A felt cowboy hat

A straw cowboy hat

The cowboy hat is a high-crowned, wide-brimmed hat best known as the defining piece of attire for the North American cowboy. Today it is worn by many people, and is particularly associated with ranch workers in the western and southern United States, western Canada and northern Mexico, with country-western singers, and for participants in the North American rodeo circuit. It is recognized around the world as part of Old West cowboy lore. The shape of a cowboy hat's crown and brim are often modified by the wearer for fashion and to protect against weather.

It is an item of apparel that can be worn in any corner of the world, and receive immediate recognition as part of North American cowboy culture.^[1]

The first western model was the open-crowned "Boss of the Plains," and after that came the front-creased Carlsbad, destined to become “the” cowboy style.^[2] The high-crowned, wide-brimmed, soft-felt western hats that followed are intimately associated with the cowboy image.^[3]

Design[link]

Stetson hat

Modern cowboy hats are made of fur-based felt, straw or, less often, leather. They are sold with a tall, rounded crown and a wide flat brim. They have a simple sweat band on the inside to stabilize the fit of the head, and usually a small decorative hat band on the outside of the crown. Hats are customized by creasing the crown and rolling the brim. Often a more decorative hat band is added. In some places, "stampede strings" or "wind strings" are also attached.^[4] Hats can be manufactured in virtually any color, but are most often seen in shades of beige, brown and black. Beginning in the 1940s, pastel colors were introduced, seen often on hats worn by movie cowboys and rodeo riders.^[5] "Today's cowboy hat has remained basically unchanged in construction and design since the first one was created in 1865 by J.B. Stetson."^[1]

History[link]

Modern working cowboys wearing cowboy hats

The concept of a broad-brimmed hat with a high crown worn by a rider on horseback can be seen as far back as the Mongolian horsemen of the 13th century.^[6] A tall crown provided insulation, the wide brim, shade. Hot, sunny climates inspire designs with very wide brims such as the sombrero of Mexico.

It is not clear when the cowboy hat began to be named as such. Westerners originally had no standard headwear. People moving West wore many styles of hat, including top hats, derbies, remains of Civil War headgear, sailor hats and everything else.^[7][8] Contrary to popular belief, it was the bowler and not the cowboy hat that was the most popular in the American West, prompting Lucius Beebe to call it "the hat that won the West."^[9] The working cowboy wore wide-brimmed, high-crowned hats long before the invention of the modern design.^[10] However, credit for "invention" of the cowboy hat as it is known today is generally given to John Batterson Stetson.^[11]

The original "Boss of the Plains," manufactured by Stetson in 1865, was flat-brimmed, had a straight sided crown, with rounded corners.^[12] These light-weight, waterproof hats, were natural in color, with four inch crowns and brims.^[13] A plain hatband was fitted to adjust head size.^[14] The sweatband bore Stetson’s name.^[7] While only making one style of hat, they came in different qualities ranging from one-grade material at five dollars apiece to pure beaver felt hats for thirty dollars each.^[15] J.B. Stetson was the first to market the "Boss of the Plains," to cowboys, and it has remained the universal image of the American West.^[16] The charisma of the West was carried back East when adventurers returned in the expensive “Boss of the plains,” style hat.^[17] In the 19th century and first half of the 20th century, a hat was an indispensable item in every man’s wardrobe. Stetson focused on expensive, high-quality hats that represented both a real investment for the working cowboy and statement of success for the city dweller.

President Ronald Reagan demonstrated the popularity of the cowboy hat as a movie star, as a resident of the American west, and as a horseback rider.

The durability and water-resistance of the original Stetson obtained additional publicity in 1912, when the battleship USS Maine was raised from Havana harbor, where it had sunk in 1898. A Stetson hat was found in the wreck, which had been submerged in seawater for 14 years. The hat had been exposed to ooze, mud, and plant growth. However, the hat was cleaned off, and appeared to be undamaged.^[18]

Modern designs[link]

Ornamentation, such as bows or buckles, was attached on the left side. Historically this had a practical purpose. Because the majority of people are generally right-handed, in the absence of a wide brim, bows or feathers on the right side of headwear could interfere with the use of weapons.^[6]

Inside the cowboy hat is a memorial bow to past hatters, who developed brain damage from treating felt with toxic mercury (which gave rise to the expression "Mad as a Hatter"). The bow on the inside hatband at the rear of the hat resembles a Skull and crossbones.^[19] "Early hatters used mercury in the making of their felt. Their bodies absorbed mercury, and after several years of making hats, the hatters developed violent and uncontrollable muscle twitching. The ignorance of the times caused people to attribute these strange gyrations to madness, not mercury.”^[6]

The modern cowboy hat has remained basically unchanged in construction and underlying design since the Stetson creation.^[1] The cowboy hat quickly developed the capability, even in the early years, to identify its wearer as someone associated with the West.^[20] "Within a decade the name John B. Stetson became synonymous with the word "hat," in every corner and culture west of the Mississippi."^[21] The shape of the hat's crown and brim were often modified by the wearer for fashion and to protect against weather by being softened in hot steam, shaped, and allowed to dry and cool. Felt tends to stay in the shape that it dries.^[22] Because of the ease of personalization, it was often possible for people to tell where a cowboy hat was from, right down to which ranch, simply by looking at the crease in the crown.^[16]

Silent film actor William S. Hart

Later as the mystique of the "Wild West" was popularized by entertainers such as Buffalo Bill Cody and western movies starring actors such as Tom Mix, the Cowboy hat came to symbolize the American West.^[23] John Wayne christened them "the hat that won the West."^[3] The Boss of the Plains design influenced various wide-brimmed hats worn by farmers and ranchers all over the United States. Later designs were customized for law enforcement, military and motion pictures.

The first American law-enforcement agency to adopt Stetson’s western hat as part of their uniform was the Texas Rangers.^[24] A Stetson-based design is also part of the ceremonial uniform of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.^[25] Presidents Harry Truman, Dwight Eisenhower, and Lyndon B Johnson wore cowboy hats manufactured by Stetson.^[24]

Creases in cowboy hats are used to give hats individual character and to help users identify with a particular subculture. A very popular crease used on modern cowboy hats is the Cattlemen. It is creased right down the center of the crown with a dent on each side. Returning in popularity is the Carlsbad crease, now sometimes called a "Gus crease" after a character in Lonesome Dove. It maintains a high crown at the back with the crease sloping steeply toward the front. The rodeo crease, the bullrider's crease (Formerly called the RCA crease, for the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association), the quarter horse crease, and the “tycoon," with a pinched front, are also seen today.^[26]

"Ten gallon" hat[link]

Tom Mix, an early-20th century movie star, wearing a ten gallon hat.

Some cowboy hats have been called "ten gallon" hats. The term came into use about 1925.^[27] There are multiple theories for how the concept arose.

Stetson hat company boasted that the tight weave of most Stetsons hats made them sufficiently waterproof to be used as a bucket. Early print advertising by Stetson showed a cowboy giving his horse a drink of water from a hat.^[28] However, even the Stetson company notes that a "ten gallon" hat only holds 3 quarts (about 3 L instead of 40 L).^[29][30]

Another theory is that the term "ten gallon" is a corruption of the Spanish term "galón", or galloon, a type of narrow braided trimming around the crown, possibly a style adapted by Spanish cowboys. When Texas cowboys misunderstood the word "galón" for "gallon", the popular, though incorrect, legend may have been born. According to Reynolds and Rand, "The term ten-gallon did not originally refer to the holding capacity of the hat, but to the width of a Mexican sombrero hatband, and is more closely related to this unit of measurement by the Spanish than to the water-holding capacity of a Stetson.”^[30]

Either way, using a hat as a water container is apt to seriously damage a modern hat. On one hand, fur felt hats were designed in part so they could be used in the rain. However, wool felt hats were designed for dry climates, and most straw hats can only handle a light rain for a brief time^[31] While a very high quality felt hat made from animal fur may hold water,^[30] over time, any cloth container will leak. Furthermore, modern hats react differently to getting wet, depending on the quality of the materials used in construction. They are generally likely to lose shape and the felt may also soften up if they are completely drenched.^[32]

See also[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Cowboy hats

• Stetson
• John B. Stetson Company
• Boss of the plains
• Equestrian helmet
• Western wear
• Chupalla
• Fedora
• Bowler hat
• Sombrero
• Akubra

Footnotes[link]

References[link]

• Bender, Texan Bix. (1994) Hats & the cowboys who wear them. ISBN 1-58685-191-8
• Blevins, Winfred. Dictionary of the American West: over 5,000 terms and expressions from Aarigaa! to Zopilote (2001) ISBN 1-57061-304-4
• Carlson, Laurie. (1998) Boss of the plains, the hat that won the West. ISBN 0-7894-2479-7
• Christian, Mary Blount. (1992) Hats off to John Stetson 1992 ISBN 0-02-718465-X
• Foster-Harris, William (2007) The Look of the Old West: A Fully Illustrated Guide ISBN 1-60239-024-X
• Reynolds, William and Rich Rand (1995) The Cowboy Hat book. ISBN 0-87905-656-8
• Snyder, Jeffrey B. (1997) Stetson Hats and the John B. Stetson Company 1865-1970. ISBN 0-7643-0211-6

Chris Ledoux (October 2, 1948 – March 9, 2005) was an American country music singer-songwriter, bronze sculptor and rodeo champion. During his career LeDoux recorded 36 albums (many self-released) which have sold more than six million units in the United States as of January 2007. He was awarded one gold album certification from the RIAA, and was nominated for a Grammy Award and the Academy of Country Music Music Pioneer Award.^[1]

Biography[link]

Early years[link]

LeDoux was born in Biloxi, Mississippi. His father was in the US Air Force and was stationed at Keesler Air Force Base at the time of his birth. The family moved often when he was a child, due to his father's air force career. He learned to ride horses while visiting his grandparents on their Michigan farm.^[2] At age 13, LeDoux participated in his first rodeo, riding in Denison, Texas, and before long was winning junior rodeo competitions.^[3]

LeDoux continued to compete in rodeo events and played football through his high school years, with rodeos keeping most of his attention. When his family moved to Cheyenne, he attended Cheyenne Central High School. After twice winning the Wyoming State Rodeo Championship bareback riding title during high school, LeDoux earned a rodeo scholarship to Casper College in Casper. During his junior year, LeDoux won the Intercollegiate National bareback riding Championship.^[2]

LeDoux married Peggy Rhoads on January 4, 1972, and they had five children: Clay, Ned, Will, Cindy and Beau.

Rodeo success and music beginnings[link]

In 1970, LeDoux became a professional rodeo cowboy, competing on the national rodeo circuit.^[3] To help pay his expenses while traveling the country, he began composing songs describing his lifestyle.^[2] Within two years, he had written enough songs to make up an album, and soon established a recording company, American Cowboy Songs, with his father. After recording his songs in a friend's basement, LeDoux began selling his albums out of the back of his truck at rodeo events.^[3]

His years of hard work bore fruit in 1976, when LeDoux won the world bareback riding championship at the National Finals Rodeo in Oklahoma City.^[3] Winning the championship gave LeDoux more credibility with music audiences, as he now had proof that the cowboy songs he wrote and sang were authentic.^[4] LeDoux continued competing for the next four years. He retired in 1980 to nurse injuries and to spend more time with his growing family.^[3]

Music career[link]

With his rodeo career ended, LeDoux and his family settled on a ranch in Kaycee, Wyoming. He continued to write and record his songs, and began playing concerts.^[3] His concerts were very popular, and often featured a mechanical bull (which he rode between songs) and fireworks.^[4] By 1982 he had sold over 250,000 copies of his albums, with little or no marketing. By the end of the decade he had self-released 22 albums.^[3]

Despite offers from various record labels, LeDoux had refused to sign a recording contract, instead choosing to retain his independence and total control over his work while enjoying his regional following. In 1989, however, he shot to national prominence when he was mentioned in the debut song of Garth Brooks' Top-10 country hit "Much Too Young (To Feel This Damn Old)." To capitalize on the sudden attention^{[citation needed]}, LeDoux signed a contract with Capitol Records subsidiary Liberty Records and released his first national album, Western Underground, in 1991. His follow-up album, Whatcha Gonna Do with a Cowboy, was certified gold and reached the top ten. The title track, a duet with Brooks, became LeDoux's first and only Top Ten country single, reaching No. 7 in 1992.^[3] In concert, he ended the song by saying, "Thanks, Garth!"

For the next decade, LeDoux continued to record for Liberty. He released six additional records, one of which, 1998's One Road Man, made the country Top 40.^[3] Towards the end of his career, LeDoux began recording material written by other artists, which he attributed to the challenge of composing new lyrics.^[4] With his 2000 release, Cowboy, he returned to his roots, re-recording many of his earliest songwriting creations.^[3]

Illness and death[link]

In August 2000, LeDoux was diagnosed with primary sclerosing cholangitis, which required him to receive a liver transplant. Garth Brooks volunteered to donate part of his liver, but it was found to be incompatible. An alternative donor was located, and LeDoux received a transplant on October 7, 2000.^[5] After his recovery he released two additional albums. In November 2004, LeDoux was diagnosed with cholangiocarcinoma and underwent radiation treatment for it until his death on March 9, 2005 of complications from the disease at a Casper, Wyoming hospital.^[3] He was survived by his wife of 33 years, Peggy,^[6] and their children Clay, Ned, Will, Beau, and Cindy, as well as his mother, Bonnie.^[7]

Tributes[link]

Shortly after his death, LeDoux was named as one of six former rodeo cowboys to be inducted into the ProRodeo Hall of Fame in Colorado Springs in 2005. He was the first person to ever be inducted in two categories, for his bareback riding and in the "notables" category for his contributions to the sport through music.^[8]

Shortly thereafter, the Academy of Country Music awarded LeDoux their Pioneer Award during ceremonies in 2005. LeDoux's good friend Garth Brooks accepted the award on behalf of LeDoux's family.^[9]

In late 2005, Brooks briefly emerged from retirement to record "Good Ride Cowboy" as a tribute to LeDoux. Brooks remarked:^[10]

"I knew if I ever recorded any kind of tribute to Chris, it would have to be up-tempo, happy ... a song like him ... not some slow, mournful song. He wasn't like that. Chris was exactly as our heroes are supposed to be. He was a man's man. A good friend."

Garth Brooks performed the song on "The 39th Annual CMA Awards" on Nov. 15, 2005 live from Times Square in New York City. Later that evening, LeDoux was honored with the CMA Chairman's Award of Merit, presented by Kix Brooks of Brooks & Dunn, to LeDoux's family.

Friends have also collaborated to produce an annual rodeo, art show, and concert in Casper to honor LeDoux's memory. The art show features sculpture and sketches that LeDoux completed for friends; none of his works were ever exhibited before his death.^[6]

To mark the second anniversary of LeDoux's death, in April 2007 Capitol Records released a six-CD boxed set featuring remastered versions of 12 of the albums he recorded between 1974 and 1993.^[1]

Award-winning artist and sculptor D. Michael Thomas is creating a one-and-a-half times lifesize sculpture of Chris LeDoux during his 1976 World Championship ride on Stormy Weather. The statue, called "Good Ride Cowboy," will be displayed at the Chris LeDoux Memorial Park in his hometown of Kaycee, Wyoming.^[11]

On October 26, 2006 Chris LeDoux was inducted into the Rodeo Hall of Fame at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.

Son Beau LeDoux, himself a rodeo competitor, on July 24, 2007, spread his father's ashes over Frontier Park Arena during the annual Cheyenne Frontier Days rodeo:^[12]

"It was something my family and I thought would be right to do because this was such a special rodeo to him. ... This has always been a special rodeo in my family. My dad rode here and came close to winning here a couple of times."

Additionally the city in which LeDoux attended college; Casper, Wyoming, celebrates his life and legacy each November with the Chris LeDoux Memorial Rodeo. A weekend event which includes an art show featuring a number of LeDoux's works, a PRCA rodeo and a country music concert.

In 2010, Robert Royston created "One Ride", a musical dance production. One Ride is a powerful music and dance production that tells the story of the Rodeo Cowboy. Inspired by and told through the music of Chris LeDoux, the show explores the passionate, yet humbling and often painful paths a cowboy follows in his quest to become a champion. One Ride will debut at Queen Theater in the Park on October 29 and continue through November 6. The goal is to pay tribute to Chris LeDoux by launching a national tour that will follow the rodeo circuit.

In 2011 country music artist Brantley Gilbert paid tribute to LeDoux in Gilbert's single "Country Must Be Countrywide," with the line "From his Wranglers to his boots - he reminded me of Chris LeDoux." ^[13]

Rodeo career milestones[link]

Discography[link]

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Seemann, Charlie. (1998). "Chris LeDoux". In The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Paul Kingsbury, Editor. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 293.
• Brown, David G. (1987). "Gold Buckle Dreams: The Rodeo Life of Chris Ledoux". Wolverine Gallery

External links[link]

• The Official Chris LeDoux Website
• A popular Chris LeDoux Fansite
• Amazon.com: Gold Buckle Dreams: The Rodeo Life Story of Chris Ledoux
• The Musical Dance Production link

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2012)

"The Man" is a slang phrase that may refer to the government or to some other authority in a position of power. In addition to this derogatory connotation, it may also serve as a term of respect and praise.

The phrase "the Man is keeping me down" is commonly used to describe oppression. The phrase "stick it to the Man" encourages resistance to authority, and essentially means "fight back" or "resist", either openly or via sabotage.^[1]

History[link]

The earliest recorded use^{[citation needed]} of the term "the Man" in the American sense dates back to a letter written by a young Alexander Hamilton in September 1772, when he was 15. In a letter to his father James Hamilton, published in the Royal Dutch-American Gazette, he described the response of the Dutch governor of St. Croix to a hurricane that raked that island on August 31, 1772. "Our General has issued several very salutary and humane regulations and both in his publick and private measures, has shewn himself the Man." ^{[2][dubious – discuss]} In the Southern U.S. states, the phrase came to be applied to any man or any group in a position of authority, or to authority in the abstract. From about the 1950s the phrase was also an underworld code word for police, the warden of a prison or other law enforcement or penal authorities.

It was also used as a term for a drug dealer in the 1950s and 1960s and can be seen in such media as Curtis Mayfield's "No Thing On Me", William Burroughs's novel Naked Lunch, and in the Velvet Underground song "I'm Waiting for the Man", in which Lou Reed sings about going to Uptown Manhattan, specifically Lexington Avenue and 125th Street, to buy heroin.

The use of this term was expanded to counterculture groups and their battles against authority, such as the Yippies, which, according to a May 19, 1969 article in U.S. News and World Report, had the "avowed aim ... to destroy 'The Man', their term for the present system of government". The term eventually found its way into humorous usage, such as in a December 1979 motorcycle ad from the magazine Easyriders which featured the tagline, "California residents: Add 6% sales tax for The Man."

In present day, the phrase has been popularized in commercials and cinema, featuring particularly prominently as a recurring motif in the 2003 film School of Rock.^[3][4][5][6]

Use as praise[link]

The term has also been used as an approbation or form of praise. This may refer to the recipient's status as the leader or authority within a particular context, or it might be assumed to be a shortened form of a phrase like "He is the man (who is in charge)." One example of this usage dates to 1879 when Otto von Bismarck commented, referring to Benjamin Disraeli's pre-eminent position at the Congress of Berlin, "The old Jew, he is the man."^{[7][dubious – discuss]}

In more modern usage, it can be a superlative compliment ("you da man!") indicating that the subject is currently standing out amongst his peers even though they have no special designation or rank, such as a basketball player who is performing better than the other players on the court. It can also be used as a genuine compliment with an implied, slightly exaggerated or sarcastic tone, usually indicating that the person has indeed impressed the speaker but by doing something relatively trivial.

See also[link]

• Absentee landlord
• Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)
• New World Order (conspiracy theory)
• Ruling class
• The Establishment
• Power elite
• Corrections officer
• YTMND

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Lighter, J.E. (Ed.). (1997). Random House Dictionary of American Slang. New York: Random House.

Lee Kernaghan
Country musician Lee Kernaghan
Background information
Birth name	Lee Raymond Kernaghan
Born	(1964-04-15) 15 April 1964 (age 48) in Corryong, Victoria
Origin	Australia
Genres	Country
Occupations	Songwriter, composer, musician
Years active	1969–present
Labels	Universal, ABC
Associated acts	The Blue Devils Fiona Kernaghan Ray Kernaghan Tania Kernaghan
Website	http://www.leekernaghan.com.au/

Lee Kernaghan OAM (born 15 April 1964 in Corryong, Victoria) is an Australian country music singer and songwriter. He was the 2008 Australian of the Year.^[1][2]

Honours[link]

Kernaghan received the Order of Australia Medal in 2004.^[3]

In 2008 he was Australian of the Year.^[4]

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

• The Outback Club (1992)
• Three Chain Road (1993) #35 AUS
• 1959 (1995) #9 AUS
• Hat Town (1997) #7 AUS
• The Christmas Album (1999) #31 AUS
• Rules of the Road (2000) #16 AUS
• Electric Rodeo (2002) #5 AUS
• The Big Ones – Greatest Hits Vol. 1 (2004) #16 AUS
• The New Bush (2006) #6 AUS
• Spirit of the Bush (2007) #5 AUS
• Planet Country (2009) #13 AUS
• Ultimate Hits (2011) #8 AUS

Singles[link]

This list of songs or music-related items is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Musicals[link]

The Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular

Music videos[link]

This list of songs or music-related items is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

References[link]

External links[link]

Find more about Lee Kernaghan on Wikipedia's sister projects:
	Images and media from Commons
	Quotations from Wikiquote

• Lee Kernaghan's Official website

This article on an Australian singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's layout guidelines. Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure. (October 2007)

Carlos Arredondo (born 1960) made national news when his son Marine Lance Corporal Alexander Arrendondo, 20 years old, was killed in An Najaf, Iraq during his second tour of duty in Operation Iraqi Freedom on August 25, 2004. Later that day, on Carlos Arredondo's 44th birthday, the Marines' Casualty Assistance Team arrived at the Arredondo home in Hollywood, Florida to notify him of his son's death. The Marines had not brought a chaplain with them and notified him in the front yard of his home. After close to 30 minutes during which Mr. Arredondo requested for the Marines to leave, he became extremely upset and agitated. According to Arrendondo's account, at this point he called his son's Marine recruiter on the phone:

"My head full of confusion, asking myself what's going on, what's going on, I pounded the hammer hard into the ground, then went behind a tree to cry when I think to call Alex's recruiter, Sergeant Martinez. I have his telephone number in my phone. I call him, explain that I'm Alex's father and ask him to please help me, the Marines are telling me Alex has died. The voice on the other side say, "Sir, sir, you've got the wrong number. I look and the phone say "Sergeant Martinez." Pretty sure it was Sergeant Martinez's voice. I call him back again, and again he hung up on me."

^[1]

After some time went by and the Marines refused to leave, according to news reports, Arredondo was so distraught, that he climbed in their van and splashed himself with gasoline. A propane torch he'd brought inside was lit, Arredondo says accidentally.^[1][2]

Arredondo was pulled out to safety, however his clothes caught fire and burned 26% of his body. He received second- and third-degree burns. He was hospitalized in a burn unit for two weeks followed by out-patient home based treatment. Despite his burns, he attended his son's funeral on a stretcher with two paramedics at each side.

Arredondo, who was an immigrant from Costa Rica, had no insurance and was self-employed working as a handyman. His story made national and international headlines. His recovery took over a year.

Since that time he apologized to the Marines for his drastic actions. He was not prosecuted.

Arredondo along with his wife Melida is a member of Gold Star Families For Peace^[3] whose mission states:

We as families of soldiers who have died as a result of war are organizing to be a positive force in our world to bring our country's sons and daughters home from Iraq, [and] to minimize the human cost of this war...

They have also formed an organization called People United for Peace. He is now an anti-Iraq War activist and has speaking engagements around the country speaking about his personal tragedy and to parents about the methods recruiters use to enlist youth. He especially works to reach out to the Spanish-speaking community.

On December 12, 2006, Arredondo became a U.S citizen, with the help of U.S. Senator Edward Kennedy.

Brian Arredondo[link]

On December 20, 2011, Carlos Arredondo's surviving son, Brian Arredondo, committed suicide due to the grief of losing his brother. He was 24 years old.^[4]

References[link]

1. ^ ^{a b} War Is Personal: Carlos Arredondo from The Nation
2. ^ Article from Boston Globe, December 13, 2006
3. ^ Gold Star Families For Peace : GSFP Members
4. ^ [1]

External links[link]

• Father who burned self after son's death becomes citizen, article in Boston Globe
• CNN Report on Arredondo's self-immolation This may be disturbing to some readers.
• Video on Carlos Arredondo's story
• People United for Peace website