Mushrooms are a kind of fungal reproductive structure

Mycology (from the Greek μύκης, mukēs, meaning "fungus") is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy and their use to humans as a source for tinder, medicinals (e.g., penicillin), food (e.g., beer, wine, cheese, edible mushrooms) and entheogens, as well as their dangers, such as poisoning or infection.

From mycology arose the field of phytopathology, the study of plant diseases, and the two disciplines remain closely related because the vast majority of "plant" pathogens are fungi. A biologist who studies mycology is called a mycologist.

Historically, mycology was a branch of botany because, although fungi are evolutionarily more closely related to animals than to plants, this was not recognized until a few decades ago. Pioneer mycologists included Elias Magnus Fries, Christian Hendrik Persoon, Anton de Bary and Lewis David von Schweinitz.

Many fungi produce toxins, antibiotics and other secondary metabolites. For example the cosmopolitan (worldwide) genus Fusarium and their toxins associated with fatal outbreaks of alimentary toxic aleukia in humans were extensively studied by Abraham Joffe.

Fungi are fundamental for life on earth in their roles as symbionts, e.g. in the form of mycorrhizae, insect symbionts and lichens. Many fungi are able to break down complex organic biomolecules such as lignin, the more durable component of wood, and pollutants such as xenobiotics, petroleum, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. By decomposing these molecules, fungi play a critical role in the global carbon cycle.

Fungi and other organisms traditionally recognized as fungi, such as oomycetes and myxomycetes (slime molds), often are economically and socially important as some cause diseases of animals (such as histoplasmosis) as well as plants (such as Dutch elm disease and Rice blast).

Field meetings to find interesting species of fungi are known as 'forays', after the first such meeting organized by the Woolhope Naturalists' Field Club in 1868 and entitled "a foray among the fungi."

Some fungi can cause disease in humans or other organisms. The study of pathogenic fungi is referred to as medical mycology.^[1]

History[link]

Humans probably started collecting mushrooms as food in Prehistoric times. Mushrooms were first written about in the works of Euripides (480-406 B.C.). The Greek philosopher Theophrastos of Eressos (371-288 B.C.) was perhaps the first to try to systematically classify plants; mushrooms were considered to be plants that were missing certain organs. It was later Pliny the elder (23–79 A.D.), who wrote about truffles in his encyclopedia Naturalis historia.

The Middle Ages saw little advancement in the body of knowledge about fungi. Rather, the invention of the printing press allowed some authors to disseminate superstitions and misconceptions about the fungi that had been perpetuated by the classical authors.^[2]

The start of the modern age of mycology begins with Pier Antonio Micheli's 1737 publication of Nova plantarum genera.^[4] Published in Florence, this seminal work laid the foundations for the systematic classification of grasses, mosses and fungi. The term mycology and the complementary mycologist were first used in 1836 by M.J. Berkeley.^[5]

Medicinal mycology[link]

For centuries, certain mushrooms have been documented as a folk medicine in China, Japan, and Russia.^[6] Although the use of mushrooms in folk medicine is largely centered on the Asian continent, people in other parts of the world like the Middle East, Poland and Belarus have been documented using mushrooms for medicinal purposes.^[7][8] Certain mushrooms, especially polypores like Reishi were thought to be able to benefit a wide variety of health ailments. Medicinal mushroom research in the United States is currently active, with studies taking place at City of Hope National Medical Center,^[9][10] as well as the Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center.^[11]

Current research focuses on mushrooms that may have hypoglycemic activity, anti-cancer activity, anti-pathogenic activity, and immune system enhancing activity. Recent research has found that the oyster mushroom naturally contains the cholesterol-lowering drug lovastatin,^[12] mushrooms produce large amounts of vitamin D when exposed to UV light,^[13] and that certain fungi may be a future source of taxol.^[14] To date, penicillin, lovastatin, ciclosporin, griseofulvin, cephalosporin, ergometrine, and statins are the most famous pharmaceuticals which have been isolated from the fungi kingdom.

See also[link]

Fungi portal

• Mycotoxicology
• List of mycologists
• List of mycology journals
• Pathogenic fungi
• Fungal Biochemical Tests
• Protistology
• Medicinal mushrooms
• Mushroom hunting

Notes[link]

References[link]

Ainsworth, G. C. (1976). Introduction to the History of Mycology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-21013-5. 

External links[link]

• Professional organizations
  • BMS: British Mycological Society (United Kingdom)
  • MSA: Mycological Society of America (North America)
• Amateur organizations
  • Mycological Society of San Francisco
  • North American Mycological Association (list of amateur organizations in North America)
  • Puget Sound Mycological Society
  • Oregon Mycological Society
• Miscellaneous links
  • Online lectures in mycology University of South Carolina
  • The WWW Virtual Library: Mycology
  • MykoWeb links page
  • Mycological Glossary at the Illinois Mycological Association
  • FUNGI Magazine for professionals and amateurs - largest circulating U.S. publication concerning all things mycological]
  • Fungal Cell Biology Group at University of Edinburgh, UK.
  • Mycological Marvels Cornell University, Mann Library

Paul Stamets holding Fomitopsis officinalis.

Paul E. Stamets (born July 17, 1955) is an American mycologist, author, and advocate of bioremediation and medicinal mushrooms.^[1]

Research and advocacy[link]

Stamets is on the editorial board of The International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, and is an advisor to the Program for Integrative Medicine at the University of Arizona Medical School, Tucson, Arizona. He is active in researching the medicinal properties of mushrooms,^[2] and is involved in two NIH-funded clinical studies on cancer and HIV treatments using mushrooms as adjunct therapies. Having filed numerous patents on the antiviral, pesticidal, and remediative properties of mushroom mycelia, his work has been called pioneering and visionary.^[3] A strong advocate of preserving biodiversity, Stamets supports research into the role of mushrooms for ecological restoration.

The author of numerous books and papers on the subject of mushroom identification and cultivation, Stamets has discovered four new species of mushrooms. He is an advocate of the permaculture system of growing, and considers fungiculture a valuable but underutilized aspect of permaculture. He is also a leading researcher into the use of mushrooms in bioremediation, processes he terms mycoremediation and mycofiltration.

Stamets was the recipient of the "Bioneers Award" from The Collective Heritage Institute in 1998,^[4] as well as the "Founder of a New Northwest Award" from the Pacific Rim Association of Resource Conservation and Development Councils in 1999. He was also named one of Utne Reader's "50 Visionaries Who Are Changing Your World" in their November–December 2008 issue. In February 2010, Paul received the President's Award from the Society for Ecological Restoration: Northwest Chapter, in recognition of his contributions to Ecological Restoration. His work was featured in the documentary film The 11th Hour.^[5] He has also been featured in the eco-documentary films Dirt (film)^[6] and 2012, Time for a Change (film).^[7]

In 2008, he delivered a TED talk: "Paul Stamets on 6 Ways Mushrooms Can Save the World",^[8] which has been well reviewed.^[9]

Personal life[link]

Stamets runs Fungi Perfecti, a family-owned company that sells mushroom cultivation kits and supplies. Stamets has two children, Azureus and LaDena Stamets, and is married to C. "Dusty" Wu Yao. Paul Stamets is an accomplished martial arts athlete, holding a black belt in Taekwondo (1979), and also in Hwa Rang Do (1994).

Books[link]

• Mycelium Running: How Mushrooms Can Help Save the World (2005, ISBN 1-58008-579-2)
• MycoMedicinals: An Informational Treatise on Mushrooms (1999, ISBN 0-9637971-9-0)
• Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World (1996, ISBN 0-89815-839-7)
• Growing Gourmet and Medicinal Mushrooms (1996, ISBN 1-58008-175-4)
• Mushroom Cultivator, The (1983, ISBN 0-9610798-0-0)
• Psilocybe Mushrooms & Their Allies (1978), Homestead Book Company, ISBN 0-930180-03-8)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Stamets's Bio at Fungi Perfecti
• Stamets' TED talk, Stamets' Ted Talk from Mar 2008.
• Stamets' TEDMed talk 2011