Ballitore Béal Átha an Tuair
—  Town  —
Ballitore Location in Ireland
Coordinates: 53°00′31″N 6°49′05″W / 53.00859°N 6.81805°W / 53.00859; -6.81805Coordinates: 53°00′31″N 6°49′05″W / 53.00859°N 6.81805°W / 53.00859; -6.81805
Country	Ireland
Province	Leinster
County	Kildare
Population (2006)
• Urban	781
Time zone	WET (UTC+0)
• Summer (DST)	IST (WEST) (UTC-1)
Irish Grid Reference	S796955

Ballitore (Irish: Béal Átha an Tuair) is a village in County Kildare, Ireland, sometimes spelt "Ballytore".

It is noted for its historical Quaker associations. The Quaker School in Ballitore was founded by Abraham Shackleton (1697–1771) in 1726 which catered for Quakers from many parts of Ireland as well as both Protestant and Catholic local children.^[6] The former home of Mary Leadbeater, a local diarist, is now a Quaker Museum.

Pupils came from as far away as Bordeaux, Jamaica and Norway to stay and study in the school, staying in a row of houses in the village whose attics had been knocked into one long room.

Demographics[link]

In the 2002 Census Ballitore had a population of 338. In 1837 the population was 933 ^[7].

Transport & communications[link]

• N9 road
• R747 road

People associated with Ballitore[link]

• Richard Brocklesby, English physician, educated in Ballitore
• Mary Leadbeater, local writer and poet

Sport[link]

• St Laurence's GAA is based in the parish of Narraghmore, encompassing Kilmead, Booley, Narraghmore, Calverstown, Kilgowan, Brewel, Ballymount, Ballitore and Mullaghmast.

See also[link]

• List of towns and villages in Ireland
• Market Houses in Ireland

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Biographical Dictionary of Irish Quakers Richard S. Harrison 1997
• Memoirs and letters of Richard and Elizabeth Shackleton, late of Ballitore, Ireland; compiled by their daughter, Mary Leadbeater, including a concise biographical sketch, and some letters, of her grandfather, Abraham Shackleton Shackleton, Richard, 1726-1792. London, Printed for Harvey and Darton, 1822.
• Poems Mary Leadbeater London 1808
• The Annals of Ballitore 1766-1824 Mary Leadbeater ; edited and introduced by John MacKenna ; illustrated by Mary Cunningham. Athy, Co. Kildare Stephen Scroop Press 1986

External links[link]

• [1]
• Quakers in Ballitore
• Ballitore
• The Shackleton family in Ballitore

v t e Places in County Kildare County town: Naas Towns Athy Clane Kilcock Kildare Kill Leixlip Maynooth Monasterevin Naas Newbridge Prosperous Rathangan Sallins Villages and Townlands Allen Allenwood Ardclogh Ballitore Ballymore Eustace Calverstown Caragh Carbury Castledermot Coill Dubh Celbridge Derrinturn Eadestown Hawkfield Johnstown Kilberry Kilcullen Kildangan Kilmead Kilmeage Kilteel Lullymore Milltown Moone Narraghmore Nurney Robertstown Straffan Staplestown Suncroft Timolin Landforms Bog of Allen Cupidstown Hill Curragh Grand Canal Hill of Allen River Barrow River Boyne River Liffey River Rye Royal Canal Topics Geography of County Kildare List of National Monuments in County Kildare List of townlands in County Kildare Mountains and hills of County Kildare Rivers of County Kildare

James F. Byrnes
James F. Byrnes, c. 1941
104th Governor of South Carolina
In office January 16, 1951 – January 18, 1955
Lieutenant	George Bell Timmerman, Jr.
Preceded by	Strom Thurmond
Succeeded by	George Bell Timmerman, Jr.
49th United States Secretary of State
In office July 3, 1945 – January 21, 1947
President	Harry S. Truman
Preceded by	Edward Stettinius, Jr.
Succeeded by	George Marshall
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
In office July 8, 1941[1] – October 3, 1942
Nominated by	Franklin D. Roosevelt
Preceded by	James Clark McReynolds
Succeeded by	Wiley Blount Rutledge
United States Senator from South Carolina
In office April 5, 1931 – July 8, 1941
Preceded by	Coleman L. Blease
Succeeded by	Alva M. Lumpkin
U.S. Representative from South Carolina's 2nd congressional district
In office March 4, 1911 – March 4, 1925
Preceded by	James O'H. Patterson
Succeeded by	Butler B. Hare
Personal details
Born	(1882-05-02)May 2, 1882[2] Charleston, South Carolina, USA
Died	April 9, 1972(1972-04-09) (aged 89) Columbia, South Carolina
Resting place	Trinity Episcopal Church in Columbia, South Carolina.
Political party	Democratic; later Republican
Spouse(s)	Maude Perkins Busch
Children	No children
Religion	Roman Catholic-turned-Episcopalian

James Francis Byrnes (May 2, 1882 – April 9, 1972) was an American politician from the state of South Carolina. During his career, Byrnes served as a US Representative (1911–1925), a US Senator (1931–1941), a Justice of the Supreme Court (1941–1942), Secretary of State (1945–1947), and 104th governor of South Carolina (1951–1955). He is one of very few politicians to serve in all three branches of the American national government while also being active in state government. He was a confidant of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and was one of the most powerful men in American domestic and foreign policy in the mid-1940s.

Early life and career[link]

Byrnes was born and reared in Charleston, South Carolina. Byrnes' father died shortly after Byrnes was born. His mother, Elizabeth McSweeney Byrnes, was an Irish-American dressmaker. At the age of fourteen, he left St. Patrick's Catholic School to work in a law office, and became a court stenographer. In 1906, he married the former Maude Perkins Busch of Aiken, South Carolina, and became an Episcopalian. Though they had no children, he was the godparent of James Christopher Connor.

Byrnes never attended high school, college, or law school. In 1900, when his cousin Governor Miles B. McSweeney appointed him as a clerk for Judge Robert Aldrich of Aiken, he needed to be 21. Byrnes, his mother, and Governor McSweeney just changed his date of birth to that of his older sister Leonora.^[3] He later apprenticed to a lawyer – a not uncommon practice then – and was admitted to the bar in 1903. In 1908, he was appointed solicitor for the second circuit of South Carolina, having served until 1910.^[2] Byrnes was a protegé of "Pitchfork" Ben Tillman, and often had a moderating influence on the fiery segregationist Senator.

In 1910, he narrowly won the state's third Congressional District in the Democratic primary, then tantamount to election. Byrnes proved a brilliant legislator, working behind the scenes to form coalitions and avoiding the high-profile oratory that characterized much of Southern politics. He was a champion of the "good roads" movement that attracted motorists, and politicians, to large-scale roadbuilding programs in the 1920s. He became a close ally to President Woodrow Wilson, and Wilson often entrusted important political tasks to the capable young representative, rather than to more experienced lawmakers.

United States Senate and Supreme Court[link]

In 1924, Byrnes declined renomination to the House, and instead sought nomination for the Senate seat held by incumbent Nathaniel B. Dial, though both were former allies of the now deceased Benjamin Tillman. Anti-Tillmanite and extreme racist demagogue Coleman Blease, who had challenged Dial in 1918, also ran again. Blease led the primary with 42 percent; Byrnes was second with 34 percent.^[4]

Byrnes was opposed by the Ku Klux Klan, which preferred Blease. Byrnes had been raised as a Roman Catholic, and the Klan spread rumors that he was still a secret Catholic. Byrnes countered by citing his support by Episcopalian clergy. Then, three days before the run-off vote, twenty Catholics who said they had been altar boys with Byrnes published a professed endorsement of him. The leader of this group was a Blease ally, and the "endorsement" was circulated in anti-Catholic areas.^[5] Blease won the run-off 51% to 49%.^[4]

After his House term ended in 1925, Byrnes was out of office. He moved his law practice to Spartanburg, in the industrializing Piedmont region. Between his law practice and investment advice from friends such as Bernard Baruch, Byrnes became a wealthy man, but he never took his eyes off of a return to politics. He cultivated the Piedmont textile workers, who were key Blease supporters. In 1930, he challenged Blease again. Blease again led the primary, with 46 percent to 38 percent for Byrnes, but this time Byrnes won the run-off 51 to 49 percent.^[6]

During his time in the US Senate, Byrnes was regarded as the the most influential South Carolinian since John C. Calhoun.^[7][8] He had long been friends with Franklin D. Roosevelt, whom he supported for the Democratic nomination in 1932, and made himself the President's spokesman on the Senate floor, where he guided much of the early New Deal legislation to passage. He won an easy reelection in 1936, promising:

"I admit I am a New Dealer, and if [the New Deal] takes money from the few who have controlled the country and gives it back to the average man, I am going to Washington to help the President work for the people of South Carolina and the country."

Since the colonial era, South Carolina's politicians had dreamed of an inland waterway system that would not only aid commerce, but also control flooding. By the 1930s, Byrnes took up the cause for a massive dam building project, the Santee Cooper, that would not only accomplish those tasks, but also electrify the entire state with hydroelectric power. With South Carolina financially strapped by the Great Depression, Senator Byrnes managed to get the Federal government to authorize a loan for the entire project, which was completed and put into operation in February 1942. The loan was later paid back to the Federal government with full interest and at no cost to the South Carolina taxpayers. Santee Cooper has continued to be a model for public owned electrical utilities world-wide.

In 1937, he supported Roosevelt on the highly controversial court packing plan, but voted against the minimum wage law of 1938 that would have made, as he argued, the textile mills in his state uncompetitive. He opposed Roosevelt's efforts to purge conservative Democrats in the 1938 primary elections. On foreign policy, Byrnes was a champion of Roosevelt's positions of helping Great Britain and France against Nazi Germany in 1939–1941, and of maintaining a hard diplomatic line against Japan.

Byrnes strongly despised his fellow South Carolina Senator Cotton Ed Smith, who strongly opposed the New Deal.^[9] He privately sought to help his friend Burnet R. Maybank, then the mayor of Charleston, defeat Smith in the 1938 Senate primary. During the primary, however, Olin Johnston, who was limited to one term as governor, decided to run for the U.S. Senate. Because Johnston was also a pro-Roosevelt New Dealer,^[9] he would've divided the New Deal vote with Maybank and ensured a victory for Smith. Johnston was also supportive of the New Deal's labor legislation,^[10] whilst Byrnes' support was limited.^[10] Taking advice from Byrnes, Maybank decided to instead run for governor, and Byrnes made the reluctant decision to support Smith.^[11] Byrnes envisioned that Smith would retire in 1944 and that Maybank would successfully run for Smith's Senate seat and build a strong political machine in the state with him.^[11]

In part as a reward for his crucial support on many issues, Roosevelt appointed Byrnes an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court in July 1941. This position did not suit him; he became bored and resigned from the Court after only fifteen months when the President offered him a new job.^[2]

World War II and beginning of the Cold War[link]

1946 newsreel

Potsdam Conference: Sitting (from left) Clement Attlee, Ernest Bevin, Vyacheslav Molotov, Joseph Stalin, William Daniel Leahy, James F. Byrnes and Harry S. Truman.

Sitting (from left): Clement Attlee, Harry S. Truman, Joseph Stalin; behind: William Daniel Leahy, Ernest Bevin, James F. Byrnes and Vyacheslav Molotov.

The Foreign Ministers: Vyacheslav Molotov, James F. Byrnes and Anthony Eden, July 1945.

Byrnes left the Supreme Court to head Roosevelt's Economic Stabilization Office,^[2] which dealt with the vitally important issues of prices and taxes. How powerful the new office would become depended entirely on Byrnes's political skills, and Washington insiders soon reported he was in full charge. In May 1943, he also became head of the Office of War Mobilization.^[12] Under the leadership of Byrnes, the program managed newly constructioned factories across the country which created raw materials, civilian and military production, and transportation for US military personal and was credited for providing the employment needed to officially bring an end to the Great Depression ^{[13][14] [15]} Thanks to his political experience, his probing intellect, his close friendship with Roosevelt, and in no small part to his own personal charm, Byrnes was soon exerting influence over many facets of the war effort which were not technically under his departmental jurisdiction. Many in Congress and the press began referring to Byrnes as the "Assistant President."^[16]

Many expected that Byrnes would be the Democratic nominee for vice president with Roosevelt in 1944^[17] replacing Henry A. Wallace, whom party officials strongly felt was too eccentric to replace an ailing President who likely going to die before his next term ended.^[18] Roosevelt refused to endorse anybody other than Wallace, but preferred Byrnes as the best alternative to Wallace and sought to push him as the party's nominee for president if the party's delegates refused to renominate Wallace at the 1944 Democratic National Convention.^[19] However, Byrnes was regarded as too conservative for organized labor, the big city bosses opposed him as an ex-Catholic who would offend Catholics, and blacks were wary of his opposition to racial integration. ^[20] The nomination went instead to U.S. Senator Harry S. Truman of Missouri. Roosevelt brought Byrnes to the Yalta Conference in early 1945, where he seemed to favor Soviet plans. Written in shorthand, his notes comprise one of the most complete records of the "Big Three" Yalta meetings.

Upon his succession to the presidency after Roosevelt's death on April 12, 1945, Truman relied heavily on Byrnes's counsel, Byrnes having been a mentor to Truman from Truman's earliest days in the U.S. Senate.^[21][22] Indeed, Jimmy Byrnes was one of the first people whom Truman saw on the first day of his presidency.^[23] It was Byrnes, who shared information with the new President on the atomic bomb project (Truman had known nothing about the Manhattan Project beforehand).^[24] When Truman met Roosevelt's coffin in Washington, he asked Byrnes and former Vice President Wallace, the two other men who might well have succeeded Roosevelt, to join him at the train station.^[25] Truman, originally, intended that both men would play leading roles in his administration, signaling continuity with Roosevelt's policies. While Truman quickly fell out with Wallace, he retained a good working relationship with Byrnes and increasingly turned to him for support.^[26]

Truman appointed Byrnes as Secretary of State on July 3, 1945.^[27] He played a major role at the Potsdam Conference, the Paris Peace Conference, and other major postwar conferences. According to historian Robert H. Ferrell, Byrnes knew little more about foreign relations than Truman. He made decisions after consulting a few advisors, such as Donald S. Russell and Benjamin V. Cohen. Byrnes and his small group paid little attention to the State Department and similarly ignored the President.^[28]

Although Byrnes's tough position against the Soviets paralleled the feelings of the President, personal relations between the two men grew strained, particularly when Truman felt that Byrnes was attempting to set foreign policy by himself, and only informing the President afterward. An early instance of this friction was the Moscow Conference in December 1945. Truman considered the “successes” of the conference to be “unreal” and was highly critical of Byrnes’s failure to protect Iran, which was not mentioned in the final communiqué. “I had been left in the dark about the Moscow conference,” Truman told Byrnes bluntly.^[29] In a subsequent letter to Byrnes, Truman took a harder line in reference to Iran, saying in part, "Without these supplies furnished by the United States, Russia would have been ignominiously defeated. Yet now Russia stirs up rebellion and keeps troops on the soil of her friend and ally— Iran… Unless Russia is faced with an iron fist and strong language another war is in the making. Only one language do they understand—“how many divisions do you have?” I do not think we should play compromise any longer …I am tired of babying the Soviets".^[30] This led to the Iran crisis of 1946, and Byrnes took an increasingly hardline position in opposition to Stalin, culminating in the speech held in Stuttgart on September 6, 1946. "Restatement of Policy on Germany", also known as the "Speech of hope" it set the tone of future U.S. policy as it repudiated the Morgenthau Plan economic policies and gave the Germans hope for the future. Byrnes was named TIME Man of the Year. Truman and others believed that Byrnes had grown resentful that he had not been Roosevelt's running mate and successor, and in his resentment he was disrespecting Truman. Whether this was true or not, Byrnes felt compelled to resign from the Cabinet in 1947 with some feelings of bitterness.

Governor of South Carolina[link]

At an age when most of his contemporaries retired from politics, Byrnes was not yet ready to give up public service. At age sixty-eight, he was elected governor of South Carolina, serving from 1951 to 1955, in which capacity he vigorously criticized the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education.

Ironically, Byrnes was initially seen as a relative moderate on race issues. Recognizing that the South could not continue with its entrenched segregationist policies much longer but fearful of Congress imposing sweeping change upon the South, he opted for a course of change from within. To that end, he sought to fulfill at last the "separate but equal" policy which the South had put forward in Supreme Court civil rights cases, particularly in regard to public education. Byrnes poured state money into improving Negro schools, buying new textbooks and new buses, and hiring additional teachers. He also sought to curb the power of the Ku Klux Klan by passing a law that prohibited adults from wearing a mask in public on any day other than Halloween; he knew that many Klansmen feared exposure, and would not appear in public in their robes unless their faces were hidden as well. Byrnes hoped to make South Carolina an example for other Southern states to follow in modifying their "Jim Crow" policies. Nonetheless, the NAACP sued South Carolina to force the state to desegregate its schools. Byrnes requested Kansas, a northern state which also segregated its schools, to provide an Amicus curiae brief in supporting the right of a state to segregate its school. This gave the NAACP's lawyer, Thurgood Marshall, the idea to shift the suit from South Carolina over to Kansas, which led directly to Brown v. Board of Education.

The South Carolina state constitution limited governors to one four-year term, and Byrnes retired from active political life following the 1954 election.

Later political career[link]

In his later years, Byrnes foresaw that the American South could play a more important role in national politics. To hasten that development, he sought to end the region's nearly automatic support of the Democratic Party, which Byrnes believed had grown too liberal and took the "Solid South" for granted at election time, yet otherwise ignored the region and its needs. In time, he switched his own party affiliation to Republican, and South Carolina within two decades of his death had become a reliably Republican state.

Byrnes endorsed Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952 and 1956, Richard M. Nixon in 1960 and 1968 and Barry Goldwater in 1964. He gave his private blessing to U.S. Senator Strom Thurmond of South Carolina to bolt the Democratic Party in 1964 and declare himself a Republican, but Byrnes himself remained a Democrat that year. In 1965, Byrnes spoke out against the "punishment" and "humiliation" of South Carolina U.S. Representative Albert W. Watson for having been stripped of his congressional seniority by the House Democratic Caucus after Watson endorsed Goldwater for president. Byrnes openly endorsed Watson's to Congress in a special election as the newest Republican member of the House. Watson secured $20,000 and the services of a GOP field representative in what he termed "quite a contrast" to his treatment from House Democrats.^[31]

In 1968, Byrnes secretly advised Nixon on how to win old-time Southern Democrats to the Republican Party.

He is interred in the churchyard at Trinity Episcopal Church in Columbia, South Carolina.

Legacy[link]

Byrnes is memorialized at several South Carolina universities and schools.

• The James F. Byrnes Building housing the Byrnes International Center at the University of South Carolina.
• The James F. Byrnes Professorship of International Studies at USC, its first endowed professorship.
• Byrnes Auditorium at Winthrop University.
• Byrnes Hall, a dormitory at Clemson University (where Byrnes was a Life Trustee).
• James F. Byrnes High School in Duncan, South Carolina.
• The Byrnes Schools (formerly the James F. Byrnes Academy) in Quinby, South Carolina.

In 1948, Byrnes and his wife established the James F. Byrnes Foundation Scholarships and since then more than 1,000 young South Carolinians have been assisted in obtaining a college education. His papers are in the Special Collections of the Clemson University Libraries.

Electoral history[link]

See also[link]

• Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States
• List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by court composition
• List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by education
• List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by time in office
• List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States
• List of United States Chief Justices by time in office
• United States Supreme Court cases during the Stone Court

Footnotes[link]

1. ^ http://www.supremecourt.gov/about/members.pdf
2. ^ ^{a b c d} "BYRNES, James Francis". Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress. Office of the Clerk. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B001215. Retrieved January 9, 2012. 
3. ^ http://www.sciway.net/hist/governors/byrnes.html
4. ^ ^{a b} "Report of the Secretary of State to the General Assembly of South Carolina. Part II." Reports of State Officers Boards and Committees to the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina. Volume I. Columbia, SC: 1925, p. 59.
5. ^ Pope, Thomas H. The History of Newberry County, South Carolina: 1860–1990 p. 110
6. ^ "Supplemental Report of the Secretary of State to the General Assembly of South Carolina." Reports of State Officers Boards and Committees to the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina. Volume I. Columbia, SC: 1931, p. 3.
7. ^ http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/27570082?uid=2129&uid=3739736&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=47698975789697
8. ^ http://www.clemson.edu/newsroom/special_reports/internal/byrnes_room.php5
9. ^ ^{a b} http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,886159,00.html
10. ^ ^{a b} http://books.google.com/books?id=uxtLtGL68TQC&pg=PA158&lpg=PA158&dq=james+byrnes+fair+labor+standards+act&source=bl&ots=uv52N6Eqhy&sig=TOV0QrDNwouoafhY6RRdgKJlhTI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=kZJWT7S9DMqhiQLvnojvBw&sqi=2&ved=0CE0Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=james%20byrnes%20fair%20labor%20standards%20act&f=false
11. ^ ^{a b} Simon, Bryant. A fabric of defeat: the politics of South Carolina millhands, 1910–1948, p. 212
12. ^ Wallace, David Duncan. South Carolina: A Short History (University of North Carolina Press: Chapel Hill, 1951) p. 677.
13. ^ http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/tassava
14. ^ http://www.bookrags.com/research/economy-world-war-ii-aaw-03/
15. ^ http://www.shmoop.com/wwii-home-front/economy.html
16. ^ Ibid.
17. ^ Ibid.
18. ^ http://jah.oxfordjournals.org/content/88/4/1586.extract
19. ^ http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_Harry_Truman.htm
20. ^ Ibid.
21. ^ Messer, Robert L. 'The End of an Alliance: James F. Byrnes, Roosevelt, Truman, and the Origins of the Cold War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982), 13. Cited in reliance on citation in Robert J. Lifton and Greg Mitchell, Hiroshima in America, Fifty Years of Denial (G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1995), 136 (footnote, Byrnes "as a kindly 'older brother' to Truman" in the Senate).
22. ^ Gar Alperovitz, "The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb" (New York: Vintage Books, 1996)
23. ^ David McCullough, Truman (Simon & Schuster:New York, 1992)p. 352.
24. ^ Ibid
25. ^ Ibid.
26. ^ Ibid. p. 388.
27. ^ Ibid. "A revealing moment during Byrnes' swearing-in ceremony as secretary of state offers insight into the relationship [between President Harry S. Truman and Byrnes]: The diary of Byrnes' friend and assistant Walter Brown records that 'when the oath was completed, the President said, "Jimmy, kiss the Bible." He did and then handed it over to the President and told him to kiss it, too. The President did so as the crowd laughed..." (Gar Alperovitz, The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb and the Architecture of an American Myth (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995, p. 197).
28. ^ Ferrell, Robert H. Harry S. Truman: a Life (1995), ISBN 0-8262-1050-3, pp. 236–237.
29. ^ Harry S. Truman, Memoirs, Vol. 1: Years of Decision (1955), p.547,550, cited in Gerge Lenczowski, American Presidents and the Middle East, p.10
30. ^ Harry S. Truman, Memoirs, Vol. 1: Years of Decision (1955), p.551-552, cited in Lenczowski, American Presidents, p.11
31. ^ Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, Vol. 23 (June 18, 1965), p. 1185; Bernard Cosman and Robert J. Huckshorn, eds., Republican Politics: The 1964 Campaign and Its Aftermath for the Party (New York: Praeger, 1968), pp. 147–148

References[link]

• Messed, Robert L. The End of an Alliance: James F. Byrnes, Roosevelt, Truman, and the Origins of the Cold War (1982).
• Robertson, David. Sly and Able: A Political Biography of James F. Byrnes (1994)
• Annotated bibliography for James Byrnes from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues

Primary sources[link]

• Byrnes, James. Speaking Frankly (1947)
• Byrnes, James. All in One Lifetime (1958).

Further reading[link]

• Abraham, Henry J., Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court. 3d. ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992). ISBN 0-19-506557-3.
• Cushman, Clare, The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies,1789–1995 (2nd ed.) (Supreme Court Historical Society), (Congressional Quarterly Books, 2001) ISBN 1-56802-126-7; ISBN 978-1-56802-126-3.
• Frank, John P., The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions (Leon Friedman and Fred L. Israel, editors) (Chelsea House Publishers: 1995) ISBN 0-7910-1377-4, ISBN 978-0-7910-1377-9.
• Martin, Fenton S. and Goehlert, Robert U., The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography, (Congressional Quarterly Books, 1990). ISBN 0-87187-554-3.
• Urofsky, Melvin I., The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary (New York: Garland Publishing 1994). 590 pp. ISBN 0-8153-1176-1; ISBN 978-0-8153-1176-8.

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: James Francis Byrnes

• Excerpts from Speaking Frankly on the subjects of: (Yalta Conference), (Potsdam Conference) ("Flash Player" is required)
• James Francis Byrnes and U.S. Policy towards Germany 1945–1947 Deutsch-Amerikanische Zentrum / James-F.-Byrnes-Institut e.V
• Text of the famous "Stuttgart speech", September 6, 1946 The speech marked the change in U.S. occupation policy in Germany towards reconstruction.
• Time Magazine, September 16, 1946. "Journey to Stuttgart"
• SCIway Biography of James Francis Byrnes
• NGA Biography of James Francis Byrnes
• James F. Byrnes at Find-A-Grave
• A film clip Byrnes Sets U.S. Policy for Germany, 1946/09/10 (1946) is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
• A film clip Byrnes Wants All To Share Peacemaking, 1946/10/17 (1946) is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
• A film clip Byrnes Denies Atom Threat, 1946/10/10 (1946) is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]

v t e United States Senators from South Carolina Class 2 P. Butler Hunter Pinckney Sumter Taylor W. Smith R. Hayne Calhoun Huger Calhoun Elmore Barnwell Rhett De Saussure Evans A. Hayne Chesnut Robertson M. Butler Tillman Benet Pollock Dial Blease Byrnes Lumpkin Peace Maybank Daniel Thurmond Wofford Thurmond Graham Class 3 Izard Read Colhoun P. Butler Gaillard Harper W. Smith Miller Preston McDuffie A. Butler Hammond Sawyer Patterson Hampton Irby Earle McLaurin Latimer Gary E. Smith Hall Johnston Russell Hollings DeMint

v t e State Secretaries of the United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs 1781–1789 R. Livingston Jay Secretary of State 1789–present Jefferson Randolph Pickering J. Marshall Madison Smith Monroe Adams Clay Van Buren E. Livingston McLane Forsyth Webster Upshur Calhoun Buchanan Clayton Webster Everett Marcy Cass Black Seward Washburne Fish Evarts Blaine Frelinghuysen Bayard Blaine Foster Gresham Olney Sherman Day Hay Root Bacon Knox Bryan Lansing Colby Hughes Kellogg Stimson Hull Stettinius Byrnes G Marshall Acheson Dulles Herter Rusk Rogers Kissinger Vance Muskie Haig Shultz Baker Eagleburger Christopher Albright Powell Rice Clinton

v t e Governors of South Carolina J. Rutledge Lowndes J. Rutledge Mathews Guerard Moultrie T. Pinckney C. Pinckney Moultrie Vanderhorst C. Pinckney E. Rutledge Drayton J. Richardson P. Hamilton C. Pinckney Drayton Middleton Alston D. Williams A. Pickens Geddes Bennett Wilson Manning I Taylor Miller J. Hamilton Hayne McDuffie Butler Noble Henagan Richardson II Hammond Aiken Johnson Seabrook Means J. Manning Adams Allston Gist F. Pickens Bonham Magrath Perry Orr Scott Moses Chamberlain Hampton Simpson Jeter Hagood Thompson Sheppard Richardson III Tillman Evans Ellerbe McSweeney Heyward Ansel Blease Smith Manning III Cooper Harvey McLeod Richards Blackwood Johnston Maybank Harley Jefferies Johnston R. Williams Thurmond Byrnes Timmerman Hollings Russell McNair West Edwards Riley Campbell Beasley Hodges Sanford Haley

v t e Time Persons of the Year   1927–1950 Charles Lindbergh (1927) Walter Chrysler (1928) Owen D. Young (1929) Mahatma Gandhi (1930) Pierre Laval (1931) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932) Hugh Samuel Johnson (1933) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934) Haile Selassie I (1935) Wallis Simpson (1936) Chiang Kai-shek / Soong May-ling (1937) Adolf Hitler (1938) Joseph Stalin (1939) Winston Churchill (1940) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941) Joseph Stalin (1942) George Marshall (1943) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944) Harry S. Truman (1945) James F. Byrnes (1946) George Marshall (1947) Harry S. Truman (1948) Winston Churchill (1949) The American Fighting-Man (1950)   1951–1975 Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951) Elizabeth II (1952) Konrad Adenauer (1953) John Foster Dulles (1954) Harlow Curtice (1955) Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956) Nikita Khrushchev (1957) Charles de Gaulle (1958) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959) U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald A. Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960) John F. Kennedy (1961) Pope John XXIII (1962) Martin Luther King, Jr. (1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (1964) William Westmoreland (1965) The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966) Lyndon B. Johnson (1967) The Apollo 8 Astronauts: William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968) The Middle Americans (1969) Willy Brandt (1970) Richard Nixon (1971) Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972) John Sirica (1973) King Faisal (1974) American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975)   1976–2000 Jimmy Carter (1976) Anwar Sadat (1977) Deng Xiaoping (1978) Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) Ronald Reagan (1980) Lech Wałęsa (1981) The Computer (1982) Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983) Peter Ueberroth (1984) Deng Xiaoping (1985) Corazon Aquino (1986) Mikhail Gorbachev (1987) The Endangered Earth (1988) Mikhail Gorbachev (1989) George H. W. Bush (1990) Ted Turner (1991) Bill Clinton (1992) The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993) Pope John Paul II (1994) Newt Gingrich (1995) David Ho (1996) Andrew Grove (1997) Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998) Jeffrey P. Bezos (1999) George W. Bush (2000)   2001–present Rudolph Giuliani (2001) The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002) The American Soldier (2003) George W. Bush (2004) The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005) You (2006) Vladimir Putin (2007) Barack Obama (2008) Ben Bernanke (2009) Mark Zuckerberg (2010) The Protester (2011) Book:Time Persons of the Year

v t e Cabinet of President Harry S. Truman (1945–1953) Vice President None (1945–1949) Alben W. Barkley (1949–1953) Secretary of State Edward Stettinius, Jr. (1945) James F. Byrnes (1945–1947) George Marshall (1947–1949) Dean Acheson (1949–1953) Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson (1945) Robert P. Patterson (1945–1947) Kenneth Claiborne Royall (1947) Secretary of Defense James Forrestal (1947–1949) Louis Arthur Johnson (1949–1950) George Marshall (1950–1951) Robert A. Lovett (1951–1953) Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau, Jr. (1945) Fred M. Vinson (1945–1946) John W. Snyder (1946–1953) Attorney General Francis Biddle (1945) Tom C. Clark (1945–1949) J. Howard McGrath (1949–1952) James P. McGranery (1952–1953) Postmaster General Frank Comerford Walker (1945) Robert E. Hannegan (1945–1947) Jesse M. Donaldson (1947–1953) Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal (1945–1947) Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes (1945–1946) Julius A. Krug (1946–1949) Oscar L. Chapman (1949–1953) Secretary of the Agriculture Claude R. Wickard (1945) Clinton P. Anderson (1945–1948) Charles F. Brannan (1948–1953) Secretary of Commerce Henry A. Wallace (1945–1946) William Averell Harriman (1946–1948) Charles W. Sawyer (1948–1953) Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins (1945) Lewis B. Schwellenbach (1945–1948) Maurice J. Tobin (1948–1953)

Supreme Court of the United States
The Stone Court Chief Justice: Harlan Fiske Stone (1941–1946) 1941–1942: O.J. Roberts | H. Black | S.F. Reed | F. Frankfurter | Wm. O. Douglas | F. Murphy | J.F. Byrnes | R.H. Jackson

Wayne Rooney

Personal information
Full name	Wayne Mark Rooney[1]
Date of birth	(1985-10-24) 24 October 1985 (age 26)
Place of birth	Croxteth, Liverpool, England
Height	1.76 m (5 ft 9 in)[2]
Playing position	Forward
Club information
Current club	Manchester United
Number	10
Youth career
1996–2002	Everton
Senior career*
Years	Team	Apps†	(Gls)†
2002–2004	Everton	67	(15)
2004–	Manchester United	251	(129)
National team‡
2000–2001	England U15	4	(2)
2001–2002	England U17	12	(7)
2002	England U19	1	(0)
2003–	England	73	(28)
* Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 17:09 (UTC), 13 May 2012. † Appearances (Goals). ‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 8 October 2011 [3]

Wayne Mark Rooney (born 24 October 1985) is an English footballer who plays as a striker for Premier League club Manchester United and the England national team.

Rooney made his senior international debut in 2003 becoming the youngest player to represent England (a record later broken by Theo Walcott). He is England's youngest ever goalscorer.^[4] He played at UEFA Euro 2004 and scored four goals, briefly becoming the competition's youngest goalscorer. Rooney featured at the 2006 and 2010 World Cups and is widely regarded as his country's best player.^{[5][6][7][8][9][10]} He has won the England Player of the Year award twice, in 2008 and 2009. As of September 2011, he has won 73 international caps and scored 28 goals.^[3] Along with David Beckham, Rooney is the most red carded player for England, having been sent off twice.^[11]

Aged nine, Rooney joined the youth team of Everton, for whom he made his professional debut in 2002. He spent two seasons at the Merseyside club, before moving to Manchester United for £25.6 million in the 2004 summer transfer window. The same year, Rooney acquired the nickname "Wazza".^[12] Since then, with Rooney in the team, United have won the Premier League four times, the 2007–08 UEFA Champions League and two League Cups. He also holds two runner-up medals from both the Premier League and the Champions League. In April of the 2011–12 season Rooney scored his 180th goal, making him United's fourth highest goal-scorer of all time.^[13]

In 2009–10, Rooney was awarded the PFA Players' Player of the Year and the FWA Footballer of the Year. He came fifth in the vote for the 2011 FIFA Baloon d'Or and was named in the FIFPro World 11 for 2011. Rooney has won the 'Goal of the Season' award by the BBC's Match of the Day poll on three occasions, with his bicycle kick against rivals Manchester City winning the 'Premier League Goal of the 20 Seasons' award.^[14] Rooney is the third highest-paid footballer in the world after Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo, with an annual income of €20.7m (£18m) including sponsorship deals.^[15]

Early life[link]

Rooney was born in Croxteth, Liverpool to Thomas Wayne and Jeanette Marie (née Morrey) Rooney.^[16] He is of Irish descent^[17][18] and was brought up as a Roman Catholic^[19][20] with younger brothers Graham and John;^[21][22][23] all three attended Our Lady and St Swithin's primary school and the De La Salle Humanities College.^[24] He grew up supporting his local club Everton.^[25]

Club career[link]

Everton[link]

Youth squads[link]

Rooney began playing for Liverpool Schoolboys and until May 2010 he held the record of 72 goals scored in one season.^[26] At age nine, Rooney played for Copplehouse boys' club in the local Walton and Kirkdale junior league and scored 99 goals in his final season before being spotted by Everton scout Bob Pendleton.^[27] Rooney joined Everton at age nine,^[28] and was the Everton mascot for the Merseyside derby against Liverpool as an 11-year-old.^[29] In the 1995–96 season he scored 114 goals in 29 games for Everton's under-10s and 11s,^[30] and by 15 years old he was playing for the under-19s.^[31] He scored eight goals in eight games during Everton's run to the FA Youth Cup final in 2002.^[32] This included one goal in the final defeat against Aston Villa and upon scoring he revealed a T-shirt that read, "Once a Blue, always a Blue."^[28] Rooney was included in the first team squad for their training camp in Austria in the summer of 2002 and scored his first senior goal in a 3-1 friendly victory over SC Weiz on 15 July.^[31]

First team breakthrough[link]

Rooney was an unused substitute in Everton's 1–0 away win over Southampton in April 2002.^[34] His senior debut came the following season on 17 August in a 2–2 home draw against Tottenham,^[35] at this time he became the second youngest first-team player in Everton history behind Joe Royle.^[36] His first senior goals came on 2 October as he scored twice in a 3–0 away win over Wrexham in the League Cup.^[37] These goals meant that Rooney was Everton's youngest-ever goalscorer at the time.^[38] On 19 October, five days before his 17th birthday, Rooney scored a last-minute winning goal against Arsenal.^[39] This goal ended Arsenal's 30-match unbeaten run,^[40] and also made Rooney the youngest goalscorer in Premier League history, a record that has since been surpassed twice by both James Milner and James Vaughan.^[41] He scored the only goal in a 1–0 away win over Leeds United fifteen days later.^[42]

In December, Rooney was named 2002's BBC Young Sports Personality of the Year.^[43] Six days on from claiming this award he scored the winning goal against Blackburn Rovers in a 2–1 home win.^[44] His first career red-card came on boxing day in a 1-1 away draw against Birmingham City for a late challenge on Steve Vickers.^[45] In January 2003, Rooney signed his first professional contract which made him one of world football's highest-paid teenagers.^[46] Rooney's first goal in 2003 came on 23 March, netting Everton's only goal in a 2–1 loss at Arsenal.^[47] In April, he scored a goal in Everton's 2–1 home win over Newcastle United,^[48] before hitting a last-minute winner against Aston Villa in another 2–1 home win.^[49] He ended his debut season with 8 goals in 37 appearances in all competitions for the Toffees.^[50]

Rooney scored his first goal of the 2003-04 season in a 2–2 away draw against Charlton on 26 August 2003.^[51] He did not find the net again until December when he scored in a 2–1 away win over Portsmouth,^[52] and a 3–2 home win over Leicester City.^[53] His final goal of 2003 came on his 50th league appearance, netting the only goal in a 1–0 home win over Birmingham on 28 December.^[54] On 21 February 2004, Rooney netted his first Premier League brace in a 3–3 away draw against Southampton.^[55] He scored the only goal in a 1–0 win over Portsmouth on 13 March,^[56] before scoring in a 1–1 away draw against Leicester City one week later.^[57] He scored his final goal of the season in a 1–1 away draw against Leeds United on 13 April.^[58]

Manchester United[link]

2004–05 season[link]

Rooney's agent snubbed a three-year, £12,000-a-week contract offer from Everton in August 2004, leaving Manchester United and Newcastle United to compete for his signature. Everton rejected a bid of £20 million from Newcastle,^[59] and Manchester United ultimately won the bidding war with Rooney signing for them at the end of the month after a £25.6 million deal with Everton was reached.^[60] It was the highest fee ever paid for a player under 20 years old; Rooney was still only 18 when he left Everton.^[61]

Rooney was given the number 8 shirt upon his arrival at Old Trafford.^[62] He made his United debut on 28 September in a 6–2 home win over Fenerbahçe in the Champions League, scoring a hat-trick and laying on an assist.^[63] These goals made Rooney the youngest player to score a hat-trick in the Champions League aged 18 years 335 days.^[64] However, his first season with Manchester United ended without winning a trophy as they could only manage a third place finish in the league,^[65] and failed to progress to the last eight of the Champions League.^[66] United had more success in the cup competitions, but were edged out of the League Cup in the semi finals by a Chelsea side^[67] who also won the Premier League title that season,^[68] and a goalless draw with Arsenal in the FA Cup final was followed by a penalty shoot-out defeat.^[69] However, Rooney was United's top league scorer that season with 11 goals, and was credited with the PFA Young Player of the Year award.^[70]

2005–07[link]

Rooney during United's 3–1 win over Manchester City in the derby, in which he scored the game's first goal

In September 2005, Rooney was sent off in a Champions League clash with Villarreal of Spain (which ended in a goalless draw) for sarcastically clapping the referee who had booked him for an unintentional foul on an opponent.^[71] His first trophy with United came in the 2006 League Cup,^[72] and he was also named man of the match after scoring twice in United's 4–0 win over Wigan Athletic in the final.^[73] In the Premier League, however, an erratic start to the season left title glory looking unlikely for United and their title hopes were ended in late April when they lost 3–0 away to champions Chelsea and had to settle for second place.^[74] Rooney sustained a broken metatarsal in that game after a tackle made by Paulo Ferreira.^[75] Rooney's goalscoring further improved in the 2005–06 season, as he managed 16 goals in 36 Premier League games.^[76]

Rooney was sent off in an Amsterdam Tournament match against Porto on 4 August 2006 after hitting Porto defender Pepe with an elbow.^[77] He was punished with a three-match ban by the FA, following their receipt of a 23-page report from referee Ruud Bossen that explained his decision.^[78] Rooney wrote a letter of protest to the FA, citing the lack of punishment handed down to other players who were sent off in friendlies. He also threatened to withdraw the FA's permission to use his image rights if they did not revoke the ban, but the FA had no power to make such a decision.^[79]

During the first half of the 2006–07 season, Rooney ended a ten-game scoreless streak with a hat-trick against Bolton Wanderers,^[80] and he signed a two-year contract extension the next month that tied him to United until 2012. By the end of April, a combination of two goals in an 8–3 aggregate quarter-final win over Roma and two more in a 3–2 semi-final first leg victory over Milan.^[81] By the end of that season, he had scored 14 league goals.^[82] Rooney collected his first Premier League title winner's medal at the end of the 2006–07 season.^[83]

2007–09[link]

Rooney in a February 2008 match against Arsenal

In June 2007, Rooney was handed number 10, last worn by Ruud van Nistelrooy.^[84][85] He fractured his left metatarsal in United's opening-day goalless draw against Reading on 12 August,^[86] the same injury he had suffered to his right foot in 2004.^[87] After being sidelined for six weeks, he returned for United's 1–0 Champions League group stage win over Roma on 2 October, scoring the match's only goal.^[88] However, barely a month into his return, Rooney injured his ankle during a training session on 9 November, and missed an additional two weeks.^[89] His first match back was against Fulham on 3 December, in which he played 70 minutes.^[90] Rooney missed a total of ten games and finished the 2007–08 season with 18 goals (12 of them in the league),^[76] as United clinched both the Premier League^[91] and the Champions League, in which they defeated league rivals Chelsea^[92] in the competition's first-ever all-English final.^[93]