Jena
Jena Skyline
Jena
Coordinates	50°55′38″N 11°35′10″E / 50.92722°N 11.58611°E / 50.92722; 11.58611Coordinates: 50°55′38″N 11°35′10″E / 50.92722°N 11.58611°E / 50.92722; 11.58611
Administration
Country	Germany
State	Thuringia
District	Urban district
Lord Mayor	Albrecht Schröter (SPD)
Basic statistics
Area	114.30 km2 (44.13 sq mi)
Elevation	155 m  (509 ft)
Population	105,129 (31 December 2010)[1]
- Density	920 /km2 (2,382 /sq mi)
Other information
Time zone	CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2)
Licence plate	J
Postal codes	07701–07751
Area code	03641
Website	www.jena.de

Jena (German pronunciation: [ˈjeːna] ( listen)) is a university city in central Germany on the river Saale. It has a population of approx. 103,000 and is the second largest city in the federal state of Thuringia, after Erfurt.

History[link]

Jena was first mentioned in an 1182 document. In the 11th century it was a possession of the lords of Lobdeburg but, in the following century, it developed into an independent market town with laws and magistrates of its own. The local economy was based mainly on wine production. In 1286, the Dominicans were established in the city, followed by the Cistercians in 1301.

The margraves of Meißen imposed their authority over Jena in 1331. From 1423, it belonged to Electoral Saxony of the House of Wettin, which had inherited Meißen and remained under them after the division of Wettin lands in 1485.

The Protestant Reformation was brought to the city in 1523. In the following years, the Dominican and the Carmelite convents were attacked by the townsmen. In 1558, the university (now called the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena) was founded by elector John Frederick the Magnanimous.

For a short period (1672–1690), Jena was the capital of an independent dukedom (Saxe-Jena). In 1692, it was annexed to Saxe-Eisenach and, in 1741, to the Duchy (later Grand Duchy) of Saxe-Weimar, to which it belonged until 1918.

At the end of the 18th century, the university became the largest and most famous one among the German states and made Jena the centre of idealist philosophy (with professors like Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Friedrich Schiller and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling) and of the early romanticism (with poets like Novalis, the brothers Schlegel and Ludwig Tieck). In 1794, the poets Goethe and Schiller met at the university and established a long lasting friendship.

On 14 October 1806, Napoleon fought and defeated the Prussian army here in the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt. Resistance against the French occupation was strong, especially among the town students, many of whom fought in the Lützow Free Corps in 1813. Two years later, the Urburschenschaft fraternity was founded in the city.

At the end of the 19th century, with the building of the Saal Railway (Saalbahn) along the river Saale from Halle/Leipzig to Nuremberg, Jena became a centre for precision machinery, optics and glass making, with the formation of the world famous companies Carl Zeiss Jena and Schott Jenaer Glaswerk, by Carl Zeiss, Ernst Abbe and Otto Schott.

In 1945, towards the end of World War II, Jena was heavily bombed by the American and British Allies. 153 people were killed and most of the medieval town centre was destroyed (though restored after the end of the war).

Part of the State of Thuringia from its foundation in 1920 on, it was incorporated into the German Democratic Republic in 1949 and its district of Gera in 1952. Since 1990, the city of Jena has been a part of the Free State of Thuringia in the united Federal Republic of Germany.

Economy[link]

Today, Jena is a manufacturing city, specializing in precision machinery, pharmaceuticals, optics and photographic equipment and is home to the famous Zeiss optics plant. In 1926, the world's first modern planetarium was built by the Zeiss company in the Damenviertel district of the town.

Today, the city's economy diversifies into bioinformatics, biotechnology, software and photonics. The metropolitan area of Jena is among Germany's 50 fastest growing regions, with many internationally renowned research institutes and companies, a comparatively low unemployment and a very young population structure. Jena was awarded the title "Stadt der Wissenschaft" (city of science) by the Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft, a German science association, in 2008.

The Jen-Tower.

View over the city center of Jena

Johannisstraße, looking towards Eichplatz. Jena

Christmas Market in Jena

Main sights[link]

• The 13th century Town Hall ("Rathaus"). It has an astronomical clock featuring the "Snatching Hans" ("Schnapphans").
• The Gothic St. Michael's Church ("Michaelskirche", 1506). It has a bronze slab of Martin Luther's tomb
• Monument to John Frederick the Magnanimous (1905–08), in the Market Square
• Numerous towers from the medieval fortifications, including the Powder Tower (13th-14th centuries)
• House of Friedrich Schiller and his Wedding Church.
• The Botanischer Garten Jena, founded in 1580, the second oldest botanical garden in Germany
• Jen-Tower, a research edifice built in GDR times. There is a restaurant and viewing platform at the 27th floor.

In the neighbourhood are the Dornburg Castles and the Kapellendorf Moated Castle.

Public transport[link]

• The city is served by the Jena tramway network, and by an extensive network of buses, both run by the "Jenah" organization (a pun on Jena and Nahverkehr, German for public transport).
• Buses of the JES Verkehrsgesellschaft connect Jena with cities and villages in the region.
• The high-speed Intercity-Express trains from Berlin to Munich call at the Jena Paradies station, just to the east of the city centre (like all other trains on the north-south Saal Railway); trains from Erfurt and further west arrive at Jena West station, just west of the city centre (like all other trains on the east-west Weimar–Gera line).
• The nearest airports to Jena are Leipzig-Altenburg Airport and Erfurt Airport. However, international visitors normally arrive at Frankfurt, Berlin or Munich airports, from all of which there are convenient train connections to Jena.

Colleges, universities and research institutes[link]

• The Friedrich Schiller University of Jena was founded in 1558 as the "Collegium Jenense".
• The University of Applied Sciences (Fachhochschule Jena) was founded in 1991.
• The Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology is an important research center and offers a Ph.D. program.
• The Max Planck Institute of Economics
• The Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry
• The Institute of Photonic Technology
• The Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering (IOF)
• INNOVENT - one of the biggest private research centers in Germany
• The Leibniz Institute for Age Research is an important research center and offers a Ph.D program.
• The Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology
• Friedrich-Löffler-Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses
• Friedrich-Löffler-Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis
• The Jena Center for Bioinformatics

Museums[link]

• Optical Museum Jena - history of optical instruments
• Schott GlassMuseum - production and usage of glass
• The Göhre City Museum - urban history of Jena
• Botanical Garden
• Phyletic Museum - phylogeny and evolutionary theory
• House of Romanticism - literature
• Memorial to Goethe - literature
• Oriental Coin Cabinet Jena - Oriental history, numismatics (non public, open for scientific research only)
• Schott Villa - history of the Jena glassworks and of Otto Schott and his family

Culture[link]

The Botanical Garden of Jena

• The Jenaer Philharmonie is the largest independent symphony orchestra in Thuringia.
• Kulturarena: annual music festival held in front of the theatre

Famous citizens and alumni of the university[link]

• Ernst Abbe, physicist, social reformer, partner of Carl Zeiss and Otto Schott
• Anton Wilhelm Amo, African philosopher
• Johannes R. Becher, poet and politician
• Hans Berger, discoverer of human EEG
• Bernhard, Prince of the Netherlands
• Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, influential German naturalist, doctor, comparative anatomist and physiologist
• Johann Gottfried Eichhorn, orientalist and Protestant theologian of the Enlightenment
• Robert Enke, German footballer
• Walter Eucken, founder of neoliberal economic theory
• Rudolf Eucken, philosopher and the winner of the 1908 Nobel Prize for Literature
• Johann Gottlieb Fichte, philosopher and early German nationalist
• Gottlob Frege, mathematician, logician, and philosopher
• Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel, inventor of the kindergarten
• Johann Wolfgang Goethe, poet/writer
• Ernst Haeckel, German evolutionary biologist/zoologist
• G. W. F. Hegel, philosopher
• Friedrich Hölderlin, poet
• Martin Luther, reformer
• Philipp Melanchthon, theologian
• Johann Karl August Musäus, German author
• Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, philosopher
• Novalis, poet
• Max Reger, composer, pianist, professor and conductor
• Friedrich Schelling
• Friedrich Schiller, poet/writer
• Caroline Böhmer Schlegel Schelling
• Wilhelm Schlegel, philosopher
• Bernd Schneider, German footballer
• Otto Schott, inventor of fireproof glass, founder of the Schott glass works
• Reinhard Johannes Sorge, German poet, dramatist, and Roman Catholic convert
• Johann Gustav Stickel, orientalist
• Kurt Tucholsky, writer
• Carl Zeiss, founder of the Zeiss company
• Gabor Schablitzki aka Robag Wruhme, Electronic Musician, member of the Wighnomy Brothers

International relations[link]

Jena is twinned with:

• Porto, Portugal^[2]
• Lugoj, Romania, since 1983
• Erlangen, Germany, since 1987
• San Marcos, Nicaragua, since 1996
• Aubervilliers, France, since 1999
• Berkeley, USA
• Kamëz, Albania^[3]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jena

• Jena travel guide from Wikitravel
• Official Homepage of Jena (German) (English)

v t e Urban and rural districts in the Free State of Thuringia in Germany Urban districts Eisenach Erfurt Gera Jena Suhl Weimar Rural districts Altenburger Land Eichsfeld Gotha Greiz Hildburghausen Ilm-Kreis Kyffhäuserkreis Nordhausen Saale-Holzland-Kreis Saale-Orla-Kreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt Schmalkalden-Meiningen Sömmerda Sonneberg Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis Wartburgkreis Weimarer Land

This article has been translated from the article Jena Lee in the French Wikipedia, and requires proofreading. If you are confident enough in your fluency of English and French, please feel free to join this translation.

Jena Lee
Background information
Born	(1987-06-29) 29 June 1987 (age 24)
Origin	Oloron-Sainte-Marie, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, Aquitaine
Genres	Emo R&B, French pop
Occupations	Typesettist, author
Years active	2007–present
Labels	Mercury France (2008–present), subsidiary of Universal Music France
Website	Jena-lee.fr

Sylvia Garcia (born 29 June 1987 in Chile), more commonly known as Jena Lee is a French singer.

1987–2007: youth[link]

Born in Chile, Sylvia Garcia was adopted by a French family at the age of nine months. She grew up in Oloron-Sainte-Marie in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques and was passionate about music from the age of 4.

She recorded her first songs on a tape recorder. One of those pieces, Banalité (Banality), found its way to an editor in Paris.

2007–2009: pop stars and Urban Music Nation[link]

In 2007, Jena Lee met Sulee B Wax, who was interested in her work. When the fourth season of Popstars started, he asked Jena to try writing the instrumentals. Jena Lee wrote six songs of the thirteen that comprise Sheryfa Luna's album, including the song Somewhere. Following the composition of these songs, she received other requests, such as from Mathieu Edward with the title Like before as well as for a composition for the musical theater show Cléopâtre.^[1]

In 2008, Lee entered in and won the Urban Music Nation contest organized by radio operator Skyrock; the finale was on 26 December 2008.

2009: debut album[link]

Her first single, "J'aimerais tellement" ("I Would Love So Much"), was released in April 2009 along with a music video. It was at the top of the French singles charts for a total of eleven weeks and had the highest numbers of download in November 2009.^[1]

Lee's first Album, Vous Remercier ("Thank You"), was recorded with Bustafunk. It was released on 2 November 2009 on the Internet and to stores on 9 November 2009 on the label Mercury Records, a division of the group Universal Music French. 100,000 copies of the album are said to have been sold.

2010: Ma Reference[link]

In 2010, Jena Lee released the follow up to Vous Remercier, which contains the singles US Boy, Eternise-Moi, the duet with French group Eskemo, and Mon Ange.

In 2011, Jena Lee has started promoting her new band, Dirty Diary, on Twitter, YouTube and Facebook.^[2]

Style and image[link]

Jena Lee defines her musical style as a combination of emo and R&B styles”, “having mixed the artists” whom she loves “by mixing the side saturated guitar, melody guitar of the emo with happy urban, synthé, piano”.

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

Singles[link]

¹ Digital downloads

References[link]

External links[link]

• (French) Official website
• Download the new Album by Jena Lee, "Ma Référence", from iTunes

Music portal

Jena Sims

Beauty pageant titleholder
Born	Jena Michelle Sims (1988-12-30) December 30, 1988 (age 23) Winder, Georgia, U.S.
Height	5 ft 8 in (1.73 m)
Hair color	Brown
Eye color	Brown
Title(s)	Miss Georgia Teen USA 2007
Major competition(s)	Miss Teen USA 2007

Jena Michelle Sims (born December 30, 1988) is a beauty queen from Winder, Georgia who has held the Miss National Junior Teenager title and competed in the Miss Teen USA pageant in 2007.

She has been widely recognized for her work with various charities, including her own organization "Pageant of Hope".

Biography[link]

Early life and education[link]

Sims grew up in Winder, Georgia and graduated from Winder-Barrow High School in 2007.^[1] She attended Belmont University in Nashville, Tennessee where she studied International Business. Jena is currently in Hollywood, California pursuing a career in modeling & acting.^[2]

Pageants[link]

In 2004, Sims was crowned Miss Georgia Junior National Teenager^[3] and later won the Miss Junior National Teenager title 2005.^[4]

A year later, Sims won the Miss Georgia Teen USA 2007 title in a state pageant held in Newnan on 11 November 2006.^[5] It was her second attempt at the title, as she placed in the semi-finals in the 2006 event. She was crowned by outgoing titleholder Brittany Sharp, who placed fourth runner-up in the Miss Teen USA pageant in August. ^[6]

Sims represented Georgia in the Miss Teen USA 2007 pageant broadcast live from Pasadena, California in August 2007, but did not place. She was the first Miss Georgia Teen USA not to place in the pageant since 2003.

Charity work[link]

Sims runs a non-profit organization that hosts beauty pageants for children with cancer and other disadvantages called the "Pageant of Hope".^[7] The pageants have been held in Winder, Tennessee, New York, Michigan, Wisconsin, California and she will be expanding into South Carolina.^[8]

In 2006 she received a Southern Hero award, and won a Prudential Spirit of Community award in 2003.^[9] In 2006 she was honored with an award from the Caring Institute in Washington DC, recognizing her work with children with cancer.^[10] The following year she was one of twenty-seven American teenagers given the "Nestle Very Best In Youth" award for her community service.^[11]

Her Pageant of Hope has also been awarded numerous State and National Community Service awards such as The Nestle Very Best in Youth National Award ^[12], BRICK Do Something National Award ^[13] and the Prudential Spirit of Community Bronze and Silver medallion. ^[14] She has been named a Georgia Young Entrepreneur by NFIB <ef>[6]</ref>, a WXIA Kids Who Care winner^[15], and a Huggable Hero by Maxine Clark and Build a Bear Workshop.^[16]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jena Sims

• Miss Georgia Teen USA official website
• Miss Teen USA official website

Carl Zeiss
Carl Zeiss
Born	(1816-09-11)11 September 1816 Weimar, Germany
Died	3 December 1888(1888-12-03) (aged 72) Jena, Germany
Nationality	German
Fields	Optics
Institutions	Carl Zeiss AG
Alma mater	University of Jena
Known for	Optical Lenses

Large microscope by Carl Zeiss (1879)

Carl Zeiss (11 September 1816 – 3 December 1888) was a German maker of optical instruments commonly known for the company he founded, Carl Zeiss Jena (now: Carl Zeiss AG). Zeiss made contributions to lens manufacturing that have aided the modern production of lenses. Raised in Weimar, Germany, he became a notable lens-maker in the 1840s when he created high-quality lenses that were "wide open", or in other words, had a very large aperture range that allowed for very bright images. He did this in the city of Jena at a self-opened workshop, where he started his lens-making career. At first his lenses were only used in the production of microscopes, but when cameras were invented, his company began manufacturing high-quality lenses for cameras.

Youth[link]

Zeiss began his life in pre-imperial Germany where he went to a grammar school, and undertook apprenticeship under Dr. Friedrich Körner, mechanic and supplier to the court. He later attended lectures in mathematics, experimental physics, anthropology, mineralogy and optics at the University of Jena. After seven years he opened a small workshop with hardly any tools. He made many lenses but had little recognition until 1847 when he hired his second and third apprentice.

Life[link]

In 1847 Carl Zeiss started making microscopes full-time. His first innovation was simpler single-lens microscopes intended for dissecting work. He sold 23 of them during the first year of production. Zeiss decided he needed a new challenge, so he began making compound microscopes. He created the Stand I which went to market in 1857.

In 1861 he was awarded a gold medal at the Thuringian Industrial Exhibition for his designs. They were considered to be among the best scientific instruments in Germany. By this point, he had about twenty people working for him and an expanding business. In 1866 the Zeiss workshop sold their thousandth microscope.

In 1872, he joined up with physicist Ernst Abbe. Their combined efforts lead to the discovery of the Abbe sine condition. Theoretically, the Abbe sine condition could greatly improve how well lenses could be made. However, a form of glass strong enough to fully test the theory did not exist at the time. Abbe then met Otto Schott, a thirty-year-old glass chemist who had just received his doctorate. They collaborated and in 1886, produced a new type of glass that could fully use the Abbe sine condition. This new type of glass made possible a new class of microscope objective, the apochromatic (often abbreviated 'apo'). Zeiss used water immersion to form a compensating eyepiece which produced images with little or no color distortion.

Zeiss's son had entered the business with him, but retired soon after Zeiss's death of natural causes on 3 December 1888. The business was incorporated as the Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung in 1889. It gained an international reputation for the manufacture of optical instruments of all kinds, and remains in business to this day, where the company might be most known for its broad selection of optical scopes and binoculars.

Publications[link]

• Auerbach, Das Zeisswerk und die Carl Zeiss-Stiftung in Jena (third edition, Jena, 1907)

See also[link]

• Calculation of glass properties - a significant contribution to the success of the companies Zeiss and Schott
• Optical Museum Jena

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Carl Zeiss

• Carl Zeiss Biography
• Zeiss Company History Site
• Zeiss microscopes resource site
• First simple microscope made by Carl Zeiss in 1847/1848
• Early compound microscope made by Carl Zeiss

Talk show host Michael Baisden and Al Sharpton, at the front of the September 20, 2007 march in Jena, Louisiana

Self-avowed white supremacist Richard Barrett at the September 20, 2007 Jena Six Rally

The Jena Six were six black teenagers convicted in the beating of Justin Barker, a white student at Jena High School in Jena, Louisiana, on December 4, 2006. Barker was injured in the assault by the members of the Jena Six, and received treatment for his injuries at an emergency room. While the case was pending, it was often cited as an example of racial injustice in the United States, due to a belief that the defendants had initially been charged with too-serious offenses and had been treated unfairly.

A number of events took place in and around Jena in the months preceding the Barker assault which have been linked to an alleged escalation of racial tensions. These events included the hanging of nooses from a tree in the high school courtyard, two violent confrontations between white and black youths, and the destruction by fire of the main building of Jena High School. The incidents were often linked in the extensive news coverage regarding the Jena Six.^[1]

Six individuals (Robert Bailey, then aged 17; Mychal Bell, then 16; Carwin Jones, then 18; Bryant Purvis, then 17; Jesse Ray Beard, then 14; and Theo Shaw, then 17) were arrested in the assault on Barker. One, Mychal Bell, was initially convicted as an adult of aggravated battery and conspiracy to commit aggravated battery. His convictions were overturned on the grounds that he should have been tried as a juvenile. Prior to a retrial in juvenile court, he pled guilty to a reduced charge of simple battery. The other five defendants later pled no contest, and were convicted of the same offense.

The Jena Six case sparked protests by those viewing the arrests and subsequent charges, initially attempted second-degree murder (though later reduced), as excessive and racially discriminatory. The protesters asserted that white Jena youths involved in other incidents were treated leniently. On September 20, 2007, between 15,000 and 20,000 protesters marched on Jena in what was described as the "largest civil rights demonstration in years".^[2][3] Related protests were held in other US cities on the same day.^[4] Subsequent reactions included songs alluding to the Jena Six, a considerable number of editorials and opinion columns, and Congressional hearings.

Background to the assault[link]

Noose hanging[link]

Jena High School

At Jena High School, about 10% of students are black and roughly 90% are white, reflecting the population of the town of Jena, which has about 3,000 people.^[5] Some early reporting indicated that students of different races seldom sat together, although this has been disputed.^[6] According to early reports, black students typically sat on bleachers near the auditorium, while white students sat under a large tree in the center of the school courtyard, referred to as the "white tree" or "prep tree".^[1] According to some of the school's teachers and administrators, the tree in question was not a "white tree" and students of all races had sat under it at one time or another.^[6]

At a school assembly held on August 31, 2006, a black male freshman asked the principal whether he could sit under the tree.^[7] According to Donald Washington, United States Attorney for the Western District of Louisiana, the principal stated that the question was posed in a "jocular fashion".^[8] The principal told the students they could "sit wherever they wanted".^[7] According to some reports, the freshman and his friends then sat under the tree.^[9]

The following morning, nooses were discovered hanging from the tree; reports differ as to whether there were two^[6] or three^[1] nooses. A black teacher described seeing both white and black students "playing with [the nooses], pulling on them, jump-swinging from them, and putting their heads through them" that same day.^[6] Craig Franklin, assistant editor of The Jena Times, stated that the nooses were actually a prank by three students aimed at white members of the school rodeo team, and that the school's investigating committee had concluded that "the three young teens had no knowledge that nooses symbolize the terrible legacy of the lynchings of countless blacks in American history."^[10] The names of those who hung the nooses were not publicly disclosed.

Repercussions[link]

The school disciplinary process that followed is unclear. It was reported that the principal learned that three white students were responsible and recommended expulsion, that the board of education overruled his recommendation, and that school superintendent Roy Breithaupt agreed with the overruling. It was initially reported that the punishment was reduced to three days of in-school suspension.^[1][11] However, the three students were isolated at an alternative school "for about a month",^[6] spent two weeks on in-school suspension, served Saturday detentions, had to attend Discipline Court, were referred to Families in Need of Services, and had to have an evaluation before they were able to return to school as part of the district's Crisis Management Policy Procedures.^[6]

The school superintendent was quoted as saying, "Adolescents play pranks. I don't think it was a threat against anybody."^[12] Black residents of Jena have stated that this decision stoked racial tensions leading to subsequent events.^[11]

According to US Attorney Donald Washington, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) investigators found that the hanging of the nooses "had all the markings of a hate crime". However, it could not be prosecuted as such because it failed to meet federal standards for the teens to be certified as adults.^[13] La Salle Parish District Attorney J. Reed Walters stated that Washington had found no federal statute under which the teens could be prosecuted, just as he himself had found no applicable state statute.^[14] Walters opined: "The people that [hung the nooses] should be ashamed of what they unleashed on this town."^[15]

Police were called to the school in the days after the noose incident.^[16] The principal took action by calling an assembly on September 6, 2006. The Jena Police Department asked Walters to attend and speak at the assembly. Already pressed for time due to a case under preparation, Walters felt that the students were not paying proper attention to his message. Walters warned the students "I can be your best friend or your worst enemy. With the stroke of a pen I can make life miserable for you or ruin your life. So I want you to call me before you do something stupid."^[16] Though black students state Walters was looking at them when he made the comments, Walters and school board member Billy Fowler, also present, deny it.^[1] Walters said that he was irritated at "two or three girls, white girls, [who] were chit-chatting on their cellphones or playing with their cellphones".^[10]

School arson, fight, and confrontation[link]

On November 30, 2006, the main building of the high school was destroyed by arson. Although it would be many months before the perpetrators were known, the news media widely cited the fire as a racially charged event leading up to the assault on Barker.^[1] On December 28, 2007, LaSalle Parish Sheriff-elect Scott Franklin announced that an investigation had shown that the fire was set in an effort to destroy grade records in the building and to close the school for a time. Six racially diverse male suspects (three juveniles and three adults) had been arrested, and two more adult males were being sought. Franklin indicated that the fire was not racially motivated, and had no connection to the Jena Six.^[17] Two of the arson defendants pled guilty, and were sentenced to ten years in prison, with restitution ordered in the amount of $10 million.^[18]

The Gotta Go convenience store outside Jena, Louisiana

On Friday, December 1, 2006, a private party was held at the Jena Fair Barn.^[8] Bailey and four other black youths attempted to enter the party at about 11:00 p.m.. According to US Attorney Washington, they were told by a woman that no one was allowed inside without an invitation. The youths persisted, stating that some friends were already in attendance at the party. A white male, who was not a student, then jumped in front of the woman and a fight ensued. After the fight broke up, the woman told both the white male and the black students to leave the party. Once outside, the black students were involved in another fight with a group of white males who were not students.^[8] Justin Sloan, a white male, was charged with battery for his role in the fight and was put on probation. Bailey later stated that one of the white males broke a beer bottle over his head,^[11] but there are no records of Bailey receiving medical treatment.^[8]

The following day, another incident occurred at the Gotta Go convenience store, outside Jena in unincorporated LaSalle Parish, between Matt Windham and three black youths including Bailey.^[19] Law enforcement reported that the accounts contradicted each other. Windham alleged that Bailey and his friends chased him, that he ran to get his gun, and that the students wrestled it away from him. According to the black students, as they left the convenience store, they were confronted by Windham with a shotgun. They stated they wrestled the gun away from him and fled the scene. Bailey was charged with disturbing the peace, second degree robbery, and theft of a firearm.^[17]

Attack on Barker[link]

On December 4, 2006 17-year-old Justin Barker, a white Jena High School student, was battered at school by a group of black students. Superintendent Breithaupt described the battery as a "premeditated ambush and attack by six students against one. The victim attacked was beaten and kicked into a state of bloody unconsciousness."^[20] Barker was released after three hours of treatment and observation at a local emergency room for a concussion and an eye that had swollen shut.^[11] The emergency physician's record shows that he also had injuries to his face, ears, and hand.^[21] Nevertheless, he attended his school's Ring ceremony that evening. He later testified, "I waited 11 years to go to it. I wasn't going to let that get in my way," though he ended up leaving the dance early due to pain.^[22] During the trial, Barker also testified that his face was badly swollen after the attack and that he suffered a loss of vision in one eye for three weeks. He also stated that he had suffered recurring headaches and forgetfulness since the attack.^[23]

US Attorney Washington states he does not believe the noose incident and the beatings were related. Walters likewise indicated that he believes there is no linkage between the noose incident and the beating. "When this case was brought to me and during our investigation and during the trial, there was no such linkage ever suggested. This compact story line has only been suggested after the fact."^[13] Although Washington believes that both the noose hangings and the Barker battery were symptoms of racial tension, he has also said that there was no apparent lingering anger after the noose hangings.^[24]

Criminal cases[link]

Law enforcement arrested six students, eventually dubbed the "Jena Six", who were accused in the attack.^[25] Five of them (Robert Bailey, Jr., then 17; Mychal Bell, then 16; Carwin Jones, then 18; Bryant Purvis, then 17; and Theo Shaw, then 17) were charged with attempted murder.^[19] The sixth student, Jesse Ray Beard (also known as Jesse Rae Beard), was charged as a juvenile. Despite his age, Mychal Bell was charged as an adult.^[26] This was due to Bell's previous criminal record and because Walters believed Bell initiated the attack.^[27]

Mychal Bell proceedings[link]

District Judge J. P. Mauffray, Jr. presided over Bell's trial. On the first day of trial, June 26, 2007, Walters reduced the charges to aggravated second-degree battery and conspiracy to commit aggravated second-degree battery.^[28] Because aggravated battery requires the use of a "dangerous weapon",^[29] Walters argued that the tennis shoes that Bell had worn while allegedly kicking Barker were dangerous weapons.^[30] A number of witnesses testified that they saw Bell strike Barker, while other witnesses were unsure Bell was involved.^[30] Before the trial began, public defender Blane Williams had urged Bell to accept a plea bargain. At trial he rested the defense case without calling any witnesses or offering any evidence.^[30] All six members of Bell's jury were white. The 150-person jury pool included black citizens, who make up 10 percent of the parish's population, but none of the 50 potential jurors who showed up were black.^[6] Williams did not challenge the composition of the jury pool.^[30]

The jury found Bell guilty, and he faced the possibility of up to 22 years in prison. The judge scheduled sentencing for September 20, 2007. Bell's new defense attorneys, Louis Scott and Carol Powell-Lexing, requested a new trial on the grounds that Bell should not have been tried as an adult.^[31] A request to lower Bell's $90,000 bond was denied on August 24, 2007, due to his juvenile record. Bell had been put on probation for a battery that occurred December 25, 2005. While on probation he was convicted of another battery charge and two charges of criminal damage to property.^[32] One of the battery charges was reportedly for punching a 17-year-old girl in the face.^[33] The media had initially reported that Bell had no prior criminal record.^[11] On September 4, 2007,^[34] Judge Mauffray vacated the conspiracy conviction on the grounds that Bell should have been tried as a juvenile, but let the battery conviction stand.^[35] Bell appealed his conviction, principally on the ground that he had been improperly tried as an adult, and on September 14, 2007, Louisiana's Third Circuit Court of Appeals overturned Bell's battery conviction, agreeing that the remaining charge was not among those for which a juvenile may be tried as an adult.^[26]

Following the appellate ruling,^[36] on September 21, 2007, Judge Mauffray denied the request for Bell to be eligible for bail pending possible further appeal.^[37][38] On September 26, Walters announced that the prosecution would not appeal the appellate ruling, but would try Bell as a juvenile.^[39] Bell was then released on $45,000 bond.^[27] Bell was subject to electronic monitoring and was under the supervision of a probation officer.

On October 11, 2007, Mauffray found that Bell had violated the terms of his probation for previous convictions. The judge then sentenced Bell to 18 months in a juvenile facility on two counts of simple battery and two counts of criminal destruction of property, and Bell was taken into custody. According to Walters, the matter was unrelated to the assault on Barker, and it was not mentioned during the proceedings.^[40] The defense filed a motion to dismiss the Barker charges on the ground that retrying Bell would amount to double jeopardy. On November 8, 2007, Mauffray denied the motion.^[41]

Bell's retrial in the Barker assault was scheduled for December 6. Three days before the trial began, he pled guilty to a reduced charge of battery, and was sentenced to 18 months in a juvenile facility, with credit for time served. He agreed to testify against any of the others at trial. All appeals were dropped as part of the plea agreement.^[42]

Remaining defendants[link]

On September 4, 2007, charges against Carwin Jones and Theo Shaw were reduced to aggravated second-degree battery and conspiracy,^[43] as were those of Robert Bailey, Jr. on September 10.^[44] Bryant Purvis was arraigned on reduced charges of aggravated battery and conspiracy to commit aggravated battery on November 7, 2007, pleading not guilty.^[45] Because Louisiana law considers seventeen-year-olds to be adults for purposes of criminal culpability, the charges for these four were unaffected by the appellate ruling overturning Bell's conviction.^[26]

Proceedings were on hold for some time pending resolution of various motions that Mauffray be required to recuse himself. On July 31, 2008, Mauffray was removed from the cases by Judge Thomas Yeager for making questionable comments about the defendants.^[46] The Louisiana Supreme Court assigned Judge Yeager to hear the five remaining cases by order signed August 4, 2008^[47] While Walters appealed the recusal order, the appeal was dismissed on March 4, 2009 as moot, or no longer relevant, as Mauffray had left the bench at the end of 2008.^[48]

On June 26, 2009, the remaining five defendants entered pleas of no contest to a charge of simple battery.^[49] The court found them guilty as charged, and sentenced each to a fine of $500 (waived as regards Shaw due to the time he spent in jail), $500 to be paid as court costs, restitution to be paid to the Barker family, (with whom the defendants were ordered to have no contact) and seven days of unsupervised probation. The defendants' lawyers read a statement apologizing to the Barker family and to the town, and addressing the rumors that the attack had been provoked by Barker using a racial epithet:^[50]

To be clear, not one of us heard Justin use any slur or say anything that justified Mychal Bell attacking Justin nor did any of us see Justin do anything that would cause Mychal to react.^[49]

Yeager, who presided over the plea and sentencing, also ordered the youths to avoid criminal activity, and not to disavow the statement made on their behalf in court.^[49] Also on June 26, it was announced that the civil case by Barker against the Jena Six members had been settled on undisclosed terms, though his case against the school board remains pending.^[51]

Media coverage[link]

News coverage[link]

Initially, the Jena Six were largely ignored by the United States national media, though covered locally and within Louisiana. Both The Jena Times^[10] and The Town Talk^[52] (a regional newspaper published in Alexandria, Louisiana) covered the story from its inception. A number of African-American bloggers also covered the story before there was mainstream national press coverage.^[53] The first piece from outside the area on the case ran on May 9, 2007, in Left Turn, a small alternative news magazine.^[54] The first mainstream US print media outlet to cover the matter was the Chicago Tribune, whose Southwest Bureau Chief, Howard Witt, wrote a piece covering the story on May 20.^[12] Witt had received a summary of the situation^[55] from Alan Bean, a Texas minister who had founded the advocacy group Friends of Justice.^[56] That document was also provided to other reporters and bloggers. In it Bean demanded that outside authorities, not those in LaSalle Parish, deal with the case, and that no incarceration occur.^[55] Britain's The Observer also featured an article on the case on May 20.^[57]

A segment on a BBC program This World followed on May 24. On July 3, Bill Quigley wrote a column for the website Truthout.org.^[58] The case began to receive extensive national media coverage in July 2007 as well, with CNN interviewing Jena residents and parents of those involved.^[59] News reports from Jena have evoked the Civil Rights Movement,^[60] made references to lynching,^[60] or evoked Jim Crow.^[60] Some sources have pointed out inaccurate reporting by the media. The Associated Press published an article noting the various reporting errors that have been made, including whether the tree was a "white tree", the number of nooses, and the discipline meted out on the noose-hanging students.^[6] Based on this, MTV posted a retraction for incorrect information that it had reported on the case from other news sources.^[61]

Columnists and editorials[link]

Many major editorial pages and columnists have been sympathetic to the supporters of the Jena Six and have used the case to discuss broader trends of racism in the US criminal justice system and to call for a renewed civil rights movement. Most editorials were published around the time of the Jena rally. The New York Post, in a September 23, 2007 editorial, stated "it's impossible to examine the case of the so-called Jena Six without concluding that these black teens have been the victims of a miscarriage of justice, with a clearly racial double standard at work."^[62] Byron Williams, writing on the Huffington Post, was one of several to cite the Urban League's 2005 finding that the average black male convicted of aggravated assault serves 48 months in prison, one-third longer than a comparable white man.^[63] Their report also stated that a black male who is arrested is three times more likely to go to jail than a white male arrested for the same crime.^{[60][64][65][66]} Citing the same statistics, syndicated columnist Clarence Page wrote that "The best legacy for the Jena March 6 would be a new movement, dedicated this time to the reduction and elimination of unequal justice wherever it appears. I don't care who leads it, but it shouldn't be for blacks only."^[66] Writing in the New York Times, Professor Orlando Patterson of Harvard University used the case to highlight the use of the prison system as a means of "controlling young black men", which is one factor in a broader "crisis in relations between men and women of all classes and, as a result, the catastrophic state of black family life".^[67]

Other columnists have argued that inaccuracies in the media coverage unfairly tarnish the town and have led to a national overreaction. Dallas Morning News columnist Heather MacDonald, while condemning the noose hangings as a "despicable provocation", expressed her view that "the media, the (race) advocates and pandering politicians have erupted in an outpouring of seeming joy at the alleged proof that America remains a racist country."^[68] In a column in the Kansas City Star, Jason Whitlock drew attention to what he called factual inaccuracies in reporting of the story. He focused on the piece circulated by Bean to news outlets, "Bean's story is framed—by his own admission—as an indictment of the criminal justice system and the people in power in Jena and, therefore, the story is unfairly biased."^[16] Craig Franklin, assistant editor of The Jena Times, who states that he is the only writer to have covered this story from its inception, wrote in The Christian Science Monitor "I have never before witnessed such a disgrace in professional journalism. Myths replaced facts ... the truth about Jena will eventually be known."^[10]

Public response[link]

The case has elicited allegations that the charges against the Jena Six were disproportionate and racially motivated. Supporters of the Jena Six circulated online petitions, raised money for legal defense, and held a demonstration in Jena on September 20, 2007.^[69]

Rallies[link]

Marchers support the Jena Six in Cleveland, Ohio.

Rallies in support of the Jena Six and all blacks in the United States who have been unfairly treated by the justice system were held in Jena and elsewhere in the United States on September 20, 2007, the date upon which Bell was scheduled for sentencing.^[70] An estimated 15,000 to 20,000 demonstrators attended the rally that day, severely overtaxing the facilities of the small town. Protesters were bused in from as far away as Los Angeles and Washington DC.^[36] Because of the congestion on the roads leading to Jena, many protesters left their vehicles and continued into town on foot.^[36] Among those in attendance were civil rights activists Jesse Jackson, Al Sharpton, and Martin Luther King III,^[71] rappers Mos Def^[72] and Salt-n-Pepa. Rapper-actor Ice Cube attended and financially supported the rally.^[73] Darryl Hunt, an African-American who was wrongfully convicted of the rape and murder of a young white newspaper reporter in 1984, was scheduled to be a keynote speaker.^[74] The demonstrators were addressed by Darryl Matthews, General President of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity, who stated "It is sobering to know that in 2007 Martin Luther King's dream of equal treatment, respect, fairness and opportunity is still not realized."^[75]

Artistic tributes[link]

Multiple songs have been produced in response to the Jena Six case. John Mellencamp released a song and video called "Jena", with lyrics such as "Jena, take your nooses down" which gained considerable media attention, and which Mellencamp described as a "condemnation of racism."^[76] The video juxtaposes images of Jena, the high school, and the tree with video from the 1960s, including civil rights marchers and police beatings. Video of John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King speaking and an image of a black man in shackles are also included in the video.^[76] The song and video led to Jena's mayor, Murphy R. McMillan, issuing a statement rebutting the accusations he believed were expressed and implied in the video.^[77] An episode of the Salt-N-Pepa Show on VH1 was filmed at the Jena rally.^[78] Bomani Armah released a song called "Jena 6".^[79]

Other reactions[link]

An activist gathers petition signatures at a Los Angeles rally, October 2007.

Multiple online petitions have circulated calling for various actions in response to the Jena Six case. A petition created by online advocacy group Color of Change, which had previously advocated for victims of Hurricane Katrina, called for District Attorney Walters to drop all charges and for Governor Kathleen Blanco to investigate his conduct.^[80] Color of Change raised more than $212,000 for the Jena Six legal defense, largely through online donations.^[81][82] While the NAACP provided a link to the fund through its website, initially, the donation link on the NAACP Jena Six support page steered potential donors to the generic NAACP donation page, with no way to designate funds for the Jena Six. Black bloggers objected, and several days later, the link was altered to reach the defense fund.^[53] The Southern Poverty Law Center represented Beard, hired local defense counsel to represent Bailey, and helped coordinate the overall defense strategy.^[83]

In the months following the Jena Six rally, controversy arose about accounting and dispersal of the legal defense funds. Questions about the money were first sparked by photos posted on Robert Bailey's former MySpace account, which show him with quantities of hundred dollar bills stuffed in his mouth.^[84] The controversy grew significantly when radio host Michael Baisden accused Color of Change of being "shady" with their use of the funds. Color of Change responded to the accusations by posting links to canceled checks on their web site.^[85] In his November 10 report, Chicago Tribune correspondent Howard Witt noted that Color of Change was the only national civil rights group to be fully transparent with their use of the funds.^[86] Witt also raised broader questions about the funds, which totaled more than half a million dollars, reporting that attorneys for Bell claimed that they have yet to receive any money from him, and that the families had refused to publicly account for the donations.^[86]

On September 22, 2007, the FBI opened an investigation of a white supremacist website that listed the addresses of five of the Jena Six and the telephone numbers of some of their families "in case anyone wants to deliver justice". According to an FBI spokeswoman, the website "essentially called for their lynching".^[87] Civil rights advocate Al Sharpton has stated that some of the families have continuously received threatening and harassing phone calls.^[87]

Later developments[link]

On September 25, 2007, Representative John Conyers, Chairman of the House Judiciary Committee, announced that he would hold congressional hearings on what he described as "the miscarriages of justice that have occurred in Jena, Louisiana," with the goal of pressuring the United States Department of Justice into taking action.^[88] The hearing took place on October 16, 2007; Washington and Sharpton, among others, testified. Walters was invited to testify but declined. Most Republican members of the committee declined to attend. Representative Sheila Jackson Lee (D-Texas) exclaimed to Washington and other Justice Department officials, "Shame on you.... As a parent, I'm on the verge of tears,"^[89] and demanded, "I want to know what you're going to do to get Mychal Bell out of jail!"^[90] US Attorney Washington responded that the federal government had a limited role to play in the matter.^[90]

Representative Lee and other members of the Congressional Black Caucus called upon outgoing Louisiana Governor Blanco to pardon the Jena Six on December 19, 2007, stating that "we believe Mychal Bell and the Jena 6 have paid a sufficient debt to society for any transgressions they may have committed."^[91] Blanco's office responded that she cannot grant pardons without a recommendation from the state Pardon Board, and no meeting of that body was scheduled during her remaining term of office. Walters commented that Lee's "passion for racial equality is admirable, but her grasp of the facts is not."^[91] He indicated that the attack on Barker was not just a schoolyard fight "but rather an unprovoked, unforeseen assault on a young man who had nothing to do with the hanging of the nooses."^[91] Governor Blanco's term of office ended without any pardons being granted.

On July 31, 2007, the school had the tree cut down.^[11] School Board member Fowler said, "There's nothing positive about that old tree. It's all negative. And I'm serving on the new School Board, and we're wanting to start fresh on some things."^[92] According to Fowler, the tree would have had to have been cut down to make way for the rebuilding of the school after the fire. Others felt that cutting down the tree was not an effective way to address any problems of racism in Jena. "Cutting down that beautiful tree won't solve the problem at hand," said Caseptla Bailey, Robert Bailey's mother. "It still happened."^[92] The remains of the building have been cleared, and a bid accepted for the reconstruction.

Jones and Purvis attended the BET Hip Hop Awards in Atlanta on October 13, 2007 and presented the award for Video of the Year.^[93] When the two defendants came out on stage, they were greeted by a standing ovation. Emcee Katt Williams joked, "They don't look so tough, do they?"^[94] The two members delivered speeches thanking family, friends, the "Hip-Hop Nation",^[94] and those who came to Jena.^[94]

Justin Barker and his parents filed suit on November 29, 2007^[95] against the parents of those accused of beating him, the adult members of the Jena Six (as of the time of the attack), an additional student named Malcolm Shaw and the LaSalle Parish School Board.^[96] Barker's medical bills from his emergency room visit totaled more than $5,000.^[96] The lawsuit alleges that the LaSalle Parish School Board inadequately supervised students and failed to maintain discipline.^[96] The Barkers also allege that the school board did not implement a plan to "discourage the dangerous activity of threatening and attacking other students while in possession of actual knowledge of said threats and prior attacks while the students are on school grounds".^[96] The case was on hold pending resolution of the criminal cases, but when the Barkers' attorney learned that Jesse Ray Beard was using defense funds (which might be garnished) to pay for private school, he decided to push ahead with the case. However, following a motion by Bell's civil attorney to recuse Mauffray in the civil case, proceedings were again put on hold pending appointment of a judge to hear that recusal motion.^[97] Mauffray subsequently retired, and on March 16, 2009, Judge Ronald Lewellyan was assigned to hear the case.^[98] On June 26, 2009, Judge Lewellyan approved a settlement of Barker's claims against the Jena Six, though the claim against the school board remained pending.^[51]

Members' subsequent activities[link]

In February 2007, Jesse Ray Beard was accused, and subsequently convicted and sentenced for simple battery, simple criminal damage to property less than $500 and simple assault. He received a suspended sentence of incarceration, and was placed on house arrest.^[99] On July 9, 2008, Beard, by then aged 17, was released from house arrest so that he could attend a summer program and football camp in New York. It was revealed at a hearing on that date that Beard had been recommended for expulsion for thirteen disciplinary actions, but that the recommendation had been overturned. In New York, he stayed with a local attorney and worked as an intern in the attorney's office, while taking summer courses to prepare him for junior year. He was required to return to Jena by August 11.^[100] However, on August 6, Yeager terminated Beard's probation (he remains under the conditions of his bail release in the Barker incident) so he could attend the Canterbury School in Connecticut.^[101] Half of the $39,900 annual tuition was paid for with Jena Six defense fund money.^[102][103] At Canterbury, Beard played on the basketball, baseball, and football teams and graduated in 2010.^[104]

Bryant Purvis, aged 19, was arrested on February 7, 2008 for an assault causing bodily injury on a fellow high school student in Texas, where he now resides.^[105] Purvis was placed on probation for a year and required to do community service for the offense.^[106] He enrolled at Ranger College, a junior college, attending on a basketball scholarship.^[102] In 2011, Purvis transferred to Grambling State University and played basketball there.^[107][108]

Corwin Jones, by then aged 19, was arrested on May 10, 2008 in LaSalle Parish on a charge of misdemeanor simple battery, stemming from an incident three days earlier in which the Sheriff's Department alleges that Jones struck a man from behind as several people, including Jones, came towards the man and his friends, with Jones' companions carrying baseball bats. Jones denied fault, stating that the incident was caused by a fight the previous day in which Jones states he was not involved, that he had been harassed and intimidated, and "that the incident that day 'struck a nerve and I reacted'."^[105] Jones had previously been arrested on January 24, 2008 on a trespass-related charge.^[105] According to his father, Jones received his diploma from Jena High School because he had completed his school work before his arrest, and moved out of Jena, working in a hotel.^[102]

Also on May 10, Mychal Bell was stopped in Olla, Louisiana for speeding and not having proper vehicle insurance while on a weekend pass from his sentence. Bell was not supposed to leave Monroe, Louisiana during the pass. The vehicle was towed due to the lack of insurance.^[105] In an interview televised on CNN on August 24, 2008, Bell admitted to striking Barker and called Jena "a real racist town".^[109] On August 27, 2008, the Louisiana High School Athletic Association turned down Bell's request for an extra year of athletic eligibility.^[110] Marcus Jones, Bell's father, blamed Bell's attorney at the time of the plea agreement for the denial. "If it weren't for his attorney, Mychal would be able to play football," Jones said. "They coerced him into taking that plea agreement. If he wouldn't have taken that plea, he wouldn't be in the position he's in now."^[111] After the hearing, Jones allegedly spat in the face of his son's attorney, Carol Powell-Lexing, and supposedly also pushed her to the floor. Jones denied assaulting Powell-Lexing, stating he would never get into a physical fight with a woman.^[112] Jones was charged with assault.^[113] Despite the alleged assault, Powell-Lexing continued as part of Bell's defense team.^[114]

On December 24, 2008, Bell was arrested and charged with shoplifting, resisting arrest, and simple assault. According to police, Bell was caught as he and another male attempted to steal $370 worth of clothing from Dillard's department store. While being arrested, he reportedly fought back against a security guard and off-duty police officer. He was released on $1,300 bond. On December 29, 2008, Bell shot himself in the chest with a .22-caliber pistol in a failed attempt to take his own life, stating to police that he was tired of all the media attention.^[115] Since the hospital in Monroe was unable to stop his internal bleeding, Bell was transferred to a hospital in Shreveport for specialist care. Powell-Lexing denied that Bell had tried to kill himself, saying that the gun went off while Bell was attempting to clean it.^[116] On January 15, 2009, CNN featured an interview with Bell in which he indicated that he obtained a gun out of despair following the shoplifting arrest, initially tried to shoot himself in the head, but the gun misfired, and that he then shot himself in the chest. Bell stated that he is back in school and still hopes to receive a college football scholarship.^[117] As these were Bell's first charges as an adult, he was eligible for a diversion program; the charges were dismissed in early 2010.^[118] Bell enrolled at Southern University in 2009.^[118] In 2011, Bell played in two games with the Southern Jaguars football team.^[119]

On May 22, 2010, Mychal Bell was arrested and charged with simple battery after an incident at a Jena barber shop. According to the arresting officers, after being read his Miranda rights, Bell informed them that he attacked the man for "running his mouth". Bell said he punched the victim in the face, put him in a headlock and rammed his head into a table.^[120]

Robert Bailey attended high school at Shaw High School in Columbus, Georgia, where he was granted an extra year's eligibility to play football.^[102][121] Theo Shaw was able to attend classes at another high school and have his credits transferred to Jena, receiving a Jena High School diploma although he participated in a graduation ceremony at the other school.^[102]

References[link]