Zymase is an enzyme complex ("mixture") that catalyzes the fermentation of sugar into ethanol and carbon dioxide.^{[citation needed]} They occur naturally in yeasts. Zymase activity varies among yeast strains.^[1] See alcohol dehydrogenase.

Zymase was first isolated from the yeast cell in 1897 by a German chemist named Eduard Buchner who fermented sugar in the laboratory without living cells, leading to 1907 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Cell-free fermentation experiment[link]

The experiment for which Buchner won the Nobel Prize consisted of producing a cell-free extract of yeast cells and showing that this "press juice" could ferment sugar. This dealt yet another blow to vitalism by showing that the presence of living yeast cells was not needed for fermentation. The cell-free extract was produced by combining dry yeast cells, quartz and kieselguhr and then pulverizing the yeast cells with a mortar and pestle. This mixture would then become moist as the yeast cells' contents would come out of the cells. Once this step was done, the moist mixture would be put through a press and when this resulting "press juice" had glucose, fructose, or maltose added, carbon dioxide was seen to evolve, sometimes for days. Microscopic investigation revealed no living yeast cells in the extract.

One interesting thing is that Buchner hypothesized that yeast cells secrete proteins into their environment in order to ferment sugars, instead of the fermentation occurring inside the yeast cells, which is the actual mechanism.

British chemist Sir Arthur Harden divided zymase into two varieties (dialyzable and nondialyzable) in 1905.

Some science historians^[2] suggest that Eduard Buchner, in his 1897 work, merely repeated experiments already made by Antoine Béchamp in 1857. This is not the case : what Buchner obtained with yeast zymase, and without yeast cells, was alcoholic fermentation, while Béchamp had explicitly stated that, in absence of yeast cells, and by use of what he, also, called "zymase", he only obtained sugar inversion, and no alcoholic fermentation.^[3] According to K.L. Manchester,^[4] what Béchamp called "zymase" was invertase.

Zymase is also the brand name of the generic enzyme mixture pancrelipase, a dietary supplement containing the enzymes amylase, peptidase, and lipase. It is sold to help digestion in people who do not produce enough of their own digestive enzymes.

References[link]

1. ^ Angelov, A. I.; Karadjov, G. I.; Roshkova, Z. G. (1996). "Strains selection of baker's yeast with improved technological properties". Food Research International 29 (3–4): 235. DOI:10.1016/0963-9969(96)00030-0.  edit
2. ^ " Our textbooks, however, erroneously tell us that Buchner was the first to extract an enzyme from yeast, and call it zymase, a 'breakthrough' that was achieved in 1897, some 35 years after Bechamp's experiments ! " (Milton Wainwright, " Early history of microbiolgy ", Advances in applied microbiology, vol. 52, 2003, pp. 333-355, partly available on Google Books, esp. pp. 341-342.)
3. ^ Antoine Béchamp, Les microzymas, Paris, 1883 (repr. Paris, 1990), pp. 286-288
4. ^ Keith L. Manchester : " Antoine Béchamp: père de la biologie. Oui ou non? ", Endeavour, Vol. 25, n° 2, 1 juny 2001, pp. 68-73; Keith L. Manchester : " Louis Pasteur, fermentation, and a rival ", South African Journal of Science, vol. 103 (2007), online.

The Dogg
The Dogg performing in Zoo Park 2006
Background information
Birth name	Martin Morocky
Also known as	The Kwaito Master, Mr. Skeleton, TeeDee
Born	(1983-03-31) 31 March 1983 (age 29) Maheba, Zambia
Origin	Onayena, Oshikoto, Namibia
Genres	kwaito, hip hop, house
Occupations	musician, producer
Instruments	Vocals, keyboards, drums
Years active	2003–present
Labels	Mshasho
Associated acts	Sunny Boy, OmPuff, Kanibal, Elvo, Qonja
Website	mshashoonline, mshashoarmy, myspace

Martin Morocky (born 31 March 1983), known by his stage name as The Dogg is a Namibian multi-award winning musician. Morocky is one of the most outstanding artists in Namibia and is considered one of the pioneers of Namibia's kwaito genre. His debut album Shimaliw' Osatana, released in 2004, was Namibia's first full length kwaito album. It was critically acclaimed and would go on to be widely hailed as a classic in the Namibian kwaito genre.

The Dogg was part of the group Omalaeti O'Swapo, which released one album in 2004. His music is enjoyed internationally, in countries like South Africa, Botswana, Angola, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The Dogg has performed in France, England and Canada. He is a common household name on Africa's number one music channel, Channel O where he earned two awards and three nominations. He is the highest awarded artist in his country.

Morocky is the owner of Mshasho Productions record label, and Mshasho Clothing. Morocky is one of the highest selling musicians in Namibia. M

Early life[link]

Morocky began his formal education at Onayena Primary School situated in Onayena village, a village in east Ondangwa. Morocky has been living there after returning from exile, Zambia, in 1989. Morocky is the youngest child of four siblings. His aspiration as a child was to become a mechanical engineer while music remained a dormant passion. In 1997, he moved to Windhoek City to attend his secondary education at Augustineum Secondary School in Khomasdal. After graduating from high school, Morocky chose to study for a Science degree at the University of Namibia. He left the University, after one academic year to pursue a career in music.^[1]

Musical career[link]

Rising to Fame[link]

The Dogg used to perform at school concerts in his high school years. When he was in grade nine, he and long time friend Joe Basson, now known as Auntie Sousa, created a kwaito dancing group called Amasilkies. Before pursuing a career in music, he was a backup artist, a dancer and he also opened shows for his famous cousin Killa B and well known friend Jossy Joss. Morocky also opened concerts for well known South African artists such as Mzekezeke, Malaika, Mafikizolo, Mandoza, Brown Dash, Brickz and Ishmael amongst others. He rose to fame following the release of his hit single "Jesus Otati", a kwaito-gospel song produced by Elvo in 2003.

"Jesus Otati" (translated; Jesus is sayng), opened doors for Morocky's career. The song was very popular and earned him comparison to South African kwaito star Mandoza. This was due to the roughness in his voice which was paired to that of Mandoza. His voice was also compared to American rapper DMX, who is also known as The Dog, from which he possibly got his stage name from. The success of "Jesus Otati" propelled The Dogg to win the award for Artist of the Year and Best Kwaito song at the 2003 Sanlam-NBC Music Awards.^[2] He then founded Mshasho Productions in 2003 which gained popularity in 2004 after his second album.

Early Career[link]

While struggling to compile his album, The Dogg met and befriended upcoming artist Gazza who had just returned to Namibia from studies in South Africa. The two started recording together and with the help of Elvo they recorded "Ghetto Life", a song by Gazza. This song's credits would later bring tension between the two artists. The two later signed solo recording contracts with a kwaito label, RC-Ghetto Records.^[3] The Dogg immediately started working on his debut album, releasing the critical acclaimed hit "Perfecto Tromentos" later that year. Around the same time, The Dogg was featured by Gazza on his hit "Shidolodolo" which went on to be very popular and won an award for Best Collaboration at the 2004 Sanlam-NBC Music Awards.^[2] Morocky's released his debut album Shimaliw' Osatana in February 2004 under RC-Ghetto. It became the first full-length kwaito album in his country and won the award for Best Selling album at the 2004 Sanlam-NBC Music Awards.^[2][4] The album was primarily produced by Elvo, who by then became The Dogg and Gazza's mentor.

Later that year in December, Morocky released his second studio album, Take Out Yo Gun. The album was released on his label Mshasho Productions. The lead single from the album "The Dogg Is Back" won awards for Best Kwaito song and Best Video at the 2005 Sanlam-NBC Music Awards.^[2] Morocky would later win the Artist of the Year award for the third time in three years at the 2005 Sanlam-NBC Music Awards.^[2] The Artist of the Year award raised eyebrows by other artist who started discriminating Sanlam-NBC's awarding system. This situation will later bring bad blood between The Dogg and music partner Gazza whom critics claimed was robbed the award.

Morocky signed the first artist to his Mshasho label, Sunny Boy, whom he met while studying at University of Namibia. It would later turn out that Sunny refused a recording offer from Gazza before signing with The Dogg. At a concert in Luderitz (2005) The Dogg and Gazza got involved in a rooted argument which would later turn sour, prohibiting the two to work together in future. The argument was driven by Sunny Boy's decision to sign with Mshasho which Gazza claimed was a betrayal as he had plans of signing him to his Gazza Music Productions. After the news hit the media, fans started choosing sides. A lot of other issue started to surface including an argument surrounding the Sanlam-NBC Artist of Year award which was unfairly awarded to The Dogg.

In May 2006 Morocky released his third album, Introducing TeeDee. The Dogg has co-produced the entire album with Jay Malgas. ^[5][6] On the album The Dogg also introduced his label's artist (OmPuff, Sunny Boy, Tre and Nasti) who all appeared on the album. The first single "Baby Don't Go" won two awards at the 2006 Sanlam-NBC Music Awards for Best Collaboration and Best Afro-pop.^[2] It also won two awards at the 2006 Namibian Music Awards for Best Collaboration and Best single. The Dogg also won the award for Best Hip Hop Song in 2006 at Sanlam-NBC Music Awards. In 2007 it was nominated and won the award for Best New Comer at the Channel-O Spirit of Africa Video Awards.^[4][7]

You Can't Ignore[link]

In 2007 The Dogg continue to enjoy success with his music career, he performed in Europe in the beginning of the year and had various tours around Namibia with his Mshasho crew. Despite the success of his last album Introducing TeeDee, he was highly criticized of selling out. He prove critics wrong with the released of You Can't Ignore which was considered a comeback classic and was compared to his first and second album for its hardcore beats and dark lyrics. The album was well received denying Gazza's 2007 double album 467/GMP Till I Die airplay at the time of its release. The entire album was self-produced under the mentor guidance of Elvo, with only two songs produced by DJ Kboz.

The first single from the album "Can You Feel It" was produced by DJ Kboz. It features Mshasho artist Tre Van Die Kasie. The song became a popular hit across Namibia's borders winning an award at the 2008 Channeol O Music Video Awards for the category Best Kwatito Video.^[7][7][8] It also won Song of the Year and Best Single at the 2007 Sanlam-NBC Music Awards.^[2] The album became very successful winning The Dogg his forth award for Artist of the Year at the same ceremony in 2007.^[2] The Dogg has won this award four times in five years. Another popular song was "Get Sum More" produced by DJ Kboz and featured most anticipated rapper at the time Qonja. The song was a very popular club hit. It won an award for Best Collaboration 2008 Namibian Music Awards. Another popular song "My Girl" also won Best Single at the same awards. The success of the album made it possible for The dogg to win the People's Choice Award at the same Awards. The video for "Hands Up" was nominated by Channeol O Music Video Awards in 2009 for the catogory Best Kwaito Video and lost to Gazza's "Passop". The Dogg also approached Gazza on "He He He" and Jericho on "Hands Up".

2009 and beyond[link]

The Dogg's fifth studio album, This Is My Time, was released on 3 April 2009. The Dogg produced the entire album himself with guidance from Elvo. In March 2009, The Dogg was nominated for "African Artist of the Year" by Nigeria's Hip-Hop World Awards.^[9] The award ceremony which was secretly held and never revealed who the winner was and denied nominating the rapper. The organizers made a controversial comment about who he was and from which country he was from. When asked about the issue, Dogg said it was funny to nominate a musician you do not know. The Dogg was chosen to be the first celebrity guest in the Big Brother Africa 4 house. He entered the house on Friday 16 (week 6 of the show) and left on Sunday 18. He also appeared the eviction show where he performed "Forget" with Namibian singer Ricardo.

The Dogg released his sixth studio album The Power of 7 – Elevating Elevators on April 30, 2010. The album was criticized for its poor track listing and the ever repeating sole production of The Dogg which makes the album sound similar to its predecessors. In November of that year he announced that he was busy working on an album with rapper Qonja. The two rappers collaborated on a short album titled Lets Celebrate which was released on 16 December 2010 under Mshasho Records.^[10][11] The album was produced by The Dogg and Elvo. It features the hits "Let's Celebrate" with TeQuila, "Be My Shepherd" with KK and Lil' D, and "Merry Christmas".

Mshasho released The Dogg's 7th studio album The Deception on July 2.^[12] The album was entirely produced by The Dogg and features big name artists. It features South African kwaito star Brickz on the song "Tromentos" and Zambian singer JK on the song "End of Time", both songs feature Sunny Boy. Mshasho artist OmPuff also appeared on "End of Time".

The Dogg announced via his Facebook fan page that The Deception will shortly be followed by part two album. He also announced the title of the upcoming album although not stated when it will be released. "MY NEW SINGLE FROM DDECEPTION PART 2 WILL MUTE AFRICA ....PAKAMISH"^[13]

Producer role[link]

also see The Dogg production discography

Besides being a musician The Dogg is also an active music producer. He has produced hits for several famous Namibian artist. The Dogg started producing music in 2005 under the guidance of his mentor Elvo. He has so far share production credit with, Elvo, DJ Kboz and Christian Poloni. He has produced and served as executive producer on all albums released under Mshasho Records. Apart from that he has produced hits for non-Mshasho artist including Sunny Boy, Qonja, Kamasutra, Faizel MC and Kavax. The Dogg served as the main producer on all of his solo albums since the 2006 release Introducing TeeDee.

I've tried a few different things, like mixing some house and rave beats with traditional kwaito beats. I'm working on establishing my own unique blend of music says The Dogg in an interview with MTC.Com, October 2007. Through his production career The Dogg has collaborated with Elvo and DJ Kboz, the only two producers who have shared production credit with The Dogg.

Discography[link]

Solo albums[link]

• Shimaliw' Osatana - (2004), RC Ghetto
• Take Out Yo Gun - (2004), Mshasho
• Introducing TeeDee - (2006), Mshasho/KOOL Production
• You Can't Ignore - (2007), Mshasho/KOOL Production
• This Is My Time - (2009), Mshasho
• The Power of 7 - Elevating Elevators - (2010), Mshasho
• The Deception - (2011), Mshasho

Other albums[link]

• Omalaeti O'Swapo, (with Gazza, Elvo and Pablo) - (2004), Omalaeti Music^[14]
• Lets Celebrate, (with Qonja) - (2010), Mshasho

References[link]

External links[link]

• Mshasho Official website
• The Dogg interview with nammusic.com
• Namibian hip hop Official website
• The Dogg interview with shambuka magazine, May 2007 shambukamag.com
• Home of Namibian stars