Álvaro Cunhal
Minister without portfolio
In office 16 May 1974 – 8 August 1975
President	António de Spínola Francisco da Costa Gomes
Prime Minister	Adelino da Palma Carlos Vasco Gonçalves
General Secretary of the Portuguese Communist Party
In office 1961–1992
Preceded by	Bento Gonçalves
Succeeded by	Carlos Carvalhas
Personal details
Born	Álvaro Barreirinhas Cunhal (1913-11-10)November 10, 1913 Coimbra, Portugal
Died	June 13, 2005(2005-06-13) (aged 91) Lisbon, Portugal
Political party	Communist Party
Domestic partner	Isaura Moreira (1960-1965)
Children	One daughter
Alma mater	University of Lisbon
Religion	Atheism

Álvaro Barreirinhas Cunhal, who used the name Álvaro Cunhal (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈaɫvɐɾu kuˈɲaɫ]; Sé Nova, Coimbra, 10 November 1913 — Lisbon, 13 June 2005), was a Portuguese politician. He was one of the major opponents of the dictatorial regime of Estado Novo. He served as secretary-general of the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) from 1961 to 1992. He was one of the most pro-Soviet of all western Europe communist leaders, often supporting USSR world policies, including the intervention in Czechoslovakia in 1968.

Life[link]

Cunhal was born in Coimbra, the third child of Avelino Henriques da Costa Cunhal (Seia, Seia, October 28, 1887 – Coimbra, Sé Nova, December 19, 1966) and wife (m. Coimbra, Sé Nova, August 22, 1908) Mercedes Simões Ferreira Barreirinhas (Coimbra, Sé Nova, May 5, 1888 – Lisbon, September 12, 1971). His father was a lawyer in Coimbra and Seia, and later on in Lisbon, and came from a family of rural bourgeoisie, related to a rich and more aristocratic family, the Cunhal Patrício. His mother was a devout Catholic who wished her son had also become one. He also studied Law at the University of Lisbon, where he joined the PCP, then an illegal organization, in 1931. The deaths of his younger sister Maria Mansueta Barrerinhas Cunhal (Coimbra – Seia, January 13, 1921) and of his older brother António José Barreirinhas Cunhal (Coimbra, 1910 – Lisbon, 1932) struck the grief of both his parents and brothers, but specially of his mother and Álvaro, of whom they had always been close. He visited the Soviet Union for the first time in 1935 to attend the Seventh World Congress of the Comintern in Moscow. He joined the Central Committee of the PCP in 1936 at the age of 24. His first arrest occurred in 1937.

While in jail, Cunhal submitted his final thesis on the topic of abortion and obtained his law degree (the jury included the future prime minister Marcello Caetano). In the thesis, he also supported the illegality of abortion in USSR, claiming it wasn't practised anymore there. He then taught for some months at the Colégio Moderno, in Lisbon. Among his pupils was the future President of Portugal, Mário Soares, who would be one of his great political rivals after the revolution of 1974.

1976 - Alvaro Cunhal, Portuguese Comunist Paty's General Secretary & Octavio Pato, Party's presidential candidate, at Campo Pequeno, Lisboa

From 1941 to 1949 Cunhal was underground and became the de facto leader of the PCP. Arrested in 1949, he remained in jail until he made a spectacular escape from the Peniche prison in 1960. This escape had a wide impact. The government of António Salazar claimed that a Soviet submarine was near the Peniche coast waiting for Cunhal. In 1961, he was elected secretary-general of the PCP, following the death of Bento Gonçalves in the political prisoners colony of Tarrafal in Cape Verde. Cunhal lived in exile in Moscow, where his daughter by Isaura Maria Moreira named Ana Cunhal was born on December 25, 1960, now married with three sons, and Paris until the Carnation Revolution of April 1974.

Back in Portugal, Cunhal took charge of the newly legalised PCP and led the party through the political upheavals which followed the revolution. He was minister without portfolio in several of the provisional governments which followed the revolution. A faction of army officers seen as aligned with the PCP dominated the post-revolutionary provisional governments, with pro-communist prime-minister Vasco Gonçalves, leading four provisional governments, leading to accusations that the PCP was attempting to take power via the military. Cunhal, was largely responsible for the PCP's hardline attitude, particularly its hostility towards the Portuguese Socialist Party led by Soares, which prevented the formation of a united left.

Cunhal left his office in 1992, being succeeded by Carlos Carvalhas. Nevertheless, his voice remained important in the following years, and he consistently sided with the most orthodox wing of the PCP. He also revealed that under the pseudonym Manuel Tiago he had been the author of several neo-realistic novels. His drawings, made while in prison, were published, revealing his sensibility for the arts, as was also shown by his translation of King Lear by Shakespeare (edited in his last years, and originally written under the female pseudonym Maria Manuela Serpa).

Álvaro Cunhal died in Lisbon in 2005, after several years away from public eye. His funeral, on June 15, took place in Lisbon and was attended by about 250,000 people.^{[citation needed]}

His only remaining sister Maria Eugénia Barreirinhas Cunhal (b. Lisbon, January 17, 1927) has also been for her entire life a militant of the PCP. She married in Lisbon on May 21, 1949 medical doctor Fernando Manuel da Rocha de Medina (Lisbon, March 15, 1924 – Lisbon, September 9, 1965), half-cousin of Ambassador Rui Eduardo Barbosa de Medina, and has four children.

Works[link]

Álvaro Cunhal, by Xesko

• IV Congresso do Partido Comunista Português — O Caminho Para o Derrubamento do Fascismo.
• Duas intervenções numa reunião de quadros.
• Rumo à Vitória - As Tarefas do Partido na Revolução Democrática e Nacional.
• A Verdade e a Mentira sobre a Revolução de Abril.
• Acção Revolucionária, Capitulação e Aventura.
• O Partido Com Paredes de Vidro.
• A Revolução Portuguesa - O Passado e o Futuro.
• Fracasso e Derrota do Governo de Direita do PSD/Cavaco Silva.
• O 1º Governo PSD e a Resistência Democrática.
• Falência da Política de Direita do PS (1983–1985).
• Os Chamados Governos de Iniciativa Presidencial.

Manuel Tiago[link]

Cunhal was also a fiction writer, with several novels under the pseudonym Manuel Tiago, which he recognized as his own only in 1995. He also made the drawings for the original edition of Soeiro Pereira Gomes' book Esteiros. He published the following books under the pseudonym of Manuel Tiago:

• Até Amanhã, Camaradas (adapted to television series in 2005).
• Cinco Dias, Cinco Noites (adapted to film in 1996).
• A Estrela de Seis Pontas.
• A Casa de Eulália.
• Lutas e Vidas. Um conto.
• Os Corrécios e outros Contos.
• Um Risco na Areia.
• Fronteiras.

Further reading[link]

• Portuguese Comunist Party - Álvaro Cunhal.
• José Pacheco Pereira, Álvaro Cunhal — Uma biografia política, Temas & Debates, Lisbon, 1999, ISBN 972-759-150-7.
• The Guardian - Obituary.

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His Excellency Mário Soares GColTE, GCC, GColL, KE
President of Portugal
In office 9 March 1986 – 9 March 1996 (&1000000000000001000000010 years, &100000000000000000000000 days)
Prime Minister	Aníbal Cavaco Silva António Guterres
Preceded by	António Ramalho Eanes
Succeeded by	Jorge Sampaio
Prime Minister of Portugal
In office 23 July 1976 – 28 August 1978 (&100000000000000020000002 years, &1000000000000003600000036 days)
President	António Ramalho Eanes
Preceded by	Vasco de Almeida e Costa
Succeeded by	Alfredo Nobre da Costa
In office 9 June 1983 – 6 November 1985 (&100000000000000020000002 years, &10000000000000150000000150 days)
President	António Ramalho Eanes
Preceded by	Francisco Pinto Balsemão
Succeeded by	Aníbal Cavaco Silva
Personal details
Born	(1924-12-07) 7 December 1924 (age 87) Lisbon, Portugal
Political party	Socialist Party
Spouse(s)	Maria Barroso
Profession	Lawyer, historian, professor

Mário Alberto Nobre Lopes Soares, GColTE, GCC, GColL, KE (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈmaɾiu suˈaɾɨʃ]; born 7 December 1924), Portuguese politician, served as Prime Minister of Portugal from 1976 to 1978 and from 1983 to 1985, and subsequently as the 17th President of Portugal from 1986 to 1996.

Family[link]

Soares is the son of João Lopes Soares (Leiria, Arrabal, 17 November 1878 - Lisbon, Campo Grande, 31 July 1970), Founder of the Colégio Moderno in Lisbon, Minister and then anti-fascist republican activist who had been a Priest for some time before marrying Elisa Nobre Baptista (Santarém, Pernes, 8 September 1887 - Lisbon, Campo Grande, 28 February 1955), Mário Soares's mother, at the 7th Conservatory of the Civil Register of Lisbon on 5 September 1934. His father also had another son by an unknown mother named Tertuliano Lopes Soares. His mother had previously been married and had two children, J. Nobre Baptista and Cândido Nobre Baptista. Mário Soares was raised as a Roman Catholic, but came to identify himself as a laic, agnostic and atheist.

Early life[link]

Soares was born in Lisbon, Coração de Jesus, and graduated in History and Philosophy from the University of Lisbon. He became a university lecturer in 1957, but his activities in opposition to the dictatorship of António de Oliveira Salazar led to repeated arrests. He was active in resistance groups such as the Movement for Anti-Fascist National Unity and the Movement for Democratic Unity.

Soares began his studies at Colégio Moderno, owned by his father. There, for a short period he was taught Geography by Álvaro Cunhal, who would later became the towering figure of Portuguese Communism and one of Soares' greatest political rivals.

While a student at University, Soares joined the Portuguese Communist Party, being responsible for the youth section. In this capacity, he organised demonstrations in Lisbon to celebrate the end of WWII. He was first arrested by PIDE, the Portuguese political police, in 1946, when he was a member of the Central Committee of the Movement of Democratic Unity (Portuguese: Movimento de Unidade Democrática), at the time chaired by Mário Azevedo Gomes. Soares was arrested twice in 1949. On those latter occasions, he was the secretary of General Norton de Matos, a candidate for the Presidency. However, he became estranged from Norton de Matos, when the latter discovered Soares's Communist sympathies.

Soares married Maria de Jesus Barroso Soares, an actress, in 22 February 1949, while in the Aljube prison, at the 3rd Conservatory of the Civil Register of Lisbon. They have a son, the former Lisbon Mayor João Soares, and a daughter, Isabel Barroso Soares, b. 1951, who manages the Colégio Moderno.

Soares's multiple arrests for political activism made it impossible for him to continue with his career as a lecturer of history and philosophy. Therefore, he decided to study law and become an attorney.

[edit] Political activity during the Estado Novo

In 1958, Soares was very active in the presidential election supporting General Humberto Delgado. Later, he would become Delgado's family lawyer, when Humberto Delgado was murdered in 1965, in Spain, by agents of the dictatorship's secret police (PIDE).

In April 1964, in Geneva, Switzerland, Soares together with Francisco Ramos da Costa and Manuel Tito de Morais created the Acção Socialista Portuguesa (Portuguese Socialist Action). At this point he was already quite distant from his former Communist friends (having quit the Communist Party in 1951); his views were now clearly inclined to economic liberalism.

In March 1968, Soares was arrested again by PIDE, and a military tribunal sentenced him to banishment in the colony of São Tomé in the Gulf of Guinea. His wife and two children, Isabel and João, accompanied him. However, they returned to Lisbon eight months later for in the meantime dictator Salazar had been replaced by Marcello Caetano. The new dictator wanted to present a more democratic face to the world, so many political prisoners, Soares among them, were released.

In the 1969 general election, which was rigged, the democratic opposition (whose political rights were severely restricted) entered with two different lists. Mário Soares participates actively in the campaign supporting the Coligação Eleitoral de Unidade Democrática or CEUD (Electoral Coalition for Democratic Unity). CEUD is clearly anti-fascist, but they also reaffirmed their opposition to Communism.

In 1970, Soares was exiled to Rome, Italy, but eventually settled in France where he taught at the Universities of Vincennes, Paris and Rennes. In 1973, the Portuguese Socialist Action became the Socialist Party, and Soares was elected Secretary-General. The Socialist party was created under the umbrella of Willy Brandt's SPD in Bad Münstereifel, Germany, on 19 April 1973.

Democracy[link]

On 25 April 1974, elements of the Portuguese Army seized power in Lisbon, overthrowing Salazar's successor, Marcelo Caetano. Soares and other political exiles returned home to celebrate what was called the "Carnation Revolution."

In the provisional government which was formed after the revolution, led by the Movement of the Armed Forces (MFA), Soares became minister for overseas negotiations, charged with organising the independence of Portugal's overseas colonies. Among other encounters, he met with Samora Machel, the leader of Frelimo, to negotiate the independence of Mozambique.

Within months of the revolution however, it became apparent that the Portuguese Communist Party, allied with a radical group of officers in the MFA, was attempting to extend its control over the government. The Prime Minister, Vasco dos Santos Gonçalves, was accused of being an agent of the Communists and a bitter confrontation developed between the Socialists and Communists over control of the newspaper República.

Prime minister[link]

Mário Soares in 1978

Democratic government was finally established when national elections were held in April 1976. The Socialists won a plurality of seats and Soares became Prime Minister. But the deep hostility between the Socialists and the Communists made a left-wing majority government impossible, and Soares formed a weak minority government. Vast fiscal and current account deficits generated by previous governments forced Soares to adopt a strict austerity policy, which made him deeply unpopular. Soares had to resign from office after only two years, in 1978.

The wave of left-wing sentiment which followed the 1974 revolution had now dissipated, and a succession of conservative governments held office until 1983, when Soares again became Prime Minister, holding office until late 1985. His main achievement in office was negotiating Portugal's entry into the European Economic Community. Soares almost single-handedly turned public opinion around, for Portugal at the time was very wary of integration into the EEC.

Presidency[link]

In the Portuguese presidential election, 1986, held in March, Soares was elected President of Portugal, beating Diogo Freitas do Amaral by little more than 2%. He was reelected in 1991, this time with almost 70% of the vote. For most of Soares' two terms of office, Portugal was governed by the centre-right Social Democratic Party, led by Aníbal Cavaco Silva.

He devised the so-called Presidência Aberta (Open Presidency), a series of tours around the country, each addressing a particular issue, such as the Environment or a particular region of Portugal. Although generally well received by the public, some claimed that he was criticizing the government and exceeding his constitutional role. Others stated that the tours were in the style of medieval courts. Yet the name stuck for today's presidential initiatives of the same type.

Post presidency[link]

Mário Soares in 2006

• Soares retired in 1996, but in 1998 he headed the Independent World Commission on the Oceans.

• In 1999 he also headed the Socialist ticket in elections to the European Parliament, where he served until the 2004 elections. He ran for President of the Parliament, but lost to Nicole Fontaine.

• In 2000 he was awarded the North-South Prize.

• Soares is a member of the Club de Madrid, an independent organization of more than 80 former democratic statesmen from around the world. The group works to strengthen democratic governance and leadership.^[1]

• In March 2005, he launched a petition urging the European Union to start membership talks with Cape Verde.

• On 30 August 2005, he announced his candidacy to run for President in the election that occurred in 22 January 2006, when he was 81 years old. However, he lost the election to Aníbal Cavaco Silva and was even behind Manuel Alegre, receiving 14% of the vote. "The results went against my expectations. I accept this defeat with a feeling of mission accomplished, [...]" he said, conceding defeat. It was suggested (in RTP1 TV-Programme Prós e Contras, in March 2008), that one of the reasons for the weak vote could be the Portuguese were reluctant to elect any President for more than 2 terms (only allowed by the Portuguese Constitution of 1976 if non-consecutive).

• In the TV-programme Os Grandes Portugueses (English: The Greatest Portuguese), he was voted 12th, the highest-placed among living people chosen by the public. Dictator António de Oliveira Salazar would eventually win.

• He is also a member of the strongest Masonic lodge of Portugal.

• He is currently president of the Fundação Mário Soares (Mário Soares Foundation).

• He also sits in the board of Directors of the Fundação Oriente.

• He is also a Member of the Portuguese Council of State, as a former elected President of Portugal.

After the general elections of Finland, 17 April 2011, Mário Soares, presented an opinion according of which Finland has changed into a extremely conservative country, where solidarity is unknown. Soares reminded the memory of Kalevi Sorsa comparing his generosity and those dwarfs, who now want to rule Finland, their ethical values and hostility against Portugal with great difference. Accordin to Soares the Finns live in illusion believing that speculative markets and credit criminals can destroy nations with nine hundred years independent history.^[2]

Honours and awards[link]

• 1993 - Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Polish Republic
• 1994 - Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta
• Grand Master of the Order of the Tower and Sword

In 1998, Soares won the International Simón Bolívar Prize of UNESCO.

In 2000, Soares received the North-South Prize of the Council of Europe.

He is an honorary member of the Club of Rome and a member of High Council of Francophonie.

He is Doctor Honoris Causa from the University of Rennes 2 Haute Bretagne, Free University of Brussels and University of Bordeaux III2.

Electoral results[link]

1986 Portuguese presidential election[link]

1991 Portuguese Presidential election[link]

2006 Portuguese Presidential election[link]

References[link]

1. ^ http://www.clubmadrid.org/en/miembro/mario_soares
2. ^ http://www.kauppalehti.fi/5/i/mobiili/kl_mobiili/uutinen.jsp?oid=20110471549&ext=nwnd

External links[link]

• (Portuguese) Fundação Mário Soares
• (Portuguese) Soares' official site for the Portuguese elections of 2006

v t e Presidents of Portugal First Republic Manuel de Arriaga · Teófilo Braga · Bernardino Machado · Sidónio Pais · Canto e Castro · António José de Almeida · Teixeira Gomes · Bernardino Machado Second Republic Mendes Cabeçadas · Gomes da Costa · Óscar Carmona · Oliveira Salazar · Craveiro Lopes · Américo Thomaz Third Republic National Salvation Junta · António de Spínola · Costa Gomes · Ramalho Eanes · Mário Soares · Jorge Sampaio · Cavaco Silva