Petrocaribe S.A.

Type	Public
Industry	Oil
Founded	June, 2005
Headquarters	?
Products	Oil
Revenue	USD/$ ? billion (2006)
Operating income	USD/$ ? billion (2006)
Net income	USD/$ ? billion (2006)
Parent	PDVSA
Website	www.petrocaribe.org

  Venezuela

  Petrocaribe members and CARICOM members

  Petrocaribe members not part of CARICOM

  CARICOM members not part of Petrocaribe

Petrocaribe S. A. is a Caribbean oil alliance with Venezuela to purchase oil on conditions of preferential payment. The alliance was launched in June 2005. The payment system allows for a few nations to buy oil on market value but only a certain amount is needed up front; the remainder can be paid through a 25 year financing agreement on 1% interest. The deal allows for the Caribbean nations to purchase up to 185,000 barrels (29,400 m³) of oil per day on these terms. In addition it allows for nations to pay part of the cost with other products provided to Venezuela, such as bananas, rice, and sugar.^[1]

General Aspects[link]

"PetroCaribe will only deal with a state controlled entity, meaning that the PetroCaribe agreement is based on eliminating all intermediaries." Only state-run entities, not private businesses, can deal with PetroCaribe. The Venezuelan state oil company rejects business dealings with any private oil company in these countries, believing these private companies to be corrupt and criminal in their operations.^[2]

Twelve of the fifteen members of CARICOM plus Cuba and the Dominican Republic signed the agreement on 7 September 2005. The nations signing the agreement were Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Belize, Cuba, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Suriname, St Lucia, St Kitts and Nevis, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. The only countries to choose not to sign on were Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago. Haiti was not invited to the talks, since Venezuela did not recognize its US-installed government. The country finally joined the alliance in April 2006, once the newly-elected president René Préval took office. Honduras, which is not a member of CARICOM, became the 17th member of the alliance in December 2007.^[3] Guatemala joined in July 2008.^[4]

Reasons for the holdout[link]

Although it is understandable that Trinidad and Tobago did not sign the agreement, being oil producers themselves, many have wondered about Barbados.^{[original research?]} Some have speculated that they have succumbed to pressure from the United States, because of their strained relationship with Venezuela.^{[original research?]} Barbados has denied that this is the reason, and has not ruled out agreeing to Petrocaribe in the future. On August 31, 2005, energy minister Anthony Wood said that they are weighing options over signing Petrocaribe or maintaining their.^[5] On 1 September 2005, Wood leaned towards acknowledging that Barbados would sign the agreement, given that changes are made to the original agreement. It is not known what changes are expected, but it does seem clear^{[original research?]} that the rise in international oil prices has contributed to the change of mind from Barbados. Barbados has since hinted that Petrocaribe would add a considerable amount of debt to the Barbados economy.^{[6][dead link]}

In April 2011 Hugo Chávez renewed his offer for Barbados to join PetroCaribe.^[7]

Criticism[link]

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While the agreement offers concessionary financing to these heavily indebted nations, it places them in a financial bind by allowing them to pay with agricultural goods (whose value fluctuates greatly from week to week) for part of their fuel bills. These nations ultimately take on more debt to pay these bills.

Another problem is that because it creates the illusion that fuel can be procured cheaply (even when it is expensive), the scheme increases the region's short- and long-term dependence on fossil fuels. Opponents of the scheme point out that this is counter to the region's energy security interests.

Venezuelan oil minister Rafael Ramirez acknowledged in December 2007 that his nation was shipping far less oil than previously expected; Petrocaribe members receive 145,000 barrels (23,100 m³) daily (rather than the 300,000 barrels (48,000 m³) initially planned), and of these, 95,000 go to Cuba.^[3]

See also[link]

• SUCRE (currency)
• Petróleos de Venezuela
• History of Venezuelan Oil Industry
• Corporación Trebol Gas C.A.

Notes[link]

References[link]

• PETROCARIBE Expresses the Unity, Solidarity and Cooperation among the Peoples
• PetroCaribe saves Caribbean millions - Venezuela - 13 August 2007, 09:12:00
• Belize joins Petrocaribe deal - December 4, 2006: Caribbean Investor
• Manning warns Caribbean against PetroCaribe - January 13, 2006: Jamaica Observer news
• PetroCaribe raises fears - January 12, 2006: Barbados Advocate News
• Local News: Manning restates Petrocaribe warning - By Miranda La Rose: January 11, 2006 - Guyana Chronicle Newspaper
• Rickey Singh Editorial: Bajans' lonely place in PetroCaribe - October 3, 2005: Trinidad and Tobago Express News
• Anthony Wood: Barbados won't sign Petro-Caribe agreement - September 29, 2005: Barbados Advocate News
• Sir John praises Barbados for not taking oil deal - September 25, 2005: Barbados Daily NationNews
• 'SAY NO TO OIL DEAL�´ - September 22, 2005: Barbados Advocate News
• Oil deal is far too risky - September 23, 2005: Barbados Advocate News
• Case against PetroCaribe - September 18, 2005: Barbados Nation News
• Regional assistance at what cost? - August 29, 2005: Barbados Advocate
• Venezuela leader calls for 'Latin Opec' - Friday, 3 January 2003, 16:54 GMT

External links[link]

• Like Sucre in Ayacucho! - Speech by President Hugo Chávez to the 6th Petrocaribe Summit