that "all other Spanish languages" — that is, all other languages of Spain — will also be official in their respective autonomous communities in accordance to their Statutes, their organic regional legislations, and that the "richness of the distinct linguistic modalities of Spain represents a patrimony which will be the object of special respect and protection."[137]
The other official languages of Spain, co-official with Spanish are:
- Basque (euskera) in the Basque Country and Navarre;
- Catalan (català) in Catalonia, the Balearic Islands and in the Valencian Community, where its distinct modality of the language is officially known as Valencian (valencià); and
- Galician (galego) in Galicia
As a percentage of the general population, Basque is spoken by 2%, Catalan (or Valencian) by 17%, and Galician by 7% of all Spaniards.[138]
In Catalonia, Aranese, a local variety of the Occitan language has been declared co-official along with Catalan and Spanish since 2006. It is spoken only in the comarca of Val d'Aran by roughly 6,700 people. Other Romance minority languages, though not official, have special recognition, such as the Astur-Leonese group (Asturian, also called "Bable"in Asturias[139] and Leonese in Castile and León) and Aragonese in Aragon.
In the North African Spanish autonomous city of Melilla, Riff Berber is spoken by a significant part of the population. In the tourist areas of the Mediterranean coast and the islands, English and German are widely spoken by tourists, foreign residents, and tourism workers.
Education[link]
Main article: Education in Spain
State education in Spain is free and compulsory from the age of 6 to 16. The current education system was established by an educational law of 2006, Ley Orgánica de Educación, or Fundamental Law of Education.[140]
Religion[link]
Main article: Religion in Spain
| Religions in Spain | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Catholicism |
|
71% | ||
| No religion |
|
24.1% | ||
| Other faith |
|
2.7% | ||
| No answer |
|
1.9% | ||
| Numbers from the following source:[141] | ||||
Roman Catholicism has long been the main religion of Spain, and although it no longer has official status by law, in all public schools in Spain students have to choose either religion or ethics and Catholic is the only religion officially taught. According to a April 2012 study by the Spanish Center of Sociological Research about 71% of Spaniards self-identify as Catholics, 2.7% other faith, and about 24% identify with no religion among which 9.4% are atheists. Most Spaniards do not participate regularly in religious services. This same study shows that of the Spaniards who identify themselves as religious, 59% hardly ever or never go to church, 15% go to church some times a year, 8% some time per month and 14% every Sunday or multiple times per week.[141]
But according to a December 2006 study, 48% of the population declared a belief in a supreme being, while 41% described themselves as atheist or agnostic.[142] Altogether, about 22% of the entire Spanish population attends religious services at least once per month.[143] Though Spanish society has become considerably more secular in recent decades, the influx of Latin American immigrants, who tend to be strong Catholic practitioners, has helped the Catholic Church to recover.
Protestant churches have about 1,200,000 members.[144] There are about 105,000 Jehovah's Witnesses. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has approximately 46,000 adherents in 133 congregations in all regions of the country and has a temple in the Moratalaz District of Madrid.[145]
The recent waves of immigration have also led to an increasing number of Muslims, who number approximately one million in Spain. Presently, Islam is the second largest religion in Spain, accounting for approximately 2.3% of the total population.[146] After their expulsion in 1492, Muslims did not live in Spain for centuries. Late 19th-century colonial expansion in northwestern Africa gave a number of residents in Spanish Morocco and Western Sahara full citizenship. Their ranks have since been bolstered by recent immigration, especially from Morocco and Algeria.[147]
Judaism was practically non-existent in Spain from the 1492 expulsion until the 19th century, when Jews were again permitted to enter the country. Currently there are around 62,000 Jews in Spain, or 0.14% of the total population. Most are arrivals in the past century, while some are descendants of earlier Spanish Jews. Approximately 80,000 Jews are thought to have lived in Spain on the eve of the Spanish Inquisition.[148]
Culture[link]
Main articles: Culture of Spain and UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Spain
Culturally, Spain is a Western country. Because of the great strength of its Roman heritage in almost every aspect of Spanish life, Spain is often described as a Latin country. Nevertheless, there have been many influences on many aspects of Spanish life, from art and architecture to cuisine and music, from many countries across Europe and from around the Mediterranean, through its long history.
The number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Spain, 40, is exceeded only by the number in Italy.[149]
Literature[link]
Main article: Spanish literature
Due to historic, geographic and generational diversity, Spanish literature has known a great number of influences and it is very diverse. Some major literary movements can be identified within it.
Miguel de Cervantes is probably Spain's most famous author and his Don Quixote is considered the most emblematic work in the canon of Spanish literature and a founding classic of Western literature.[150]
See also: Catalan literature, Basque literature, Galician-language literature, and Latin American literature
Language institutions[link]
Main articles: Royal Spanish Academy, Institute for Catalan Studies, Royal Galician Academy, and Royal Academy of the Basque language
The Royal Spanish Academy (Real Academia Española or RAE, in Spanish) is the institution responsible for regulating the Spanish language. It is based in Madrid, but is affiliated with national language academies in 21 Spanish-speaking nations through the Association of Spanish Language Academies. Its emblem is a fiery crucible, and its motto is Limpia, fija y da esplendor ("It cleans, sets, and gives splendor").[151]
With the same policy, the Royal Galician Academy (Real Academia Galega or RAG, in Galician) was created in 1906 in A Coruña with the help of Havana emigrated Galicians. Its work is based in a Lexicography (the main results are the official and standard Dicionario da Real Academia and the Vocabulario ortográfico da lingua galega), Terminology (through Termigal since 1997), Sociolinguistics, Onomastics and Grammar approaches from the Linguistics point of view, and another two sections for History and Literature.[152] The Academy works closely with the government as an advice institution, and its resolutions are almost binding about language standard. It had though recently demonstrated criticism about the developement of the Galician language policy by the Government.[153]
The Institute of Catalan Studies (Institut d'Estudis Catalans or IEC, in Catalan) is an academic institution which seeks to undertake research and study into "all elements of Catalan culture". The IEC is known principally for its work in standardizing the Catalan language. The IEC is based in Barcelona, the capital of Catalonia. Officially the IEC provides standards for Catalonia proper, Northern Catalonia (located in France), the Balearic Islands, and the Principality of Andorra (the only country where Catalan is the sole official language). The Valencian Community has its own language academy, the Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua. In an area known as the Franja de Ponent, the eastern edge of Aragon adjacent to Catalonia where Catalan is spoken, the rules are used de facto although Catalan is not an official language.
Art[link]
Main article: Spanish art
Artists from Spain have been highly influential in the development of various European artistic movements. Due to historical, geographical and generational diversity, Spanish art has known a great number of influences. The Moorish heritage in Spain, especially in Andalusia, is still evident today in cities like Córdoba, Seville, and Granada. European influences include Italy, Germany and France, especially during the Baroque and Neoclassical periods.
Cinema[link]
Main article: Cinema of Spain
Spanish cinema has achieved major international success including Oscars for recent films such as Pan's Labyrinth and Volver.[154] In the long history of Spanish cinema, the great filmmaker Luis Buñuel was the first to achieve world recognition, followed by Pedro Almodóvar in the 1980s. Spanish cinema has also seen international success over the years with films by directors like Segundo de Chomón, Florián Rey, Luis García Berlanga, Carlos Saura, Julio Medem and Alejandro Amenábar.
Architecture[link]
Main article: Spanish architecture
Due to its historical and geographical diversity, Spanish architecture has drawn from a host of influences. An important provincial city founded by the Romans and with an extensive Roman era infrastructure, Córdoba became the cultural capital, including fine Arabic style architecture, during the time of the Islamic Umayyad dynasty.[155] Later Arab style architecture continued to be developed under successive Islamic dynasties, ending with the Nasrid, which built its famed palace complex in Granada.
Simultaneously, the Christian kingdoms gradually emerged and developed their own styles; developing a pre-Romanesque style when for a while isolated from contemporary mainstream European architectural influences during the earlier Middle Ages, they later integrated the Romanesque and Gothic streams. There was then an extraordinary flowering of the gothic style that resulted in numerous instances being built throughout the entire territory. The Mudéjar style, from the 12th to 17th centuries, was developed by introducing Arab style motifs, patterns and elements into European architecture.
The arrival of Modernism in the academic arena produced much of the architecture of the 20th century. An influential style centered in Barcelona, known as modernisme, produced a number of important architects, of which Gaudí is one. The International style was led by groups like GATEPAC. Spain is currently experiencing a revolution in contemporary architecture and Spanish architects like Rafael Moneo, Santiago Calatrava, Ricardo Bofill as well as many others have gained worldwide renown.
Music and dance[link]
Main article: Music of Spain
Spanish music is often considered abroad to be synonymous with flamenco, a West Andalusian musical genre, which, contrary to popular belief, is not widespread outside that region. Various regional styles of folk music abound in Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia, Castile, the Basque Country, Galicia and Asturias. Pop, rock, hip hop and heavy metal are also popular. In the field of classical music, Spain has produced a number of noted composers such as Isaac Albéniz, Manuel de Falla and Enrique Granados and singers and performers such as Plácido Domingo, José Carreras, Montserrat Caballé, Alicia de Larrocha, Alfredo Kraus, Pablo Casals, Ricardo Viñes, José Iturbi, Pablo de Sarasate, Jordi Savall and Teresa Berganza. In Spain there are over forty professional orchestras, including the Orquestra Simfònica de Barcelona, Orquesta Nacional de España and the Orquesta Sinfónica de Madrid. Major opera houses include the Teatro Real,the Gran Teatre del Liceu, Teatro Arriaga and the El Palau de les Arts Reina Sofía.
Thousands of music fans also travel to Spain each year for internationally recognised summer music festivals Sonar which often features the top up and coming pop and techno acts, and Benicàssim which tends to feature alternative rock and dance acts.[156] Both festivals mark Spain as an international music presence and reflect the tastes of young people in the country.
The most popular traditional musical instrument, the guitar, originated in Spain.[157] Typical of the north are the traditional bag pipers or gaiteros, mainly in Asturias and Galicia.
Cuisine[link]
Main article: Spanish cuisine
Spanish cuisine consists of a great variety of dishes which stem from differences in geography, culture and climate. It is heavily influenced by seafood available from the waters that surround the country, and reflects the country's deep Mediterranean roots. Spain's extensive history with many cultural influences has led to a unique cuisine. In particular, three main divisions are easily identified:
- Mediterranean Spain – all such coastal regions, from Catalonia to Andalusia: heavy use of seafood, such as pescaíto frito; several cold soups like gazpacho; and many rice-based dishes like paella from Valencia[158] and arroz negro from Catalonia.[159]
- Inner Spain – Castile: hot, thick soups such as the bread and garlic-based Castilian soup, along with substantious stews such as cocido madrileño. Food is traditionally conserved by salting, like Spanish ham, or immersed in olive oil, like Manchego cheese.
- Atlantic Spain – the whole Northern coast, including Asturian, Basque, Cantabrian and Galician cuisine: vegetable and fish-based stews like pote gallego and marmitako. Also, the lightly cured lacón ham. The most known North countries cuisine often rely on the captures from close or distant seas, like the Basque-style cod, albacore or anchovy or the Galician octopus-based polbo á feira and shellfish dishes.
Science and technology[link]
In the 19th and 20th centuries science in Spain was held back by severe political instability and consequent economic underdevelopment. Despite the conditions, some noted scientists and engineers emerged. Among the most notable were Miguel Servet, Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Narcís Monturiol i Estarriol, Celedonio Calatayud, Juan de la Cierva and Severo Ochoa.
Sport[link]
Main article: Sport in Spain
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Sport in Spain has been dominated by football since the early 20th century. Real Madrid C.F. and FC Barcelona are two of the most successful football clubs in the world. The country's national football team won the UEFA European Football Championship in 1964 and 2008 and the FIFA World Cup in 2010.
Basketball, tennis, cycling, handball, futsal, motorcycling and, lately, Formula One are also important due to the presence of Spanish champions in all these disciplines. Today, Spain is a major world sports powerhouse, especially since the 1992 Summer Olympics that were hosted in Barcelona, which stimulated a great deal of interest in sports in the country. The tourism industry has led to an improvement in sports infrastructure, especially for water sports, golf and skiing.
Rafael Nadal is the leading Spanish tennis player and has won several Grand Slam titles including the Wimbledon 2010 men's singles. In north Spain, the game of pelota is very popular. Alberto Contador is the leading Spanish cyclist and has won several Grand Tour titles including three Tour de France titles.
Public holidays[link]
Main article: Public holidays in Spain
Public holidays celebrated in Spain include a mix of religious (Roman Catholic), national and regional observances. Each municipality is allowed to declare a maximum of 14 public holidays per year; up to nine of these are chosen by the national government and at least two are chosen locally.[160] Spain's National Day (Fiesta Nacional de España) is 12 October, the anniversary of the Discovery of America and commemorate Our Lady of the Pillar feast, patroness of Aragón and throughout Spain.
See also[link]
 |
Book: Spain |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
References[link]
- Notes
- ^ In some autonomous communities, Catalan, Valencian, Galician, Basque and Aranese (Occitan) are co-official languages. Aragonese, Asturian and Leonese have some degree of official recognition
- ^ The .eu domain is also used, as it is shared with other European Union member states. Also, the .cat domain is used in Catalan-speaking territories.
- ^ In Spain, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous (regional) languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:
- Aragonese: Reino d'Espanya, IPA: [ˈreino ðesˈpaɲa];
- Asturian: Reinu d'España, IPA: [ˈreinu ðesˈpaɲa];
- Basque: Espainiako Erresuma IPA: [espaɲako eres̺uma];
- Catalan: Regne d'Espanya, IPA: [ˈreŋnə ðəsˈpaɲə] or [ˈreŋne ðasˈpaɲa];
- Galician: Reino de España, IPA: [ˈreino ðe esˈpaɲa];
- Extremaduran: Réinu d'España, IPA: [ˈreinu ðesˈpaɲa];
- Occitan: Reialme d'Espanha, IPA: [reˈjalme ðesˈpaɲɔ].
- ^ The latifundia (sing., latifundium), large estates controlled by the aristocracy, were superimposed on the existing Iberian landholding system.
- ^ The poets Martial, Quintilian and Lucan were also born in Hispania.
- ^ The Berbers soon gave up attempting to settle the harsh lands in the north of the Meseta Central handed to them by the Arab rulers.
- ^ For the related expulsions that followed see Morisco.
- References
- ^ "Official Population Figures of Spain. Population on the 1 April 2010". Instituto Nacional de Estadística de España. http://www.ine.es/jaxiBD/tabla.do?per=01&type=db&divi=EPOB&idtab=2. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
- ^ a b c d "Spain". International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=33&pr.y=1&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=184&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
- ^ "CIA World Factbook". https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
- ^ "Human Development Report 2011". United Nations. 2011. http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table1.pdf. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
- ^ The Spanish Constitution does not establish any official name for Spain, even though the terms España (Spain), Estado español (Spanish State) and Nación española (Spanish Nation) are used throughout the document. Nonetheless, the Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs established in an ordinance published in 1984 that the denominations España (Spain) and Reino de España (Kingdom of Spain) are equally valid to designate Spain in international treaties. This term, Kingdom of Spain, is widely used by the government in national and international affairs of all kind, includuing foreign treaties as well as national official documents, and is therefore recognized as the official name by many international organizations. Acuerdo entre el Reino de de España y Nueva Zelanda, Acuerdo entre el reino de España y el reino de Marruecos[dead link]; licenses permissions Tratado de la Unión Europea
- ^ a b Anthon, Charles (1850). A system of ancient and mediæval geography for the use of schools and colleges. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 14. http://books.google.com/?id=hm0rAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA14&dq=hesperia&q=hesperia.
- ^ Burke, Ulick Ralph (2nd edition, 2008). A History of Spain from the Earliest Times to the Death of Ferdinand the Catholic, Volume 1. London: Longmans, Green & Co. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-4437-4054-8. http://books.google.com/?id=DuiyyWGg-KEC&pg=PA410&dq=spain+hispania&q=hispania.
- ^ # ↑ Linch, John (director), Fernández Castro, María Cruz (del segundo tomo), Historia de España, El País, volumen II, La península Ibérica en época prerromana, pg. 40. Dossier. La etimología de España; ¿tierra de conejos?, ISBN 978-84-9815-764-2
- ^ a b [1][dead link]
- ^ "'First west Europe tooth' found". BBC. 30 June 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6256356.stm. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
- ^ Typical Aurignacian items were found in Cantabria (Morín, El Pendo, Castillo), the Basque Country (Santimamiñe) and Catalonia. The radiocarbon datations give the following dates: 32,425 and 29,515 BP.
- ^ a b c Rinehart, Robert; Seeley, Jo Ann Browning (1998). "A Country Study: Spain – Hispania". Library of Congress Country Series. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/estoc.html. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
- ^ a b Payne, Stanley G. (1973). "A History of Spain and Portugal; Ch. 1 Ancient Hispania". The Library of Iberian Resources Online. http://libro.uca.edu/payne1/spainport1.htm. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
- ^ Dhimma provides rights of residence in return for taxes. H. Patrick Glenn, Legal Traditions of the World. Oxford University Press, 2007, pg. 218–219.
- ^ Dhimmi have fewer legal and social rights than Muslims, but more rights than other non-Muslims.Lewis, Bernard, The Jews of Islam. Princeton: Princeton University Press (1984). ISBN 978-0-691-00807-3 p. 62
- ^ Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages. Chapter 5: Ethnic Relations, Thomas F. Glick
- ^ a b c d Payne, Stanley G. (1973). "A History of Spain and Portugal; Ch. 2 Al-Andalus". The Library of Iberian Resources Online. http://libro.uca.edu/payne1/spainport1.htm. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
- ^ Rinehart, Robert; Seeley, Jo Ann Browning (1998). "A Country Study: Spain – Castile and Aragon". Library of Congress Country Series. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/estoc.html. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
- ^ "Ransoming Captives in Crusader Spain: The Order of Merced on the Christian-Islamic Frontier". http://libro.uca.edu/rc/rc1.htm. Retrieved 13 August 2008. See also: Payne, Stanley G. (1973). "A History of Spain and Portugal; Ch. 4 Castile-León in the Era of the Great Reconquest". The Library of Iberian Resources Online. http://libro.uca.edu/payne1/spainport1.htm. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
- ^ Payne, Stanley G. (1973). "A History of Spain and Portugal; Ch. 5 The Rise of Aragón-Catalonia". The Library of Iberian Resources Online. http://libro.uca.edu/payne1/spainport1.htm. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
- ^ "The Black Death". Channel 4. Archived from the original on 9 July 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080709074635/http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/a-b/blackdeath.html. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
- ^ "The Treaty of Granada, 1492". Islamic Civilisation. http://www.cyberistan.org/islamic/treaty1492.html. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
- ^ Spanish Inquisition left genetic legacy in Iberia. New Scientist. 4 December 2008.
- ^ a b Rinehart, Robert; Seeley, Jo Ann Browning (1998). "A Country Study: Spain – The Golden Age". Library of Congress Country Series. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/estoc.html. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
- ^ "Imperial Spain". University of Calgary. http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/Imperial.html. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
- ^ Payne, Stanley G. (1973). "A History of Spain and Portugal; Ch. 13 The Spanish Empire". The Library of Iberian Resources Online. http://libro.uca.edu/payne1/spainport1.htm. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
- ^ Thomas, Hugh (2003). Rivers of gold: the rise of the Spanish Empire. London: George Weidenfeld & Nicholson. pp. passim. ISBN 978-0-297-64563-4.
- ^ According to Robert Davis between 1 million and 1.25 million Europeans were captured by North African Muslim pirates and sold as slaves during the 16th and 17th centuries.
- ^ "The Seventeenth-Century Decline". The Library of Iberian resources online. http://libro.uca.edu/payne1/payne15.htm. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
- ^ Payne, Stanley G. (1973). "A History of Spain and Portugal; Ch. 14 Spanish Society and Economics in the Imperial Age". The Library of Iberian Resources Online. http://libro.uca.edu/payne1/spainport1.htm. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
- ^ Rinehart, Robert; Seeley, Jo Ann Browning (1998). "A Country Study: Spain – Spain in Decline". Library of Congress Country Series. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/estoc.html. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
- ^ Rinehart, Robert; Seeley, Jo Ann Browning (1998). "A Country Study: Spain – Bourbon Spain". Library of Congress Country Series. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/estoc.html. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
- ^ Gascoigne, Bamber (1998). "History of Spain: Bourbon dynasty: from AD 1700". Library of Congress Country Series. http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?HistoryID=ab50&ParagraphID=iss#iss. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
- ^ David A. Bell. "Napoleon's Total War". TheHistoryNet.com
- ^ (Gates 2001, p.20)
- ^ (Gates 2001, p.467)
- ^ Spanish Civil War crimes investigation launched, Telegraph, 16 October 2008
- ^ Spanish Civil War fighters look back, BBC News, 23 February 2003
- ^ "Relatives of Spaniards who fled Franco granted citizenship". Daily Telegraph (UK) 28 December 2008.
- ^ Pfanner, Eric (11 July 2002). "Economy reaps benefits of entry to the 'club' : Spain's euro bonanza". International Herald Tribune. http://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/11/business/worldbusiness/11iht-a10_18.html?scp=1&sq=Economy%20reaps%20benefits%20of%20entry%20to%20the%20%27club%27%20:%20Spain%27s%20euro%20bonanza&st=cse. Retrieved 9 August 2008. See also: "Spain's economy / Plain sailing no longer". The Economist. 3 May 2007. http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?story_id=9118701. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
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- Literature
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| Rokia Traoré | |
|---|---|
 Rokia Traoré singing. |
|
| Background information | |
| Born | (1974-01-24) January 24, 1974 (age 38) |
| Origin | Kolokani, Mali |
| Genres | World Music |
| Occupations | Singer, songwriter, guitarist |
| Years active | 1997–present |
| Website | http://www.rokiatraore.net |
Rokia Traoré (born January 26, 1974) is a Victoires de la Musique award-winning Malian singer, songwriter and guitarist. Born in Mali as a member of the Bambara ethnic group, her father was a diplomat and she travelled widely in her youth. She visited such countries as Algeria, Saudi Arabia, France and Belgium and was exposed to a wide variety of influences. Her hometown of Kolokani is in the northwestern part of Mali's Koulikoro region.
While the Bamana have a tradition of griot performing at weddings, members of the nobility such as Rokia are discouraged from performing as musicians. Rokia attended lycée in Mali while her father was stationed in Brussels and started performing publicly as a university student in Bamako. Unusually for a female musician in Africa, Rokia plays acoustic guitar as well as sings, and she uses vocal harmonies in her arrangements which are rare in Malian music. In 1997, she linked with Mali musician Ali Farka Touré which raised her profile. She won an Radio France Internationale prize as "African Discovery" of 1997, an honor previously won by Mali's Habib Koité in 1993. As well as guitar she plays ngoni (lute) and balafon
Her first album Mouneïssa (Label Bleu), released in late 1997 in Mali and September 1, 1998 in Europe, was acclaimed for its fresh treatment and unqualifiable combinations of several Malian music traditions such as her use of the ngoni and the balafon. It sold over 40,000 copies in Europe.
On July 11, 2000, her second album Wanita was released. Traoré wrote and arranged the entire album. The album was widely acclaimed with The New York Times nominating it as one of its critics' albums of the year.
Her 2003 album Bowmboï has two tracks recorded with the Kronos Quartet but still sung in the Bamana language, and was awarded the prestigious BBC Radio 3 World Music Award. As of 2005, she has been nominated three times for this award. She played at WOMAD in 2004 and completed her first tour of North America in the same year.
In 2005 she performed at the "Africa Live" festival, held in Dakar (Senegal) on 12 and 13 March 2005, where, several great names of African music were present, including: Malians Ali Farka Touré, Salif Keïta, Oumou Sangaré, Tinariwen, Tiken Jah Fakoly of Côte d'Ivoire, Cameronian Manu Dibango, Algerian Khaled, Senegalese Didier Awadi, Baaba Maal and Youssou N'Dour, and the French rapper Joey Starr. These concerts were dedicated to the fight against malaria in Africa.
In 2005 she also performed at the Youssou N'dour and Friends concert in Geneva, which was also a supporting gala against malaria, with Peter Gabriel, Amadou and Mariam, Gilberto Gil, Tiken Jah Fakoly and Neneh Cherry.
In December 2006 Peter Sellars' New Crowned Hope festival, which is part of the City of Vienna's celebrations commemorating Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's birthday 250 years ago, saw the world premiere of Wati, a performance by Rokia Traoré and the Klangforum Wien.
On May 6, 2008, her latest album, "Tchamantché", was released.
Rokia was the winner of the Best Artist category in the inaugural Songlines Music Awards (2009) - announced May 1, 2009 - the new 'world music' awards organised by the UK-based magazine, Songlines.
She wrote the music for the 2011 Toni Morrison play, Desdemona.[1]
Discography[link]
References[link]
- Rough Guides World Music the Rough Guide: Volume 1 Africa Europe and the Middle East Second Edition London 2000 page 560
- Artist webpage
- Rokia Traoré at Allmusic
- BBC Womad 2004 article
- BBC World Music 2005 Award page
- African Musician Profile page on Traoré
- Billboard Magazine profile of Traoré published July 15, 2000
- Songlines Music Awards 2009 page
- Interview and acoustic concert at the Music Meeting 2009 festival
- ^ von Uthmann, Jorg (19 October 2011). "Desdemona Gets Even in Morrison-Sellars Othello Remix: Review". http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-10-19/desdemona-gets-even-in-morrison-sellars-remix-of-othello-jorg-von-uthmann.html. Retrieved 2011-10-23.
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Traore, Rokia |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | January 24, 1974 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Rokia_Traoré
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokia_Traoré
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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