Look up originality in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

This image is in the public domain in Switzerland, where it was taken and also published first. It has been deemed by the Swiss Bundesgericht, the Supreme Court, to be not copyrightable due to a lack of creativity: it is ineligible for copyright because it does not pass the threshold of originality. It is the image the case Blau Guggenheim v. British Broadcasting Corporation BBC was about.

Originality is the aspect of created or invented works by as being new or novel, and thus can be distinguished from reproductions, clones, forgeries, or derivative works.^{[citation needed]} An original work is one not received from others nor one copied based on the work of others.^{[citation needed]}. It is a work created with a unique style and substance. The term "originality" is often applied as a compliment to the creativity of artists, writers, and thinkers.^{[citation needed]} The idea of originality as we^[who?] know it was invented by Romanticism,^[1] with a notion that is often called romantic originality.^[2][3][4]

The concept of originality is culturally contingent. It became an ideal in Western culture starting from the 18th century.^[5][6] In contrast, at the time of Shakespeare it was common to appreciate more the similarity with an admired classical work, and Shakespeare himself avoided "unnecessary invention".^[5][7][8]

Originality in law[link]

In law, originality has become an important legal concept with respect to intellectual property, where creativity and invention have manifest as copyrightable works.^{[clarification needed]} In the patent law of the United States and most other countries, only original inventions are subject to protection. In addition to being original, inventions submitted for a patent must also be useful and nonobvious.^{[citation needed]}

In United States copyright law and the law of many other states, copyrights protect only original works of authorship, a property which has been historically and legally linked to a concept of "creativity". A work must pass a threshold of originality in order to be copyrightable.^[9]

In United Kingdom intellectual property law, a derived work can demonstrate originality, and must do so if it is to respect copyright.^{[citation needed]}

Original idea[link]

An original idea is one not thought up by another person beforehand. Sometimes two or more people can come up with the same idea independently.

Original Recording[link]

An original painting, photographic negative, analog audio or video recording, will contain qualities that can be difficult, or under current technology may be impossible to copy in its full integrity. That can also apply for any other artifact.

That is why it is often necessary to preserve the original, in order to preserve its original integrity. The copy is made to preserve the original recording by saving the original from degenerating as it is being played, rather than to replace the original.

See also[link]

• Copyright protection of photographs in Switzerland - describes the criteria for the originality of photographs in Swiss law
• Derivative work
• Feist v. Rural and Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp. (USA)
• In fiction narratology, an original is the first-published installment of a series of works, thus having sequels, prequels, interquels, etc.
• Christoph Meili
• Synonyms: archetype, prototype (the first draft of an original work), model, template, and pastiche (an imitation of an archetype or prototype in order to pay homage to the original creator)
• Sweat of the brow

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Gregory, Elizabeth (1997) Quotation and Modern American Poetry: Imaginary Gardens with Real Toads
• Macfarlane, Robert (2007) `Romantic' Originality, in Original copy: plagiarism and originality in nineteenth-century literature, March 2007, pp. 18–50(33)
• Smith, Logan Pearsall (1924) Four words: romantic, originality, creative, genius, Oxford, Clarendon Press
• Waterhouse, Francis A. (1926) Romantic 'Originality' in The Sewanee Review, Vol. 34, No. 1 (Jan., 1926), pp. 40–49

Sister Nancy, aka Muma Nancy, real name Ophlin Russell-Myers, (born Ophlin Russell, 2 January 1962, Kingston, Jamaica) is a dancehall DJ and singer. She is known to the world as the first female dancehall DJ and was described as being a "dominating female voice for over two decades" on the dancehall scene.^[1] One of her most famous songs is "Bam Bam", labeled as a "well-known reggae anthem" by BBC and a "classic" by The Observer.^[2][3]

Career[link]

Russell-Myers was one of 15 siblings.^[4] Her elder brother, Robert, is better known as Brigadier Jerry, and by her mid-teens, she would occasionally perform on the Jahlove Music sound system that he worked with,^[4] and worked for three years on the Stereophonic sound system with General Echo.^[5] In 1980, producer Winston Riley was the first to take her into the studio, resulting in her first single, "Papa Dean" for his Techniques label.^[4][5] Russell-Myers went on to perform at Reggae Sunsplash, making her the first female deejay ever to perform there, and she is also the first female Jamaican deejay to tour internationally. She had further success with singles such as "One Two", "Money Can't Buy Me Love", "Transport Connection" and "Bam Bam". Her debut album, One Two was released in 1982. She went on to work with producer Henry "Junjo" Lawes, recording "A No Any Man Can Test Sister Nancy", "Bang Belly", and a collaboration with Yellowman, "Jah Mek Us Fe A Purpose".^[4] She continued to appear live, sometimes on Jahlove Music with her brother. The sound system toured internationally, with both Sister Nancy and Brigadier Jerry making their debut UK performances at the Brixton Town Hall, London in 1982.^[4]

In 1996, she relocated to New Jersey.^[5] In an interview with The Jamaica Observer in 2002, Russell-Myers said that although she was working in the banking sector, that "music is [her] first love" and said she still performs "every now and then". She explained that her absence from the recording scene was due to her wanting to "give other female artists a chance", though she said she was still "as ready as the first day [she] came into the business".^[6] The Observer cited Russell-Myers a role model for a successive generation of female acts, including Lady Saw, Sister Carol, Mack Diamond, Lady G, Shelly Thunder, Carla Marshall, Lorna G, Lady English, and Lady P.^[2] In 2007, Russell-Myers released the second of her two albums, Sister Nancy Meets Fireproof, produced by djMush1, formerly of the Slackers (NYC Ska) on Special Potato Records. The album was distributed by Jammyland Records in New York, NY. The album features four original compositions, as well as four instrument versions of the aforementioned songs.

Collaborations[link]

In 2001, Canadian/American producer Krinjah re-mixed "Bam Bam", creating one of the most-sought after 12" vinyls and arguably kicking off the ragga-jungle revival in North America. In 2004, she collaborated with DJ /rupture and Kid 606 on the "Little More Oil" single,^[7] and in 2006, she collaborated with Thievery Corporation on their 2006 compilation Versions, on the track "Originality".

In 2006, Canadian producer RCola brought Sister Nancy into Liondub's studio to re-sing her classic "Bam Bam", eventually releasing his Drum and Bass dancefloor remix on 12" vinyl with Division One remix on the AA side. In 2007, Sister Nancy voiced a dubplate of her "Bam Bam" with new lyrics for Atlanta ragga/drum and bass dj Tester.

Compton rapper Guerilla Black sampled "Bam Bam" in his "Compton" song. "Bam Bam" was also featured in Electronic Arts video game Skate and in the soundtrack for the movie Belly.^[8]

"Bam Bam" was also sampled by Too Short on his 1993 single "Blowjob Betty".

Personal life[link]

Russell-Myers is married to her longtime sweetheart of over twenty years. They reside with the rest of her family in New Jersey, where she works as an accountant at a bank.^{[citation needed]} Sister Nancy has one daughter from a previous relationship who is now 20 years old.

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

• One, Two (1982) Techniques
• The Yellow, The Purple & The Nancy (1982) Greensleeves (with Yellowman, Fathead, and Purpleman)
• Sister Nancy Meets Fireproof (2007) Special Potato Records (with djMush1)

Singles[link]

• "One Two" Techniques
• "Bam Bam" Techniques
• "Transport Connection" Techniques
• "Proud a We" (1982) Techniques
• "King and Queen" (1982) AMCO (Yellowman & Sister Nancy)
• "No Dun And Put Dun" Digital B
• "Deh Yah Long Time" Digital B
• "Little More Oil" (2004) Soul Jazz (with DJ /rupture and Kid 606)
• "Papa Dean" Techniques
• "Solid Has a Rock" Techniques
• "Dance Pon Your Corner" Volcano
• "Originality" (2006) Thievery Corporation
• "Love Jah" King Jammy's
• "Fool Say In His Heart" Easy Star Records
• "Ting Mi Dis a Come" African Stars
• "Muma is Coming" Shocking Vibes
• "Ram Dance Daughta" Shocking Vibes
• "Chalice" Volcano

Compilation appearances[link]

• A Dee-Jay Explosion (Inna Dance Hall Style) Heartbeat - live album recorded in 1982 includes "One Two" (Sister Nancy & Lee Van Cliff)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Sister Nancy at Roots Archives
• Sister Nancy at ReggaeID

Craig G (born Craig Curry in Queensbridge, New York)^[1][2] is an American rapper. He is known as one of the members of hip hop producer Marley Marl's Cold Chillin' Records group the Juice Crew.^[3][4]

He recorded with Marley Marl in 1985, and in 1988 recorded "The Symphony" with the Juice Crew, described by Allmusic as "a landmark moment in the evolution of hardcore rap", later influencing artists such as the Wu-Tang Clan.^[4] He was then signed by Atlantic Records who released two albums, in 1989 and 1991, with little success.^[4] After his experience with Atlantic his career went quiet for much of the 1990s although later in the decade he regained popularity with underground rap fans. He released another album in 2003 on the D&D label, This Is Now, featuring collaborations with Marley Marl, DJ Premier, and Da Beatminerz.^[4][5]

Craig G was a leading freestyle battle rapper, memorably battling Supernatural on several occasions,^[6] and in the early 2000s wrote and coordinated the battle verses used by Eminem's opponents in the film 8 Mile.^[7]

In 2008, he was part of a reunited Juice Crew, performing at the A3C Hip Hop Festival in Atlanta, Georgia.^[8]

Discography[link]

• The Kingpin (1989), Atlantic
• Now, That's More Like It (1991), Atlantic
• This Is Now (2003), D&D
• Operation: Take Back Hip-Hop (with Marley Marl) (2008), Traffic Entertainment Group
• Ramblings of An Angry Old Man (Summer 2012), TBA ^[9]

Appearances[link]

• Referenced in the Shad song "Yaa I Get It" for his notorious free-style battles against Supernatural.
• Appeared in the track "Daad bij 't woord" by Dutch hip hop celebrity Jerome XL in 2010 (Craig G and Jerome XL also featured as guest rappers together in a video for the Polish rapper Gorzki)
• Appeared in the Lidget Green Position collaboration, 'Sick Day'. DMB Records.
• Appeared in "Brothers on the Run" first single of "HollyLodz" album (release 23 Feb 2007 by ASFALT Records) by Polish producent and MC O.S.T.R.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Craig G at IMDB