The basic needs approach is one of the major approaches to the measurement of absolute poverty. It attempts to define the absolute minimum resources necessary for long-term physical well-being, usually in terms of consumption goods. The poverty line is then defined as the amount of income required to satisfy those needs. The 'basic needs' approach was introduced by the ILO in 1976 at its World Employment Conference.

A traditional list of immediate "basic needs" is food (including water), shelter, and clothing.^[1] Many modern lists emphasize the minimum level of consumption of 'basic needs' of not just food, water, and shelter, but also sanitation, education, and healthcare. Different agencies use different lists.

Related approaches, taking their cue from the work of Amartya Sen, focus on 'capabilities' rather than consumption.

In the development discourse, the basic needs model focuses on the measurement of what is believed to be an eradicable level of poverty. Development programs following the basic needs approach do not invest in economically productive activities that will help a society carry its own weight in the future, rather it focuses on allowing the society to consume just enough to rise above the poverty line and meet its basic needs. These programs focus more on subsistence than fairness. Nevertheless, in terms of "measurement", the basic needs or absolute approach is important. The 1995 world summit on social development in Copenhagen had, as one of its principal declarations that all nations of the world should develop measures of both absolute and relative poverty and should gear national policies to "eradicate absolute poverty by a target date specified by each country in its national context."^[2]

Canada[link]

Professor Chris Sarlo, an economist at Nipissing University in North Bay, Canada and a senior fellow of the Fraser Institute, uses Statistics Canada's socio-economic databases, particularly the Survey of Household Spending to determine the cost of a list of household necessities. The list includes food, shelter, clothing, health care, personal care, essential furnishings, transportation and communication, laundry, home insurance, and miscellaneous; it assumes that education is provided freely to all residents of Canada. This is calculated for various communities across Canada and adjusted for family size. With this information, he determines the proportion of Canadian households that have insufficient income to afford those necessities. Since the early 1970s, the poverty rate has declined from about 12% of Canadian households to about 5%.^[3]

The Philippines[link]

The Municipality of Rosario, Batangas, Philippines implemented its Aksyon ng Bayan Rosario 2001 And Beyond Human and Ecological Security Plan using this concept as a core strategy through the Minimum Basic Needs Approach to Improved Quality of Life - Community-Based Information System (MBN-CBIS) prescribed by the Philippine Government. This approach helped the municipal government identify priority families and communities for intervention, as well as rationalize the allocation of its social development funds.

United States[link]

In the United States, the equivalent measures are called self-sufficiency standards or living income standards. Unlike the federal poverty level (FPL), which is calculated from a single, national variable (cost of food), these models assume that different households have different needs, based on factors such as the number and age of children in the household, and the cost of housing in the particular area (usually a county) that they live in.^[4] In keeping with the principles of basic needs, these measurements do not include any extra money for entertainment, savings, debt payment, or unusual or avoidable expenses, such as vehicle repairs. It assumes that adults will be working and pay taxes; it also includes costs of all government, charitable, and family subsidies, such as free medical care through Medicaid, free food from the USDA food stamps program or a food bank, or free childcare from a grandparent.^[5] All of these costs are ignored by the official FPL measurement, but included in a self-sufficiency standard.

Minimum expenses vary by region. For housing, child care, food, transportation, health care, and other necessary expenses, plus net taxes, a family in middle-class Warren County in northwestern Pennsylvania of one adult and two children (one preschooler, one school-aged) needed a minimum income of $30,269 to pay its own way in 2006.^[6] Child care is the largest expense in this budget, followed by housing, taxes, and food. The same family, living in the wealthy Seattle region of Washington would need to earn $48,269 to be self-sufficient.^[7] These figures contrast sharply with the FPL for that year, which was just $16,600 for any three-person household.

See also[link]

• Anthropological theories of value
• Maslow's hierarchy of needs
• Living wage, a wage that is high enough to meet basic needs
• Basic income

References[link]

Basic Needs in Development Planning, Michael Hopkins and Rolph Van Der Hoeven (Gower, Aldershot, UK, 1983)

Further reading[link]

• Basic Needs Approach, Appropriate Technology, and Institutionalism by Dr. Mohammad Omar Farooq

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Jonathan Davis
Jonathan Davis performing live.
Background information
Birth name	Jonathan Houseman Davis
Born	(1971-01-18) January 18, 1971 (age 41)
Origin	Bakersfield, California
Genres	Alternative metal, nu metal, electronic rock, funk metal
Occupations	Musician, songwriter, singer, producer, actor
Instruments	Vocals, guitar, drums, piano, harp, bagpipes, violin, harmonica, bass
Years active	1989–present
Labels	Immortal/Epic Virgin/EMI Warner Music Group Roadrunner Records
Associated acts	Korn Jonathan Davis and the SFA Sexart J Devil
Website	www.korn.com

Jonathan Houseman Davis (born January 18, 1971)^[1] is the lead vocalist and frontman for the nu metal band Korn. Davis was ranked 16th on Hit Parader 's list of "Heavy Metal's All-Time Top 100 Vocalists".^[2]

Early life[link]

Davis was born in Bakersfield, California to Rick Davis and Holly Chavez. He has a sister named Alyssa, a half brother, Mark Chavez, (the former lead singer for Adema) and half sister Amanda Chavez by his mother. His father was a keyboardist for Buck Owens while his mother was a professional dancer. His parents divorced when he was three years old, his mother leaving Rick for Judas, and was raised by his father and stepmother Lily in Bakersfield. Davis suffered severe bouts of asthma as a child, and had survived a near-fatal asthma attack when he was five, when he was pronounced clinically dead for several minutes.^[3] He also spoke of having a horrible relationship with his stepmother. Davis has said that his earliest musical inspiration as a child was the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical Jesus Christ Superstar,^[4] and his favorite musical group was Duran Duran. He graduated from Highland High School in 1989. He also attended the San Francisco School of Mortuary Science for a period of time.

Acting[link]

This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (July 2007)

He has a cameo in Queen of the Damned as a ticket scalper. Davis plays a minor role as Ricky, a crack dealer, in the film Seeing Other People. Davis also has a role as a store clerk in the indie film The Still Life. Davis is billed to appear in the upcoming horror film Sin-Jin Smyth where he will be playing the lead role.^{[citation needed]} According to Bloody-Disgusting, Jonathan Davis is currently working on a script with writer/director Clive Barker entitled Oblivion. Davis describes it as a "dark opera about the end of the world" and that it differs greatly from Korn's style of music.^{[citation needed]} The project has been postponed for an indefinite period of time.

He has also been featured in many other bands' music videos, sometimes with Korn and sometimes solo. He has appeared with Korn in Limp Bizkit's "Break Stuff", "Faith" and "Nobody Like You"^[5], Deadsy's "Brand New Love", Orgy's "Revival" , Ice Cube's "Fuck Dying", Videodrone's "Ty Jonathan Down", Sugar Ray's "Answer the Phone", and Lil' Wayne's "Prom Queen" as a cameo appearance. He has also appeared in, Cold's "Give", and Busta Rhymes' "Fire." He has also worked with Infected Mushroom, a psychedelic trance and electronic music group, in the song (and video) titled "Smashing the Opponent" as well as "Evilution".

Davis and the rest of Korn appeared in a 2005 episode of the comedy-drama television series Monk, titled "Mr. Monk Gets Stuck in Traffic". As well as appearing in Monk, Korn also made an appearance on The Man Show in which hosts Jimmy Kimmel and Adam Carolla claimed to be two members that were kicked out of the band in the style of a VH1 Behind The Music special.

Davis and Korn voiced themselves in season 3 of South Park in the episode "Korn's Groovy Pirate Ghost Mystery", which features them as Scooby Doo-esque characters, driving a Mystery Machine-like van and trying to solve a mystery about pirate ghosts.

Personal life[link]

Davis' childhood is a big influence in Korn lyrics. The song "Daddy" gave rise to a rumor that Rick Davis (Jonathan's father) had abused his son, even though Jonathan has gone on the record in many interviews saying it was written about a family friend who sexually abused him. He said that, when he tried to turn to his family as a child to tell them about the abuse, they ignored him (Neither Jonathan or Rick will say who the person was, though both say it was a woman). ^[6]

Davis has married twice, Renee Perez, in 1998 in a Medieval-themed ceremony. Together they had a son, Nathan Houseman Davis, but divorced in 2001. On October 9, 2004, a decade after the release of Korn's first album he married again in Hawaii, this time to former pornographic actress Deven Davis.^[7]On March 18 2005 his second child, Pirate Houseman Davis, was born.^[8] Davis's third son, Zeppelin Howsmon Davis, was born on April 28, 2007.

Davis has not used alcohol or other drugs since 1998.^[9] On the band's Deuce DVD, Davis's bandmates all say they are proud of him for his sobriety.

Davis has stated that The Path of Totality is his favorite Korn album and that "Let's Go!" and "Bleeding Out" are his favorite Korn songs.

In late 2006, Davis was recognized and honored at Buck Owens' Crystal Palace in Bakersfield, California, by Buddy Alan, son of the late Buck Owens.

While Korn performed at the Download Festival in 2006, Davis was unable to perform, as he had developed idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), a rare bleeding disorder. This left him bedridden for days after his band's performance. Assorted other artists also at Download filled in singing for Korn during the performance including M. Shadows of Avenged Sevenfold, Matt Heafy of Trivium, Jesse Hasek of 10 Years, Benji Webbe of Skindred, Dez Fafara of Devildriver and Corey Taylor of Slipknot.^[10]

Davis created an original fighting game, Pop Scars, which pits popular musical personalities against one another in one-on-one combat. Participants include members of Limp Bizkit, Staind, Marilyn Manson, and Korn itself. Each celebrity has its own personality and sports character designs sketched by comic book artist Marty Emond, while stages feature environmental traps that impede opponents as they fight. Pop Scars never made it past the early design stages, as Davis himself pulled the plug on the project in late 2004.^[11]

In the United States presidential election, 2012, Davis is known to support Ron Paul^[12]

Equipment[link]

In the early 2000s Jonathan was known for his microphone stand he designed called 'The Bitch', which was created by Swiss artist H.R. Giger. Before the stand was created, Davis used a normal microphone stand, often with rope lighting. He has used 'The Bitch' in Korn music videos and live concerts since. Jonathan is endorsed by Shure, and has used their microphones since. The most common model Davis uses is the Shure Beta 87c Wireless, but he's been seen with various other models. In the studio, Davis uses various microphones where endorsements are minimal.

Discography[link]

Korn[link]

• Neidermeyer's Mind (1993)
• Korn (1994)
• Life Is Peachy (1996)
• Follow the Leader (1998)
• Issues (1999)
• Untouchables (2002)
• Take a Look in the Mirror (2003)
• Korn: Greatest Hits Vol. 1 (2004)
• See You on the Other Side (2005)
• Live & Rare (2006)
• MTV Unplugged: Korn (2007)
• Untitled album (2007)
• Korn III: Remember Who You Are (2010)
• The Path of Totality (2011)

Solo[link]

• Alone I Play (2007)
• Live at Union Chapel (2011)

Other appearances[link]

• First Demo (Human Waste Project) (1993)
• Deadsy (1996)
• Roots (1996)
• Blood Rooted (1997)
• Coal Chamber (1997)
• Candyass (1998)
• Videodrone (1999)
• Significant Other (1999)
• Amplified (1999)
• Black and White soundtrack (2000)
• Break Stuff music video (2000)
• Strait Up (2000)
• Queen of the Damned soundtrack (2002)
• Rock'n Roll Gangster (2002)
• Commencement (2002)
• Reanimation (2002)
• Gorilla Pimpin' (2003)
• Linkin Park Reanimation (2002)
• Linkin Park Underground 4.0 (2004)
• Duets: The Final Chapter (2005)
• Phantasmagore (2006)
• Criss Angel: Mindfreak
• Will Rap Over Hard Rock For Food (2009)
• Legend of the Black Shawarma (2009)
• For Obvious Reasons (2009)
• Oddities (2011)^[13]
• The Black Crown (2011)

Singles[link]

Solo[link]

As featured artist[link]

See also[link]

	Book: Korn
Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official Korn website
• Jonathan Davis at the Internet Movie Database
• Interview with Jonathan Davis
• Interview with Jonathan Davis at Inked Magazine
• Interview with Jonathan Davis from Rolling Stone
• Jonathan Davis Biography, Video's & more

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