Luxury vehicle is a marketing term for a vehicle that provides luxury — pleasant or desirable features beyond strict necessity — at increased expense (see: definition of luxury).
The term suggests a vehicle with higher quality equipment, better performance, more precise construction, comfort, higher design, technologically innovative modern, or features that convey an image, brand, status, or prestige, or any other 'discretionary' feature or combination of them. Luxury is relative, "what may be luxury for one may be premium for another."[1]
In contemporary usage, the term may be applied to any vehicle type— including sedan, coupe, hatchback, station wagon, and convertible body styles, as well as to minivans,[2][3] crossovers, or sport utility vehicles and to any size vehicle, from small to large—in any price range.[4] Moreover, there is a convergence in the markets and a resulting confusion of luxury with high price: where there may have been a clear difference in price between luxury and others, there is no longer an absolute separation between premium and luxury, with what may be premium brands now more expensive than the equivalent so-called luxury ones.[5]
A
Duesenberg, "one of the greatest luxury cars"
[6] with custom body by Willoughby
Automobile manufacturers market specific makes and models that are targeted at particular socio-economic classes, and thus "social status came to be associated more with a particular vehicle than ownership of a car per se."[7] Therefore, automakers differentiate among their product lines in "collusion" with the car-buying public.[7] While a high price is the most frequent factor, it is "styling, engineering, and even public opinion which cars had the highest and lowest status associated with them."[7]
Every era in automobile history has had "a group of car marques and models that have been expensive to purchase, due to their alleged superiority of their design and engineering".[7] Aimed at wealthy buyers, such automobiles might be generically be termed luxury cars."[7] This term is also used for unique vehicles produced during "an era when luxury was individualistic consideration, and coachwork could be tailored to an owner like a bespoke suit."[8] Although there is considerable literature about specific marques, there is a lack of systematic and scholarly work that "analyzes the luxury car phenomenon itself."[7]
Luxury vehicle makers may either be stand-alone companies in their own right, such as BMW and Mercedes, or a division/subsidiary of a mass market automaker (e.g., Lexus belongs to Toyota). Badge engineering may often be used for economical cost savings, such as most Lincoln vehicles being based on Ford.
Though widely used, the term luxury is broad and highly variable. It is a perceptual, conditional and subjective attribute and may be understood differently by different people: "What is a luxury car to some... may be 'ordinary' to others."[4]
According to the European Commission, the "luxury vehicle" segment is classified as F-segment. However, the boundaries between the traditional segments are increasingly becoming blurred and diluted as features once exclusive to luxury vehicles become standard equipment on even small cars.[10][11][12]
- ACRISS is a code system used by many car rental companies in the US for classifying vehicles (but not brands or marques). The system includes Luxury and Premium categories.
- Australia In Australia, for taxation purposes a luxury car is defined as a passenger car whose value exceeds a certain threshold[13] (see: Luxury Car Tax).[14]
- France: In France the term "voiture de luxe" is used.[15]
- Germany: In Germany the term "Upper class" (German: Oberklasse) is used.[16]
- Russia: Russian markets use the term "representative class vehicle" (автомобиль представительского класса, also translated as "luxury vehicle").[17]
- United States Consumer Guide's categorization which sorts luxury vehicles by size acknowledges that there can be considerable price variations within a class; for instance the Lincoln Town Car has a relatively low MSRP (Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price) compared to the Jaguar XJ, BMW 7 Series, Lexus LS, or Mercedes-Benz S-Class.[18]
| US Luxury Car Segments, according to MSRP (in US$) |
| Price |
$15k — $20k |
$20k — $30k |
$30k — $40k |
$40k — $50k |
$50k — $60k |
$60k — $70k |
$70k — $80k |
$80k — $90k |
$90k — $100k |
$100k or more |
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$29k |
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$38k |
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$40k |
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$60k |
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| Luxury car manufacturers |
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Entry-level |
Mid-level |
High-end |
Ultra |
The compact executive car segment or small-luxury class[19] is relatively new, having been initiated by several European brands in the mid-2000s, and constitute the least expensive offerings in their lineups. These cars are targeted at a niche market of young customers who have a more refined taste in their automobiles and the means to pay for them.[citation needed] By offering a smaller, lighter, more fuel-efficient, and less expensive vehicle, this serves to introduce a younger customer to the luxury marque, in hopes of retaining the coveted customer loyalty.[citation needed] This includes the Audi A3, BMW 1 Series, Lexus CT, Mercedes-Benz B-Class and Volvo V40.[20][21][dead link] [22]
Premium compacts may share components with mass market cars from the marque's parent company (the A3), and/or have less sophisticated platforms compared to upmarket vehicles in the lineup (such as the B-Class). The body style tends to be a hatchback or compact wagon, previously associated with economy cars but regaining popularity in the United States for its afforded utility. The luxury branding and style, high-quality interior materials, wide range of convenience features, and performance powertrains are key to distinguishing them from mass market equivalents (one mistake made by the Cadillac Cimarron) and making these appeal to consumers.[22] [23][24]
The classification varies, for instance Consumer Guide Automotive in the US considers the Audi A3 and A4 as part of the premium compact segment due to similar size and MSRP, though these are known in Europe as a small family car and a compact executive car, respectively.[25]
The entry-level luxury category is also known as the compact executive car in Britain and (Mittelklasse in German). In the US, this segment mostly includes the bottom vehicles in the line-up of luxury brands as well as the top-of-the-line models of some non-luxury brands.[25]
Dimensionally, compact executive cars are smaller than mid-size/large family cars, and sometimes even smaller than compact cars. Mass market compact cars typically use the economical front wheel drive transverse engine layout, well suited to the inline-4 engine, which also maximizes interior room.[26] Several compact executive cars are rear-wheel drive with longitudinal engines, for improved stability and handling,[26] and in order to accommodate the larger size of higher-performance engines (straight-6, V6, rarely V8), with four-wheel drive often being available.[18] Compact executive cars also tend have more complicated independent suspensions, sportier transmissions, and high revolution engines that may require premium gasoline. The more complex powertrain and mechanical layouts of compact executive cars comes at increased cost and reduced interior passenger and trunk space.[18]
Compact executive cars include the Volvo S60, Acura TSX, Lexus IS, Infiniti G, BMW 3 Series, Audi A4, Saab 9-3, and Mercedes-Benz C-Class which particularly emphasize sporty handling.[27][28]
Other vehicles such as the Lexus ES, Acura TL, Chrysler 300, and Buick LaCrosse are also considered entry-level luxury in the United States and Canada, being similar in price to the BMW 3 Series and Mercedes-Benz C-Class.[29] However, the ES, TL, and LaCrosse are not sold in Europe and do not fall under European luxury classifications. The ES and TL actually began as badge engineered versions of the midsize Toyota Camry and Honda Accord, respectively, retaining the front wheel drive transverse engine layout, whereas Toyota's current Lexus IS does not share a platform with mass market Toyota cars. The ES and TL are not considered executive cars either, despite similar dimensions, since executive cars usually emphasize higher performance, often being rear-wheel drive with longitudinal engines.[27][28] the present iterations of the ES and LaCrosse emphasize "comfortable, reasonably priced luxury",[30] while the TL has recently been targeted at the entry-level luxury sport market.[29]
Recently, the entry-level luxury has been very competitive, and there has been price-overlapping with well-equipped non-luxury cars.[31][32] The bestselling vehicles of the marque are frequently compact executive cars, such as the BMW 3 Series that makes up 40% of the vehicles that BMW sells worldwide.[33][34]
The mid-luxury segment are commonly referred to as executive cars in Britain, Obere Mittelklasse in German, and Grandes Routières in French.[35][16][15] Examples of models in this category include Audi A6, Volvo S80, BMW 5 Series, Mercedes-Benz E-Class, Jaguar XF, Lexus GS and Infiniti M.[36][37][38]
Although having similar dimensions to mid-size cars and large family cars, executive cars are engineered and positioned as premium vehicles with better performance and technology amenities. There are also higher development and production costs, as many well-known mid-luxury cars use the longitudinal (usually front engine rear wheel drive layout) engine mounting which affords space for powerful engines such as a V8, instead of the more economical transverse engine layout of mass market cars which are restricted to inline-4 or V6. Executive cars usually have lower sales and production volumes compared to mid-size cars and large family cars, as base trims with less equipment and smaller engines are not sold in U.S. and Canadian markets.[39] Also due to the problem of steep depreciation, especially concerning cars from less prestigious brands, most executive cars are produced by marques that specialize in larger/more expensive vehicles. Particularly in the United States, the mid-luxury segment is dominated by Mercedes-Benz and BMW, as executive cars from lesser-known manufacturers such as Citroën and Infiniti have not had much success.[40][41]
Vehicles in this segment include the mid-range models of several luxury car manufacturers.[42] There are also some flagship sedans in this segment, such as the Acura RL and Infiniti M. Executive cars such as the BMW 5 Series are crucial to a luxury automaker's bottom line, and although not the highest-selling model, they generate a significant amount of profits due to the lucrative technology options.[34]
Also known as full-size luxury cars, grand saloons, or premium large cars, while "Oberklasse" is used in Germany. Many of these are the marque's showcases for the newest automotive technology.[43] Several nameplates also offer long-wheelbase versions that offer additional rear legroom and amenities.[44] Full-size luxury cars sold in Canada and the U.S. typically have mid-displacement V8 engines, though recently some marques have offered six cylinder powerplants but without much success.[45][46][47]
Vehicles in this category include some of the models from the flagship lines of luxury car brands. Examples include the Audi A8, BMW 7 Series, Infiniti Q45, Jaguar XJ, Lexus LS, Mercedes-Benz S-Class, Volkswagen Phaeton, Hyundai Equus and in the US, the Lincoln Town Car and Cadillac DTS.[18][38] In the United States in 2004, the bestselling full-size luxury nameplates were the Lexus LS, Mercedes-Benz S-Class, and BMW 7 Series.[48]
Maybach 62, an ultra-luxury Mercedes-Benz automobile.
R.L. Polk and Company, a global automotive information and marketing firm that provides solutions[clarification needed] to automotive and related industries, has defined the term "super luxury" segment for luxury cars costing more than US$100,000.
This bracket includes the entire lineup of Rolls Royce, Bentley, Aston Martin, Maybach, and Maserati, as these marques do not offer lower-priced offerings in the entry-level luxury or mid-luxury segments like more mainstream luxury brands like Audi, BMW and Mercedes-Benz.[49] As of late 2011, super luxury automakers have been "pledging higher sales and offering ever sexier models" despite the economic uncertainty.[50]
Rolls Royce and Bentley have attempted to move downmarket somewhat with offerings priced considerably lower than their traditional offerings (Rolls Royce Phantom and Bentley Mulsanne) such as the Rolls Royce Ghost[51] and the Bentley Continental GT, creating what Car and Driver describes as the "entry-opulent segment".[52] Bentley, Maybach, and Rolls-Royce vehicles share platforms and engines with other luxury brands from their parent auto company, however Rolls-Royce and Bentley are assembled in England (separate from the rest of BMW and Volkswagen Group's production plants) and this "exclusivity" has made these British marques a sales success. By comparison, Maybachs are built alongside the Mercedes-Benz S-Class flagship sedan which has explained why it has not fared well in the market, furthermore the Maybach's pedigree was virtually unknown outside of Germany unlike its British rivals which have long enjoyed renown worldwide.[53][54] A Bentley executive was quoted as saying "that the brand’s exclusivity, history and obsessive luxury help to convince customers that a Bentley is worth the price" which is at least twice that of a flagship luxury car from BMW or Mercedes-Benz. [55]
The top-performing variants of flagship cars from Audi, BMW, and Mercedes-Benz are often included here as well. They often have 12-cylinder (usually V12) engines for great refinement and smoothness,[56] even though contemporary V8 engines can make similar output while being less expensive.[57][58] While BMW sells far fewer V12-engined 7-Series vehicles than V8 versions, the V12 retains popularity in the US, China, and Russia, as well as maintaining the marque's prestige in the luxury vehicle market segment.[59][60] These ultra-luxury trims also feature standard luxury and technology features that would be considered optional on their V8 siblings.[47][49][61]
There are ultra-high performance cars from "exotic brands" that also exceed US$100,000, but would not necessarily be categorized as luxury automobiles, such as the sports cars from Ferrari, Lamborghini and Porsche, although the Porsche Panamera does compete in the high-end luxury/full-size luxury category.[49][62]
This category was created with Kaiser Jeep's 1966 Super Wagoneer as the first true luxury four-wheel drive (4x4) vehicle.[63] It was the first SUV to offer a V8 engine, automatic transmission, and luxury car trim and equipment in a serious off-road model.[64] The Super Wagoneer was "a pioneer that blazed a trail for today's luxury SUVs".[65] It came with long list of standard equipment that included bucket seating with center console, air conditioning, seven-position tilt steering wheel, a vinyl roof, as well as "Antique Gold" trim panels on the body sides and tailgate.[65] After American Motors Corporation (AMC) purchased Jeep, the vehicles were upgraded and refined, including features such as an optional electric sliding steel sun roof, "possibly the first offered on an SUV".[66] The late-1970s Jeep Wagoneer Limited "set the sport-utility market on its ear ... was the most luxurious four-wheeler anyone had ever seen."[67]
The venerable Grand Wagoneer was still the leader in the luxury SUV market in 1986, and continued to be produced virtually unchanged through 1992, long after Chrysler bought out American Motors Corporation (AMC) in 1987.[68] The SUV market soon expanded with new entrants. By the mid-1990s, the U.S. Big Three automakers, "especially with Ford's Explorer and Jeep's Grand Cherokee, dominate[d] the market for the red-hot sport/utilities."[69] The fastest growing sector of this market was for the so-called luxury SUVs, which included the Jeep Grand Cherokee ... the Grand Cherokee's allure: "This vehicle is proof you can have a true off-road vehicle without giving up luxuries and amenities" with the Jeep providing a crucial new intangible factor for buyers — image.[70]
The SUV models generated higher-profit-margins than ordinary automobiles, and automakers introduced new luxury models during the late 1990s.[71] For some manufacturers such as Porsche and BMW, luxury SUVs were the first SUV models they produced. Luxury SUVs catered particularly to the U.S. market where station wagons were unpopular, often being produced in North America (such as BMW Spartanburg) instead of the luxury marque's home country. Some of these models were not traditional SUVs based on light trucks, rather they are classified as crossovers using unibody constructions. SUVs from non-luxury brands had experienced a surge in popularity through early 2000s, causing the traditional luxury marques to follow.[72][not in citation given]
SUVs from the luxury marques grew at almost 40 percent to more than 430,000 vehicles, excluding SUV-only brands like Hummer and Land Rover, while luxury car sales in the U.S. during 2003 suffered a 1% decline, and non-luxury SUV sales were flat. By 2004, 30 percent of major luxury brands' U.S. sales are now SUVs. Luxury brands in particular led the development of crossover SUVs (as opposed to body-on-frame SUVs), making it one of the fastest growing segments in the market, as the forecast for 2002 was approximately 240,000 vehicles and that could double by 2006.[73] Research data showed luxury SUV buyers are compared those vehicles to SUVs of mass market brands, and not shopping around luxury cars, thus the SUV is becoming the key to bringing new customers to the luxury dealerships.[74]
Certain luxury SUVs use body-on-frame underpinnings, often being badge-engineered versions of their non-luxury counterparts, and retaining the rugged off-road and towing capabilities. Examples include the Lexus LX and Lincoln Navigator, which are the premium versions of the Toyota Land Cruiser (itself a luxurious SUV in the United States) and Ford Expedition, respectively.[75]
Other luxury SUVs are crossovers using unibody construction, often sharing the platform with compact executive and executive cars. For example, the Infiniti FX is based upon the Nissan FM platform that also underpins other Infiniti cars. Audi and BMW developed crossovers to compete in the SUV segment as they did not have an existing body-on-frame vehicle in their lineup.[73][76] The Lexus RX was the earliest luxury crossover on the market, and it has since been the best-selling luxury vehicle in the US, so it has inspired similar competitors from rival marques.[77] While early luxury crossovers released in the late 1990s have resembled traditional boxy SUVs, recent offerings have prioritized sportiness over utility — such as the Infiniti FX and BMW X6.[78][79][80]
A Spanish luxury car brand was
Hispano-Suiza, here is twelve cylinder J12
Luxury cars tend to offer a higher degree of comfort than their mainstream counterparts, common amenities include genuine leather upholstery and polished "woodgrain-look" dashboards.[38] Compared to mainstream vehicles, luxury cars have traditionally emphasized comfort and safety.[81] Luxury vehicles are also a status symbol for conspicuous consumption.[82]
Contemporary luxury cars also offer higher performance and better handling, which is often known as sport luxury.[83][84] However in Europe, where large-displacement engines are often heavily taxed and many luxury buyers shy away from conspicuous consumption, brands offer buyers the option of removing exterior engine-identifying badges.[46]
Forbes noted that the reputation of luxury marques enables them to continually introduce many new safety technologies and comfort amenities, such as anti-lock brakes, electronic stability control and DVD entertainment systems, before they trickle down to mass market cars. Numerous "smart car" features are largely only found on luxury cars as of 2009.[82]
The rear-wheel drive with longitudinal engines (FR) is a common layout of luxury cars. European marques like Mercedes-Benz, BMW, and Jaguar have almost never adopted front-wheel drive and retained a lineup mostly or entirely made up of FR cars. Japanese brands such as Lexus and Infiniti also have predominantly FR lineups. The FR layout, while more expensive than the FF, has been retained by these luxury manufacturers as it allows for higher performance engines (particularly the straight-6, V8, and other engine configurations with more cylinders), better handling, and a smoother ride. [46] [85] [86][87]
American manufacturers also largely followed the FR for their luxury brands (as well as their mass-market cars of the time). However, due to the Arab Oil Embargo of 1973 and the 1979 fuel crises, began eliminating their FR platforms in favor of the more economical front wheel drive transverse engine layout (FF). Chrysler went 100% FF by 1990 and GM's Cadillac and Buick brands for the US were entirely FF by 1997. One of the few notable holdouts was Ford's Lincoln Town Car and Lincoln LS.[88]
In the 21st century, as part of the revamp of its design and image,[89] Cadillac returned most of its lineup (sedans, roadsters, crossovers and SUVs) to rear- or all-wheel-drive, the only exceptions being the front-wheel drive Cadillac BLS (which is not sold in North America)[90] and the Cadillac DTS. Chrysler returned its full-size cars to this layout with the Chrysler 300.[91][92] Ford's Lincoln retained the longtime FR platform for the Town Car, intended for use as a limousine and chauffeured car,[93] but newer offerings such as the MKZ and MKS will use newer FF platforms shared with mainstream Ford vehicles, with all-wheel drive as an option.[94]
Rolls-Royce Phantom II Continental was a British luxury car.
In the United States luxury market, Cadillac and Lincoln had been long the best-selling and second best-selling luxury brands until 1998, when they were overtaken by Japanese and German brands.[95] Since the 2000s, with the Cadillac CTS, the marque has seen a resurgence in sales and brand value.[96] Ford's Lincoln, which had seen sales fall as a result of an aging lineup, has attempted to return that luxury marque to competitiveness, by releasing new models such as the Lincoln MKS, as well as divesting itself of its other Premier Automotive Group brands.[97] Mercedes-Benz and BMW were the top-selling luxury import until 1991, when they were overtaken by Lexus.[98] Since 2000, Lexus has been the number-one-selling luxury car marque in the U.S., holding that title ever since.[99][100]
Since the 1980s, a host of new manufacturers have entered the luxury market to challenge the traditional players.[101] The three major Japanese auto manufacturers, Honda, Toyota, and Nissan, created their respective luxury brands particularly for the US. As a result of voluntary export restraints imposed in 1981, these manufacturers were limited to a number of vehicles they could export. While these companies sidestepped this by establishing US production facilities for mass market vehicles, their home factories soon begun producing higher-priced cars as they carried a greater profit margin per car. Acura was launched in 1986, while Lexus and Infiniti were unveiled in 1989. By 1992, these three divisions had sales of over US$3.5 billion, using lower prices and innovation to take market share from both domestic (Cadillac, Lincoln) and the European (Mercedes, Volvo, BMW, Audi and Jaguar) luxury car makers.[102] Hyundai had recently released the Genesis and plans to launch the Equus, hoping to repeat the same strategy of undercutting their established competitors. [101]
The Late-2000s recession was the first time since the Great Depression of the 1930s that the luxury car market suffered considerably, something not seen in previous economic downturns. Many such customers saw their net worth decline following the collapse in financial markets and real-estate values.[82][103] For instance, some of the steepest dropoffs came at the high end, including the BMW 7 Series and Rolls Royce Phantom, and Mercedes-Benz unexpectedly dropped the starting price of its all-new 2010 E-Class. The unusually sharp decline in luxury car sales have led observers to believe that there is a fundamental shift and reshaping of the luxury automotive market, with one industry official suggesting that the marques no longer command the premiums that they used to, and another saying that conspicuous consumption was no longer attractive in poor economic conditions. [101] Additionally, mainstream brands have been able to offer amenities and devices such as leather, wood, and anti-lock brakes, previously found only on luxury cars, as the costs decline. [101]
However, luxury vehicle sales have not collapsed as much as their non-luxury counterparts.[104][105] Luxury vehicle marques generally benefited from financially healthier dealerships, better leasing and certified pre-owned programs and loyal customers, so sales are expected to rebound more quickly than mass market cars. [82] Others note that there is growing interest in luxury vehicles from emerging markets such as China and Russia. [101] Also, the entry-level luxury segment has been very competitive, and there has been price-overlapping with well-equipped non-luxury cars.[106][107] For instance, in Canada, several luxury manufacturers set sales records in August 2009, due mostly to aggressive incentives on entry-level luxury vehicles.[32][108] In September 2009, BMW, Mercedes-Benz, Lexus and Audi all saw their Canadian sales increase by more than 10 per cent compared to a year earlier, despite overall Canadian auto sales being down 3.5 per cent compared to September 2008. The head of Mercedes-Benz Canada suggested that the brand "has been able to attract 'middle-class' consumers even during the recession because of the sense that owning a Mercedes comes with 'membership in a club'." BMW Canada's chief said luxury cars continued to be attractive, "I think due to new product offensives and due to new design and due to the fact that we are the benchmark in all areas when it comes to fuel efficiency... that together stimulates a lot of the market".[109] BMW has managed to remain profitable in 2009 while other competitors were posting losses, by scaling down production quickly to avoid cash burn through bloated inventories. [110]
In 2010, BMW was the best-selling luxury vehicle manufacturer by sales, ahead of rivals Audi AG and Daimler AG's Mercedes-Benz marque. [110][111]
|
|
| American English |
British English |
Euro Car Segment[112] |
Euro NCAP 1997 - 2009 |
Euro NCAP[113] |
Examples |
| Microcar |
Microcar, Bubble car |
A-segment mini cars |
Supermini |
Passenger car |
Isetta, Smart Fortwo |
| Subcompact car |
City car |
Renault Twingo, Ford Ka, Fiat 500, Tata Nano, Suzuki Alto |
| Supermini |
B-segment small cars |
Ford Fiesta, Volkswagen Polo, Opel Corsa, Citroën DS3, Peugeot 207 |
| Compact car |
Small family car |
C-segment medium cars |
Small family car |
Ford Focus, Opel Astra, Toyota Auris, Volkswagen Golf, Chevrolet Cruze |
| Mid-size car |
Large family car |
D-segment large cars |
Large family car |
Ford Mondeo, Hyundai Sonata, Opel Insignia, Chevrolet Malibu, IKCO Samand |
| Entry-level luxury car |
Compact executive car |
Acura TSX, Alfa Romeo 159, Mercedes C-Class, BMW 3 Series, Cadillac CTS |
| Full-size car |
Executive car |
E-segment executive cars |
Executive car |
Ford Crown Victoria, Holden Commodore, Chevrolet Impala |
| Mid-size luxury car |
Lexus GS, BMW 5 Series, Jaguar XF, Volvo S80, Chrysler 300 |
| Full-size luxury car |
Luxury car |
F-segment luxury cars |
- |
Audi A8, Maserati Quattroporte, Mercedes S-Class,Toyota Crown, Cadillac DTS |
| Sports car |
Sports car |
S-segment sport coupes |
- |
Chevrolet Corvette, Porsche 911, Ferrari 458 Italia, Nissan Z-car, Lamborghini Gallardo |
| Grand tourer |
Grand tourer |
- |
Jaguar XK, Ferrari 612 Scaglietti, Maserati GranTurismo |
| Supercar |
Supercar |
- |
Bugatti Veyron, Ferrari Enzo, Pagani Zonda |
| Convertible |
Convertible |
- |
BMW 6 Series, Mercedes CLK, Volvo C70, Volkswagen Eos, Chevrolet Camaro |
| Roadster |
Roadster |
Roadster sports |
Roadster |
Audi TT, Honda S2000, Lotus Elise, Mazda MX-5, Porsche Boxster, |
| - |
Leisure activity vehicle |
M-segment multi purpose cars |
Small MPV |
MPV |
Renault Kangoo, Peugeot Partner, Ford Tourneo Connect, Škoda Roomster |
| - |
Mini MPV |
Renault Modus, Citroen C3 Picasso, Opel Meriva, Honda Fit |
| Compact minivan |
Compact MPV, Midi MPV |
Renault Scenic, Citroën C4 Picasso, Opel Zafira, Ford C-Max, Volkswagen Touran |
| Minivan |
Large MPV |
Large MPV |
Renault Espace, Peugeot 807, Chrysler Town and Country, Ford Galaxy, |
| Mini SUV |
Mini 4x4 |
J-segment sport utility cars (including off-road vehicles) |
Small Off-Road 4x4 |
Off-roader |
Daihatsu Terios, Mitsubishi Pajero iO, Suzuki Jimny, Jeep Wrangler |
| Compact SUV |
Compact 4x4 |
Ford Escape, Honda CR-V, Kia Sportage, Chevy Equinox, Jeep Liberty |
| - |
Coupé SUV |
- |
Isuzu VehiCROSS, BMW X6 |
| Mid-size SUV |
Large 4x4 |
Large Off-Road 4x4 |
Ford Explorer, Jeep Grand Cherokee, Volkswagen Touareg, Chevrolet Tahoe |
| Full-size SUV |
Cadillac Escalade ESV, Chevrolet Suburban, Range Rover, Toyota Land Cruiser |
| Mini pickup truck |
Pick-up |
- |
Pick-up |
Pickup |
Chevrolet Montana, Fiat Strada, Volkswagen Saveiro |
| Mid-size pickup truck |
Chevrolet Colorado, Ford Ranger, Mitsubishi Triton/L200, Nissan Navara |
| Full-size pickup truck |
Dodge Ram, Ford F-150, GMC Sierra, Nissan Titan, Toyota Tundra |
| Full-size Heavy Duty pickup truck |
Chevrolet Silverado, Ford Super Duty, Ram Heavy Duty |
- ^ Kapferer, Jean-Noël; Bastien, Vincent (2009). The Luxury Strategy: Break the Rules of Marketing to Build Luxury Brands. Kogan Page. p. 43. ISBN 9780749454777. http://books.google.com/books?id=YLuoXQ2NKmsC&pg=PA46&dq=We+know+that+luxury+is+relative+what+may+be+luxury+for+one+may+be+premium+for+another.
- ^ "The Original Luxury Minivan Adds Fresh Ideas for 2008". The Auto Channel News. 2007-08-06. http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2007/08/06/057385.html. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ Mitchell, Jacqueline (2008-01-22). "Nine Minivans You'll Beg To Drive". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/2008/01/22/cars-minivan-luxury-forbeslife-cx_jm_0122cars.html. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ a b Anurit, Jakrapan; Newman, Karin; Chansarkar, Bal. "Consumer Behaviour of Luxury Automobiles: A Comparative Study between Thai and UK Customers’ Perceptions". Economics Web Institute. http://economicswebinstitute.org/essays/carthai.pdf. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ Kapferer & Bastien, p. 43.
- ^ Roe, Fred (1986). Duesenberg - The Pursuit of Perfection. Dalton Watson. ISBN 978-0-901564-37-5.
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