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- Aiud
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Abrud
Abrud (Hungarian: Abrudbánya; German: Großschlatten) is a town in the north-western part of Alba County, Transylvania, Romania, located on the river Abrud. It administers three villages: Abrud-Sat, Gura Cornei and Soharu.
According to the census from 2002 there was a total population of 6,195 people living in this commune. Of this population, 98.14% are ethnic Romanians, 1.22% are ethnic Hungarians and 0.53% ethnic Rroma.
The town was founded by the Romans, with the name of "Abruttus" (Terra Abruth) and it was the place where a small fortification was built that was part of the defence system of the gold mines nearby, in "Alburnus Maior" (nowadays, Roşia Montană).
Abrud gained town status in 1427, during the Middle Ages. In 1727, the leaders of a revolt gained control of the town. Another serfs' revolt began in the area in 1784 with Horea, Cloşca and Crişan as leaders fighting the Austrian Imperial forces, Abrud being captured by the uprising's members on 6 November, before the revolt was crushed by the Austrian army.
wn.com/Abrud -
Aiud
Aiud (Romanian pronunciation: [aˈjud] (
listen); Hungarian: Nagyenyed, Hungarian pronunciation: [’nɒɟɛɲɛd]; German: Straßburg am Mieresch) is a city located in Alba county, Transylvania, Romania. The city has a population of 28,934 people. It has the status of municipality and is the second-largest city in the county, after county seat Alba Iulia. The Aiud administrative region is 142.2 square kilometres in area.
The municipality of Aiud is made up of the city proper and of thirteen villages. These are divided into three urban villages and six villages which are located outside the city proper but belong to the municipality. The three urban villages are: Aiudul de Sus, Gâmbaş, Măgina and Păgida. The rural villages are: Ciumbrud (0.81 km²), Sâncrai (0.65 km²), Gârbova de Jos (1.04 km²), Ţifra (0.06 km²), Gârbova de Sus (0.52 km²) and Gârboviţa (0.28 km²).
As of 2002, the total population is 28934.
The total population of 31,894 is made up of the population of the city proper and the thirteen villages it administers:
wn.com/Aiud -
Alba County
Alba (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈalba]) is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Transylvania, its capital city being Alba-Iulia with a population of 66,406.
"Alba" means "white" in Romanian. In Hungarian, it is known as Fehér, and in German as Kreis Alba.
In October 31, 2011, it had a population of 327,224 and the population density was 52/km².
This county has a total area of 6,242 km², with mountains occupying about 59% of its surface.
In the northwestern part there are the Apuseni Mountains, in the southern part there is the northeastern side of the Parâng group - Şureanu and Cindrel Mountains. In the east there is the Transylvanian Plateau with deep but wide valleys. The three main elements are separated by the Mureş River valley.
The main rivers are the Mureş River and its tributaries, the Târnava, the Sebeş and the Arieş.
The predominant industries in the county are:
The mineral resources exploited in Alba county are metals (gold, silver, copper), salt and construction materials: marble, granite, etc.
wn.com/Alba_County -
Alba Iulia
Alba Iulia (Romanian pronunciation: [ˌalba ˈjuli.a] ( listen), formerly Bălgrad; Hungarian: Gyulafehérvár; German: Weißenburg/Karlsburg; Latin: Apulum;Medieval Latin: Alba Iulia, Carlopolis;Ottoman Turkish: Erdel Belgradı) is a city in Alba County, Transylvania, Romania with a population of 58,681, located on the Mureş River. Since the High Middle Ages, the city has been the seat of Transylvania's Roman Catholic diocese. Between 1541 and 1690 it was the capital of the Principality of Transylvania. Alba Iulia is historically important for Romanians, Hungarians and Transylvanian Saxons.
Four villages are administered by the city: Bărăbanţ (Borbánd), Miceşti (Ompolykisfalud), Oarda (Alsóváradja) and Pâclişa (Poklos).
The modern city is located near the site of the important Dacian political, economic and social centre of Apulon, mentioned by the ancient Greek geographer Ptolemy and believed by many archaeologists to be the Dacian fortifications on top of Piatra Craivii. After Dacia became a province of the Roman Empire, the capital of Dacia Apulensis was established here, and the city was known as Apulum. Apulum was the largest city in Roman Dacia and the seat of the XIII Gemina Legion. Apulum is the largest castrum located in Romania, occupying 37.5 ha (750 x 500 m2).
wn.com/Alba_Iulia -
Albac
Albac (German: Allenbach) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. It has a population of 2,220, and is composed of sixteen villages: Albac, Bărăşti, Budăieşti, Cioneşti, Costeşti, Dealu Lămăşoi, Deve, După Pleşe, Faţa, Pleşeşti, Potionci, Rogoz, Roşeşti, Ruseşti, Sohodol and Tamboreşti.
Coordinates: 46°27′N 22°58′E / 46.45°N 22.967°E / 46.45; 22.967
wn.com/Albac -
Almaşu Mare
Almaşu Mare (German: Groß-Obstdorf; Hungarian: Nagyalmás) is a commune located in Alba county, Romania.
With a population of 1690 according to the 2002 census, the commune is composed of seven villages: Almaşu Mare, Almaşu de Mijloc, Brădet (Tannenbach), Cib (Tropfbach), Cheile Cibului (Theyenport), Glod (Kloden) and Nădăştia (Rohrfeld). Its current mayor, as of 2006, is Aron Zaharie. A former mining centre for gold, its income comes now mainly from agricultural and agrotouristical activities.
Almaşu Mare's tourist objectives are the Cibu Gorges, the Glod Gorges, a thermal spring and the Achim Emilian ethnographical museum.
Coordinates: 47°19′01″N 22°31′59″E / 47.317°N 22.533°E / 47.317; 22.533
wn.com/Almaşu_Mare -
Apuseni Mountains
The Apuseni Mountains (Romanian: Munţii Apuseni, Hungarian: Erdélyi-középhegység) is a mountain range in Transylvania, Romania, which belongs to the Western Carpathians, also called Occidentali in Romanian. Their name translates from Romanian as Mountains "of the sunset" i.e. "western". The highest peak is "Cucurbăta Mare" (Hungarian: Nagy-Bihar) - 1849 metres, also called Bihor Peak. The Apuseni Mountains have about 400 caves.
The Apuseni Mountains do not present an uninterrupted chain of mountains, but possess many low and easy passes towards the Crişana and the Great Hungarian Plain. Going from south to north the principal groups are: the Munţii Metaliferi ("Ore Mountains") with the basaltic mass of the Detunata (1,148 metres (3,766 ft)) near Abrud; the Bihor Mountains, with romantic scenery and numerous caverns, with the highest peak the Curcubăta Mare (1,843 metres (6,047 ft)); to the east of this group are the Muntele Mare (highest peak 1,820 metres (5,970 ft)), to the southwest of Cluj-Napoca; the northermost chain is the Seş and Meseş Mountains.
wn.com/Apuseni_Mountains -
Arad County
Arad (Romanian pronunciation: [aˈrad] ( listen)) is an administrative division (judeţ) of Romania roughly translated into county in the western part of the country on the border with Hungary, mostly in the region of Crişana and few villages in Banat. The administrative center of the county lies in the city of Arad. The Arad County is part of the Danube-Kris-Mures-Tisza Euroregion.
In Hungarian, it is known as Arad, in Serbian as Арад / Arad, and in German as Arad. The county was named after its administrative center, Arad.
The county has a total area of 7,754 km², representing 3.6% of national Romanian territory. The terrain of Arad County is divided into two distinct units that cover almost half of the county each. The eastern side of the county has a hilly to low mountainous terrain (Dealurile Lipovei, Munţii Zărandului, Munţii Codru Moma) and on the western side it's a plain zone known as The Western Romanian Plain with its most known entities such as Arad Plain, Low Mures Plain, and The High Vinga Plain. Taking altitude into account we notice that it follows a stepped pattern as it drops as we go from the east to the west of the county from 1489 m to below 100 m. In the east there are the Zarand Mountainsnand the Codru Moma Mountains, all subdivisions of the Apuseni Mountains, a major group of the Western Carpathians.
wn.com/Arad_County -
Argeș County
Argeș (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈard͡ʒeʃ] ( listen)) is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Wallachia, with the capital city at Pitești.
In October 31, 2011, it had a population of 591,353 and the population density was 86/km².
This county has a total area of 6,862 km². The relief can be split into 3 distinctive parts. In the north side there are the mountains, from the Southern Carpathians group – the Făgăraș Mountains with Moldoveanu Peak (2,544 m), Negoiu Peak (2,535 m) and Vânătoarea lui Buteanu peak (2,508 m) towering the region, and in the North-East part the Leaotă Mountains. Between them there is a pass towards Braşov, the Rucăr-Bran Passage. The heights decrease, and in the center there are the sub-carpathian hills, with heights around 800 m, crossed with very deep valleys. In the south there is the northern part of the Romanian Plain.
The main river that crosses the county is the Argeș River in which almost all the other rivers coming from the mountains flow. In the south the main rivers are the Vedea River and the Teleorman River.
wn.com/Argeș_County -
Arieşeni
Arieşeni (German: Leppusch; Hungarian: Lepus) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. It has a population of 1,921. The commune is composed of eighteen villages: Arieşeni, Avrămeşti, Bubeşti, Casa de Piatră, Cobleş, Dealu Bajului, Faţa Cristesei, Faţa Lăpuşului, Galbena, Hodobana, Izlaz, Pănteşti, Pătrăhăiţeşti, Poieniţa, Raviceşti, Ştei-Arieşeni, Sturu and Vanvuceşti.
It is a very popular ski resort among the people of Bihor and Alba counties having 3 ski-slopes: the old one is about 500 meters long, the second about 1,000 m and the third one, opened in January 2011 is the longest having 1,600 m. The first skilift in Romania was installed in Arieşeni and with the opening of the new slope, the resorts has also got a brand new funicular. There are several notable natural tourist sites such as the Vârciorog Waterfall, Gheţarul de la Scărişoara, Groapa Ruginoasă, Piatra Grăitoare, Pătrăhăiţeşti village, Bihorul Peak (1848m), etc.
Coordinates: 46°29′N 22°46′E / 46.483°N 22.767°E / 46.483; 22.767
wn.com/Arieşeni -
Bacău County
Bacău (Romanian pronunciation: [baˈkəw] ( listen)) is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Moldavia, with its capital city at Bacău. It has one commune, Ghimeş-Făget, in Transylvania.
In October 31, 2011, it had a population of 583,588 and the population density was 88/km².
The ethnic breakdown was as follows:
According to the 2001 census the Csángó (Romanian: Ceangăi) Hungarians number 4,373 people (0.7%). Some estimates put the total number of Csángós at around 70,000.
This county has a total area of 6,621 km².
The West side of the county are mountains from the Eastern Carpathian group. Here, along the valleys of the Oituz River and Trotuş River there are two important links between Moldavia and Transylvania. To the East side, the heights decrease and the lowest point can be found on the Siret River valley which crosses the county from North to South in the middle. On the East side there is the Moldavian Plateau crossed by many small rivers.
The county of Bacău was one of the most industrialized regions in the communist period and it remained Moldavia's most important industrial center ever since. There are two large oil refineries at Oneşti and Dărmăneşti. Following the collapse of the communist regime, Bacău continued to be the region's most important GDP supplier, but the county became more famous for the controversial figures involved in local economy than for its performance.
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Berghin
Berghin (German: Blutroth) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. It has a population of 2,169 and is composed of four villages: Berghin, Ghirbom, Henig and Straja.
Coordinates: 46°04′N 23°44′E / 46.067°N 23.733°E / 46.067; 23.733
wn.com/Berghin -
Bihor County
Bihor (Romanian pronunciation: [biˈhor] ( listen)) is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Crişana, with capital city at Oradea. Together with Hajdú-Bihar County in Hungary it constitutes the Biharia Euroregion.
In Hungarian, it is known as Bihar ([ˈbihɒr]), in Slovak as Bihor, and in German as Bihor.
In October 31, 2011, Bihor had a population of 549,752 and the population density was 72/km². 48.6% of its population lives in urban areas, lower than the Romanian average.
99.4% of the county's population are Christian and of these:
This county has a total area of 7,544 km². In the East side of the County there are the Apuseni Mountains with heights up to 1,800 m. The heights decrease westwards, passing through the hills an ending in the Romanian Western Plain – the eastern side of the Pannonian plain.
The county is mainly the Criş hydrographic basine with the rivers Crişul Repede, Crişul Negru and Barcău the main rivers.
Bihor is one of the wealthiest counties in Romania, with a GDP per capita well above the national average. Recently, the economy has been driven by a number of construction projects. Bihor has the lowest unemployment rate in Romania and among the lowest in Europe, with only 2.4% unemployment, compared to Romania's average of 5.1%.
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Blaj
Blaj (Romanian pronunciation: [blaʒ]; Hungarian: Balázsfalva; German: Blasendorf; Transylvanian Saxon dialect: Blußendref) is a city in Alba County, Transylvania, Romania. It has a population of 20,758 inhabitants.
The landmark of the city is the fact that it was the principal religious and cultural center of the Romanian Greek-Catholic Church in Transylvania.
The city administers eight villages: Deleni-Obârşie (Obursatanya), Fliteşti, Izvoarele (Csufud), Mănărade (Monora), Petrisat (Magyarpéterfalva), Spătac (Szászpatak), Tiur (Tűr) and Veza (Véza).
According to the 2002 census:
Blaj lies at the confluence of the two Târnava Rivers, in a wine-growing region. The city has a continental temperate climate, characteristic for the Transylvanian Plateau, with moderate precipitations of around 550 mm/mp.
Blaj is first mentioned in 1271 as Villa Herbordi, after the deed of a Count Herbod. In 1313, the domain passed to Herbod's son Blasius Cserei. Started as a hamlet for the twenty families of servants of the noble's court, it was awarded town status on May 19, 1737.
wn.com/Blaj -
Blandiana
Blandiana (German: Stumpach) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. It has a population of 1,187 and is composed of five villages: Acmariu, Blandiana, Ibru, Poieni and Răcătău.
Coordinates: 45°58′N 23°23′E / 45.967°N 23.383°E / 45.967; 23.383
wn.com/Blandiana -
Botoșani County
Botoșani (Romanian pronunciation: [botoˈʃanʲ] ( listen)) is a county (județ) of Romania, in Moldavia (few villages in Bukovina), with the capital city at Botoșani.
In October 31, 2011, it had a population of 398,938 and the population density was 80/km2.
This is a predominantly agricultural county.
The predominant industries in the county are:
At Stânca-Costeşti there is one of the greatest hydroelectric power plants in Romania.
The north-eastern town of Dorohoi witnessed 6 deaths in the night of 28–29 June as floods rose to just over 1 metre /3.3 feet in some places. Several roads into Dorohoi remained either washed away or under water. The heavy rain that had been falling for much of the past week in the Balkan country and forecasters have warned that it will continue in northeast Romania until Wednesday morning. The emergency situations spokeswoman Dorina Lupu from Botoşani judet said unusually heavy rain had killed 6 people, most in the town of Dorohoi on the 29th.
On 5 July 2010, the Danube in Galaţi recorded a flow rate of 676 cm (76 cm above the rate of flooding) and a flow of 16,055 m/s. At Şendreni, Siret had a rate of 728 cm (78 cm over the danger level). The local emergency services reinforced the dykes in the afternoon and narrowly averted any more flooding. It was flooded during the July 2010 flood as was its namesake in Galaţi County.
wn.com/Botoșani_County -
Brașov County
Brașov (Romanian pronunciation: [braˈʃov] ( listen)) is a county (județ) of Romania, in Transylvania, with the capital city at Brașov. The county incorporates within its boundaries most of the Medieval "lands" (țări) Burzenland and Făgăraș Land.
In Hungarian, it is known as Brassó, and in German as Kreis Brașov. During Austro-Hungarian administration, from 1876 to to 1918, there was a county with similar name (see: Brassó County).
In October 31, 2011, it had a population of 505,442 and the population density was 94/km².
Traditionally the Romanian population was concentrated in the West and South-West of the County, the Hungarians are in the East part of the county, and the Germans were in the North and around Brașov city.
The county has a total area of 5,363 km².
The South side comprises the Carpathian Mountains (Southern Carpathians and Eastern Carpathians) with Făgăraș Mountains, Bucegi Mountains, Piatra Mare Mountains, Piatra Craiului Mountains and the Postăvarul Massif. In the east side there is the Brașov Depression, and in the west side there is the Olt River valley. Between them there are the Perşani Mountains. The North and West side of the county is crossed by the Olt River.
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Brăila County
Brăila (Romanian pronunciation: [brəˈila] ( listen)) is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Muntenia, with the capital city at Brăila.
In 2002, Brăila had a population of 373,174 and the population density was 78/km².
This county has a total area of 4,766 km².
All the county lies on a flat plane: the Bărăgan Plain, one of the best areas for growing cereals in Romania.
On the east side there is the Danube, which forms an island – The Great Brăila Island surrounded by the Măcin channel, Cremenea channel and Vâlciu channel. On the northern side there is the Siret River and on the north-western side there is the Buzău River.
The agriculture is the main occupation in the county. Industry is almost entirely concentrated in the city of Brăila.
The predominant industries in the county are:
In Brăila there is an important harbour, once the biggest cereal harbour in Romania.
The main tourist destinantions are:
Brăila County has 1 municipality, 3 towns and 40 communes
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Bucerdea Grânoasă
Bucerdea Grânoasă (German: Burhardsdorf; Hungarian: Búzásbocsárd) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. It has a population of 2,234. It is composed of four villages: Bucerdea Grânoasă, Cornu (Kornujalja), Pădure (Székelyhegytanya) and Pânca. These were part of Crăciunelu de Jos Commune until 2006, when they were split off.
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Bucharest
Bucharest (Romanian: București pronounced [bukuˈreʃtʲ] ( listen)) is the capital municipality, cultural, industrial, and financial centre of Romania. It is the largest city in Romania, located in the southeast of the country, at 44°25′57″N 26°06′14″E / 44.4325°N 26.10389°E / 44.4325; 26.10389Coordinates: 44°25′57″N 26°06′14″E / 44.4325°N 26.10389°E / 44.4325; 26.10389, and lies on the banks of the Dâmbovița River.
Bucharest was first mentioned in documents as early as 1459. Since then it has gone through a variety of changes, becoming the state capital of Romania in 1862 and steadily consolidating its position as the centre of the Romanian mass media, culture and arts. Its eclectic architecture is a mix of historical (neo-classical), interbellum (Bauhaus and Art Deco), Communist-era and modern. In the period between the two World Wars, the city's elegant architecture and the sophistication of its elite earned Bucharest the nickname of "Little Paris" (Micul Paris). Although many buildings and districts in the historic centre were damaged or destroyed by war, earthquakes, and Nicolae Ceaușescu's program of systematization, many survived. In recent years, the city has been experiencing an economic and cultural boom..
wn.com/Bucharest -
Buzău County
Buzău (Romanian pronunciation: [buˈzəw]) is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in the historical region Muntenia, with the capital city at Buzău.
In 2002, it had a population of 496,214 and the population density was 81/km².
This county has a total area of 6,103 km².
In the North Side there are the mountains from the southern end of the Eastern Carpathians group – the Vrancea Mountains and the Buzău Mountains with heights over 1,700 m. The heights decrease in the South and East passing through the subcarpathian hills to the Bărăgan Plain at about 80 m.
The main river crossing the county is the Buzău River which collects many small rivers from the mountains and flows to the East into the Siret River. The area is prone to floods, the one in the summer of 2005 destroying the main road bridge at Mărăcineni north of Buzău.
The predominant industries in the county are:
The hilly area is well-suited for wines and fruit orchards. Salt and oil are the main resources extracted in the county.
The main touristical destinantions are:
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Cahul County
Cahul County was a county of Bessarabia. In the Middle Ages, its territory belonged to the Fălciu County, but after the annexation of Bessarabia by the Russian Empire in 1812 it became a county by itself.
Two smaller, Codru County and Greceni County were merged into it in 1818. Cahul County was part of the Bessarabia Governorate of the Russian Empire (1812–1856), of the Principality of Moldavia (1856–1859), then or Romania (1859–1878). In 1878, it was again annexed by the Russians, who merged it with the Ismail County. After the Union of Bessarabia with Romania in 1918, the county was again formed.
The county neighboured the counties of Cetatea Albă and Tighina to the east, Lăpuşna to the north, County, Tutova and Covurlui to the west, and Ismail to the south.
The county consisted of five districts (plăṣi):
After the 1938 Administrative and Constitutional Reform, this county merged with the counties of Brăila, Covurlui, Fălciu, Ismail, Putna, Râmnicu Sărat, Tecuci, Tulcea and Tutova to form Ţinutul Dunării.
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Caliacra County
Caliacra was a county (judeţ) of Romania in the intewar period, in Southern Dobruja, with the seat at Bazargic (today Dobrich, Bulgaria).
The county consisted of 4 districts (plăşi): Balcic, Casim, Ezibei (with the seat at Bazargic), and Stejarul. The county was neighbored by Constanţa County to the north, Durostor County to the north-west, Black Sea to the east and the Kingdom of Bulgaria to the south.
The region was annexed by Romania as a result of the Balkan wars. Bulgaria managed to regain it between 1916 and 1918 (see Treaty of Bucharest (1918)), but then lost it again after the end of World War I (see Treaty of Neuilly).
After the 1938 Administrative and Constitutional Reform, the county was merged with the counties of Constanţa, Durostor and Ialomiţa to form Ţinutul Mării.
On September 7, 1940, the former county with the whole Southern Dobruja was returned to Bulgaria (see Treaty of Craiova).
The county was named after the Cape of Caliacra (today Kaliakra, Bulgaria).
The Coat of Arms depicted a shining lighthouse.
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Cenade
Cenade (German: Scholten; Hungarian: Szászcsanád) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. It has a population of 1015. It is composed of three villages: Capu Dealului (Hegyitanyák), Cenade and Gorgan.
Coordinates: 46°03′N 24°01′E / 46.05°N 24.017°E / 46.05; 24.017
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Cergău
Cergău (German: Schergied) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. It has a population of 1,747 and is composed of three villages: Cergău Mare (the commune center), Cergău Mic and Lupu.
Coordinates: 46°6′N 23°55′E / 46.1°N 23.917°E / 46.1; 23.917
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Cernăuţi County
Cernăuţi was a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Bukovina, with the capital city at Cernăuţi.
Neighbours of the county were Stanislawow Voivodship of Poland to the north and west, countries of Storojineţ and Dorohoi to the south and Hotin to the east. The county was created after the Union of Bukovina with Romania at the end of World War I.
The county consisted of 4 plăṣi (districts): Cozmin (with the seat at Cernăuţi), Nistru (with the seat at Zastavna), Prut (with the seat at Sadagura) and Şipeniţ (with the seat at Cozmeni).
The Coat of Arms featured 3 trees, one of which was white, under 2 crossed swords.
According to the Romanian census of 1930 the population of Cernăuţi County was 305,097 , of which 48.9% were ethnic Ukrainians, 21.8% ethnic Romanians, 13.1% Jews, 12.5% ethnic Germans and 4.6% Poles. Classified by religion: 78.1% were Orthodox Christian, 9.1% Jewish, 9.1% Roman Catholic, 1.9% Greek Catholic.
In 1930 the urban population of Cernăuţi County which included 29.1% Jews, 25.9% Romanians, 23.3% Germans, 11.3% Ukrainians, 8.8% Romanians, 7.5% Poles and 1.6% Russians by ethnicity.
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Cetatea Albă County
Cetatea-Albă was a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Bessarabia, with the capital city at Cetatea-Albă.
The county neighboured Odessa Oblast of USSR to the east, the Black Sea to the south-east, the counties of Tighina to the north, Ismail to the south and Cahul to the west.
The county consisted of six districts (plăṣi) : Cazaci, Tarutina, Taslâc (with the seat at Arciz), Tatar-Bunar, Tuzla (with the seat at Cetatea-Albă) and Volinţiri. Between 1918 and 1930 it comprised eight districts:
The Coat of Arms featured a tree on the sinister and the fortress of Cetatea-Albă on the dexter.
According to the Romanian census of 1930 the population of Cetatea Albă County was 340,459, of which 20.9% were ethnic Bulgarians, 20.5% ethnic Ukrainians, 18.5% Romanians, 17.3% Russians 16.3% ethnic Germans, 3.3% Jews, 3.3% Gagauz and 0.1% Armenians. Classified by religion: 79.0% were Orthodox Christian, 16.3% Lutheran, 4.7% Jews.
After the 1938 Administrative and Constitutional Reform, this county merged with the counties of Lăpuşna, Orhei and Tighina to form Ţinutul Nistru.
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Cetatea de Baltă
Cetatea de Baltă (Hungarian: Küküllővár; German: Kokelburg) is a commune in Alba County, Romania. It is located between Târnăveni at 15 kilometers and Blaj at 21 kilometers on the county road DJ 117. The commune is composed of four villages: Cetatea de Baltă, Crăciunelu de Sus (Christendorf; Felsőkarácsonyfalva), Sântămărie (Frauenkirch; Boldogfalva) and Tătârlaua (Taterloch; Felsőtatárlaka).
At the 2011 census, the commune had 2798 inhabitants, of whom 48.4% were Romanians, 33.3% Roma, 17.8% Hungarians and 0.5% Germans.
The villages by ethnic majority, as of 2002:
The most important economic resource is agriculture. Cetatea de Baltă is part of the Târnave Vineyard, making viticulture an essential component of the local economy.
Coordinates: 46°15′N 24°10′E / 46.25°N 24.167°E / 46.25; 24.167
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Cindrel Mountains
Cindrel Mountains (also known as Cândrel Mountains, Cibin Mountains, or the Szeben Alps) are a group of mountains in central Romania in the centre of the Southern Carpathians, in the North-East of the Parâng Mountains group.
From the Transylvanian Plateau, with heights between 200 and 400 m, in the North and East, the heights grow abruptly through a zone of deep valleys at about 900 m on the verge of the massif where some villages are situated. The heights continue to grow slowly towards the highest peak, Cindrel Peak, at 2,244 m. Only two other peaks in the range rise above 2000 metres: Balandrul Mare (2210 metres) and Starpului (2146 metres).
Because the massif is easily accessible, the ethnographical area Mărginimea Sibiului has formed around the mountain, having sheep-herding and wood industry as the main occupations. On the Cibin river and on the Sadu river dams and hydro-electrical power plants were constructed, the oldest being the one from Sadu in 1896. The Păltiniş resort is situated halfway between the village of Răşinari and the Cindrel peak, with hotels, chalets and a ski slope. The resort has developed around a small monastery in which the Romanian philosopher Constantin Noica spent the last part of his life.
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Ciuc County
Ciuc County was a county (Romanian: judeţ) in the Kingdom of Romania. Its capital was Miercurea Ciuc. Its name was derived from the former county of the Kingdom of Hungary, Csík.
Ciuc County covered 4,993 km2 and was located in central part of Greater Romania, in Transylvania. Currently, the territory that comprised Ciuc County is now part of Harghita County. In the interwar period, the county neighbored Odorhei County to the west, Mureş County to the north, Neamţ County and Bacău County to the east, and Trei Scaune County to the south.
Administratively, Ciuc County was divided into four districts (plăşi):
Later the Tulgheş district was created.
According to the Romanian census of 1930 the population of Ciuc County was 145,806, of which 82.7% were ethnic Hungarians, 14.4% ethnic Romanians, and 1.6% Jews. Classified by religion: 81.3% were Roman Catholic, 13.8% Greek-Catholic, 1.7% Jewish, 1.9% Reformed (Calivinist), and 1.3% Orthodox Christian.
In 1930 the urban population of Ciuc County was 15,162, which included 83.8% Hungarians, 8.1% Romanians, and 5.6% Jews by ethnicity. The religious mix of the urban population was 78.9% Roman Catholic, 5.9% Jewish, 4.5% Greek-Catholic, 4.2% Reformed, 4.0% Eastern Orthodox, and 1.2% Armenian Catholic.
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Ciugud
Coordinates: 46°03′N 23°37′E / 46.05°N 23.617°E / 46.05; 23.617
Ciugud (Hungarian: Maroscsüged; German: Schenkendorf) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. It has a population of 2,664. It is composed of six villages: Ciugud, Drâmbar (Drombár), Hăpria (Oláhherepe), Şeuşa (Sóspatak), Teleac (Újcsongvaitelep) and Limba (Dumbrava from 1958 to 2004; Lombfalva).
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Ciuruleasa
Coordinates: 46°15′N 23°02′E / 46.25°N 23.033°E / 46.25; 23.033
Ciuruleasa (German: Arileis) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. It has a population of 1,368, and is composed of nine villages: Bidigeşti, Bodreşti, Bogleşti, Buninginea, Ciuruleasa, Gheduleşti, Mătişeşti, Morăreşti and Vulcan.
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Cluj County
Cluj (Romanian pronunciation: [kluʒ]); is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Transylvania, with the capital city at Cluj-Napoca.
In Hungarian, it is known as Kolozs, and in German as Kreis Cluj. During Austro-Hungarian administration, before 1918, there was a county with similar name (see: Kolozs County).
In 2011, it had a population of 659,370 and a population density of 97/km².
This county has a total area of 6,674 km². About 1/3 of this surface are mountains—the Apuseni Mountains, with heights up to 1800 m and located in the Southwest part of the county. The rest of the surface is the North side of the Transylvanian Plateau, a hilly region with deep and wide valleys.
The main rivers in the county are Someşul Mic, Arieş, and Crişul Repede.
Cluj County has one of the most dynamic economies in Romania. It is a region with one of the highest ratings of foreign investments. In addition, Cluj-Napoca is home to one of Romania's important IT and financial services centers.
The county's main industries are:
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Constanța County
Constanța (Romanian pronunciation: [konˈstant͡sa]) is the name of a county (judeţ) in the Dobruja region of Romania. Its capital city is also named Constanța.
In 2002, it had a population of 715,151 and the population density was 101/km². The degree of urbanization is much higher (about 75%) than the Romanian average. In recent years the population trend is:
The majority of the population are Romanians. There are important communities of Turks and Tatars, remnants of the time of Ottoman rule. Currently the region is the centre of the Muslim minority in Romania. A great number of Aromanians have migrated to Dobruja in the last century, and they consider themselves a cultural minority rather than an ethnic minority. There are also Romas.
The predominant industries in the county are:
Agriculture is an important part in the county's economy, with Constanţa being the county with the largest irrigation systems in the country (more than 4,300 km² before 1989, now greatly reduced), cereals being the most important products. Also, the county is famous for its wines from the Murfatlar region.
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Covasna County
Covasna (Romanian pronunciation: [koˈvasna], Hungarian: Kovászna, Hungarian pronunciation:[’kovaːsnɒ]) is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Transylvania, with the capital city at Sfântu Gheorghe.
In 2002, it had a population of 222,449 and the population density was 60/km².
Covasna County has the second-greatest percentage of Hungarian population in Romania, just behind the neighboring county of Harghita. The Hungarians of Covasna are primarily Szeklers.
Covasna county has a total area of 3,710 km².
The main part of the relief consists of mountains from the Eastern Carpathians group. Most localities can be found in the valleys and depressions located along the different rivers crossing the county. The main river is the Olt River; along its banks lies the capital city Sfântu Gheorghe.
Covasna County has been one of the preferred counties for foreign investments, mainly by Hungarian investors, due to the population profile.
The predominant industries in the county are:
The main tourist destinations in the county are:
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Cricău
Cricău (German: Krakau) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. It has a population of 2,097 and is composed of three villages: Craiva, Cricău and Tibru.
The Dacian fortress on top of Piatra Craivii is believed by many archaeologists to be the location of Apulon. Apulon was an important Dacian political, economic and social center, the capital of the Apuli tribe.
It was first mentioned by the Ancient Greek geographer Ptolemy in his Geographia, under the name Apulon. It is also depicted in the Tabula Peutingeriana as an important city named Apula, at the cross road of two main routes: one coming from Blandiana, the other from Acidava. The two roads merge at Apula, with the next stop on the route being Brucla.
The Latin name of Apulum is derived from Apulon.
Wall from Piatra Craivii Dacian Fortress in display at the National Museum of the Union, Alba Iulia
Wall from Piatra Craivii Dacian Fortress
Import items from the Roman world found at Dacian settlement of Piatra Craivii,
Late Bronze Age vessels and bronze objects, from various locations in Alba County, including Piatra Craivii
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Crăciunelu de Jos
Crăciunelu de Jos (German: Christendorf, Hungarian: Alsókarácsonfalva) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. It has a population of 4,392. It is composed of a single village, Crăciunelu de Jos. It also included four other villages until 2006, when they were split off to form Bucerdea Grânoasă Commune.
Coordinates: 46°11′N 23°50′E / 46.183°N 23.833°E / 46.183; 23.833
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Cugir
Cugir (Romanian pronunciation: [kuˈd͡ʒir]; German: Kunendorf, Kudschir, Hungarian: Kudzsir) is a town in Alba county, the central settlement of the Breadfield, in Romania. About 45 kilometers south-west of Alba-Iulia, the capital of the county, and 300 meters above sea level at the base of the Surianu Mountains. It has a population of 25.950.
Cugir, a town since 1968, administers seven villages: Bocşitura (Potschitur), Bucuru (Bukur), Călene (Kalleney), Feţeni (Fetzeberg), Goaşele (Eisenhammer), Mugeşti (Kudschirstallen) and Vinerea (Wolfsdorf).
According to the census from 2002 there was a total population of 25,977 people living in this commune. Of this population, 96.84% are ethnic Romanians, 1.38% are ethnic Hungarians and 1.30% ethnic Rroma.
Throughout the history the name of the town is mentioned in many documents under different names in different languages, therefore the old settlement "villa Kunentum" becomes in 1493 villa Kudzyr, in 1566 Kwczyr, in 1599 - Kuchir, in 1656 - Kuchjir, in 1673 - Kucsir, in 1733 - Kuser, in 1750 - Kudsier, 1760-1762 - Kudzser, in 1805 Kudsir and in 1850 - Kusir.
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Câmpeni
Câmpeni (German: Topesdorf; Hungarian: Topánfalva) is a town in Alba County, Transylvania, Romania. As of July 2002 the town had a population of 8,080 inhabitants. The town administers 21 villages: Bonceşti, Borleşti, Boteşti, Certege, Coasta Vâscului, Dănduţ, Dealu Bistrii, Dealu Capsei, Dric, Faţa Abrudului, Floreşti, Furduieşti, Mihoeşti, Motorăşti, Peste Valea Bistrii, Poduri, Sorliţa, Tomuşeşti, Valea Bistrii, Valea Caselor and Vârşi.
The town has historical significance as the capital of the "Ţara Moţilor" region. It is believed to be the site where the Revolt of Horea, Cloşca and Crişan (1784–1785) started. Horea was born near Câmpeni in the village that used to be called Arada (since renamed to Horea). His cellar is a tourist attraction in the town.
During the Transylvanian revolution of 1848, Câmpeni was the political and military stronghold of Avram Iancu, a revolutionary leader of the Transylvanian Romanians' national movement. The Avram Iancu Museum is located in the town.
The town is a regional center for lumber exploitation and the furniture industry. Even though the town is located in a mining region the mining industry is not part of its industrial heritage. Câmpeni is growing in popularity as a tourist center.
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Călărași County
Călărași (Romanian pronunciation: [kələˈraʃʲ]) is a county (județ) of Romania, in Muntenia, with the county seat at Călărași.
In 2002, it had a population of 324,617 and a population density of 64/km².
All the data, except Călărași, is as of 2002.
The other two towns of Călărași county (Lehliu Gară and Fundulea) have a population under 8,000 inhabitants.
This county has an area of 5,088 km².
The entire area lies the south part of the Bărăgan Plain and is crossed by small rivers with deep valleys. On its southern and eastern sides there is the valley of the Danube which, on the eastern side, splits into a number of branches, forming islands, now drained. On the western side, the rivers Argeș and Dâmbovița form a wide valley before flowing into the Danube.
Agriculture is the county's main industry, generating about 3% of the entire country's agricultural output.
The county's industries:
The main tourist destinantion:
Călăraşi County has 2 municipalities, 3 towns and 50 communes
Coordinates: 47°15′N 28°20′E / 47.25°N 28.333°E / 47.25; 28.333
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Daia Română
Daia Română (German: Dallendorf, Luprechttal; Hungarian: Oláhdálya, Dálya) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. It has a population of 3,109. It is composed of a single village, Daia Română.
Coordinates: 46°1′N 23°40′E / 46.017°N 23.667°E / 46.017; 23.667
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Dolj County
Dolj (Romanian pronunciation: [dolʒ]; originally meant Dol(no)-Jiu, "lower Jiu", toward Gorj (upper Jiu)[citation needed]) is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Oltenia, with the capital city at Craiova (population: 314,437).
In 2002, it had a population of 734,231 and a population density of 99 /km2 (260 /sq mi).
This county has a total area of 7,414 km2 (2,863 sq mi).
The entire area is a plain with the Danube on the south forming a wide valley crossed by the Jiu River in the middle. Other small rivers flow through the county, each one forming a small valley. There are some lakes across the county and many ponds and channels in the Danube valley. 6% of the county's area is a desert.
Agriculture is the county's main industry. The county has a land that is ideal for growing cereals, vegetables and wines. Other industries are mainly located in the city of Craiova, the largest city in southwestern Romania.
The county's main industries:
There are two small ports on the shore of the Danube river – Bechet and Calafat.
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Dorohoi County
Dorohoi County, with its seat at Dorohoi, was a subdivision of the Kingdom of Romania and located in the region of Moldavia.
Administratively, Romanaṭi County was divided into five districts (plăşi):
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Doştat
Doştat (German: Thorstadt) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. It has a population of 1,072 and is composed of three villages: Boz, Dealu Doştatului and Doştat.
Boz (German: Bußd or Bussd, Hungarian: Buzd) is a village in the Doştat commune. The name seems to be derived from Slavic Boz meaning elder bush.
The village is part of Doştat commune. The first document that mentions the village is from 1290. In 1786 there were 571 inhabitants recorded, in 1936 there were 1013 inhabitants, from which 342 Saxon Germans.
In 1992, after almost all Saxon citizens emigrated (mainly to Germany), there remained only 371 inhabitants.
It is the birthplace of the Lutheran priest Mathias Schuster who has founded the village Rosenau in Seewalchen commune in Austria, as a refuge place for the German population (Saxons and landler) from Transylvania and other parts of Eastern Europe who had to flee after World War II in order to escape the communist deportation to the Soviet Union and imprisonment.
In the period of war, on their way to the Russian front, being enrolled in the German army (as Waffen SS), the men from Bussd wrote on the walls of the train in their home dialect: 'Holt Dich, Stalin, un der Grunn, denn de Bussder kunn', "Tremble for your moustache, Stalin, 'couse the people from Bussd are coming!" .
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Durostor County
Durostor was a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Southern Dobruja, with the seat at Silistra (then Dârstor).
The county consisted of 4 districts (plăşi): Accadânlar, Curtbunar, Silistra and Turtucaia. The county was neighbored by the counties of Ilfov and Ialomiţa to the north, Caliacra and Constanţa to the east and the Kingdom of Bulgaria to the south.
The region was annexed by Romania as a result of the Balkan wars. Bulgaria managed to regain it between 1916 and 1918, but then lost it again after the end of World War I (see Treaty of Neuilly).
The county was named after the Roman name of Silistra, Durostorum.
The Coat of Arms depicted Mircea the Elder.
According to the Romanian census of 1930 the population of Durostor County was 211,413, of which 42.8% were ethnic Turks, 34.2% ethnic Bulgarians, 19.0% ethnic Romanians and 1.4% Gypsies. Classified by religion: 54.0% Orthodox Christian, 45.1% Islam.
After the 1938 Administrative and Constitutional Reform, the county was merged with counties of Constanţa, Caliacra and Ialomiţa to form the Ţinutul Mării.
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Dâmbovița County
Dâmbovița (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈdɨmbovit͡sa]); also spelt Dîmbovița (deprecated, but tolerated) is a county (județ) of Romania, in Muntenia, with the capital city at Târgoviște.
In 2002, it had a population of 541,763 and the population density was 134/km². It is one of the most densely populated counties in Romania.
Dâmboviţa county has a total area of 4,054 km².
The county's landscape has three main forms. In the north there are mountains from the Southern Carpathians group – the Bucegi Mountains and the Leaotă Mountains. In the center there are the sub-Carpathian hills and the southern area is part of the Romanian Plain.
The county's main river gives it its name: the Dâmboviţa River. Also the Ialomiţa River flows in the county's northern and eastern regions, while the Argeş River flows in the south.
One of the biggest steel factories in Romania is located In Târgovişte. Also, oil is extracted and refined the county.
The predominant industries in the county are:
The main tourist destinations are:
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Fălciu County
Fălciu was a territorial entity in Moldavia (until 1859), then a county (judeṭ) in Romania between 1859 and 1950. Its capital was the town of Huşi. Another important town was Fălciu.
Fălciu was a land (ṭinut) of the principality of Moldavia. After the formation of the Kingdom of Romania, it was integrated in the new administrative system as a county (judeṭ). It covered 2,120 km2. It was one of the most rural counties of Romania and one of the poorest. The communist regime disbanded the Fălciu county in 1950, when all counties were replaced with Soviet-style raions.
Fălciu County consisted of the western part of the current Vaslui County and the extreme southeast of the current Iaşi County, and a small eastern part of the county now lies in Moldova. It bordered Vaslui County to the west, Iaşi county to the north, Lăpuşna County and Cahul County to the east, and Tutova County to the south.
Administratively, Fălciu County was divided into three districts (plăşi):
According to the Romanian census of 1930 the population of Fălciu County was 115,055, of which 94.4% were ethnic Romanians, 3.1% Jews, 1.6% Roma, and 0.3% ethnic Hungarians. Classified by religion: 91.7% were Orthodox Christian, 4.9% Roman Catholic, and 3.2% Jewish.
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Fărău
Fărău (German: Brenndorf; Hungarian: Magyarforró) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. It is composed of five villages: Fărău, Heria (Hari), Medveş (Nagymedvés), Sânbenedic (Magyarszentbenedek) and Şilea (Magyarsülye).
Coordinates: 46°20′29″N 24°00′21″E / 46.34139°N 24.00583°E / 46.34139; 24.00583
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Galaţi County
Galaţi (Romanian pronunciation: [ɡaˈlat͡sʲ]) is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Moldavia region, with the capital city at Galaţi.
Historically Galați is part of Moldavia. In 1858, it was represented by Alexandru Ioan Cuza at the ad hoc Divan at Iași, in the wake of the Crimean War. Prior to 1938 what is now eastern Galați was the separate county of Covurlui (Județul Covurlui). From 1938 to 1945 Galați was part of Ţinutul Dunării (Megacounty Dunării).
In 2002, it had a population of 619,556 and the population density was 139/km2.
This county has a total area of 4,466 km2.
The county lies on a low plain, between the Prut River in the East, the Siret River in the West and South-West. They both flow into the Danube which forms the border with Tulcea County in the South-East.
Due to the relief, the majority of the population in the rural areas work in agriculture. Fishing is another profitable occupation along the Danube and the Siret River. Galaţi is Romania's second harbour after Constanţa, the navigable channel on the Danube allowing the passage of large ships. In Galaţi there exist the biggest metallurgical complex in Romania – the Mittal-Sidex Complex. Also the second biggest shipyard can be found also at Galaţi allowing ships up to 55,000 tdw to be built.
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Galda de Jos
Galda de Jos (German: Unter-Hahnenberg; Hungarian: Alsógáld) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. It is composed of eleven villages: Benic (Borosbenedek), Cetea (Csáklya), Galda de Jos (Alsógáld), Galda de Sus (Felsőgáld), Lupşeni, Măgura, Mesentea (Kismindszent), Oiejdea (Vajasd), Poiana Galdei, Răicani (Rajkány) and Zăgriş.
Coordinates: 46°11′N 23°37′E / 46.183°N 23.617°E / 46.183; 23.617
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Giurgiu County
Giurgiu (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈd͡ʒjurd͡ʒju]) is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Muntenia, with the capital city at Giurgiu.
In 2002, it had a population of 297,859 and the population density was 84/km².
This county has a total area of 3,526 km².
The county is situated on a plain – the Southern part of the Romanian Plain. The landscape is flat, crossed by small rivers. The southern part is the valley of the Danube which forms the border with Bulgaria. In the North, the Argeş River and Dâmboviţa River flow.
The county has two big areas of development: one close to the city of Giurgiu – The Free Trade Zone Giurgiu, and one in the North of the county due to its proximity with Bucharest.
The predominant industries in the county are:
Agriculture is the main occupation in the county. Both extensive agriculture, and small scale – for Bucharest markets, is practiced. 59% of the cultivated surface is irrigated.
The county recently became famous for its lăutari, especially the group Taraful Haiducilor.
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Gorj County
Gorj (Romanian pronunciation: [ɡorʒ]) is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Oltenia, with its capital city at Târgu Jiu.
In 2002, it had a population of 387,308 and its population density was 69/km².
This county has a total area of 5,602 km².
The North side of the county consists of various mountains from the Southern Carpathians group. In the West there are the Vulcanului Mountains, and in the East there are the Parâng Mountains and the Negoveanu Mountains. The two groups are split by the Jiu River.
To the South, the heights decrease through the hills to a high plain at the Western end of the Romanian Plain.
The main river, which collects all the smaller rivers, is the Jiu River.
The predominant industries in the county are:
In the North of the county coal is extracted, near Motru and Rovinari. There are two big thermo electrical power plants at Rovinari and Turceni, and some hydro-electrical power plants. The county is the biggest electricity producer in Romania with 36% af the country's electricity.
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Gârbova
Gârbova (German: Urwegen) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. It has a population of 2,059 and is composed of three villages: Cărpiniş, Gârbova and Reciu.
Coordinates: 45°52′N 23°44′E / 45.867°N 23.733°E / 45.867; 23.733
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Gârda de Sus
Gârda de Sus (Hungarian: Felsőgirda; German: Obergierd) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. It has a population of 1,865, and is composed of seventeen villages: Biharia, Dealu Frumos, Dealu Ordâncuşii, Dobreşti, Gârda de Sus, Gârda Seacă, Gheţari, Hănăşeşti, Huzăreşti, Izvoarele, Munună, Ocoale, Plai, Plişti, Scoarţa, Snide and Suceşti.
The main village of the comune is located 30 km northwest of Câmpeni. It houses a wooded church built in 1792 with naive paintings inside. It is also the starting point for the hikes to the Ordâncuşa gorges, the glacier of Scărişoara and the Padiş plateau.
Coordinates: 46°27′N 22°49′E / 46.45°N 22.817°E / 46.45; 22.817
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Harghita County
Harghita (Romanian pronunciation: [harˈɡita]; Hungarian: Hargita megye, Hungarian pronunciation: [hɒrɡitɒ]) is a county (judeţ) in the center of Romania, in eastern Transylvania, with the county seat at Miercurea Ciuc.
In 2011, it had a population of 304,969 and a population density of 52/km².
Harghita county has the highest percentage of Hungarians in Romania, just ahead of Covasna county. The primary Hungarian group, the Székely (Szeklers, Secui in Romanian), form the majority of the population in most of the county's municipalities, with Romanians concentrated in the northern and eastern part of the county (particularly Topliţa and Bălan), as well as in the enclave of Voşlăbeni.
The Székely of Harghita are mostly Roman Catholic, with Reformed and Unitarian minorities, while the ethnic Romanians are primarily Orthodox. By religion, the county is divided roughly as follows:
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Hopârta
Hopârta (German: Meerport) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. It has a population of 1372 (2002). It is composed of five villages: Hopârta, Silivaş, Şpălnaca, Turdaş and Vama Seacă.
Coordinates: 46°19′15″N 23°52′14″E / 46.32083°N 23.87056°E / 46.32083; 23.87056
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Hunedoara County
Hunedoara (Romanian pronunciation: [huneˈdo̯ara]) is a county (Judeţ) of Romania, in Transylvania, with its capital city at Deva.
In Hungarian, it is known as Hunyad, in German as Hunedoara, and in Slovak as Hunedoara.
In 2002, it had a population of 485,712 and the population density was 69/km².
Hunedoara's Jiu River Valley is traditionally a coal-mining region, and its high level of industrialisation drew many people from other regions of Romania in the period before the fall of the communist regime.
This county has a total area of 7,063 km².
Mainly, the relief is made up of mountains, divided by the Mureş River valley which crosses the county from East to West. To the North side there are the Apuseni Mountains and to the South side there are mountains from the Southern Carpathians group, Parâng Mountains group and Retezat-Godeanu Mountains group: Orastie and Surianu Mountains (South-East), Retezat Mountains (South), Poiana Ruscai Mountains (South-West).
Except from Mureş River with its affluents Strei, Rau Mare and Cerna, which forms wide valleys, in the North side Crişul Alb River also forms a valley in the Apuseni Mountains - Zarand region. In the South side along the Jiu River with its two branches West Jiu and East Jiu, there is a large depression, and an accessible route towards Southern Romania - Oltenia.
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Ialomița County
Ialomița (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈjalomit͡sa]) is a county (județ) of Romania, in Muntenia, with the capital city at Slobozia.
In 2002, it had a population of 296,572 and the population density was 67/km².
Romanians make up 95.6% of the population, the largest minority being the Roma people (4.1%).
This county has a total area of 4,453 km².
The county is situated in the Bărăgan Plain, all the area is flat crossed by small rivers with small but deep valleys.
Its east border is on Danube and the Ialomița River crosses the county from West to East about the middle. The Danube is split around the Ialomița Pond - the Old Danube branch and the Borcea branch.
Until 1940 (in the West part) and 1967 (in the East part) the county/plain was home of the great bustard (dropie in Romanian), with large populations of this bird. The birds disappeared because of the massive village buildout and hunting them for food.
Agriculture is the main occupation in the county. Industry is almost entirely concentrated in the city of Slobozia.
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Iași County
Iași (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈjaʃʲ]) is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Moldavia, with the administrative seat at Iași.
As of 1 July 2007, Iași County had a population of 825,100, making it the second most populous county in Romania after Bucharest, with a population density of 150/km².
The population of Iaşi county has nearly doubled over the past sixty years.
This county has a total area of 5,476 km².
The county lies on a plain between the Siret River and the Prut River. Also the Bahlui River (on the banks of which the city of Iaşi lies) and the Jijia River cross the county.
Due to its topography, the county is predominantly agricultural. Industry is concentrated in the cities.
The principal industries in the county are:
The city of Iaşi is the most important city in Moldavia and one of the most important cultural centers in Romania. It has the oldest University in the country, and, until the formation of the United Principalities, it was the capital of Moldavia.
The main tourist destinations in the county:
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Ighiu
Ighiu (Hungarian: Magyarigen; German: Grabendorf) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. The commune is composed of five villages: Bucerdea Vinoasă, Ighiel, Ighiu, Şard and Ţelna. Şard and Ighiu have a fortified church, the latter being used as a guest house, the Reformed Church of Ighiu.
Coordinates: 46°08′40″N 23°30′56″E / 46.14444°N 23.51556°E / 46.14444; 23.51556
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Ilfov County
Ilfov (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈilfov]) is the county that surrounds Bucharest, the capital of Romania. It used to be largely rural, but after the fall of communism, many of the county's villages and communes developed into high-income commuter towns, which act like suburbs or satellites of Bucharest. The gentrification of the county is continuing, with many towns in Ilfov, such as Otopeni, having some of the highest GDP per capita levels in the country.
It has a population (excluding Bucharest) of 300,123. The population density is 188 per km². 40% of the population commutes and works in Bucharest, although in recent years, many industrial plants were built outside Bucharest, in Ilfov county. It has an annual growth of about 4%.
The county has an area of 1,583 km² and it is situated in the Romanian Plain between the Argeş River and the Ialomiţa River.
The main rivers that pass through the county are: Dâmboviţa River, Colentina River and Gruiu River. Several lakes can be found in Ilfov county, notably Cernica, Snagov Lake and Căldăruşani Lake.
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Ismail County
Ismail was a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Bessarabia, with the capital city at Ismail.
The county neighboured the counties of Cetatea-Albă and Cahul to the north, Covurlui to the west, Tulcea to the south and the Black Sea to the south-east.
The county comprised four districts:
After the 1938 Administrative and Constitutional Reform, this county merged with the counties of Brăila, Cahul, Covurlui, Fălciu, Putna, Râmnicu Sărat, Tecuci, Tulcea, and Tutova to form Ţinutul Dunării.
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Jidvei
Jidvei (Romanian pronunciation: [ʒidˈvej], Hungarian: Zsidve, German: Seiden) is a commune in Alba county, Romania, located on the Târnava River. Jidvei is located in the north-western part of Romania, in the Transylvanian plateau. Jidvei was first mentioned in documents in 1309, but traces of human presence go further back in time. The oldest building in the village is the church, which was originally constructed in the gothic style but was later modified in 1707 in the baroque style. In the 15th century, a fortification wall was raised around the church, of which the gate tower remains.
Jidvei is located in the Târnava wine country, where vineyards have been present since the iron age. Winemaking has been an important local industry throughout the history of Jidvei. In the middle age, the doors of the cellars in Jidvei were built to face the road for commercial purposes. Jidvei is currently one of the most important wine producing regions in Romania.
The commune is composed of five villages: Bălcaciu (Bolkatsch; Bolkács), Căpâlna de Jos (Gierelsau; Alsókápolna), Feisa (Füssen; Küküllőfajsz), Jidvei and Veseuş (Michelsdorf; Szásznagyvesszős).
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Kingdom of Romania
The Kingdom of Romania was the Romanian state based on a form of parliamentary monarchy between 13 March 1881 and 30 December 1947, specified by the first three Constitutions of Romania (1866, 1923, 1938). Thus, the Kingdom of Romania began with the reign of King Carol I of Romania who gained Romanian's independence in the Romanian War of Independence, and ended with the abdication of King Michael I of Romania in 30 December 1947, imposed by the Soviet Union with the tacit and secret, implicit consent of its allies (as a result of the Yalta Conference and secret agreements). As such, it is quite distinct from the Romanian Old Kingdom, which refers strictly to the reign of King Carol I of Romania, between 14 March (O.S.) (26 May (N.S.)) 1881 and 27 September (O.S.) (10 October (N.S.)) 1914.
From 1859 to 1877, Romania evolved from a personal union of two vassal principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia) under a single prince to a full-fledged independent kingdom with a Hohenzollern monarchy. In 1918, at the end of World War I, Transylvania, Eastern Moldavia (Bessarabia), and Bukovina united with the Kingdom of Romania, resulting in a "Greater Romania". In 1940, Bessarabia, Northern Bukowina, Northern Transylvania and Southern Dobruja were ceded to the Soviet Union, Hungary and Bulgaria respectively, only Northern Transylvania being recovered after World War II ended. In 1947 the last king was compelled to abdicate and a republic ruled by the Romanian Communist Party replaced the monarchy.
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Lopadea Nouă
Lopadea Nouă (Hungarian: Magyarlapád; German: Schaufeldorf) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. It is composed of eight villages: Asinip (Asszonynépe), Băgău (Magyarbagó), Beţa (Magyarbece), Cicârd (Csengerpuszta), Ciuguzel (Fugad), Lopadea Nouă, Ocnişoara (Kisakna) and Odverem (Vadverem).
At the 2002 census, 52.5% of inhabitants were Hungarians and 47.1% Romanians. At the 2002 census, 53% were Reformed and 45% Romanian Orthodox.
Coordinates: 46°17′N 23°49′E / 46.283°N 23.817°E / 46.283; 23.817
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Lupşa
Lupşa (German: Wolfsdorf; Hungarian: Nagylupsa) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. It is composed of 23 villages: Bârdeşti, Bârzan, Curmătură, După Deal, Geamăna, Hădărău, Holobani, Lazuri, Lunca, Lupşa, Mănăstire, Mărgaia, Muşca, Pârâu-Cărbunări, Piţiga, Poşogani, Şasa, Trifeşti, Văi, Valea Holhorii, Valea Lupşii, Valea Şesii and Vinţa.
Coordinates: 45°56′N 25°18′E / 45.933°N 25.3°E / 45.933; 25.3
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Maramureș County
Maramureș (Romanian pronunciation: [maraˈmureʃ]) is a county (județ) of Romania, in the Maramureș region. The county seat is Baia Mare.
In Hungarian, it is known as Máramaros, in Ukrainian as Мараморо́щина, and in German as Kreis Maramureș.
In 2002, the county had a population of 510,110 and a population density of 81 inhabitants per square kilometre (210 /sq mi).
In 1910, 18.4% of the county were Jewish.
This county has a total area of 6,304 square kilometres (2,434 sq mi), of which 43% is covered by the Rodna Mountains, with its tallest peak, Pietrosul, at 2,303 metres (7,556 ft) altitude. Together with Gutâi and Țibleș mountain ranges, the Rodna mountains are part of the Eastern Carpathians. The rest of the county are hills, plateaus, and valleys. The county is crossed by Tisa River and its main tributaries: Iza, Vișeu, and Mara rivers.
Maramureș is known for its pastoral and agricultural traditions, largely unscathed by the industrialisation campaign that had been carried on during Romania's communist period. Ploughing, planting, harvesting, and hay making and handling are mostly done through manual labour. The county is also home to a strong mining industry of extraction of metals other than iron. The industrial plants built around Baia Mare during the communist period heavily polluted the area in the past, but recently, due to the decline of the city's industrial activity, the area is less polluted.
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Meteş
Meteş (German: Mettischdorf; Hungarian: Metesd) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. It has a population of 3,181 (2002). It is composed of twelve villages: Ampoiţa, Isca, Lunca Ampoiţei, Lunca Meteşului, Meteş, Pădurea, Poiana Ampoiului, Poiana Ursului, Presaca Ampoiului, Remetea, Tăuţi and Văleni.
Coordinates: 46°05′49″N 23°25′17″E / 46.09694°N 23.42139°E / 46.09694; 23.42139
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Mihalţ
Mihalţ (German: Michelsdorf) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. It has a population of 3,679, and is composed of four villages: Cistei, Mihalţ, Obreja and Zărieş.
Coordinates: 46°09′N 23°44′E / 46.15°N 23.733°E / 46.15; 23.733
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Mirăslău
Mirăslău (German: Mireslau; Hungarian: Miriszló) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. It has a population of 2334. The commune is composed of six villages: Cicău (Csákó), Decea (Marosdécse), Lopadea Veche (Oláhlapád), Mirăslău, Ormeniş (Marosörméyes) and Rachiş (Oláhrákos).
The commune is the site of a battle in 1600 between the Wallachian army led by Michael the Brave and the Hungarian noblemen supported by the Austrian general Giorgio Basta (see Battle of Mirăslău).
At the 2011 census, 67.5% of inhabitants were Romanians, 27.8% Hungarians and 4.5% Roma. At the 2002 census, 66.4% were Romanian Orthodox, 25% Reformed and 4% Greek-Catholic.
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Mogoş
Mogoş (German: Mogusch) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. It has a population of 1,500. It is composed of 21 villages: Bărbeşti, Bârleşti, Bârleşti-Cătun, Bârzogani, Boceşti, Bogdăneşti, Buteşti, Cojocani, Cristeşti, Mămăligani, Mogoş, Negreşti, Onceşti, Poienile-Mogoş, Tomeşti, Valea Bârluţeşti, Valea Barnii, Valea Coceşti, Valea Giogeşti, Valea Mlacii and Valea Ţupilor.
Coordinates: 46°16′19″N 23°16′41″E / 46.272°N 23.278°E / 46.272; 23.278
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Mureș County
Mureș (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈmureʃ]) is a county (județ) of Romania, in the historical region of Transylvania, with the administrative centre in Târgu Mureș.
In Hungarian, it is known as Maros (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈmɒroʃ]), and in German as Kreis Mureș. During Austro-Hungarian administration, from 1876 to to 1918, there was a county with similar name (see: Maros-Torda County).
The county has a total area of 6,714 km².
The northeastern side of the county consists of the Călimani and Gurghiu Mountains and the sub-Carpathian hills, members of the Inner Eastern Carpathians. The rest of the county is part of the Transylvanian Plateau, with deep but wide valleys.
The main river crossing in the county is the Mureș River. The Târnava Mare River and the Târnava Mică River also cross the county.
In 2002, Mureș had a population of 580,851 and the population density was 86.5/km².
In terms of religion:
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Neamț County
Neamț (Romanian pronunciation: [ne̯amt͡s]) is a county (județ) of Romania, in the historic region of Moldavia, with the county seat at Piatra Neamț. It has three communes (Bicaz-Chei, Bicazu Ardelean and Dămuc) in Transylvania. The Romanian word "neamţ" means "German" (see also nemeti). It was founded by "German settlers" who crossed the Carpathians from the Bistrita area (in Transylvania) and built up commercial communities.
In 2002, it had a population of 557,000 and a population density of 99/km².
This county has an area of 5,896 km².
The relief decreases from west to east. In the western part, there are mountains, the Eastern Carpathians, with heights of over 1800m and the impressive peak of Mount Ceahlău. Along the Bicaz River lies the canyon of Cheile Bicazului. Construction of the Bicaz Dam in the 1950s on the Bistrița River led to the formation of the Lake Bicaz (Lake Izvorul Muntelui), Romania's largest artificial lake.
On the western side, the lowest point, at about 160m, is found along Siret River's valley.
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Noşlac
Noşlac (German: Grosshaus; Hungarian: Marosnagylak) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. It is composed of six villages: Căptălan (Maroskáptalan), Copand (Maroskoppánd), Găbud (Gábod), Noşlac, Stâna de Mureş (Maroscsúcs) and Valea Ciuciului (Zilahipatak).
Coordinates: 46°24′N 23°56′E / 46.4°N 23.933°E / 46.4; 23.933
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Ocoliş
Ocoliş (German: Zaundorf) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. It has a population of 846 and is composed of four villages: Lunca Largă, Ocoliş, Runc and Vidolm.
Coordinates: 46°28′35″N 23°28′05″E / 46.4764°N 23.4681°E / 46.4764; 23.4681
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Odorhei County
Odorhei was a county (Romanian: judeţ) in the Kingdom of Romania. The county seat was Odorheiu Secuiesc.
Odorhei County covered 2,977 km2 and was located in central part of Greater Romania, in Transylvania. Currently, the territory that comprised the greater part of Odorhei County is now part of Harghita County and Covasna County. In the interwar period, it neighbored Târnava-Mică County and Târnava-Mare County to the west, Mureş County to the north, Ciuc County to the east, and Braşov County and Trei-Scaune County to the south. Odorhei county was abolished in the administrative reforms of September 6, 1950.
Administratively, Odorhei County was divided into four districts (plăşi):
According to the Romanian census of 1930 the population of Odorhei County was 130,282, of which 91.6% were ethnic Hungarians, 4.9% ethnic Romanians, 2.0% Roma, 1.0% Jews, and 0.4% Germans. Classified by religion: 37.4% were Reformed (Calivinist), 34.6% were Roman Catholic, 20.6% Unitarian, 3.7% Orthodox Christian, 1.1% Jewish, and 1.1% Greek-Catholic.
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Ohaba
Ohaba (Hungarian: Székásszabadja; German: Neudorf) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. It has a population of 920. It is composed of four villages: Colibi (Székás), Măghierat (Magyarádtanya), Ohaba and Secăşel (Szekasbesenyö; Heidendorf).
Coordinates: 45°53′N 22°40′E / 45.883°N 22.667°E / 45.883; 22.667
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Olt County
Olt (Romanian pronunciation: [olt]) is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in the historical regions of Oltenia and Muntenia (the regions are separated by the Olt river). The capital city is Slatina.
In 2002, it had a population of 489,274 and the population density was 89/km².
The county is a mainly rural one, with over 60% of the population living in villages.
This county has a total area of 5,498 km².
The county lies in a flat area on the Western part of the Romanian Plain. It is crossed by rivers from North to South, the main one - the Olt River giving the county its name. The Danube forms a wide valley in the South, with lots of ponds and small channels, which are flooded from time to time.
The predominant industries in the county are:
Agriculture is the main occupation in the county - over 58% of the population having agriculture as their main occupation. Both extensive agriculture, and small scale, vegetables and fruits, are practiced. The area is well suited for irrigations.
The main touristical destinations are:
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Orhei County
Orhei was a county (Romanian: judeţ) in the Kingdom of Romania between 1925 and 1938 and a county of Moldova from 1998 to 2003, with the seat at Orhei.
Its population in 2003 was 300,400.
The county neighboured the Soviet Union to the east, the counties of Soroca to the north-west, Bălți to the west and Lăpuşna to the south.
The county consisted of six districts (plăṣi):
After the 1938 Administrative and Constitutional Reform, this county merged with the counties of Lăpuşna, Cetatea Albă and Tighina to form Ţinutul Nistru.
Coordinates: 47°25′N 28°50′E / 47.417°N 28.833°E / 47.417; 28.833
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Pianu
Pianu (German: Pien) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. It has a population of 3,390 and is composed of five villages: Pianu de Jos, Pianu de Sus (the commune center), Plaiuri, Purcăreţi and Strungari.
Coordinates: 45°56′N 23°29′E / 45.933°N 23.483°E / 45.933; 23.483
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Poiana Vadului
Poiana Vadului (German: Schwarzenthal) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. It has a population of 1,304, and is composed of eleven villages: Costeşti, Duduieni, Făgetu de Jos, Făgetu de Sus, Hănăşeşti, Lupăieşti, Morcăneşti, Păşteşti, Petelei, Poiana Vadului and Stăneşti.
Coordinates: 46°24′N 22°53′E / 46.4°N 22.883°E / 46.4; 22.883
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Poşaga
Poşaga (German: Puschendorf) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. It has a population of 1,383, and is composed of seven villages: Corţeşti, Inceşti, Lunca, Orăşti, Poşaga de Jos (the commune center), Poşaga de Sus and Săgagea.
Coordinates: 46°28′N 23°23′E / 46.467°N 23.383°E / 46.467; 23.383
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Prahova County
Prahova (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈprahova]) is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in the historical region Muntenia, with the capital city at Ploieşti.
In 2002, it had a population of 829,945 and the population density was 176/km². It is Romania's most populated county, having a population density double than the country's mean. As of 2007[update], it seems that it was surpassed by Iaşi County with a population of 823,509.
The county received an inflow of population who have moved here due to the industrial development. More info on: [www.infoprahova.com ]
This county has a total area of 4,716 km².
The relief is split in approximately equal parts between the mountains, the hills and the plain. In the North side there are mountains from the southern end of the Eastern Carpathians - the Curvature Carpathians group; and the Bucegi Mountains the Eastern end of the Southern Carpathians group. The two groups are separated by the Prahova River Valley.
The south side of the county is a plain, on the North West side of the Romanian Plain.
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Putna County
Putna was a county (Romanian: judeţ) in the Kingdom of Romania, in southern Moldavia. The county seat was Focșani.
Administratively, Putna County was divided into six districts (plăşi):
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Rimetea
Rimetea (Hungarian: Torockó; German: Eisenmarkt, Eisenburg) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. It is composed of two villages, Colţeşti (Torockószentgyörgy; Sankt Georgen) and Rimetea. A former mining town, today it is known as the location of the Piatra Secuiului (Hungarian: Székelykő, lit. "Rock of the Szeklers") mountain and as a Székely cultural center. In 1999 the village was awarded the Europa Nostra award.
The first time it was mentioned was in 1257 under the name Toroczko. As part of the Kingdom of Hungary it belonged to Torda-Aranyos County; after the Treaty of Trianon in 1920 it became part of Alba County in Romania.
At the 2002 census, 87.3% of inhabitants were Hungarians and 12% Romanians. 76.2% were Unitarian, 12.6% Romanian Orthodox, 5% Reformed, 2.6% Roman Catholic and 2.8% stated they belonged to another religion.
Coordinates: 46°27′N 23°34′E / 46.45°N 23.567°E / 46.45; 23.567
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Romania
Romania (
i/roʊˈmeɪniə/ roh-MAY-nee-ə; dated: Roumania; or Rumania;Romanian: România [romɨˈni.a] ( listen)) is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Romania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and Moldova to the northeast and east, and Bulgaria to the south.
At 238,400 square kilometers (92,000 sq mi), Romania is the ninth largest country of the European Union by area, and has the seventh largest population of the European Union with over 19 million people. Its capital and largest city is Bucharest, the tenth largest city in the EU with about two million people.
The Kingdom of Romania emerged when the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia were united under Prince Alexander Ioan Cuza in 1859. Independence from the Ottoman Empire was declared on 9 May 1877, and was internationally recognized the following year. At the end of World War I, Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia united with the Kingdom of Romania. Greater Romania emerged into an era of progression and prosperity that would continue until World War II. By the end of the War, many north-eastern areas of Romania's territories were occupied by the Soviet Union, and Romania forcibly became a socialist republic and a member of the Warsaw Pact.
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Roşia de Secaş
Roşia de Secaş (German: Rothkirchen) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. It has a population of 1,696 and is composed of three villages: Roşia de Secaş, Tău and Ungurei.
Coordinates: 46°03′N 23°53′E / 46.05°N 23.883°E / 46.05; 23.883
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Râmeţ
Râmeţ (German: Einsiedel; Hungarian: Remete) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. It is composed of thirteen villages: Boţani, Brădeşti (Fenyősremete), Cheia (Remeteiszoros), Cotorăşti, Floreşti, Olteni (Szabaderdő), Râmeţ, Valea Făgetului, Valea Inzelului, Valea Mănăstirii (Remetekolostor), Valea Poienii, Valea Uzei and Vlădeşti.
Coordinates: 46°18′N 23°32′E / 46.3°N 23.533°E / 46.3; 23.533
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Satu Mare County
Satu Mare County (Romanian: Judeţul Satu Mare, pronounced [ˌsatu ˈmare]) is a county (judeţ) of Romania. The capital city is Satu Mare. Besides Romanians (58.8% of the population), Satu Mare features a significant ethnic minority of Hungarians (35.2%).
In Hungarian, it is known as Szatmár megye, in German as Kreis Satu Mare, in Ukrainian as Сату-Маре, and in Slovak as Satu Mare.
In 2007, its population was 366,270 and population density was 83/km².
Hungarians mostly reside along the border with Hungary, but some are also scattered throughout the whole county.
This county has a total area of 4,418 square kilometres (1,706 sq mi).
In the north are the Oaş Mountains, part of the Eastern Carpathians. This makes up around 17% of the area. The remainder is hills, forming 20% of the area, and plains. The western county takes up the Eastern part of the Pannonian Plain.
The county is crossed by the Someş River and also Tur River and Crasna River.
The county lies partly in the historical region of Maramureş and partly in the historical region of Crişana.
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Sebeș
Sebeș (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈsebeʃ]; German: Mühlbach; Hungarian: Szászsebes; Transylvanian Saxon dialect: Melnbach) is a city in Alba County, central Romania, southern Transylvania.
The city lies on the Mureș River valley and it straddles the Sebeș river. It is at the crossroads of two main highways in Romania: E68 European route - DN1 coming from Sibiu and going towards Deva and E81 European route - DN7 coming from Sibiu and going towards Alba-Iulia and Cluj Napoca.
It is situated at 15 km south of the county capital Alba Iulia and it also has three villages under its administration:
It is believed that there has been an earlier rural settlement in this area, with Romanian and Pecheneg population, situated east of today's city. But the city itself was built by German settlers - later referred as Transylvanian Saxons, but actually originating from the region of Rhine and Moselle - on the territory of the Hungarian Kingdom in the second half of the 12th century and became an important city in medieval Transylvania. Its city walls were reinforced after the Tatar (Mongol) invasions from 1241–1242, but the city was occupied in 1438 by the Ottoman Empire. Transylvania's voivode John I Zápolya died in Sebeș in 1540. The Transylvanian Diet met in Sebeș in 1546, 1556, 1598 and 1600. The location of the meetings, the Zápolya House, is now a museum.
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Severin County
Severin was a county (Romanian: judeţ) in the Kingdom of Romania. Its capital was Lugoj.
Severin County covered 6,422 km2 and was located in central part of Greater Romania, in the Banat. Currently, the territory that comprised Severin County is now part of the Timiş County. In the interwar period, the county neighbored Caraş and Timiş-Torontal counties to the west, Arad County to the north, Hunedoara County to the east, Mehedinţi County to the southeast, and Kingdom of Yugoslavia to the south.
Administratively, Severin County was divided into eight districts (plăşi):
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Sibiu County
Sibiu (Romanian pronunciation: [siˈbiw]) is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in the historical region Transylvania, with the capital city Sibiu.
In Hungarian, it is known as Szeben, and in German as Kreis Sibiu. During Austro-Hungarian administration, from 1876 to to 1918, there was a county with similar name (see: Szeben County).
In 2002, it had a population of 421,724 and the population density was 78/km².
At the 2002 census the county has the following population indices:
Religion:
Urbanisation - 5th most urbanised county in Romania:
Traditionally, the biggest minority in the county were Germans, but their numbers have decreased since World War II and especially the Romanian Revolution of 1989.
The south side of the county, closer to the mountains was mainly inhabited by Romanians (Mărginimea Sibiului), and the north side of the country - the Transylvanian Plateau was inhabited evenly by Germans and Romanians, but most Saxon villages are now deserted. The Roma population, mainly from southern Romania, was placed close to the villages in the Communist period and have since increased their numbers.
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Sohodol
Sohodol (Hungarian: Aranyosszohodol) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. It is composed of thirty-one villages: Băzeşti, Bilăneşti, Bobăreşti, Brădeana, Burzoneşti, Deonceşti, Dilimani, Furduieşti, Gura Sohodol, Hoancă, Joldişeşti, Lazuri, Leheşti, Lumineşti, Medreşti, Morăreşti, Muneşti, Năpăieşti, Nelegeşti, Nicoreşti, Peleş (Peles), Poiana (Pojén), Robeşti, Sebişeşti, Sicoieşti, Şimoceşti, Sohodol, Surdeşti, Ţoci, Valea Verde and Vlădoşeşti.
Coordinates: 46°20′14″N 23°0′37″E / 46.33722°N 23.01028°E / 46.33722; 23.01028
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Soroca County
Soroca was between 1925 and 1938 a county (Romanian: judeţ) in the Kingdom of Romania, and, between 1998 and 2003, a county of Moldova. The seat was Soroca.
The first prefect of Soroca County was Vasile Săcară in 1918.
The county neighboured the Soviet Union to the east, the counties of Hotin to the north, Bălți to the west, and Orhei to the south.
The county consisted of seven districts (plăṣi):
After the 1938 Administrative and Constitutional Reform, this county merged with the counties Bacău, Baia, Bălți, Botoşani, Iaşi, Neamţ, Roman, and Vaslui to form Ţinutul Prut.
Coordinates: 48°10′N 28°15′E / 48.167°N 28.25°E / 48.167; 28.25
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Storojineţ County
Storojineţ was a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Bukovina, with the capital city at Storojineţ.
Neighbours of the county were Stanislawow Voivodship of Poland to the west, counties of Cernăuţi to the north-east and Rădăuţi to the south. The county was created after the end of World War I.
The county consisted from 3 districts (plăṣi): Ceremusului (with the seat at Văşcăuţi), Flondoreni (with the seat at Storojineţ) and Rastoacelor (with the seat at Vijniţa).
The Coat of Arms depicted 3 trees in the lower half and a deer in the upper half.
According to the Romanian census of 1930 the population of Storojineţ County was 169.894, of which 45.5% were ethnic Ukrainians, 33.9% ethnic Romanians, 9.0% Jews, 5.3% ethnic Germans and 4.7% Poles. Classified by religion: 78.1% were Orthodox Christian, 9.1% Jewish, 9.1% Roman Catholic, 1.9% Greek Catholic.
In 1930 the urban population of Storojineţ County which included 31.9% Jews, 31.2% Ukrainians, 20.2% Romanians, 10.7% Poles, 4.2% Germans and 1.5% Russians by ethnicity. This population was classified by religion: Classified by religion: 46.2% were Orthodox Christian, 31.9% Jewish, 14.9% Roman Catholic, 6.3% Greek Catholic and 1.2% Protestant.
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Stremţ
Stremţ (Hungarian: Diód or Diódváralja; German: Nußschloss; Latin: Subalpestris) is a commune of Alba County, in the Apuseni Mountains of Western Transylvania, Romania.
With a population of 2,822 (according to the 2002 census), the commune is composed of four villages: Faţa Pietrii (Facapetri; est. 1956), Geomal (Diómál, Nußdorf; est. 1262), Geoagiu de Sus (Felgyógy; est. 1282), and Stremţ (est. 1334). The current mayor, Ioan Sârbu, was elected in 2004.
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Suceava County
Suceava (Romanian pronunciation: [suˈt͡ʃe̯ava]) is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in the historical region of Moldavia (mostly in southern Bukovina) and few villages in Transylvania, with the capital city at Suceava.
In 2002, Suceava County had a population of 688,435, with a population density of 80.5/km². As of 1 July 2007, Suceava County had a population of 705,730.
This county has a total area of 8,553 square kilometres (3,302 sq mi).
The western side of the county consists of mountains from the Eastern Carpathians group: the Rodna Mountains, the Rarău Mountains, the Giumalău Mountains and the three "Obcine" with lower heights. The county's elevation decreases toward the east, with the lowest height in the Siret River valley.
The rivers crossing the county are the Siret River with its tributaries: the Moldova River, the Suceava River and the Bistriţa River.
The predominant industries in the county are:
The main tourist attractions in the county are:
Suceava County has 5 municipalities, 11 towns and 98 communes
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Sâncel
Sâncel (German: Schinern; Hungarian: Szancsal) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. It has a population of 2,790 and is composed of three villages: Iclod, Pănade and Sâncel.
Coordinates: 46°12′N 23°57′E / 46.2°N 23.95°E / 46.2; 23.95
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Sălaj County
Sălaj (Romanian pronunciation: [səˈlaʒ]) is a county (județ) of Romania, in the historical regions of Crișana and Transylvania, with the capital city at Zalău.
In Hungarian, it is known as Szilágy, in Slovak as Salašská župa, and in German as Kreis Sălaj.
Sălaj county has a total area of 3,864.38 square kilometres (1,492.05 sq mi).
It lies in the area between the Apuseni Mountains and the Eastern Carpathians known as the Someș River Platform. The county is crossed by the Someș River. Some of the smaller rivers who flow through the county are: Crasna River, Barcău, Almaș, Agrij, and Sălaj.
From a geographical point of view Salaj county is a zone of hills and depressions along the rivers Almaș, Agrij, Someș River, Sălaj, Crasna River and Barcău River. The mountains are represented in the south-west by two northern ramifications of the Eastern Carpathians: the Meses and Plopis peaks. Depressions cover an important part of the county’s territory and are important agricultural zones with numerous human settlements.
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Sălciua
Sălciua (Hungarian: Szolcsva; German: Sundorf) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. It is composed of six villages: Dealu Caselor (Hegyik), Dumeşti, Sălciua de Jos (the commune center; Alsószolcsva), Sălciua de Sus (Felsőszolcsva), Sub Piatră (Búvópatak) and Valea Largă (Malompataka). It has a population of 1,785.
Coordinates: 46°24′N 23°25′E / 46.4°N 23.417°E / 46.4; 23.417
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Săliştea
Coordinates: 45°54′N 23°24′E / 45.9°N 23.4°E / 45.9; 23.4
Săliştea (German: Tschorren), known as Cioara until 1965, is a commune located in Alba county, Romania. The old name of Cioara is still widely used, especially by local residents.
It is composed of four villages: Mărgineni, Săliştea, Săliştea-Deal and Tărtăria.
Săliştea is located near the Mureş River in the South-West of Alba county. The centre of the commune is situated 5 km north of a main Romanian National Road, namely the DN7, to which is connected by the county road 705E. The nearest cities are Sebeş (21 km), Cugir (25 km) and the county capital, Alba Iulia (27 km).
The bordering communes are Blandiana in the north, Vinţu de Jos in the north-east, Pianu in the east, the town of Cugir in the west and Şibot in the south.
The relief is dominated by the low terraces of the river Mureş in the north and the high plateau and several hills in the south. The highest hills, Globul, Hǎlmul and Coasta Rǎchitii, are about 700-900 metres high. Other hills are Vǎratecul (630 m), Dealul Mare (452 m), Dealul Ciorii (424 m), Dealul Calului (389 m) and Munceii Rotunzi (341 m).
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Săsciori
Săsciori (German: Schweis, Sassenberg) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. It has a population of 5,954, and is composed of nine villages: Căpâlna, Dumbrava, Laz, Loman, Pleşi, Răchita, Săsciori, Sebeşel and Tonea.
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Teleorman County
Teleorman (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈtele.orman]) is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in the historical region Muntenia, with its capital city at Alexandria.
The name Teleorman is of Cumanic (Turkic) origin. It literally means crazy forest (Deli orman) and, by extension, "thick and shadowy forest" in the Cuman language. It can be encountered in other toponyms, such as the Turkish name of the Ludogorie Plateau in northeastern Bulgaria.
In 2002, it had a population of 436,025 and the population density was 75/km².
This county has a total area of 5,790 km².
Two distinctive elements can be found:
Beside the Danube, the main river crossing the county is the Olt River which flows into the Danube close to the village of Islaz. Other important rivers are: the Vedea River, the Teleorman River and the Călmăţui River.
The predominant industries in the county are:
Agriculture is the main occupation in the county. Both extensive agriculture, and small scale - vegetables and fruits for Bucharest markets, is practiced. The area is well suited for irrigations.
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Tighina County
Tighina County was between 1925 and 1938 a county (Romanian: judeţ) in the Kingdom of Romania, and, between 1998 and 2003, a major subdivision (Judeţ) of Moldova with its capital at Căuşeni.
The county neighboured the Soviet Union to the east, the counties of Lăpuşna to the north, Cahul to the west and Cetatea Albă to the south.
The county consisted of four districts (plăṣi):
After the 1938 Administrative and Constitutional Reform, this county merged with the counties of Lăpuşna, Cetatea Albă and Orhei to form Ţinutul Nistru.
It bordered Ukraine, Transnistria, Lăpuşna County and Chişinău County.
Major cities in the county included Bender, Cainari, Căuşeni, Olăneşti, and Ştefan Vodă.
Currently, the city Bender and six villages are in the neutral zone under the authority of the Joint Control Commission, but are administered by authorities subordinated to the breakaway territory of Transnistria.
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Timiș County
Timiș (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈtimiʃ]) is a county (județ) of western Romania, in the historical region Banat, with the county seat at Timișoara. It is the westermost and the largest county in Romania in terms of land area. The county is also part of the Danube-Kris-Mureș-Tisza euroregion.
The name of the county comes from the river Timiș, known in Roman antiquity as river Tibisis or Tibiscus.
In Hungarian, it is known as Temes, in Serbian as Тамиш / Tamiš, in Ukrainian as Ті́міш, and in Banat Bulgarian as Timiš.
In 2000, it had a population of 684,506 and the population density was 79/km².
In 2006, it had a population of 685,901 and the population density was 79.8/km².
This county has a total area of 8,697 km² (3,6% of Romania). It is the largest county in Romania.
In the eastern extremity are the Poiana Ruscăi Mountains from the Southern Carpathians group. Elevations decrease to the west, passing through the Lipova Hills to the Western Romanian Plain, the eastern part of the Pannonian Plain.
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Tulcea County
Tulcea (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈtult͡ʃe̯a]) is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in the historical region Dobruja, with the capital city at Tulcea.
In 2002, Tulcea County had a population of 256,492. The population density was 31/km², the lowest among the counties of Romania.
In the Danube Delta there is an important community of Russians and Lipovans. In the south of the county there are communities of Turks. The region once was a centre of Islam in Romania.
The county has a total area of 8,499 km².
The most spectacular part of Tulcea County is the Danube Delta, which occupies about 1/3 of the entire surface and is located in the North-East side of the county. The Delta has three main branches: the Sulina branch (the only one navigable by large ships) in the middle, the Chilia branch in the North (the border with Ukraine) and the Sfântu Gheorghe branch (Saint George) in the South.
In the South-East of the county there are two lagoons: Razelm Lake and Sinoe Lake. In the Danube Delta and in the South—in the area between the Sfântu Gheorghe Channel and Razelm Lake—there are countless channels and small lakes. The entire area is included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites and Biosphere reserves.
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Tutova County
Tutova County is one of the historic counties of Moldavia, Romania with the city of Bârlad as capital.
Tutova County covered 2,498 km2 and was located in the eastern of Greater Romania, in Moldavia. Currently, the territory that comprised Tutova County is now included at present in Bacău County, Galaţi County and Vaslui County. In the interwar period, the county neighbored Vaslui County to the north, Fălciu County to the northeast, Cahul County to the east, Covurlui County to the south, and Tecuci and Bacău counties to the west.
Administratively, Tutova County was divided into four districts (plăşi):
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Vaslui County
Vaslui (Romanian pronunciation: [vasˈluj]) is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in the historical region Moldavia, with the seat at Vaslui.
In 2002, it had a population of 455,049 and the population density was 86/km².
This county has an area of 5,318 km².
The county lies on a plane, being bounded by the Prut River on the east and crossed in its centre by Bârlad River, a tributary of Siret River.
Vaslui County was heavily industrialised during the communist period and had large industrial complexes that went bankrupt during the 1990s. Today, the county's industry is mainly agricultural one, with other industries concentrated in the main urban areas.
County's main industries:
The main tourist destinations are the cities of Vaslui, Bârlad and Huşi. The Vaslui County Council, the county councils of the Moldovan Leova and Hînceşti districts, and the European Union (through the Phare program), have set up a program which seeks to promote tourism in these regions. The main tourist attractions of the Vaslui-Hînceşti-Leova touristic program are, among others, the medieval and early modern churches and monasteries, the Manuc Bei Hunting Palace and the Manuc - Mirzaian Manor Palace (similar to Manuc's Inn in Bucharest) in Hînceşti, as well as the region's natural riches.
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Vinţu de Jos
Coordinates: 45°59′N 23°30′E / 45.983°N 23.5°E / 45.983; 23.5
Vinţu de Jos, also known as Vinţ (German: Unter-Wintz, Winzendorf, Weinsdorf; Hungarian: Alvinc; Latin: Binstum) is a commune located in the centre of Alba County, Romania. It is composed of eighteen villages: Câmpu Goblii (Unter-Eisenberg), Ciocaşu (Zoggesch), Crişeni (Krieschen), Dealu Ferului (Eisenberg), Gura Cuţului (Gurrenkutz), Haţegana (Hetzingen), Inuri (Lilienfeld), Laz (Slawendorf), Mătăcina (Mattatschin), Mereteu (Merethof), Pârău lui Mihai (Michelsdorf), Poieniţa (Pojenitz), Stăuini (Stabing), Valea Goblii (Goblsdorf), Valea lui Mihai (Michaelsdorf), Valea Vinţului (Wintzbach), Vinţu de Jos and Vurpăr (Burgberg-Walbersdorf).
Vinţu de Jos has a surface of 8,527 hectares and is located on the Mureş River, in the centre of Alba County, approximately 10 km from the city of Sebeş on the Romanian National Road DN7, and 15 km from the county capital, Alba Iulia on the Romanian County Road 107C and the Romanian National Road DN1.
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Vlaşca County
Vlaşca is a former county in southern Muntenia, Romania, located between Bucharest and the Danube, which is now mostly the county of Giurgiu. The county seat was Giurgiu.
Administratively, Vlaşca County was divided into seven districts (plăşi):
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Vrancea County
Vrancea (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈvrant͡ʃe̯a]) is a county (judeţ) in Romania, with its seat at Focşani. It is mostly in the historical region of Moldavia but the southern part, below the Milcov River, is in Muntenia.
In 2002, it had a population of 387,632 and a population density of 80/km².
Vrancea County's area is of 4,857 km².
A curvedly shaped mountainous area, known in Romanian as Carpaţii de Curbură, lies in the western part of the county, at the Southern end of Eastern Carpathians, with heights over 1400 m. To the East, the heights decrease into hilly areas and the lower valley of Siret River.
The main tributary of the Siret River, which crosses the county, is the Putna.
The area is a seismically active one, with yearly earthquakes whose epicenter depths are between 80 and 160 km and therefore affect wide regions. The most notable is the 1977 Vrancea earthquake, which killed over 1500 people in Romania and Bulgaria.
The county is famous for its wines, being the biggest wine producer in Romania. Over 11% of the county surface is covered with vines. The county's renown wine regions are Panciu - 8100 ha, Odobeşti - 7000 ha, and Coteşti.
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Vâlcea County
Vâlcea (also spelt Vîlcea; Romanian pronunciation: [ˈvɨlt͡ʃe̯a]) is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in the historical regions of Oltenia and Muntenia (the regions are separated by the Olt River). Its capital city is Râmnicu Vâlcea.
In 2004, it had a population of 416,908 and the population density was 71.7/km².
This county has a total area of 5,765 km².
The North side of the county is occupied by the mountains from the Southern Carpathians group - The Făgăraş Mountains in the East with heights over 2200 m, and the Lotru Mountains in the West with heights over 2000 m. They are separated by the Olt River valley - the most accessible passage between Transylvania and Wallachia. Along the Olt River Valley there are smaller groups of mountains, the most spectacular being the Cozia Mountains.
Towards the South, the heights decrease, passing through the sub-carpathian hills to a high plain in the West side of the Romanian Plain.
The main river is the Olt River crossing the county from North to South. Its main affluents are the Lotru River in the North and the Olteţ River in the South.
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Zlatna
Zlatna (German: Schlatten, Goldenmarkt; Hungarian: Zalatna; Latin: Ampellum) is a town in Alba County, central Transylvania, Romania. It has a population of 8,607.
The town administers eighteen villages: Boteşti (Golddorf), Budeni (Higendorf), Dealu Roatei (Rotberg), Dobrot, Dumbrava, Feneş (Wildendorf), Galaţi (Galz), Izvoru Ampoiului (Gross-Ompeil), Pârău Gruiului (Gruybach), Pătrângeni (Peters), Pirita (Pfirth), Podu lui Paul (Pauls), Runc (Goldrücken), Ruşi (Rusch), Suseni (Oberdorf), Trâmpoiele (Trempojel), Valea Mică (Kleinwasser) and Vâltori (Waldrücken).
Located 36 km north-west of Alba Iulia, in the Zlatna depression, the town lies at the confluence of Ampoi River with Valea Morilor creek.
A gold mining settlement has existed in the area since Roman times, when it was known as a municipium under the name of Ampellum. The name Zlatna (derived from the Slavic term for gold) was first recorded in a 1347 document. In 1387, it was awarded town status. During 1619-1620 Gabriel Bethlen, brought to Zlatna a few hundred German and Slovakian settlers for mining work. Zlatna regained its town status in 1968, after a time when it was officially a commune.
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Întregalde
Întregalde (German: Koliben) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. It is composed of eleven villages: Dealu Geoagiului, Ghioncani, Ilieşti, Întregalde, Ivăniş, Mărineşti, Modoleşti, Necrileşti, Popeşti, Sfârcea and Tecşeşti.
Coordinates: 46°14′31″N 23°24′32″E / 46.242°N 23.409°E / 46.242; 23.409
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Şibot
Şibot (German: Unterbrodsdorf, Unter-Brotfeld; Hungarian: Alkenyér or Zsibotalkenyér) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. It is composed of four villages: Băcăinţi (Bocksdorf, Bokajalfalu), Balomiru de Câmp (Ballendorf, Balomir), Sărăcsău (Szarakszó) and Şibot.
Coordinates: 45°57′N 23°20′E / 45.95°N 23.333°E / 45.95; 23.333
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Şona
Şona (German: Schönau; Hungarian: Szépmező) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. It is composed of seven villages: Alecuş (Elekes), Biia (Magyarbénye), Doptău (Dobtanya), Lunca Târnavei (until 1964 Spini; Kistövis), Sânmiclăuş (Bethlenszentmiklós), Şona and Valea Sasului (Szászvölgy).
At the 2011 census, 68.5% of inhabitants were Romanians, 25.2% Hungarians and 5.8% Roma.
Coordinates: 46°13′N 24°01′E / 46.217°N 24.017°E / 46.217; 24.017
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Şpring
Şpring (German: Gespreng) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. It is composed of six villages: Carpen, Carpenii de Sus, Cunţa, Draşov, Şpring and Vingard.
Coordinates: 45°58′N 23°47′E / 45.967°N 23.783°E / 45.967; 23.783
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Şugag
Şugag (German: Schugag) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. It is composed of seven villages: Arţi, Bârsana, Dobra, Jidoştina, Mărtinie, Şugag and Tău Bistra.
Coordinates: 45°46′N 23°38′E / 45.767°N 23.633°E / 45.767; 23.633
wn.com/Şugag -
Şureanu Mountains
The Şurianu Mountains, (regional Şureanu), Suriano in Italian, belong to Romania's Parâng range in the Southern Carpathians, with peaks frequently exceeding 2,000 metres.
The mountains, located north of Romania's Jiu Valley, are primarily characterized as a highland with meadows and pastures, with very large forested area throughout the surrounding 1,200-1,400 metres high mountains. In the southern area of these mountains there is a limestone region with several caves, hills and gorges. Examples of these are the Cioclovina, Tecuri, Sura Mare caves.
wn.com/Şureanu_Mountains -
Ţinutul Mureş
Ţinutul Mureş (or Ţinutul Alba-Iulia) was one of the ten ţinuturi (regions) of Romania, founded in 1938 after King Carol II initiated an institutional reform by modifying the 1923 Constitution and the law of territorial administration. It comprised most of Transylvania, and included part of Székely Land. Its capital was the city of Alba-Iulia. Ţinutul Mureş ceased to exist following the territorial loss of Romania to the Axis powers in 1940.
The Coat of Arms is party per cross in 9 equal squares, representing the former 9 counties (ţinuturi) of Greater Romania (71 in total) which it had included. Four of the squares, forming the arms of a Greek cross, are of or. The four squares forming the corners of the shield are of azure. The square in the heart of the shield is gules, and bares an or Romanian Crown (in recollection of the 1922 Alba-Iulia coronation of Ferdinand I and Marie of Edinburgh as King and Queen of Greater Romania).
After the 1938 Administrative and Constitutional Reform, the previous 71 counties lost their authority. The list below just helps drawing the map.
wn.com/Ţinutul_Mureş
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Germans
The Germans (Deutsche) are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe. The English term Germans has referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages. Legally, Germans are citizens of the Federal Republic of Germany.
Of approximately 100 million native speakers of German in the world, about 66–75 million consider themselves Germans. There are an additional 80 million people of German ancestry mainly in the United States, Brazil, Canada, Argentina, France, Russia, Chile, Poland, Australia and Romania who most likely are not native speakers of German. Thus, the total number of Germans worldwide lies between 66 and 160 million, depending on the criteria applied (native speakers, single-ancestry ethnic Germans, partial German ancestry, etc.).
Today, peoples from countries with a German-speaking majority or significant German-speaking population groups other than Germany, such as Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Luxembourg, have developed their own national identity and usually do not refer to themselves as "Germans" in a modern context.
wn.com/Germans -
Lucian Blaga
Lucian Blaga (Romanian pronunciation: [lut͡ʃiˈan ˈblaɡa]; May 9, 1895 – May 6, 1961) was a Romanian philosopher, poet, and playwright.
Lucian Blaga was a commanding personality of the Romanian culture of the interbellum period. He was a philosopher and writer higly acclaimed for his originality, a university professor and a diplomat. He was born on May 9, 1895 in Lancrăm, near Alba Iulia, Romania, his father being an Orthodox priest. He did not speak any words until he was four,[citation needed] and he later described his early childhood, in an autobiographical work "The Chronicle and the Song of Ages", as "under the sign of the incredible absence of word". In the poem "Self-Portrait" he describes himself : "Lucian Blaga is silent like a swan."
His elementary education was in Sebeş (1902–1906), after which he attended the "Andrei Şaguna" Highschool in Braşov (1906–1914), under the supervision of a relative, Iosif Blaga, who happened to be the author of the first Romanian treatise on the theory of drama. At the outbreak of the First World War, he began theological studies at Sibiu, where he graduated in 1917. He published his first philosophy article on the Bergson theory of subjective time. From 1917 to 1920, he attended courses at the University of Vienna, where he studied philosophy and obtained his PhD.
wn.com/Lucian_Blaga -
Romani people
The Romani are an ethnic group living mostly in Europe, who trace their origins to the Indian Subcontinent. Romani are widely known in the English-speaking world by the exonym Gypsies (or Gipsies).
They are known collectively in the Romani language as Romane or Rromane (depending on the dialect concerned) and also as Romany, Romanies, Romanis, Roma or Roms.
Romani are widely dispersed, with their largest concentrated populations in Europe, especially the Roma of Central and Eastern Europe and Anatolia, followed by the Kale of Iberia and Southern France.
The Americas are also home to large numbers of Romani. There are an estimated one million Roma in the United States; 800,000 in Brazil, to which Kale were deported by the government of Portugal during the colonial era; and in more recent migrations, Romani have also moved to other parts of the New World.
The Romani language is divided into several dialects, which add up to an estimated number of speakers larger than two million. The total number of Romani people is at least twice as large (several times as large according to high estimates). Many Romani are native speakers of the language current in their country of residence, or of mixed languages combining the two.
wn.com/Romani_people -
Romanians
The Romanians (dated: Rumanians or Roumanians; in Romanian: români pronounced [roˈmɨnʲ] or — historically, but now a seldom-used regionalism — rumâni; dated exonym: Vlachs) are an ethnic group native to Romania, who speak Romanian; they are the majority inhabitants of Romania.
The Romanian people are a nation in the meaning of ethnos (Romanian: etnie), defined by the sense of sharing a common Romanian culture, descent, and having Romanian as mother tongue, as well as by citizenship or by being subjects to the same country. The Romanian citizenship law legislated in March 1991 establishes the rights of second and third generation descendants of Romanian citizens to obtain a Romanian citizenship, if they speak fluent Romanian and are able to demonstrate sufficient knowledge in Romanian history and culture. 89.4 percent of Romania's people declared themselves as Romanians at the 2002 Romanian Census.
In one interpretation of the census results in Moldova, Moldovans are counted as Romanians, which would mean that the latter form part of the majority in that country as well. Romanians are also an ethnic minority in several nearby countries.
wn.com/Romanians
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Alba County - Transilvania's Citadel of Wine.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:26
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Brief historical overview of the main cities in the famous wine production of Alba County Film released in May 1998 to request PAEM Foundation Alba Iulia.
http://wn.com/Alba_County_Transilvania's_Citadel_of_Wine
Brief historical overview of the main cities in the famous wine production of Alba County Film released in May 1998 to request PAEM Foundation Alba Iulia.
Alba Iulia - Romanian City Tour Travel Romania Tourism
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:39
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
Alba Iulia is a city in Alba County, Transylvania, Romania with a population of 66747, located on the Mureş River. The city is since the High Middle Ages seat of the Transylvanian Catholic bishopric. Between 1541 and 1690 it was the capital of the Principality of Transylvania. Alba Iulia is historically important for Romanians, Hungarians and Transylvanian Saxons. The modern city is located near the site of the important Dacian political, economic and social centre of Apulon, mentioned by the ancient Greek geographer Ptolemy and believed by many archaeologists to be the Dacian fortifications on top of Piatra Craivii. After the southern part of Dacia became a province of the Roman Empire, the capital of the Dacia Apulensis district was established here, and the city was known as Apulum. Apulum was one of the largest centers in Roman Dacia and the seat of the XIII Gemina Legion. The Apulum is the largest castrum located in Romania, occupying 37,5 ha (750 x 500 m2). In the 9th century, the city was mentioned under the name of Bălgrad or Belograd ("White Castle" in Slavic languages). The Gesta Hungarorum mentions a ruler named Geula, Gyula, or Jula, who had discovered the city and made it the capital of his dukedom during 10th century. Following the establishment of the Catholic Transylvanian bishopric after Stephen I of Hungary adopted Catholicism, the first cathedral was built in the 11th century. The present (Catholic) cathedral was built in the 12th or 13th century. In ...
http://wn.com/Alba_Iulia_Romanian_City_Tour_Travel_Romania_Tourism
Alba Iulia is a city in Alba County, Transylvania, Romania with a population of 66747, located on the Mureş River. The city is since the High Middle Ages seat of the Transylvanian Catholic bishopric. Between 1541 and 1690 it was the capital of the Principality of Transylvania. Alba Iulia is historically important for Romanians, Hungarians and Transylvanian Saxons. The modern city is located near the site of the important Dacian political, economic and social centre of Apulon, mentioned by the ancient Greek geographer Ptolemy and believed by many archaeologists to be the Dacian fortifications on top of Piatra Craivii. After the southern part of Dacia became a province of the Roman Empire, the capital of the Dacia Apulensis district was established here, and the city was known as Apulum. Apulum was one of the largest centers in Roman Dacia and the seat of the XIII Gemina Legion. The Apulum is the largest castrum located in Romania, occupying 37,5 ha (750 x 500 m2). In the 9th century, the city was mentioned under the name of Bălgrad or Belograd ("White Castle" in Slavic languages). The Gesta Hungarorum mentions a ruler named Geula, Gyula, or Jula, who had discovered the city and made it the capital of his dukedom during 10th century. Following the establishment of the Catholic Transylvanian bishopric after Stephen I of Hungary adopted Catholicism, the first cathedral was built in the 11th century. The present (Catholic) cathedral was built in the 12th or 13th century. In ...
- published: 24 Jan 2011
- views: 11735
- author: romaniancities
Romanian Folk Song ''Zis-o mama catre mine''-Tune from Alba County-Transylvania area
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:36
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
Romanian Folk Song ''Zis-o mama catre mine''-Tune from Alba County-Transylvania area
http://wn.com/Romanian_Folk_Song_''Zis-o_mama_catre_mine''-Tune_from_Alba_County-Transylvania_area
Romanian Folk Song ''Zis-o mama catre mine''-Tune from Alba County-Transylvania area
- published: 07 Mar 2010
- views: 4580
- author: fluiera
Alba Iulia Latin Apulum is a city in Alba County Transylvania Romania
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:52
- Updated: 26 Jun 2011
Alba Iulia (Hungarian: Gyulafehérvár, Latin: Apulum, German: Karlsburg/Weißenburg, former Turkish: Erdel Belgradı) is a city in Alba County, Transylvania, Romania with a population of 66747[1], located on the Mureş River. Between 1541 and 1690 it was the capital of the Principality of Transylvania. The city is historically important for both Romanians and Hungarians. Four villages are administered by the city: Oarda (Alsóváradja), Pâclişa (Poklos), Miceşti (Ompolykisfalud) and Bărăbanţ (Borbánd) The modern city is located near the site of the important Dacian political, economic and social centre of Apulon, mentioned by the ancient Greek geographer Ptolemy and believed by many archaeologists to be the Dacian fortifications on top of Piatra Craivii.[citation needed] After the southern part of Dacia became a province of the Roman Empire, the capital of the Dacia Apulensis district was established here, and the city was known as Apulum.[2] Apulum was one of the largest centers in Roman Dacia and the seat of the XIII Gemina Legion. In the 9th century, the city was mentioned under the name of Belgrad or Belograd ("White Castle" in Slavic languages). The Gesta Hungarorum mention a ruler named Geula, Gyula, or Jula, who had discovered the city and made it the capital of his dukedom during 10th century. Following the establishment of the Catholic Transylvanian bishopric after Stephen I of Hungary adopted Catholicism, the first cathedral was built in the 11th century. The present ...
http://wn.com/Alba_Iulia_Latin_Apulum_is_a_city_in_Alba_County_Transylvania_Romania
Alba Iulia (Hungarian: Gyulafehérvár, Latin: Apulum, German: Karlsburg/Weißenburg, former Turkish: Erdel Belgradı) is a city in Alba County, Transylvania, Romania with a population of 66747[1], located on the Mureş River. Between 1541 and 1690 it was the capital of the Principality of Transylvania. The city is historically important for both Romanians and Hungarians. Four villages are administered by the city: Oarda (Alsóváradja), Pâclişa (Poklos), Miceşti (Ompolykisfalud) and Bărăbanţ (Borbánd) The modern city is located near the site of the important Dacian political, economic and social centre of Apulon, mentioned by the ancient Greek geographer Ptolemy and believed by many archaeologists to be the Dacian fortifications on top of Piatra Craivii.[citation needed] After the southern part of Dacia became a province of the Roman Empire, the capital of the Dacia Apulensis district was established here, and the city was known as Apulum.[2] Apulum was one of the largest centers in Roman Dacia and the seat of the XIII Gemina Legion. In the 9th century, the city was mentioned under the name of Belgrad or Belograd ("White Castle" in Slavic languages). The Gesta Hungarorum mention a ruler named Geula, Gyula, or Jula, who had discovered the city and made it the capital of his dukedom during 10th century. Following the establishment of the Catholic Transylvanian bishopric after Stephen I of Hungary adopted Catholicism, the first cathedral was built in the 11th century. The present ...
- published: 12 Jan 2010
- views: 1039
- author: Darkl3x3
Ioan Bocşa - Bată-l focu dor
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:13
- Updated: 31 Dec 2012
Romanian popular song from Alba County, Transylvania.
http://wn.com/Ioan_Bocşa_Bată-l_focu_dor
Romanian popular song from Alba County, Transylvania.
- published: 16 Apr 2009
- views: 86490
- author: pelasgianwarrior
Alba Iulia, Romania (english commentary) part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:12
- Updated: 18 Nov 2010
Short documentary about Alba County in Romania, English commentary. Produced in 1998.
http://wn.com/Alba_Iulia,_Romania_english_commentary_part_1
Short documentary about Alba County in Romania, English commentary. Produced in 1998.
- published: 17 Nov 2010
- views: 250
- author: mario250r
Alba Iulia, Romania (english commentary) part 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:52
- Updated: 27 Oct 2012
Short documentary about Alba County in Romania, English commentary. Produced in 1998.
http://wn.com/Alba_Iulia,_Romania_english_commentary_part_2
Short documentary about Alba County in Romania, English commentary. Produced in 1998.
- published: 17 Nov 2010
- views: 190
- author: mario250r
The Extinction Protocol
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:17
- Updated: 21 Sep 2012
theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com (Romanian Shinkhole) Video www.youtube.com alkur0n (new reporter) www.youtube.com Pics www.gandul.info RSOE The crater resulted in the town of Ocna Mures, Alba County (central Romania), after the land subsided, spreads over approximately 10500 square metres, according to the most recent measurements published on Thursday afternoon by the Alba County Inspectorate for Emergency Situations (ISU), considering that in the morning this area measured approximately 8000 square metres. The representatives of ISU Alba maintain that the subsidence phenomenon has not increased over the last hours. The specialists in geology from relevant institutes in Bucharest and Cluj-Napoca (western Romania) are analyzing the phenomenon on site and, depending on their conclusions, measures for monitoring and limiting the effects will be taken. The witnesses placed for monitoring the phenomenon, as well as the adjacent areas, are still being checked. The under pressure water coming from a well belonging to SC Salina RA of Ocna Mures, which reached the surface, caused the subsidence, according to ISU Alba representatives. Almost 200 ISU employees, gendarmes, policemen and troops have been mobilized on site as early as Wednesday. They will remain on site until any risk is removed. hisz.rsoe.hu SONG Everything Must Change artist: Public Symphony album: Singles
http://wn.com/The_Extinction_Protocol
theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com (Romanian Shinkhole) Video www.youtube.com alkur0n (new reporter) www.youtube.com Pics www.gandul.info RSOE The crater resulted in the town of Ocna Mures, Alba County (central Romania), after the land subsided, spreads over approximately 10500 square metres, according to the most recent measurements published on Thursday afternoon by the Alba County Inspectorate for Emergency Situations (ISU), considering that in the morning this area measured approximately 8000 square metres. The representatives of ISU Alba maintain that the subsidence phenomenon has not increased over the last hours. The specialists in geology from relevant institutes in Bucharest and Cluj-Napoca (western Romania) are analyzing the phenomenon on site and, depending on their conclusions, measures for monitoring and limiting the effects will be taken. The witnesses placed for monitoring the phenomenon, as well as the adjacent areas, are still being checked. The under pressure water coming from a well belonging to SC Salina RA of Ocna Mures, which reached the surface, caused the subsidence, according to ISU Alba representatives. Almost 200 ISU employees, gendarmes, policemen and troops have been mobilized on site as early as Wednesday. They will remain on site until any risk is removed. hisz.rsoe.hu SONG Everything Must Change artist: Public Symphony album: Singles
- published: 25 Dec 2010
- views: 4358
- author: NibiruMagick2012
House for sale in Bucium Șasa, Alba County / Casa de vanzare in Bucium Sasa, judetul Alba
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:18
- Updated: 24 Nov 2012
UPDATE 2012.10.17: Anuntul este valabil / The advert is available Vand casa din lemn, compusa din 3 camere 4x4 m, hol, camara si bucatarie. Casa este situata in Comuna Bucium, Satul Bucium Sasa (satul lui Fefeleaga din nuvela lui Ion Agarbiceanu), jud. Alba. Zona are numeriase atractii turistice, aflandu-se la 12km de Abrud, 20km de Rosia Montana, 70km de Alba-Iulia, 75km de statiunea Arieseni, 2,5km de minunatele coloane de bazalt de la Detunata si 6 km de Poiana Narciselor de la Negrileasa. Satele din vecinatate sunt Bucium Sat, Bucium Izbita si Bucium Poieni. Intabularea pentru casa, imprejurimi, padure si faneturi e facuta deja, predarea se face la cheie. Imobilul este prevazut cu pivnita, anexe si fantana in curte, cu posibilitate de legare la conducta de alimentare cu apa a comunei. Terenul aferent casei are o suprafata de 2500 mp, fiind compus din curte, 3 gradini in jurul casei si o mica livada cu pomi fructiferi. Accesul auto se face pana in curte, fiind loc de 3-4 masini. Proprietatea se afla intr-o zona ideala pentru locuit permanent sau se poate amenaja ca si casa de vacanta sau pensiune turistica, in zona existand foarte multe posibilitati de dezvoltare a turismului. Preferential proprietatea poate fi vanduta si cu alte terenuri: pasuni/faneturi de aprox. 6 ha si padure de foioase si conifere, toate situate in localitate. Pret: 30.000EUR negociabil pentru casa si terenurile din jurul ei. Optional, se pot vinde si padurea, livezile, faneturile si alte terenuri ...
http://wn.com/House_for_sale_in_Bucium_Șasa,_Alba_County_Casa_de_vanzare_in_Bucium_Sasa,_judetul_Alba
UPDATE 2012.10.17: Anuntul este valabil / The advert is available Vand casa din lemn, compusa din 3 camere 4x4 m, hol, camara si bucatarie. Casa este situata in Comuna Bucium, Satul Bucium Sasa (satul lui Fefeleaga din nuvela lui Ion Agarbiceanu), jud. Alba. Zona are numeriase atractii turistice, aflandu-se la 12km de Abrud, 20km de Rosia Montana, 70km de Alba-Iulia, 75km de statiunea Arieseni, 2,5km de minunatele coloane de bazalt de la Detunata si 6 km de Poiana Narciselor de la Negrileasa. Satele din vecinatate sunt Bucium Sat, Bucium Izbita si Bucium Poieni. Intabularea pentru casa, imprejurimi, padure si faneturi e facuta deja, predarea se face la cheie. Imobilul este prevazut cu pivnita, anexe si fantana in curte, cu posibilitate de legare la conducta de alimentare cu apa a comunei. Terenul aferent casei are o suprafata de 2500 mp, fiind compus din curte, 3 gradini in jurul casei si o mica livada cu pomi fructiferi. Accesul auto se face pana in curte, fiind loc de 3-4 masini. Proprietatea se afla intr-o zona ideala pentru locuit permanent sau se poate amenaja ca si casa de vacanta sau pensiune turistica, in zona existand foarte multe posibilitati de dezvoltare a turismului. Preferential proprietatea poate fi vanduta si cu alte terenuri: pasuni/faneturi de aprox. 6 ha si padure de foioase si conifere, toate situate in localitate. Pret: 30.000EUR negociabil pentru casa si terenurile din jurul ei. Optional, se pot vinde si padurea, livezile, faneturile si alte terenuri ...
- published: 11 Sep 2010
- views: 4670
- author: mandrei83
Transilvania Fest 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:36
- Updated: 23 Aug 2011
Video slideshow for Transilvania Fest 2011 - travelling food and culture festival in Blaj (Alba county),Romania. - created at animoto.com
http://wn.com/Transilvania_Fest_2011
Video slideshow for Transilvania Fest 2011 - travelling food and culture festival in Blaj (Alba county),Romania. - created at animoto.com
- published: 27 Jul 2011
- views: 545
- author: CentrulRatiuTurda
Varciorog Falls
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:32
- Updated: 07 Oct 2010
A beautiful and wild falls in the middle of Biharia Moutains, the center of The Western Carpathian Moutains, above the spring of Varciorog Valley, the first tributary on the right banks of Aries River (The Golden River); Location - near 3 km of Vancuvesti Locality, Alba County, Transsylvania, Romania
http://wn.com/Varciorog_Falls
A beautiful and wild falls in the middle of Biharia Moutains, the center of The Western Carpathian Moutains, above the spring of Varciorog Valley, the first tributary on the right banks of Aries River (The Golden River); Location - near 3 km of Vancuvesti Locality, Alba County, Transsylvania, Romania
- published: 23 Oct 2008
- views: 724
- author: Florin Coman
Funny goalkeeper blunder in Ross County v Queen of the South football match - Alba Cup Final 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:24
- Updated: 05 Sep 2012
http://wn.com/Funny_goalkeeper_blunder_in_Ross_County_v_Queen_of_the_South_football_match_Alba_Cup_Final_2011
View of high to Rimetea, Romania
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:34
- Updated: 11 Jul 2012
View of high to Rimetea, Alba County, Transylvania, Romania
http://wn.com/View_of_high_to_Rimetea,_Romania
View of high to Rimetea, Alba County, Transylvania, Romania
- published: 19 Apr 2011
- views: 210
- author: Asiloidas
The Great Egret (Ardea alba) Pinellas County Florida (Sony HX 200v) REVIEW
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:57
- Updated: 21 Sep 2012
The Great Egret (Ardea alba), also known as Great White Egret, Common Egret, or Great White Heron,[2][3] is a large, widely-distributed egret. Distributed across most of the tropical and warmer temperate regions of the world, in southern Europe it is rather localized. In North America it is more widely distributed, and it is ubiquitous across the Sun Belt of the United States and in the rainforests of South America. It is sometimes confused with the Great White Heron in Florida, which is a white morph of the closely related Great Blue Heron (A. herodias). Note, however, that the name Great White Heron has occasionally been used to refer to the Great Egret.
http://wn.com/The_Great_Egret_Ardea_alba_Pinellas_County_Florida_Sony_HX_200v_REVIEW
The Great Egret (Ardea alba), also known as Great White Egret, Common Egret, or Great White Heron,[2][3] is a large, widely-distributed egret. Distributed across most of the tropical and warmer temperate regions of the world, in southern Europe it is rather localized. In North America it is more widely distributed, and it is ubiquitous across the Sun Belt of the United States and in the rainforests of South America. It is sometimes confused with the Great White Heron in Florida, which is a white morph of the closely related Great Blue Heron (A. herodias). Note, however, that the name Great White Heron has occasionally been used to refer to the Great Egret.
- published: 09 May 2012
- views: 551
- author: Pinellas Adventures
A few amazing places you really have to see when visiting Romania
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:49
- Updated: 11 Dec 2012
A few amazing places you really have to see when visiting Romania: Transalpina road: 00:02 Vârful Straja, Vâlcan mountains, in Hunedoara County: 01:13 Cheile Râmețului, Apuseni mountains, in Alba County: 01:30 Cheile Turzii, Trascău mountains, in Cluj County: 02:32 Peștera Scărișoara, Apuseni mountains, in Alba County: 02:53 Peștera Urșilor, Chișcău, Apuseni mountains, in Bihor County - I have no images from there but it DOES worth visiting it: Cimitirul Vesel (The merry cemetery), Săpânța, in Maramureș County: 04:11 The whole trip lasted two weeks: we left Bucharest to Hunedoara by crossing the Transalpina road, then we reached Cheile Râmețului, Cheile Turzii, we visited Peștera Scărișoara (Scărișoara cave), Peștera Urșilor (Bears cave) and Cimitirul Vesel (The merry cemetery) in Săpânța, we headed to Borsec and then back to Bucharest through Moldova. We chosed to sleep in the tend and there was nothing to complain about it but for those of you who are addicted to the confort, there are many pensions where you can stop for the night. The places are not over crowded (thanks God!!!) and many of the people we meet were foreign tourists. The locals are nice and it was always a pleasure to socialize with them (but you'll need at least some English basics). You'll notice that sometimes our itinerary seems to be a little confusing (for eg from Alba County to Cluj County and back to Alba County). We choose to travel by car and even though we pointed some close destinations ...
http://wn.com/A_few_amazing_places_you_really_have_to_see_when_visiting_Romania
A few amazing places you really have to see when visiting Romania: Transalpina road: 00:02 Vârful Straja, Vâlcan mountains, in Hunedoara County: 01:13 Cheile Râmețului, Apuseni mountains, in Alba County: 01:30 Cheile Turzii, Trascău mountains, in Cluj County: 02:32 Peștera Scărișoara, Apuseni mountains, in Alba County: 02:53 Peștera Urșilor, Chișcău, Apuseni mountains, in Bihor County - I have no images from there but it DOES worth visiting it: Cimitirul Vesel (The merry cemetery), Săpânța, in Maramureș County: 04:11 The whole trip lasted two weeks: we left Bucharest to Hunedoara by crossing the Transalpina road, then we reached Cheile Râmețului, Cheile Turzii, we visited Peștera Scărișoara (Scărișoara cave), Peștera Urșilor (Bears cave) and Cimitirul Vesel (The merry cemetery) in Săpânța, we headed to Borsec and then back to Bucharest through Moldova. We chosed to sleep in the tend and there was nothing to complain about it but for those of you who are addicted to the confort, there are many pensions where you can stop for the night. The places are not over crowded (thanks God!!!) and many of the people we meet were foreign tourists. The locals are nice and it was always a pleasure to socialize with them (but you'll need at least some English basics). You'll notice that sometimes our itinerary seems to be a little confusing (for eg from Alba County to Cluj County and back to Alba County). We choose to travel by car and even though we pointed some close destinations ...
- published: 22 Aug 2012
- views: 352
- author: Emanuel Suceu
Alba Iulia (Alba Carolina Fortress) - Changing the Guard
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:11
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
The 3rd Citadel Gate: every day, at 12am, the changing of the guards takes place - an unique event in Romania. On Saturdays the cannons are fired. digital-escape.blogspot.com
http://wn.com/Alba_Iulia_Alba_Carolina_Fortress_Changing_the_Guard
The 3rd Citadel Gate: every day, at 12am, the changing of the guards takes place - an unique event in Romania. On Saturdays the cannons are fired. digital-escape.blogspot.com
- published: 16 May 2009
- views: 11310
- author: cda9999
EuroVision 2009 - Alba Iulia :))
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:15
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
~10.10.2009~ This guy's got talent! xD :)) =))
http://wn.com/EuroVision_2009_Alba_Iulia_
~10.10.2009~ This guy's got talent! xD :)) =))
- published: 10 Oct 2009
- views: 7362
- author: Dream2Freerun
ross county v partick alba cup semi final peanlty shootout
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:43
- Updated: 15 Mar 2011
ross county win the alba cup semi final 4-3 on pens. hopefully county will win in perth
http://wn.com/ross_county_v_partick_alba_cup_semi_final_peanlty_shootout
ross county win the alba cup semi final 4-3 on pens. hopefully county will win in perth
- published: 13 Mar 2011
- views: 412
- author: liamhayden1
Romania 2010 - Alba Iulia City
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:20
- Updated: 22 Apr 2012
Alba Iulia is a city in Alba County, Transylvania, Romania located on the Mureş River. The city is since the High Middle Ages seat of the Transylvanian Catholic bishopric. Between 1541 and 1690 it was the capital of the Principality of Transylvania. Alba Iulia is historically important for Romanians, Hungarians and Transylvanian Saxons. The modern city is located near the site of the important Dacian political, economic and social centre of Apulon, mentioned by the ancient Greek geographer Ptolemy.
http://wn.com/Romania_2010_Alba_Iulia_City
Alba Iulia is a city in Alba County, Transylvania, Romania located on the Mureş River. The city is since the High Middle Ages seat of the Transylvanian Catholic bishopric. Between 1541 and 1690 it was the capital of the Principality of Transylvania. Alba Iulia is historically important for Romanians, Hungarians and Transylvanian Saxons. The modern city is located near the site of the important Dacian political, economic and social centre of Apulon, mentioned by the ancient Greek geographer Ptolemy.
- published: 14 Apr 2011
- views: 1118
- author: LiviaStefan Popp
Jessica Alba s Day at the LA County Fair
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:47
- Updated: 04 May 2012
Jessica Alba s Day at the LA County Fair
http://wn.com/Jessica_Alba_s_Day_at_the_LA_County_Fair
Street bmx with Alba riders
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:14
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
SUBSCRIBE FOR MORE!, thank you! Caltza, Duft and Small, three of the elite riders from Alba Iulia, decided to film some footage in their hometown and in two of the nearby towns, Orastie and Deva. This is what we've got in just three days of filming. Hope you enjoi it! DISCLAIMER: NO COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT INTENDED! I DON'T OWN THE MUSIC! EVERYTHING BELONGS TO THE COPYRIGHT OWNER!
http://wn.com/Street_bmx_with_Alba_riders
SUBSCRIBE FOR MORE!, thank you! Caltza, Duft and Small, three of the elite riders from Alba Iulia, decided to film some footage in their hometown and in two of the nearby towns, Orastie and Deva. This is what we've got in just three days of filming. Hope you enjoi it! DISCLAIMER: NO COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT INTENDED! I DON'T OWN THE MUSIC! EVERYTHING BELONGS TO THE COPYRIGHT OWNER!
- published: 13 Sep 2010
- views: 8412
- author: 1111roy
Paradise on Earth 1 - Welcome to Romania!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:30
- Updated: 01 Jan 2013
Transalpina (DN 67C) is a road in Parang Mountains, in the Southern Carpathians of Romania. It is the highest road in Romania, with the highest point in Pasul Urdele (at 2145 m). The road connects the cities of Gorj Novaci and Sebes, Alba County. Given the high altitude, the road is closed during the cold months of the year. The road was paved from Novaci to Rânca (1600 m). Now the road is paved up to Sebes, after work started in 2009. The beginning of this road are unclear. Some sources claim that it was first built by the Roman legions during the wars with the Dacians, which is why on historical maps, it is named "strategic roman corridor IV." There is a local legend that says that the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, each family participated in the construction of a portion of the road, depending on its physical and financial possibilities According to other sources, the paved road was built by the Germans during World War I, for military reasons, but was scarcely used. Transalpina was rebuilt during the interwar period and opened in 1935, when it was inaugurated by King Charles II. The road was rehabilitated during the Second World War when the Germans needed avenue for military reasons. Since then it has had very little maintenance. Works began in 2007 in order to transform this spectacular road into a modern highway (148 km), allowing a rapid transit between Oltenia and Transylvania.
http://wn.com/Paradise_on_Earth_1_Welcome_to_Romania!
Transalpina (DN 67C) is a road in Parang Mountains, in the Southern Carpathians of Romania. It is the highest road in Romania, with the highest point in Pasul Urdele (at 2145 m). The road connects the cities of Gorj Novaci and Sebes, Alba County. Given the high altitude, the road is closed during the cold months of the year. The road was paved from Novaci to Rânca (1600 m). Now the road is paved up to Sebes, after work started in 2009. The beginning of this road are unclear. Some sources claim that it was first built by the Roman legions during the wars with the Dacians, which is why on historical maps, it is named "strategic roman corridor IV." There is a local legend that says that the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, each family participated in the construction of a portion of the road, depending on its physical and financial possibilities According to other sources, the paved road was built by the Germans during World War I, for military reasons, but was scarcely used. Transalpina was rebuilt during the interwar period and opened in 1935, when it was inaugurated by King Charles II. The road was rehabilitated during the Second World War when the Germans needed avenue for military reasons. Since then it has had very little maintenance. Works began in 2007 in order to transform this spectacular road into a modern highway (148 km), allowing a rapid transit between Oltenia and Transylvania.
- published: 12 Nov 2011
- views: 982
- author: VeganDaVinci
Expo Agraria 2009 Alba Iulia BY John and raynick
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:20
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
Expozite 2009 la Alba Iulia.
http://wn.com/Expo_Agraria_2009_Alba_Iulia_BY_John_and_raynick
photo: AP / Ng Han Guan
02 Jan 2013
SEOUL -- In a domestically televised New Year's Day speech, North Korean supreme leader Kim Jong Un said he wanted to "remove confrontation" on this divided peninsula and called on "anti-reunification forces" in South Korea to cease their hostility toward the North. The lengthy address, which laid out the national goals for 2013, marked Mr ... Mr. Kim on Tuesday asked for a detente -- but with prerequisites that the conservative Ms ... ....(size: 3.2Kb)
photo: AP / Emanuel Ekra
01 Jan 2013
INZA BAKAYOKO. Associated Press= ABIDJAN, Ivory Coast (AP) — A crowd stampeded after leaving a New Year's fireworks show early Tuesday in Ivory Coast's commercial center, killing 61 people — many of them youths — and injuring more than 200, rescue workers said. The death toll was expected to rise, the officials said ... Issa Sako of the fire department rescue team.....(size: 8.1Kb)
photo: AP / Felicia Fonseca
01 Jan 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. For good reason Mark Charles, a member of the Navajo Nation, is deeply offended that buried on page 45 of the 2010 Defense Appropriation Act (after pages on the maintenance and operation of the United States Military) is an "official" apology to Native American People ... political leaders and officials find it extremely difficult in expressing remorse for past mistakes ... Escorted by the U.S....(size: 5.6Kb)
photo: WN / Imran Nissar
03 Jan 2013
A gang of men accused of repeatedly raping a 23-year-old student on a moving bus in New Delhi in a deadly crime that repulsed the nation are to appear in court today for the first time. A British tourist join others in a candlelight vigil to mourn the death of a gang rape victim, in Kolkata, India Photo. AP. 3.52AM GMT 03 Jan 2013 ... Police have ordered a bone test to determine his age and whether he can stand trial in an adult court....(size: 11.3Kb)
photo: AP / Abdullah Al-Yasin
01 Jan 2013
BEIRUT (Reuters) - Syrians woke on New Year's Day to countrywide aerial bombardment, while President Bashar al-Assad's forces and rebels fighting to topple him clashed on the outskirts of the capital. Free Syrian Army fighters and civilians search for bodies under rubble after an air strike by a fighter jet loyal to Syrian President Bashar al-Assad in Aleppo's al-Marja district December 31, 2012. REUTERS/Muzaffar Salman (SYRIA - Tags ... ....(size: 4.9Kb)
noodls
10 Dec 2012
Positive Result of the Local Referendum in Alba County, Romania ... The Referendum result, which is subject to final confirmation by the authorities in Alba County, shows approximately 63% of voters in favour of the resolution and provides a clear indication of the local and regional support for the creation of thousands of jobs, long-term sustainable ......(size: 7.7Kb)
Stockhouse
10 Dec 2012
The Referendum result, which is subject to final confirmation by the authorities in Alba County, shows approximately 63% of voters in favour of the resolution and provides a clear indication of the local and regional support for the creation of thousands of jobs, long-term sustainable development and environmental remediation that can be delivered by the modern, safe and responsible mining proposed by Gabriel in Rosia Montana ... ....(size: 6.1Kb)
Stockhouse
10 Dec 2012
The Referendum result, which is subject to final confirmation by the authorities in Alba County, shows approximately 63% of voters in favour of the resolution and provides a clear indication of the local and regional support for the creation of thousands of jobs, long-term sustainable development and environmental remediation that can be delivered by the modern, safe and responsible mining proposed by Gabriel in Rosia Montana ... ....(size: 6.1Kb)
Stockhouse
16 Nov 2012
TORONTO, CANADA--(Marketwire - Nov. 16, 2012) - Gabriel Resources Ltd. ("Gabriel" or the "Company") (TSX.GBU) understands that the Alba County Council has approved the organisation of a regional referendum on December 9, 2012 in respect of the resumption of mining in the Apuseni Mountains and, specifically, mining at the Rosia Montana Project ("Project"). Formal confirmation of this approval is expected in the coming days ... About Gabriel....(size: 6.4Kb)
Stockhouse
16 Nov 2012
TORONTO, CANADA--(Marketwire - Nov. 16, 2012) - Gabriel Resources Ltd. ("Gabriel" or the "Company") (TSX.GBU) understands that the Alba County Council has approved the organisation of a regional referendum on December 9, 2012 in respect of the resumption of mining in the Apuseni Mountains and, specifically, mining at the Rosia Montana Project ("Project"). Formal confirmation of this approval is expected in the coming days ... About Gabriel....(size: 6.4Kb)
Mineweb
08 Nov 2012
An independent proposal has been put before the Alba County Council for the organization of a regional referendum on December 9, 2012 in respect of the recommencement of mining at Rosia Montana. The Company understands that Alba County Council has yet to consider the proposal fully and vote on this matter, however should such a referendum proceed, ......(size: 4.7Kb)
Stockhouse
08 Nov 2012
An independent proposal has been put before the Alba County Council for the organization of a regional referendum on December 9, 2012 in respect of the recommencement of mining at Rosia Montana. The Company understands that Alba County ... The Company understands that Alba County Council has yet to consider the proposal fully and vote on this matter....(size: 32.9Kb)
noodls
30 Oct 2012
and Construzioni Dondi S.p.A will rehabilitate the water infrastructure in Alba ... Apa CTTA S.A., Alba for ... The jobs, part of a large project having as scope the extension and rehabilitation of water and wastewater infrastructure in Alba county, are to be finalized within 24 months (8 months for engineering services and 16 months for jobs performance)....(size: 2.5Kb)
Canada Newswire
30 Mar 2012
Mr. Curtis added ... We look forward to working closely with local communities, county authorities and the Romanian government as well as with employees and other stakeholders to build on Cupru Min's rich history and exciting potential.". Our Plan. ... This team will collaborate with nearby communities, including Lupsa and Abrud, as well as with Alba county, and engage fully in the region's social and cultural life ... Curtis said ... Frank Timis ... ....(size: 3.8Kb)
Review Journal
04 Nov 2011
Clark County museum director Mark Hall-Patton appears regularly on the History Channel's "Pawn Stars," which is broadcast in 130 countries and reaches as many as 20 million viewers weekly ... And Diana Alba, county clerk, is in preliminary talks with a production company interested in producing a show about the Las Vegas wedding industry, with a central focus on particular couples and how they get married ... Alba in her two years as clerk....(size: 3.2Kb)
Review Journal
01 Nov 2011
Diana Alba, county clerk, is in preliminary talks with a production company interested in producing a show about the wedding industry that would include the demand for Las Vegas weddings with a central focus on particular couples and how they get married ... The office would directly benefit in issuing more licenses -- a $31 revenue generator for the county for each license -- and the promotion of getting married in Las Vegas, Alba said....(size: 4.8Kb)
Mineweb
04 Oct 2010
TORONTO, CANADA (MARKET WIRE) -. Gabriel Resources Ltd. (TSX ... 87/2010, filed by Greenpeace Romania and the Centre of Legal Resources against Alba County Council and the Company's local operation subsidiary, Rosia Montana Gold Corporation ("RMGC"). This decision confirms the validity of the urbanism certificate issued to RMGC ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)
Mining Weekly
01 Oct 2010
Gabriel also reported that the Bucharest Tribunal has rejected a request for the suspension of the urbanism certificate No. 87/2010, filed by Greenpeace Romania and the Centre of Legal Resources against Alba County Council and the company's local operation subsidiary, Rosia Montana Gold Corporation ... said CEO Jonathan Henry ... ....(size: 1.6Kb)
| Alba | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| — County (Județ) — | |||
|
|||
 |
|||
| Country |  Romania |
||
| Development region1 | Centru | ||
| Historic region | Transylvania | ||
| County seat | Alba-Iulia | ||
| Government | |||
| • Type | County Board | ||
| • President of the County Board | Ion Dumitrel (Democratic Party) | ||
| • Prefect2 | Cosmin Covaciu | ||
| Area | |||
| • Total | 6,242 km2 (2,410 sq mi) | ||
| Area rank | 16th in Romania | ||
| Population | |||
| • Total | 327,224 | ||
| • Rank | 29th in Romania | ||
| • Density | 52/km2 (140/sq mi) | ||
| Time zone | EET (UTC+2) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | EEST (UTC+3) | ||
| Postal Code | 51wxyz3 | ||
| Area code(s) | +40 x584 | ||
| Car Plates | AB5 | ||
| GDP | US$ 3.77 billion (2008) | ||
| GDP/capita | US$ 9,842 (2008) | ||
| Website | County Board County Prefecture |
||
| 1The developing regions of Romania have no administrative role. They were formed to attract funds from the European Union 2 as of 2007, the Prefect is not a politician, but a public functionary. He (or she) is not allowed to be a member of a political party, and are banned to have any political activity in the first six months after the resignation (or exclusion) from the public functionaires corp 3w, x, y, and z are digits that indicate the city, the street, part of the street, or eaven the building of the address 4x is a digit indicating the operator: 2 for the former national operator, Romtelecom, and 3 for the other ground telephone networks 5used on both the plates of the vehicles that operate only in the county limits (like utilitary vehicles & ATVs, etc.) and the ones used outside the county |
|||
Alba (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈalba]) is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Transylvania, its capital city being Alba-Iulia with a population of 66,406.
Contents |
Name[link]
"Alba" means "white" in Romanian. In Hungarian, it is known as Fehér, and in German as Kreis Alba.
Demographics[link]
In October 31, 2011, it had a population of 327,224 and the population density was 52/km².
- Romanians - 89.9%[1]
- Hungarians - 4.8%
- Romani - 4.7%
- Germans - 0.2%
| Year | County population[2] |
|---|---|
| 1948 | 361,062 |
| 1956 | 370,800 |
| 1966 | 382,786 |
| 1977 | 409,634 |
| 1992 | 413,919 |
| 2002 | 382,747 |
| 2011 | 327,224 |
Geography[link]
This county has a total area of 6,242 km², with mountains occupying about 59% of its surface.
In the northwestern part there are the Apuseni Mountains, in the southern part there is the northeastern side of the Parâng group - Şureanu and Cindrel Mountains. In the east there is the Transylvanian Plateau with deep but wide valleys. The three main elements are separated by the Mureş River valley.
The main rivers are the Mureş River and its tributaries, the Târnava, the Sebeş and the Arieş.
Neighbours[link]
- Sibiu County and Mureş County in the East.
- Bihor County and Arad County in the West.
- Cluj County in the North.
- Hunedoara County in the South-West.
Economy[link]
The predominant industries in the county are:
- Food industry.
- Textile industry.
- Wood industry.
- Mechanical components.
- Paper and packaging materials industry.
- Chemical industry.
The mineral resources exploited in Alba county are metals (gold, silver, copper), salt and construction materials: marble, granite, etc.
Roșia Montană gold mines[link]
Mining began 2000 years ago on Mt. Kirnik, with well-preserved Roman galleries. A Canadian company attempted an open-pit mine, but abandoned the project around 2007. Roșia Montană is a famous locality among mineral collectors for fine native gold specimens.[3]
Tourist attractions[link]
The main tourist attractions in the county are:
- The city of Alba Iulia.
- The Apuseni Mountains.
- Scărişoara Karst Complex.
- Maidens' Fair on the Găina Mountain.
- "The Hill With Snails" west of Vidra.
- Barren Detunata and Shaggy Detunata.
- The Câlnic Castle and the Castle of Gârbova.
- The Towns and Churches of Sebeş and Aiud.
- The Ocna Mureş Resort.
- The Ţara Moţilor ethnographical area. Situated in the Apuseni Mountains, Ţara Moţilor is a region with strong Romanian traditions.
People[link]
Administrative divisions[link]
Alba County has 4 municipalities, 7 towns and 68 communes
- Municipalities
- Aiud
- Alba Iulia - county seat; 66,406 (as of 2002)
- Blaj
- Sebeş
- Towns
Historical county[link]
| Judeţul Alba | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| — County (Judeţ) — | |||
|
|||
 |
|||
| Country |  Romania |
||
| Historic region | Transylvania | ||
| Capital city (Reşedinţă de judeţ) | Alba-Iulia | ||
| Established | 1925 | ||
| Ceased to exist | Administrative and Constitutional Reform in 1938 | ||
| Government | |||
| • Prefect | |||
| Area | |||
| • Total | 2,433 km2 (939 sq mi) | ||
| Population (1930) | |||
| • Total | 213,795 | ||
| Time zone | EET (UTC+2) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | EEST (UTC+3) | ||
Administration[link]
The county consisted of eight districts (plăṣi):
- Abrud
- Aiud
- Alba-Iulia
- Ocna-Mureșului
- Sebeș
- Teiuș
- Vințul-de-Jos
- Zlatna
After 1938[link]
After the 1938 Administrative and Constitutional Reform, this county merged with the counties of Ciuc, Odorhei, Sibiu, Târnava Mare, Târnava Micǎ to form Ţinutul Mureş.
References[link]
External links[link]
- (Romanian) Alba County on memoria.ro
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Alba County |
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Coordinates: 46°08′00″N 23°32′00″E / 46.1333°N 23.5333°E / 46.1333; 23.5333
http://wn.com/Alba_County
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Distretto di Alba
http://cs.wn.com/Alba
http://id.wn.com/Provinsi Alba
http://es.wn.com/Alba (Rumania)
http://ru.wn.com/Алба (жудец)
http://nl.wn.com/District Alba
http://pl.wn.com/Okręg Alba
http://fr.wn.com/Județ d'Alba
http://de.wn.com/Kreis Alba
http://pt.wn.com/Alba (distrito)
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba_County
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Jessica Alba | |
|---|---|
 Alba in 2010 |
|
| Born | Jessica Marie Alba (1981-04-28) April 28, 1981 (age 31) Pomona, California, U.S. |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 1994–present |
| Spouse | Cash Warren (m. 2008) «start: (2008)»"Marriage: Cash Warren to Jessica Alba" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Jessica_Alba) |
| Children | 2 |
Jessica Marie Alba (born April 28, 1981[1]) is an American television and film actress. She began her television and movie appearances at age 13 in Camp Nowhere and The Secret World of Alex Mack (1994). Alba rose to prominence as the lead actress in the television series Dark Angel (2000–2002).[2][3] Alba later appeared in various films including Honey (2003), Sin City (2005), Fantastic Four (2005), Into the Blue (2005), Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer and Good Luck Chuck both in 2007.[4][5]
Alba has been called a sex symbol.[6][7] She appears on the "Hot 100" section of Maxim and was voted number one on AskMen.com's list of "99 Most Desirable Women" in 2006, as well as "Sexiest Woman in the World" by FHM in 2007.[8][9][10] The use of her image on the cover of the March 2006 Playboy sparked a lawsuit by her, which was later dropped.[11] She has also won various awards for her acting, including the Choice Actress Teen Choice Award and Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television, and a Golden Globe nomination for her lead role in the television series Dark Angel.[4]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Alba was born in Pomona, California[1] to Catherine (née Jensen) and Mark Alba. Her mother is of Danish and French Canadian descent and her father is Mexican American.[12] She has a younger brother, Joshua. Her father's Air Force career took the family to Biloxi, Mississippi and Del Rio, Texas, before settling back in California when she was nine years old.[3][12] Alba described her family as being a "very conservative family – a traditional, Catholic, Latin American family" and herself as very liberal; she says she had identified herself as a "feminist" as early as age five.[13]
Alba's early life was marked by a multitude of physical maladies. During childhood, she suffered from collapsed lungs twice, had pneumonia four to five times a year, as well as a ruptured appendix and a tonsillar cyst.[3] Alba became isolated from other children at school, because she was in the hospital so often due to her illnesses that no one knew her well enough to befriend her.[14] Alba has also had asthma since she was a child.[3] Alba has said that her family's frequent moving also contributed to her isolation from her peers.[13] She has acknowledged that she has suffered from obsessive–compulsive disorder during her childhood.[15][16] Alba graduated from high school at age 16,[17] and she subsequently attended the Atlantic Theater Company.[18]
Career[link]
Alba expressed interest in acting since the age of five. In 1992, the 11-year-old Alba persuaded her mother to take her to an acting competition in Beverly Hills, whose grand prize was free acting classes. Alba won the grand prize, and took her first acting lessons. An agent signed Alba nine months later.[3][18][19] Her first appearance on film was a small role in the 1994 feature Camp Nowhere as Gail. She was originally hired for two weeks but her role turned into a two-month job in a leading role when one of the prominent actresses dropped out.[2]
Alba appeared in two national television commercials for Nintendo and J.C. Penney as a child. She was later featured in several independent films. She branched out into television in 1994 with a recurring role as the vain Jessica in three episodes of the Nickelodeon comedy series The Secret World of Alex Mack.[3] She then performed the role of Maya in the first two seasons of the television series Flipper.[2][3] Under the tutelage of her lifeguard mother, Alba learned to swim before she could walk, and she was a PADI-certified scuba diver, skills which were put to use on the show, which was filmed in Australia.[3][20]
In 1998, she appeared as Melissa Hauer in a first-season episode of the Steven Bochco crime-drama Brooklyn South, as Leanne in two episodes of Beverly Hills, 90210, and as Layla in an episode of The Love Boat: The Next Wave.[citation needed] In 1999, she appeared in the Randy Quaid comedy feature P.U.N.K.S..[2] After Alba graduated from high school, she studied acting with William H. Macy and his wife, Felicity Huffman, at the Atlantic Theater Company, which was developed by Macy and Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright and film director, David Mamet.[18][21]
Alba rose to greater prominence in Hollywood in 1999 after appearing as a member of a snobby high school clique in the Drew Barrymore romantic comedy Never Been Kissed, and as the female lead in the 1999 comedy-horror film Idle Hands, opposite Devon Sawa.[5]
Her big break came when writer/director James Cameron picked Alba from a pool of 1,200 candidates for the role of the genetically-engineered super-soldier, Max Guevara, on the Fox sci-fi television series Dark Angel. Co-created by Cameron, the series starred Alba, and ran for two seasons until 2002, earning her critical acclaim as well as a Golden Globe nomination.[5][22] Alba later admitted to practicing anorexia while in preparation for Dark Angel.[23]
Alba has been well-received in popular culture. She received the Teen Choice Award for Choice Actress and Saturn Award for Best Actress for her role in Dark Angel. In 2006, Alba received an MTV Movie Award for "Sexiest Performance" for Sin City.[4][10][24] Her acting has also drawn criticism, however, as she was nominated for a 2007 Razzie Award for Worst Actress for her performances in Awake, Good Luck Chuck, and Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer.[25] She was also nominated for the same award in 2005 for her performances in Fantastic Four and Into the Blue.[26]
Alba's most notable film roles have included an aspiring dancer-choreographer in Honey, exotic dancer Nancy Callahan in Sin City, and as the Marvel Comics character Sue Storm, the Invisible Woman in Fantastic Four. She then appeared in its sequel, in Into the Blue later that year, and Good Luck Chuck a few years later.[4][27][28] Alba hosted the 2006 MTV Movie Awards and performed sketches spoofing the movies King Kong, Mission: Impossible 3, and The Da Vinci Code.[29] In February 2008, she hosted the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences' Science and Technical Awards.[30] Alba has been represented by talent agents Patrick Whitesell[31] and Brad Cafarelli.[11]
In 2008, Alba made her acting transition to the horror-film genre in The Eye, a remake of the Hong Kong original.[12][32] The film was released on February 1, 2008. Though the film was not well received by critics,[33] Alba's performance was both positively and negatively received. Alba won a Teen Choice for Choice Movie Actress: Horror/Thriller and a Razzie Award for Worst Actress-nomination.[34] Also in 2008, Alba starred alongside Mike Myers and Justin Timberlake in "box office bomb" The Love Guru. Alba was nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst Actress.[4]
In late 2008, Alba signed on to star as the lead role in An Invisible Sign of My Own.[35] The movie finished filming in November 2008.[36] It premiered at the Hamptons International Film Festival and was released to theaters in May 2011.[37][38]
In 2010, Alba starred in five films. She played Joyce Lakeland, a prostitute in The Killer Inside Me, film adaption of the book of the same name which co-starred Kate Hudson and Casey Affleck. The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival.[39][40][41][40][42] Her second film of the year was the hit romantic comedy Valentine's Day, directed by Garry Marshall.[43][44][45] She portrayed Ashton Kutcher's girlfriend, Morley Clarkson, in the ensemble film that included Julia Roberts, Anne Hathaway, Jessica Biel, Bradley Cooper, and Jennifer Garner, among others.[44][46][47] It was released on February 12, 2010.[47] Later in the year, she appeared in action film Machete, in An Invisible Sign of My Own and in Little Fockers, reuniting with Robert De Niro who was also in Machete.
In August 2010, it was announced that Alba would appear in Spy Kids 4.[48] The film was released a year later.
In January 2012, Alba and business partner Chris Gavigan launched The Honest Company, a collection of toxin-free household goods, diapers, and body care products.[49] In March 2012, Alba announced that she will be releasing a book, The Honest Life, based on her experiences creating a natural, non-toxic life for her family. The book, slated for release in early 2013, will be published by Rodale.[50]
Her next projects include comedy A.C.O.D.[51] and animated film Escape from Planet Earth.[52] Alba will also reprise her role as Santana in Machete's sequel Machete Kills[53] and as Nancy Callahan in Sin City: A Dame to Kill For, sequel to 2005's Sin City.[54] Filming for Sin City is expected to start in the summer of 2012 with a release set in October 2013.[54]
Public image[link]
File:Playboy 0603.jpg
Cover of the March 2006 issue of Playboy magazine. Alba objected to being on the cover of the magazine and filed suit, but later dropped the action.
In 2001, Alba was ranked No. 1 on Maxim magazine's Hot 100 list. She said that "I have to go to certain lengths to use sexuality to my advantage, while guiding people to thinking the way I want them to."[55] In 2005, Alba was named one of People magazine's 50 Most Beautiful People, and also appeared in the magazine's 100 Most Beautiful list in 2007. In 2002, Alba was voted as the fifth Sexiest Female Star for 2002 in a Hollywood.com poll, No.4 in the Top 10 Sci-Fi Babes, No.6 in FHM's Sexiest Girls for their poll, and ranked at No.12 in Stuff magazine's "102 Sexiest Women in the World" 2002 edition.[56] In 2005, Alba was ranked at No.5 on the Maxim magazine's Hot 100 list.[57]
On the cover of the March 2006 issue, Playboy magazine named Alba among its 25 Sexiest Celebrities, and the Sex Star of the Year. Alba was involved in litigation against Playboy for its use of her image (from a promotional shot for Into the Blue) without her consent, which she contends gave the appearance that she was featured in the issue in a "nude pictorial". However, she later dropped the lawsuit after receiving a personal apology from Playboy owner Hugh Hefner, who agreed to make donations to two charities that Alba has supported.[11]
When reports surfaced that a 21-year-old Chinese girl was seeking plastic surgery to resemble Alba in order to win back an ex-boyfriend, the star spoke out against the perceived need to change one's appearance for love.[58]
In 2006, Alba ranked No.3 on E! Television's 101 Sexiest Celebrity Bodies. In 2006 readers of AskMen.com voted Alba No. 1 on 99 Most Desirable Women,[9] while in 2007, Maxim Magazine placed Alba on the number 2 spot of their "Top 100".[10] Both GQ and In Style had Alba on their June 2008 covers,[59][60] and in May, after eight million votes, FHM (UK and USA editions) named Alba the winner as "2007's Sexiest Woman in the World".[61] Alba has been regarded as one of the world's most attractive women, being named to Maxim's Hot 100 in 2008.[62] In 2007, Alba was ranked in at No.1 in FHM's Sexiest Girls of 2007 poll, in the magazine's Latvian edition. Alba was ranked No.4 on Empire Magazine's 100 Sexiest Movie Stars in 2007. In 2006 and 2007, Alba was voted No.1 as the most sexy woman in the world by the Norwegian FHM.[57] Alba appeared in the 2009 Campari calendar. Campari printed 9,999 copies of the calendar featuring photos of Alba posing sexually in swimsuits, and high heels.[63] In 2008, Alba was ranked No.34 on Maxim magazine's Hot 100 list, was ranked No.2 on Wizard magazine's "Sexiest Women of TV" list, and was named in GQ Magazine one of the 25 Sexiest Women in film of all time.[57] Alba is the only woman who has made the Maxim Magazine Hot 100 list in all the years it was published; from 2000 to 2012.[64] She appeared on Maxim's 2011 Hot 100 list, finishing 21.[65] She was named one of the "100 Hottest Women of All-Time" by Men's Health.[66] People named her one of 2012 Most Beautiful at Every Age.[67]
"I think there are ambitious girls who will do anything to be famous, and they think men in this business are used to women doing that. Contrary to how people may feel, I've never used my sexuality. That's not part of it for me. When I'm in a meeting, I want to tell you why I'm an asset, how I'm a commodity, how I can put asses in the seats, not, 'There's a chance you're going to be able to fuck me.' That's never been my deal."
Alba on not using her sex appeal in order to get her goals in her acting career, 2008[68]
Alba fears being typecast as a sex kitten based on the bulk of parts offered to her, commenting, "Somehow, I don't think this is happening to Natalie Portman."[69] In the interview, Alba said she wants to be taken seriously as an actress but believes she needs to do movies that she would otherwise not be interested in to build her career, stating that eventually she hopes to be more selective in her film projects.[69] Alba also maintains a strict no-nudity clause in her contract. She was given the option to appear nude in Sin City by the film's directors, Frank Miller and Robert Rodriguez, but declined the offer, saying, "I don't do nudity. I just don't. Maybe that makes me a bad actress. Maybe I won't get hired in some things. But I have too much anxiety".[70] She remarked of a GQ shoot in which she was scantily clad, "They didn't want me to wear the granny panties, but I said, 'If I'm gonna be topless I need to wear granny panties."[71] In March 2010, she reasserted her position to Scarlet magazine, saying, "I can act sexy and wear sexy clothes but I can’t go naked."[72] For the shower scene in Machete, she was wearing underwear, which was digitally removed afterwards.[72]
Personal life[link]
Religion[link]
Alba was raised as a Catholic[73] throughout her teenage years,[74] but left the church after four years because she felt she was being judged for her appearance, explaining: "Older men would hit on me, and my youth pastor said it was because I was wearing provocative clothing, when I wasn't. It just made me feel like if I was in any way desirable to the opposite sex that it was my fault, and it made me ashamed of my body and being a woman".[75]
Alba also had objections to the church's condemnations of premarital sex and homosexuality, and what she saw as a lack of strong female role models in the Bible, explaining "I thought it was a nice guide, but it certainly wasn't how I was going to live my life."[70] Her "religious devotion [began] to wane" at the age of 15 when she guest-starred as a teenager with gonorrhea in the throat in a 1996 episode of the television series Chicago Hope. Her friends at church reacted negatively to her role, making her lose faith in the church.[3] However, she has stated that she still holds her belief in God despite leaving the church.[76]
Relationships and family[link]
While filming Dark Angel in January 2000, Alba began a three year relationship with her co-star Michael Weatherly, which caused controversy due to their 12-year age difference.[77] Weatherly proposed to Alba on her twentieth birthday, which she accepted.[12] In August 2003, Alba and Weatherly announced that they'd ended their relationship.[3] In July 2007, Alba spoke out about the breakup, saying "I don't know [why I got engaged]. I was a virgin. He was 12 years older than me. I thought he knew better. My parents weren't happy. They're really religious. They believe God wouldn't allow the Bible to be written if it wasn't what they are supposed to believe. I'm completely different."[78] Alba had at one time said she envisioned a much older man as her ideal partner, making references to Morgan Freeman, Sean Connery, Robert Redford, and Michael Caine. She said, "I have this thing for older men. They've been around and know so much."[79]
Alba met Cash Warren, son of actor Michael Warren, while filming Fantastic Four in 2004.[80][81] Alba married Warren in Los Angeles on Monday, May 19, 2008.[82][83] They have two daughters: Honor Marie Warren (born 2008)[84][85] and Haven Garner Warren (born 2011).[86] The first pictures of Honor Marie appeared in the July 2008 issue of OK! magazine, which reportedly paid $1.5 million.[87]
Charity and politics[link]
In 2005, Alba offered her acting talents for free, to raise money for AIDS charity Amfar at the Cannes Film Festival. The Industry had held a benefit for the US research foundation. Alba had caused "the greatest stir" by promising to star as an unpaid actress in one of The Lord of the Rings producer Bob Weinstein's movies, if Weinstein agreed to bid $100,000 for tennis lessons with sports stars Monica Seles and Boris Becker.[88]
Alba's charity work includes participation with Clothes Off Our Back, Habitat for Humanity, National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, Project HOME, RADD, Revlon Run/Walk for Women, SOS Children Villages, Soles4Souls, and Step up.[89] Alba openly endorsed and supported Democratic presidential hopeful Barack Obama during the 2008 primary season.[90] Alba is an ambassador for the 1Goal movement to provide education to children in Africa.[91]
Alba posed for a bondage-themed print advertising campaign by Declare Yourself, a campaign encouraging voter registration among youth for the 2008 United States presidential election. The ads photographed by Mark Liddell,[92][93] which feature Alba wrapped in and gagged with black tape, drew national media attention. The ads were described by some as being "Shocking".[93] Alba said of doing the advertisements that "it didn't freak me out at all." Alba also said "I think it is important for young people to be aware of the need we have in this country to get them more active politically," and "People respond to things that are shocking."[94]
In June 2009, while filming The Killer Inside Me in Oklahoma City, Alba was involved in a controversy with residents when she pasted posters of sharks around town.[citation needed] Alba said that she was trying to bring attention to the diminishing population of great white sharks. Media outlets speculated that Alba would be pursued and charged with vandalism.[95] On June 16, 2009, Oklahoma City police said that they would not pursue criminal charges against Alba, because none of the property owners wanted to pursue it.[96][97] Alba apologized in a statement to People magazine and said that she regretted her actions.[96] She later donated an undisclosed amount of money (over $500)[98] to the United Way, whose billboard she had obscured with one of the shark posters.[99][100][101][102]
In 2011, Alba participated in a two day lobbying effort in Washington D.C. in support of the Safe Chemicals Act, a revision of the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976.[103][104]
Filmography[link]
Film[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1994 | Camp Nowhere | Gail | Film debut |
| 1995 | Venus Rising | Young Eve | |
| 1999 | P.U.N.K.S. | Samantha Swoboda | |
| Never Been Kissed | Kirsten Liosis | ||
| Idle Hands | Molly | ||
| 2000 | Paranoid | Chloe | |
| 2003 | The Sleeping Dictionary | Selima | DVD Exclusive Award for Best Actress in a DVD Premiere Movie |
| Honey | Honey Daniels | Teen Choice Award for Breakout Movie Star, Actress – Drama/Action Adventure, Chemistry and Liplock Nominated |
|
| 2005 | Sin City | Nancy Callahan | MTV Movie Award for Sexiest Performance Nominated – Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress Nominated – Alma Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture Nominated – Washington DC Area Film Critics Association Awards for Best Ensemble Nominated – Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Cast |
| Fantastic Four | Sue Storm / Invisible Woman | Nominated – Imagen Foundation Award for Best Actress Nominated – MTV Movie Award for Best Hero |
|
| Into the Blue | Sam | ||
| 2007 | Knocked Up | Herself | Uncredited Cameo |
| Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer | Sue Storm / Invisible Woman | Blimp Award for Favorite Female Movie Star | |
| The Ten | Liz Anne Blazer | ||
| Good Luck Chuck | Cam Wexler | ||
| Awake | Sam Lockwood | ||
| 2008 | The Eye | Sydney Wells | Teen Choice Award for Actress: Horror/Thriller |
| Meet Bill | Lucy | ||
| The Love Guru | Jane Bullard | ||
| 2010 | Valentine's Day | Morely Clarkson | |
| The Killer Inside Me | Joyce Lakeland[105] | ||
| Machete | Special Agent Sartana Rivera | ||
| An Invisible Sign | Mona Gray | ||
| Little Fockers | Andi Garcia[106][107] | ||
| 2011 | Spy Kids 4: All the Time in the World | Marissa Wilson | |
| 2013 | Escape from Planet Earth | Lena | post-production |
| A.C.O.D. | post-production |
Television[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1994 | The Secret World of Alex Mack | Jessica | "School Dance" (Season 1, Episode 5) "Hoop War" (Season 1, Episode 2) "The Accident" (Season 1, Episode 1) |
| 1995– 1997 |
Flipper | Maya Graham | Recurring character Nominated – Young Star Award-Best Performance by a Young Actress in a Daytime TV Program (1998) |
| 1996 | ABC Afterschool Special | Christy | "Too Soon for Jeff" (Season 25, Episode 1) |
| 1996 | Chicago Hope | Florie Hernandez | "Sexual Perversity in Chicago Hope" (Season 2, Episode 18) |
| 1998 | Brooklyn South | Melissa Hauer | "Exposing Johnson" (Season 1, Episode 12) |
| 1998 | Beverly Hills, 90210 | Leanne | "Making Amends" (Season 8, Episode 23) "The Nature of Nurture" (Season 8, Episode 25) |
| 1998 | The Love Boat: The Next Wave | Layla | "Remember?" (Season 1, Episode 2) |
| 2000– 2002 |
Dark Angel | Max Guevara / X5-452 | Lead Role Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama (2000) Won – Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television (2001) Nominated – Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Drama Series – Leading Young Actress (2001) Won – Teen Choice Award for TV – Choice Actress (2001) Won – TV Guide Award TV Guide Award for Breakout Star of the Year (2001) Nominated TV Guide Award TV Guide Award for Actress of the Year in a New Series (2001) Nominated – ALMA Award for Outstanding Actress in a Television Series (2002) Nominated – Saturn Award for Best Actress in a Television Series (2002) Nominated – Kid's Choice Award for Favorite Female Action Hero (2002) Nominated – Teen Choice Award for TV – Choice Actress-Drama (2002) |
| 2003 | MADtv | Jessica Simpson | "Episode #9.5" (Season 9, Episode 5) |
| 2004 | Entourage | Herself | "The Review" (Season 1, Episode 2) |
| 2005 | Trippin' | Herself | "Costa Rica" (Season 1, Episode 6) "Honduras" (Season 1, Episode 5) |
| 2009 | The Office | Sophie | "Stress Relief" (Season 5, Episode 15) |
Awards[link]
| Year | Awards | Category | Nominated Work | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2001 | ALMA Award | Breakthrough Actress of the Year | None | Won |
| Golden Globe Awards | Best Performance by an Actress in a TV-Series – Drama | Dark Angel | Nominated | |
| 2002 | Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards | Favorite Female Action Hero | Dark Angel | Nominated |
| 2005 | Young Hollywood Awards | Superstar of Tomorrow | None | Won |
| 2006 | Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards | Favorite Movie Actress | Fantastic Four | Nominated |
| 2007 | TV Land Awards | Little Screen / Big Screen Star (Women) | None | Nominated |
| Spike TV Guys' Choice Awards | Hottest Jessica | None | Won | |
| 2008 | People's Choice Awards | Favorite Female Action Star | None | Nominated |
| People's Choice Awards | Favorite Leading Lady | None | Nominated | |
| Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards | Favorite Female Movie Star | Fantastic 4: Rise of the Silver Surfer | Won | |
| 2012 | Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards | Favorite Buttkicker | Spy Kids: All the Time in the World in 4D | Nominated |
| (Source: IMDb.com) | ||||
References[link]
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- ^ "Jessica Alba: Older men are ideal partners". Femalefirst.co.uk. http://www.femalefirst.co.uk/celebrity/56902004.htm. Retrieved April 23, 2008.
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External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jessica Alba |
- Jessica Alba at the Internet Movie Database
- Jessica Alba at AllRovi
- Jessica Alba at People.com
- Jessica Alba at Yahoo! Movies
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Alba, Jessica |
| Alternative names | Alba, Jessica Marie |
| Short description | actress |
| Date of birth | April 28, 1981 |
| Place of birth | Pomona, California, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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Wiki Summary
Alba (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈalba]) is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Transylvania, its capital city being Alba-Iulia with a population of 66,406.
"Alba" means "white" in Romanian. In Hungarian, it is known as Fehér, and in German as Kreis Alba.
In October 31, 2011, it had a population of 327,224 and the population density was 52/km².
This county has a total area of 6,242 km², with mountains occupying about 59% of its surface.
In the northwestern part there are the Apuseni Mountains, in the southern part there is the northeastern side of the Parâng group - Şureanu and Cindrel Mountains. In the east there is the Transylvanian Plateau with deep but wide valleys. The three main elements are separated by the Mureş River valley.
The main rivers are the Mureş River and its tributaries, the Târnava, the Sebeş and the Arieş.
The predominant industries in the county are:
The mineral resources exploited in Alba county are metals (gold, silver, copper), salt and construction materials: marble, granite, etc.
