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Temple of Hephaestus, a Doric Greek temple in Athens with the original entrance facing east, 449 BC (western face depicted).

The 12th-century Khmer Angkor Wat Hindu temple in Cambodia, one of the largest temples in the world.

A temple (from the Latin word templum) is a structure reserved for religious or spiritual activities, such as prayer and sacrifice, or analogous rites. A templum constituted a sacred precinct as defined by a priest, or augur.^[1] It has the same root as the word "template," a plan in preparation of the building that was marked out on the ground by the augur. Templa also became associated with the dwelling places of a god or gods. The word "temple" dates to about the 6th century BCE.^[2] Despite the specific set of meanings associated with the religion of the ancient Rome, the word has now become quite widely used to describe a house of worship for any number of religions and is even used for time periods prior to the Romans.

Oldest temple[link]

Göbekli Tepe, located in southern Turkey, is the oldest-known, existing temple in the world. It was built approximately 11,000 years ago.

Mesopotamian temples[link]

Ziggurat of Ur, Iraq

The temple of Mesopotamia derived from the cult of gods and deities in Mesopotamian religion. It spanned several civilizations; from Sumerian, Akkadian, Assyrian, and Babylonian. The most common temple architecture of Mesopotamia is the structure of sun-baked bricks called Ziggurat, having the form of a terraced step pyramid with flat upper terrace where shrine or temple stood

Egyptian temples[link]

Luxor temple, Egypt

Ancient Egyptian temples were meant as places for the gods to reside on earth. Indeed, the term the Egyptians most commonly used to describe the temple building, ḥwt-nṯr, means "mansion (or enclosure) of a god".^[3] A god's presence in the temple linked the human and divine realms and allowed humans to interact with the god through ritual. These rituals, it was believed, sustained the god and allowed it to continue to play its proper role in nature. They were therefore a key part of the maintenance of maat, the ideal order of nature and of human society in Egyptian belief.^[4] Maintaining maat was the entire purpose of Egyptian religion,^[5] and thus it was the purpose of a temple as well.^[6]

Greco-Roman temples[link]

Parthenon on Acropolis, Athens

Though today we call most Greek religious buildings "temples," the ancient pagans would have referred to a temenos, or sacred precinct. Its sacredness, often connected with a holy grove, was more important than the building itself, as it contained the open air altar on which the sacrifices were made. The building which housed the cult statue in its naos was originally a rather simple structure, but by the middle of the 6th century BCE had become increasingly elaborate. Greek temple architecture had a profound influence on ancient architectural traditions.

The rituals that located and sited the temple were performed by an augur through the observation of the flight of birds or other natural phenomenon. Roman temples usually faced east or toward the rising sun, but the specifics of the orientation are often not known today; there are also notable exceptions, such as the Pantheon which faces north. In ancient Rome only the native deities of Roman mythology had a templum; any equivalent structure for a foreign deity was called a fanum.

Pagan temples[link]

The Romans usually referred to a holy place of a pagan religion as fanum; in some cases this referred to a sacred grove, in others to a temple. Medieval Latin writers also used the word templum. In some cases it is hard to determine whether it was a building or an outdoor shrine. For temple buildings of Germanic paganism, the Old Norse term hof is often used.

Zoroastrian temples[link]

The Yazd Atash Behram

Zoroastrian temples may also be called the darb-e meh and Atashkadeh. A fire temple in Zoroastrianism is the place of worship for Zoroastrians. Zoroastrians revere fire in any form. In the Zoroastrian religion, fire (Atar), together with clean water (Aban), are agents of ritual purity. Clean, white "ash for the purification ceremonies is regarded as the basis of ritual life," which, "are essentially the rites proper to the tending of a domestic fire, for the temple fire is that of the hearth fire raised to a new solemnity.

Sikh temples[link]

Golden temple in Amritsar

A Sikh temple or shrine is called a Gurudwara, that is, the House of God, the House of the Guru, where the Guru dwells. Its most essential element also known as Shurk is the presence of the Guru. The temples have entrance from all sides, signifying that they are open to all without any distinction whatsoever.

Hindu temples[link]

Akshardham Temple a Hindu temple in New Delhi, India.

These may also be called by other names, including mandir or mandira, ambalam, kavu, koil or kovil, déul, devasthana and devalaya, depending on the region in the Indian subcontinent and its local language.

Hindu temples are large and magnificent with a rich history. Some date as far back as the Bronze Age and later the Indus Valley Civilization. In the present day magnificent Hindu temples have been built in various countries of the world including India,Nepal,Great Britain, the United States, Australia, South Africa and Canada.

This section requires expansion.

Buddhist temples[link]

Wat Phra Kaew, Buddhist temple

They include the structures called stupa, wat and pagoda in different regions and languages. Temples in Buddhism represent the pure land or pure environment of a Buddha. Traditional Buddhist temples are designed to inspire inner and outer peace.^[7]

This section requires expansion.

Jain temples[link]

Ranakpur Jain Temple, Rajasthan, India.

A Jain temple is the place of worship for Jains, the followers of Jainism.^[8] Some famous Jain temples are Shikharji, Palitana Jain Temples, Ranakpur Jain Temple, Shravan Belgola, Dilwara Temples and Lal Mandir. Jain temples are built with various architectural designs. Jain temples in North India are completely different from the Jain temples in South India, which in turn are quite different from Jain temples in West India. Additionally, a Manastambha (meaning column of honor) is a pillar that is often constructed in front of Jain temples.

Jewish synagogues and temples[link]

A model of Herod's Temple adjacent to the Shrine of the Book exhibit at the Israel Museum, Jerusalem.

In Judaism, the ancient Hebrew texts refer not to temples, the word having not existed yet, but to a "sanctuary", "palace" or "hall". Each of the two ancient temples in Jerusalem was called Beit Hamikdash, which translates literally as "the Holy House."

The Temple Mount in Jerusalem is the site where the First Temple of Solomon and the Second Temple were built. At the center of the structure was the Holy of Holies where only the high priest could enter. The Temple Mount is now the site of the Islamic shrine, the Dome of the Rock (c. 690).

The Greek word synagogue came into use to describe Jewish places of worship during Hellenistic times and it, along with the Yiddish term shul, and the original Hebrew term Bet Knesset ("House of meeting") are the terms in most universal usage.

From the beginning of the nineteenth century, the word "temple" began to be used for Jewish houses of worship, almost exclusively by the followers of Reform Judaism, first in Germany, then in other countries, especially in the United States, as in Temple Beth-El. Orthodox Judaism considers this usage inappropriate, as it does not consider synagogues a replacement for the Temple in Jerusalem (there were local places of worship contemporaneous with the existence of the Temple, e.g. the one that can be seen at Masada).

Christian temples[link]

Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow, Russia.

The word temple has traditionally been rarely used in the Western Christian tradition. The principal words typically used to distinguish houses of worship in Western Christian architecture are basilica, cathedral and church. The Catholic Church has used the word temple in reference of a place of worship on rare occasions. An example is the Roman Catholic Sagrada Familia Temple in Barcelona, Spain and the Roman Catholic Basilique du Sacré-Cœur Temple in Paris, France.

The word temple, however, is used frequently in the tradition of Eastern Christianity and particularly the Eastern Orthodox Church, where the principal words used for houses of worship are temple and church. The use of the word temple comes from the need to distinguish a building of the church vs. the church seen as the Body of Christ. In the Russian language (similar to other Slavic languages) while the general-purpose word for "church" is tserkov, the term khram (Храм), "temple", is used to refer to the church building as a temple of God (Khram Bozhy). The words "church" and "temple", in this case are interchangeable; however, the term "church" (Ancient Greek: ἐκκλησία) is far more common. The term temple (Ancient Greek: ναός) is also commonly applied to larger churches. Some famous churches which are referred to as temples include Hagia Sophia, Saint Basil's Cathedral, Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, or the Temple of Saint Sava in Belgrade, Serbia. See also: Orthodox church (building) and catholicon.

Beginning in the late eighteenth century, following the Enlightenment, some Protestant denominations in France and elsewhere began to use the word temple to distinguish these spaces from Catholic churches. Evangelical and other Protestant churches make use of a wide variety of terms to designate their worship spaces, such as church, tabernacle or temple. Additionally some Breakaway Catholic Churches such as the Mariavite Church in Poland have chosen to also designate their central church building as a temple, as in the case of the Temple of Mercy and Charity in Płock. The Iglesia ni Cristo called their Central House of Worship as Central Temple, the Largest Ecclesiastical Edifice of Iglesia ni Cristo located at INC Central Complex, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.

Temples in the Latter Day Saint movement[link]

LDS temple in Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Dedicated 1893.

According to Latter Day Saints, in 1832, Joseph Smith, Jr. received a revelation to restore the practice of temple worship, in a "house of the Lord". The Kirtland Temple was the first temple of the Latter-day Saint movement and the only one completed in Smith's lifetime, although the Nauvoo Temple was partially complete at the time of his death. The schisms stemming from a succession crisis have led to differing views about the role and use of temples between various groups with competing succession claims.

Temples of the LDS church[link]

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is a prolific builder of "Latter-day Saint" or "Mormon" temples. There are 137 operating temples (3 undergoing renovation), 15 under construction, and 14 announced (not yet under construction).^[9] Latter-day Saint temples are reserved for performing and undertaking only the most holy and sacred of covenants and special of ordinances. They are distinct from meeting houses and chapels where weekly worship services are held. The temples are built and kept under strict sacredness and are not to be defiled. Thus, strict rules apply for entrance, including Church membership and regular attendance. During the open-house period after its construction and before the temple is dedicated, the temple is open to the public for tours.^[10]

Other Latter Day Saint denominations[link]

Various other sects of the church founded by Joseph Smith, Jr., initially known as the Church of Christ, also have temples.^[11]

• Independence Temple at Independence, Missouri was built by the Community of Christ by then church prophet-president Wallace B. Smith. The Community of Christ also currently owns the original Kirtland Temple, built by the Church of Christ, in Kirtland, Ohio, which it operates as a historic site.
• YFZ Ranch Temple was built by The Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (FLDS) Church just outside of Eldorado in Schleicher County, Texas.^[12]
• In 1990 or earlier a temple in Ozumba, Mexico was built by the Apostolic United Brethren.^[13]
• A pyramid-shaped temple near Modena, Utah was built by the Righteous Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints^[13]

Masonic temples[link]

Freemasonry is a fraternal organization with its origins in the eighteenth century whose membership is held together by a shared set of moral and metaphysical ideals. Freemasons meet as a Lodge. Lodges meet in a Masonic Temple, Masonic Center or a Masonic Hall, such as Freemasons' Hall, London. Some confusion exists as Masons usually refer to a Lodge meeting as being in Lodge.

Other religions[link]

Though the word "temple" is used broadly, one should use it with discretion in the context of some religions. For example, a masjid or "mosque" should not be considered a temple because masjid in Arabic means "the place for kneeling (to God)."

Convention allows the use of temple in the following cases:

• Bahá'í temple (Mashriqu'l-Adhkárs or ‘Houses of Worship’).
• Mankhim, the temple of the ethnic group the Rai, located at Aritar, Sikkim.
• Confucian temple or Temple of Confucius.
• Shintoist jinja are normally called shrines in English in order to distinguish them from Buddhist temples (-tera, -dera).
• Taoist temples and monasteries are called guan or daoguan (道观, literally "place of contemplation of the Tao") in Chinese, guan being the shortened version of daoguan.
• Shrines of the traditional Chinese Ethnic Shenism are called miao, or ancestral hall in English. Joss house is an obsolete American term for such kind of places of worship.

See also[link]

• Cathedral
• Basilica
• Church (building)
• Mosque
• Chinese pagoda
• Dravidian architecture
• List of temples of Tamil Nadu
• National Temple of Divine Providence
• Temple (Chinese)
• Tō
• Ziggurat

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Hani, Jean, Le symbolisme du temple chrétien, G. Trédaniel (editor); [2. éd.] edition (1978), 207 p., ISBN 2-85707-030-6

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Temple

• online – distinct for the religious and anatomical terms
• Comparison between Egyptian and Greek temples
• All Temples In India

Walter Giardino
Background information
Born	March 6th, 1960
Origin	Buenos Aires, Argentina
Genres	Classic metal, Hard rock, Heavy metal
Occupations	Musician
Instruments	Guitar
Years active	1981 - Present
Associated acts	Rata Blanca V8 Temple Doogie White Mago de Oz

Héctor Walter Giardino (born March 6, 1960) is an Argentine guitarist, composer and leader of the heavy metal and hard rock band Rata Blanca. He is very influenced by Ritchie Blackmore, Yngwie Malmsteen and David Gilmour.

Career[link]

Early Years and V8 (1981 - 1985)[link]

Walter Giardino during his first play in V8.

In 1981 Walter Giardino as a guitarist and vocalist founded Punto Rojo with Gustavo Andino (drums) and Roberto Cosseddu (bass) the band was successful on the under scene but never record an album. The band was dissolved in 1984. In 1985 the most important national heavy metal band at time V8 was searching for a new guitarist and drummer to sustitute Osvaldo Civile and Gustavo Rowek, the band recruit both Giardino and Andino (from Punto Rojo) and Miguel Roldan another guitarist. On his time with V8 Giardino wrote some songs but the band never accepted it. After six months in V8 the bassist and leader Ricardo Iorio fire up Giardino. Giardino began a new project with another former V8, the drummer Gustavo Rowek.

Rata Blanca (1986 -1997)[link]

In 1986, after his departure from V8, Giardino founded Rata Blanca with Gustavo Rowek (drums), Rodolfo Cava (vocals) and Yulie Ruth (bass), under this line-up the band recorded a demo in England. After two years of rehearsals the band debuted at Teatro Luz y Fuerza in Buenos Aires. For this event the band recruited Sergio Berdichevsky (rhythm guitar), Saul Blanch (vocals) and a new bassist called Guillermo Sanchez. This line-up eventually recorded the band's self-titled debut album. In 1990 the band recorded Magos, espadas y rosas with Adrián Barilari on the vocals and Hugo Bistolfi as an official member in the keyboard duties. This era was the band's most successful. In 1992 they released Guerrero del Arco Iris and in 1993 the EP El Libro Oculto. After this Walter Giardino wished to move the band's sound into a heavier sound, opinion not shared with both Barilari and Bistolfi, who decided to leave Rata Blanca. They were in turn replaced by Mario Ian (vocals) and Javier Retamozo (keyboards). This formation recorded in 1994 Entre el Cielo y el Infierno an album marked with a heavy sound more in the style of bands like Accept and Judas Priest. Ian leaves in 1996 after musical differences with the band, and Giardino started searching for a new vocalist with same register of Barilari. Finally he recruited Gabriel Marian. VII was the next album, that didn't receive much acceptance from the fans. Late 1997, Giardino disbanded Rata Blanca.

Temple (1998 - 2000)[link]

Giardino began a new project named Walter Giardino Temple which only recorded one album (1998) The band included Norberto Rodriguez (vocals) Ruben Trombini (bass), Pablo Catania (keyboards) and Martin Carrizo (drums) later replaced by Fernando Scarcella. The band break-up after play with Glenn Hughes (Deep Purple, Black Sabbath) when Walter Giardino wanted to play alone allegedly because the band doesn't know how to play the song 'Burn'. After this event the members of the band except Scarcella create his own band, ironically named Quemar (Spanish translation of "burn"). Temple was on a hiatus and Giardino collaborate with Spain metal band Mago de Oz and then return to Argentina. Giardino invites Adrian Barilari and Hugo Bistolfi to act for some nights with Temple, the bassist Daniel Leonetti leaves the band and his place was taken by Guillermo Sanchez (another Rata Blanca member) and this was the beginning of the return of Rata Blanca.

Rata Blanca: The Second Era (2000 - Present)[link]

Temple officially had four of the six members of the most successful line-up of Rata Blanca. Giardino decided to reform Rata Blanca and asked Gustavo Rowek and Sergio Berdichevsky to return to Rata Blanca, but they decided to remain with their own band Nativo. Fernando Scarcella stayed as the drummer of Rata Blanca, and Giardino became the only guitarist of the group. In recent years, they have released three more albums, El Camino del Fuego ("The Path of Fire") in 2002, La Llave de la Puerta Secreta ("The Key to the Secret Door") in 2005, and El Reino Olvidado ("The Forgotten Kingdom") in 2008. The lyrics to La Llave de la Puerta Secreta were inspired by The Da Vinci Code. Wanting to gain a more international profile, Giardino approached former Rainbow singer Doogie White to record an English version of the Forgotten Kingdom album in 2009.

Discography[link]

With Rata Blanca[link]

• Rata Blanca - 1988
• Magos, espadas y rosas - 1990
• Guerrero del Arco Iris - 1992
• El Libro Oculto - 1993
• Entre el Cielo y el Infierno - 1994
• En Vivo en Buenos Aires - 1996
• Rata Blanca VII - 1997
• Grandes Canciones - 2000
• El Camino del Fuego (Highway on Fire) - 2002
• Poder Vivo - 2002
• En Vivo con Gleen Hughes (DVD) - 2003
• La Llave de la Puerta Secreta - 2005
• El Reino Olvidado (The Forgotten Kingdom) - 2008 - 2009
• TBA (2012)

With Walter Giardino Temple[link]

• Walter Giardino Temple - 1998

With Others[link]

• Gaia - Mago de Oz - 2003
• Barilari - Barilari - 2003
• Canciones Doradas - Barilari - 2007
• Sabbath Crosses( tribute to Black Sabbath )
• Larga vida al... Volumen Brutal,song "Los Rockeros Van Al Infierno",( tribute to Baron Rojo )
• Tierra Firme of Ars Amandi, guitar solo on " Tierra Firme "
• Cuerdas Vitales ( Carina Alfie )

References[link]

• http://www.rataweb.com.ar
• ↑ [1]Rata Web, página web de Rata Blanca, sección "La Banda: Walter Giardino".

Juan Mario De la Espriella better known as Juancho De la Espriella (Born February 26, 1973 in Sincelejo, Sucre) is a Colombian musician interpreter of vallenato in accordion. De la Espriella is the current accordionist of Colombian vallenato singer Silvestre Dangond.

References[link]

• Juancho De la Espriella official website
• parranda vallenata - La Fama: Silvestre & Juancho

v t e Vallenato Musicians Renowned vallenato musicians Alejo Durán • Alfredo Gutierrez • Diomedes Diaz • Fonseca • Colacho Mendoza • Rafael Escalona • Emiliano Zuleta • Jorge Oñate • Iván Villazón • Kaleth Morales • Silvestre Dangond • Carlos Vives • Juancho De la Espriella • The Children of Vallenato

This Colombian biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

This article on an South American musician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by editing it. (May 2012)

Temple Grandin
Born	(1947-08-29) August 29, 1947 (age 64) Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
Fields	Animal science
Institutions	Colorado State University
Alma mater	Franklin Pierce University Arizona State University University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Known for	Work in the livestock industry

Temple Grandin (born August 29, 1947) is an American doctor of animal science and professor at Colorado State University, bestselling author, and consultant to the livestock industry on animal behavior. As a person with high-functioning autism, Grandin is also noted for her work in autism advocacy and is the inventor of the squeeze machine designed to calm hypersensitive people.

The subject of an award-winning biographical film, Temple Grandin, in 2010 she was listed in the Time 100 list of the 100 most influential people in the world in the "Heroes" category.^[1]

Early life and education[link]

Grandin was born in Boston, Massachusetts, to Richard Grandin and Eustacia Cutler, and diagnosed with autism at age 2 in 1950. Diagnosed and labeled with brain damage, at that early age she was placed in a structured nursery school with what she considers to have been good teachers. Grandin's mother spoke to a doctor who suggested speech therapy, and she hired a nanny who spent hours playing turn-based games with Grandin and her sister.^{[citation needed]}

At age four, Grandin began talking. She considers herself lucky to have had supportive mentors from primary school onwards. However, Grandin has said that middle and high school were the worst parts of her life. She was the "nerdy kid" whom everyone teased. At times, while she walked down the street, people would taunt her by saying "tape recorder," because she would repeat things over and over again. Grandin states that, "I could laugh about it now, but back then it really hurt."^{[citation needed]}

After graduating from Hampshire Country School, a boarding school for gifted children in Rindge, New Hampshire, in 1966, Grandin went on to earn her bachelor's degree in psychology from Franklin Pierce College in 1970, her master's degree in animal science from Arizona State University in 1975, and her doctoral degree in animal science from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1989.

Grandin received an honorary doctorate degree from the Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph in Guelph, Ontario, Canada at the 2012 Winter Convocation, where she was the keynote speaker.

Career celebrity, advocacy[link]

Grandin is a philosophical leader of both the animal welfare and autism advocacy movements.^[2] Both movements commonly cite her work regarding animal welfare, neurology, and philosophy. She knows the anxiety of feeling threatened by everything in her surroundings, and of being dismissed and feared, which motivates her work in humane livestock handling processes. Her business website promotes improvement of standards in slaughter plants and livestock farms. In 2004 she won a "Proggy" award, in the "visionary" category, from People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals.^[3]

One of her notable essays about animal welfare is “Animals are not Things”,^[4] in which she posits that animals are technically property in our society, but the law ultimately gives them ethical protections or rights. She compares the properties and rights of owning cows versus owning screwdrivers, enumerating how both can be utilized to serve human purposes in many ways but, when it comes to inflicting pain, there is a vital distinction between such 'properties': a person can legally smash or grind up a screwdriver but cannot legally torture an animal.

Grandin became well known after being described by Oliver Sacks in the title narrative of his book An Anthropologist on Mars (1995); the title is derived from Grandin's description of how she feels around neurotypical people. She first spoke in public about autism in the mid-1980s at the request of Ruth C. Sullivan, one of the founders of the Autism Society of America. Sullivan writes:

I first met Temple in the mid-1980s ...[at the] annual [ASA] conference.... Standing on the periphery of the group was a tall young woman who was obviously interested in the discussions. She seemed shy and pleasant, but mostly she just listened.... I learned her name was Temple Grandin... It wasn't until later in the week that I realized she was someone with autism....I approached her and asked if she'd be willing to speak at the next year's [ASA] conference. She agreed...The next year... Temple first addressed an [ASA] audience.... people were standing at least three deep....The audience couldn't get enough of her. Here, for the first time, was someone who could tell us from her own experience what it was like to be extremely sound sensitive ("like being tied to the rail and the train's coming")... She was asked many questions: "Why does my son do so much spinning?" "Why does he hold his hands to his ears? "Why doesn't he look at me?" She spoke from her own experience, and her insight was impressive. There were tears in more than one set of eyes that day.... Temple quickly became a much sought-after speaker in the autism community.^[5]

Based on personal experience, Grandin advocates early intervention to address autism, and supportive teachers who can direct fixations of the child with autism in fruitful directions. She has described her hypersensitivity to noise and other sensory stimuli. She claims she is a primarily visual thinker^[6] and has said that words are her second language. Temple attributes her success as a humane livestock facility designer to her ability to recall detail, which is a characteristic of her visual memory. Grandin compares her memory to full-length movies in her head that can be replayed at will, allowing her to notice small details. She is also able to view her memories using slightly different contexts by changing the positions of the lighting and shadows. Her insight into the minds of cattle has taught her to value the changes in details to which animals are particularly sensitive, and to use her visualization skills to design thoughtful and humane animal-handling equipment. She was named a fellow of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers in 2009.^[7]

As a partial proponent of neurodiversity, Grandin has expressed that she would not support a cure of the entirety of the autistic spectrum.^[8]

Personal life[link]

Temple Grandin at TED 2010

On May 16, 2010, Grandin also received an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Duke University.^[9]

Grandin says, “the part of other people that has emotional relationships is not part of me” and she has neither married nor had children. Beyond her work in animal science and welfare and autism rights, her interests include horse riding, science fiction, movies, and biochemistry. She describes socializing with others as “boring” and has no interest in reading or watching entertainment about emotional issues or relationships.

She has noted in her autobiographical works that autism affects every aspect of her life. She has to wear comfortable clothes to counteract her sensory integration dysfunction and has structured her lifestyle to avoid sensory overload. She regularly takes anti-depressants, but no longer uses a squeeze-box (hug machine) that she invented at the age of 18 as a form of stress relief therapy, stating in February 2010 that: “It broke two years ago, and I never got around to fixing it. I'm into hugging people now.” ^[10]

In popular culture[link]

Grandin has been featured on major media programs, such as Lisa Davis's It's Your Health, ABC's Primetime Live, the Today Show, and Larry King Live, the NPR show, Fresh Air with Terry Gross, and written up in Time magazine, People magazine, Discover magazine, Forbes and The New York Times.^[11][12]In 2012, Grandin was interviewed on Thriving Canine Radio to discuss "A Different Perspective on Animal Behavior."

She was the subject of the Horizon documentary “The Woman Who Thinks Like a Cow”, first broadcast by the BBC on June 8, 2006, and Nick News in the spring of 2006.^[13] She has also been a subject in the series First Person by Errol Morris.

Grandin is the focus of a semi-biographical HBO film, titled Temple Grandin,^[14][15] starring Claire Danes as Grandin.^[16] The movie was released in 2010, was nominated for 15 Emmys, and received five awards, including Outstanding Made for Television Movie and Best Actress in a Drama.^[17] Grandin was on stage as the award was accepted, and spoke briefly to the audience. Coincidentally, the 2010 Emmy Awards happened on Grandin's birthday. At the 2011 Golden Globes, Claire Danes won a Golden Globe for Best Performance by an Actress in a Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television.

Grandin was featured in Beautiful Minds: A Voyage Into the Brain, a documentary produced in 2006 by colourFIELD tell-a-vision, a German company. She appeared in a 2011 documentary on Sci Channel, "Ingenious Minds".^{[citation needed]} She was named one of 2010's 100 most influential people in the world by Time magazine.^[1]

Major publications[link]

• Emergence: Labeled Autistic (with Margaret Scariano, 1986, updated 1991), ISBN 0-446-67182-7
• The Learning Style of People with Autism: An Autobiography (1995). In Teaching Children with Autism : Strategies to Enhance Communication and Socializaion, Kathleen Ann Quill, ISBN 0-8273-6269-2
• Thinking in Pictures: Other Reports from My Life with Autism (1996) ISBN 0-679-77289-8
• Developing Talents: Careers for Individuals with Asperger Syndrome and High-Functioning Autism (2004). ISBN 1-931282-56-0
• Animals in Translation : Using the Mysteries of Autism to Decode Animal Behavior (with Catherine Johnson, 2005), ISBN 0-7432-4769-8
• The Unwritten Rules of Social Relationships: Decoding Social Mysteries Through the Unique Perspectives of Autism (with Sean Barron, 2005), ISBN 1-932565-06-X
• The Way I See It: A Personal Look At Autism And Aspergers (2009)
• Animals Make Us Human: Creating the Best life for Animals (with Catherine Johnson, 2009) ISBN 978-0-15-101489-7

See also[link]

• Controversies in autism
• Wendy Jacob
• Net Koene researching Temple Grandin's ideas regarding linguistics
• Sociological and cultural aspects of autism
• Temple Grandin (film)

Notes[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• In Depth with Temple Grandin, interview from November 1, 2009

Chester Bennington
Chester Bennington performing as a part of Linkin Park at Sonisphere Festival in Finland.
Background information
Birth name	Chester Charles Bennington
Born	(1976-03-20) March 20, 1976 (age 36)
Origin	Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.
Genres	Alternative rock, alternative metal, rap rock, nu metal, post-grunge, electronic rock
Occupations	Musician, singer-songwriter, actor
Instruments	Vocals, guitar, piano, drums
Years active	1992–present
Labels	Warner Bros.
Associated acts	Linkin Park, Dead by Sunrise, Julien-K, Grey Daze
Website	www.cbennington.com

Chester Charles Bennington (born March 20, 1976) is an American musician, singer-songwriter and actor. He is best known as the lead vocalist and songwriter of the rock band Linkin Park.

Bennington became known as a vocalist with Linkin Park's debut album, Hybrid Theory, in 2000, which was a massive commercial success. The album was certified Diamond by the RIAA in 2005, making it the best-selling debut album of the decade, as well as one of the few albums to ever hit that many sales.^[1] Linkin Park's following studio albums, Meteora, Minutes To Midnight, and A Thousand Suns, released in 2003, 2007, and 2010 respectively, continued the band's success. Bennington formed his own band, Dead by Sunrise as a side-project in 2005. The band's debut album, Out of Ashes was released on October 13, 2009.

Early life[link]

Bennington performing in Dallas, Texas

Bennington took interest in music at a young age, citing Depeche Mode and Stone Temple Pilots as early inspirations. Bennington's parents separated in the late 1980s. He later struggled with cocaine and methamphetamine addictions.^[2] Bennington eventually overcame his drug addiction, and would go on to denounce drug use in future interviews.^[3] He worked at a fast food restaurant before starting his career as a professional musician.^[2]

Before joining Linkin Park, Bennington was a vocalist in Grey Daze, a post-grunge band from Phoenix, Arizona.^[4] He left Grey Daze in 1998, but struggled to find another band to sing in.^[4] After nearly quitting his musical career altogether, Jeff Blue, the vice president of A&R at Zomba Music in Los Angeles, offered Bennington an audition with the future members of Linkin Park.^[4] Bennington quit his day job, and took his family to California, where he had a successful audition with Linkin Park, who were then called "Xero".^[4] Bennington and Mike Shinoda, the band’s other vocalist, made significant progress together, but failed to find a record deal.^[4] After facing numerous rejections, Jeff Blue, now a vice president of A&R at Warner Bros., intervened again to help the band sign with Warner Bros. Records.^[4]

Linkin Park[link]

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On October 24, 2000 Linkin Park released their debut album through Warner Bros. Records. Bennington and Shinoda wrote the lyrics to Hybrid Theory based on some early material.^[5] Shinoda characterized the lyrics as interpretations of universal feelings, emotions, and experiences, and as “everyday emotions you talk about and think about.”^[6][7] Bennington later described the songwriting experience to Rolling Stone magazine in early 2002:

Hybrid Theory was released in the United States on October 24, 2000 following the debut of "One Step Closer" on the radio.^[8] It entered the U.S. Billboard 200 charts at #16 in late 2000,^[9] and was certified gold by the RIAA five weeks after its release.^[10] In 2001, Hybrid Theory sold 4.8 million copies in the United States, making it the best-selling album of the year,^[11][12] and it was estimated that the album continued selling 100,000 copies per week in early 2002.^[5] Throughout the following years, the album continued to sell at a fast pace and was certified diamond by the RIAA in 2005 for selling 10 million copies in the U.S.^[13] It has sold 24 million copies worldwide as of 2009,^[14] including over 10 million in the U.S. which makes it the band's best-selling album and the best-selling debut album of the 21st century.^[15]

The follow-up to Hybrid Theory would ultimately become Meteora. The band began to work on new material amidst their saturated schedule, spending a sliver of their free time in their tour bus' studio.^[16] The band officially announced the production of a new studio album in December 2002, revealing their new work was inspired by the rocky region of Meteora in Greece, where numerous monasteries have been built on top of the rocks.^[17] Meteora featured a mixture of the band's previous nu metal and rapcore styles with newer innovative effects, including the induction of a shakuhachi (a Japanese flute made of bamboo) and other instruments.^[18] Linkin Park's second album debuted on March 25, 2003 and instantly earned worldwide recognition,^[18] going to #1 in the US and UK, and #2 in Australia.^[19]

Linkin Park returned to the recording studios in 2006 to work on new material. To produce the album, the band chose Rick Rubin. Despite initially stating the record would debut sometime in 2006, it was delayed until 2007.^[20] The band had recorded thirty to fifty songs in August 2006, when Shinoda stated the album was halfway completed.^[21] Bennington later added that the new album would stray away from their previous nu metal sound.^[22] Warner Bros. Records officially announced that the band’s third studio album, entitled Minutes To Midnight, would be released on May 15, 2007 in the United States.^[23] After spending fourteen months working on the album, the band opted to further refine their album by removing five of the original seventeen tracks. The album’s title, a reference to the Doomsday Clock, foreshadowed the band's new lyrical themes.^[24] Minutes to Midnight sold over 600,000 copies in its first week, making it one of the most successful debut week albums in recent years. The album also took the top spot on the Billboard Charts.^[25] Linkin Park's latest album, A Thousand Suns, was also co-produced with Rick Rubin and was released on September 14, 2010, with its first single, "The Catalyst", a success. Their next album, Living Things, is due for release on June 26, 2012, and its first single is "Burn It Down" which has met critical success.

Personal life[link]

Chester Bennington has two children from a previous relationship with Elka Brand; Jamie and Isaiah.^[26] Bennington married his first wife, Samantha Marie Olit, on October 31, 1996.^[26] They had one child together, Draven Sebastian Bennington, who was born on April 19, 2002.^[26] Bennington’s relationship with his first wife declined during his early years with Linkin Park, and they divorced in 2005.^[27] After divorcing his first wife, Bennington married Talinda Ann Bentley, a former Playboy model,^[26] with whom he has three children, Tyler Lee Bennington and twins that were born in 2011. The wedding ceremony was custom designed and performed by Mary Jean Valente of "A Ceremony of the Heart". Bennington and his family live in a house in Gilbert, Arizona when he is not on tour.^[28]

Chester and Talinda were harassed by a cyberstalker, Devon Townsend, for almost a year. Townsend was found guilty of tampering with the couple's email, as well as sending threatening messages, and was sentenced to two years in prison.^[28]

Bennington is a tattoo enthusiast.^[29] Bennington has done work and promotions with Club Tattoo, a recognized tattoo parlor in Tempe, Arizona. Club Tattoo is owned by Sean Dowdell, Chester's friend since high school. They played together in two bands, "Sean Dowdell and his friends?" and "Grey Daze"^[30][31] He showed off his tattoos by posing shirtless for PETA's "Ink, Not Mink" anti-fur campaign.^[32]

Health[link]

Bennington performing at Sonisphere Festival in Kirjurinluoto, Pori, Finland, 2009

Despite having success in the early 2000s, Bennington has had medical issues outside of the limelight. He suffered a severe bite from a recluse spider while touring with the OzzFest in 2001.^[33] Bennington was plagued with poor health during the making of Meteora, and struggled to attend some of the album’s recording sessions.^[34] He fell ill during the summer of 2003, and eventually underwent surgery.^[35] Bennington sustained a wrist injury in October 2007 while attempting to jump off a platform during a show in Melbourne, Australia at the Rod Laver Arena. Despite the injury, he continued to perform the entire show with a broken wrist, before heading to the emergency room. He received 5 stitches.^[36][37]

In 2011, Bennington fell ill again, and Linkin Park was forced to cancel three shows and reschedule two from the A Thousand Suns World Tour.^[38] Bennington injured his shoulder during the band's tour in Asia and was advised by doctors to have immediate surgery, cancelling their final show at Pensacola Beach, Florida and ending their tour.^[39]

Bands[link]

• Grey Daze – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1993–1998)
• Linkin Park – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, percussion (1999–present)
• Dead by Sunrise – lead vocals, guitar, keyboard (2005–2010 or present)
• Julien-K – production (Teamed up with them for some songs, but is not in the band)

Solo work[link]

Bennington joined Z-Trip in 2005 for the single "Walking Dead", released on Z-Trip's major label album Shifting Gears. "Walking Dead" was a Top Ten Single in the US. Bennington also made a surprise appearance during Z-Trip's performance at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in 2005.

Bennington teamed up with original Orgy guitarists Ryan Shuck and Amir Derakh, who perform together as Julien-K, for a solo project. Chester's band is called Dead By Sunrise, formerly known as Snow White Tan. Dead By Sunrise has since released their debut album Out of Ashes on October 13, 2009.^[40] Chester also worked on Julien-Ks debut album 'Death To Analog' and is credited as the executive Producer. In 2009, Ryan Shuck said:

"Both bands are the same. The one where Chester sings and writes is Dead By Sunrise, but when I sing, and Amir and I are the primary writers, it becomes Julien-K and it's more electro and much darker... Julien-K and Dead by Sunrise are basically a creative collective, we're sort of a Warhol-style factory in that sense... Dead by Sunrise is Chester's Julien-K if that makes any sense"^[41]

Voice[link]

Bennington was placed at #46 on Hit Parader's list of "Heavy Metal's All-Time Top 100 Vocalists".^[42] Bennington possesses a tenor vocal range.^[43] Spanning C2-A2 to F5-G5 (3.5 Octaves)^[44]

Featured vocals[link]

Album contributions[link]

Music producer[link]

Chester Bennington executive produced the E.P for Los Angeles, Tripduster band Hellflower, which is fronted by his long time friend and Director of Activities (D.O.A), Church.^[45]

Film and television[link]

Bennington also made a cameo in the 2006 film Crank as a customer in a pharmacy.^[46] He later appeared as a horse-track spectator in the film's 2009 sequel, Crank: High Voltage.^[47] Bennington also had a role as the ill-fated Skinhead, Evan, in the 2010 film Saw 3D.^[48]

Chester Bennington is working with his long time friend and director of activities, Church, on developing an upcoming television show, Mayor of the World, with executive producers Trip Taylor.^[49]

Filmography[link]

References[link]