Robert Alan Echols was born in Michigan on 13th June 1951. His parents, Katherine and Henry, raised him and his 4 brothers and 1 sister in Los Angeles, California. He attended Granada Hills High School and was a musician. When he moved to Australia, he soon got a lot of voice over and boom operating jobs on various commercials and then he began to get small acting parts on the commercials and he acted in a joke segment in an Australian TV show called "Just Kidding!" He now lives in New York City.
county | Echols County |
---|---|
state | Georgia |
map | Echols County Georgia.png |
map size | 225 |
founded | 1858 |
seat | Statenville |
area total sq mi | 420.80 |
area land sq mi | 404.13 |
area water sq mi | 16.67 |
area percentage | 3.96% |
census estimate yr | 2005 |
pop | 4253 |
density sq mi | 9 |
density km2 | 4 |
time zone | Eastern |
utc offset | -5 |
dst offset | -4 |
District | 1st |
web | www.echolscountygeorgia.com }} |
Echols County is a county located in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is part of the Valdosta, Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of 2000, the population is 3,754. The 2007 Census Estimate shows a population of 4,093. The county seat is Statenville. Statenville is not an incorporated municipality, making Echols County one of only three counties in Georgia to have an unincorporated county seat.
Established in 1858, from the parts of Lowndes and Clinch the county was named in honor of Robert Milner Echols (1798–1847). The county is in the Valdosta, Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area. Echols was born in Georgia and served in the state legislature for many years. He was killed in the Mexican-American War, and is buried in Georgia (though not in Echols County).
Echols County has become notable in recent years as it has served as a place of banishment for many of Georgia's criminals. As the Georgia State Constitution forbids banishment beyond the borders of the state, officials instead ban the offender from 158 of Georgia's 159 counties, with Echols remaining as their only option. No such criminal has been documented as actually moving to Echols.
There were 1,264 households out of which 38.10% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.60% were married couples living together, 10.80% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.90% were non-families. 18.70% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.97 and the average family size was 3.26.
In the county, the population was spread out with 29.30% under the age of 18, 12.50% from 18 to 24, 30.80% from 25 to 44, 18.30% from 45 to 64, and 9.10% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females there were 116.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 114.60 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $25,851, and the median income for a family was $27,700. Males had a median income of $24,650 versus $17,297 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,727. 28.70% of the population and 22.30% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 33.10% are under the age of 18 and 29.80% are 65 or older.
Category:1858 establishments in the United States Category:Georgia (U.S. state) counties Category:Valdosta metropolitan area
ar:مقاطعة إكولس، جورجيا bg:Екълс (окръг, Джорджия) de:Echols County es:Condado de Echols eo:Kantono Echols (Georgio) fr:Comté d'Echols bpy:ইচোলস কাউন্টি, জর্জিয়া it:Contea di Echols nl:Echols County no:Echols County nds:Echols County pl:Hrabstwo Echols pt:Condado de Echols ru:Эклс (округ, Джорджия) sv:Echols County uk:Еколс (округ, Джорджія) vi:Quận Echols, Georgia zh:埃科爾斯縣 (喬治亞州)This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
name | Damien Wayne Echols |
---|---|
birth date | December 11, 1974 |
birth place | West Memphis, Arkansas |
conviction | 3 counts First Degree Murder |
conviction penalty | Sentenced to time already served and released in August 2011 under a plea deal |
conviction status | Released |
spouse | Lorri Davis |
children | 1 son }} |
The HBO documentary films ''Paradise Lost: The Child Murders at Robin Hood Hills'' and ''Paradise Lost 2: Revelations'', and a book on the convictions, ''Devil's Knot'' by Mara Leveritt, all make the case that the convictions were wrongfully obtained and three innocent men are in prison. Another sequel, Paradise Lost 3: Purgatory, is currently being filmed. A second book, written earlier than Mara Leveritt's, is less supportive. That book, ''Blood of Innocents'' by Guy Reel, Marc Perrusquia and Bartholomew Sullivan, examines both sides of the case without coming to any definitive conclusion. In light of the DNA tests completed in 2007 that excluded the defendants as contributors, Perrusquia has joined those who publicly doubt whether the convictions were just.
Echols' case has seen significant support from numerous rock and pop musicians, who have popularized the case by staging fund-raisers including benefit CDs and an art auction with some of his own work. Eddie Vedder of Pearl Jam and Natalie Maines of The Dixie Chicks are among high profile celebrities that worked for Echols's release. They appeared on a segment of Larry King Live in August 2010, to discuss the case, along with Echols's wife Lorri Davis. Metal band Disturbed released a song called "3" on 28 April 2011 for $0.99. All proceeds go to benefit the Damien Echols Defense Fund.
Echols co-wrote the lyrics to the song "Army Reserve", on Pearl Jam's self-titled album. Punk musician Michale Graves, formerly of The Misfits has been writing music to coincide with Echols' poetry. Echols and Graves worked together on an album, ''illusions'', released October 2007.
Artist and musician Marilyn Manson auctioned one of his paintings in aid of the 'Damien Echols Defense Fund'.
Echols sought to overturn his conviction based on trial error including juror misconduct, as well as with the results of a DNA Status Report filed on July 17, 2007, which concluded "none of the genetic material recovered at the scene of the crimes was attributable to Mr. Echols, Echols' co-defendant, Jason Baldwin, or defendant Jessie Misskelley. . . . [a]lthough most of the genetic material recovered from the scene was attributable to the victims of the offenses, some of it cannot be attributed to either the victims or the defendants."
Advanced DNA and other scientific evidence — combined with additional evidence from several different witnesses and experts — released in October 2007 has thrown the original ruling into question. A hearing on his petition for a writ of habeas corpus is pending in the Federal District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas.
He married Lorri Davis, who has been a long-time campaigner, while he was in prison in 1999.
Until August 2011, he was incarcerated in the Arkansas Department of Correction (ADC) Varner Unit Supermax. Echols, ADC# 000931, entered the system on March 19, 1994.
On August 19, 2011, Echols, along with Baldwin and Misskelley, entered an Alford plea. The judge then sentenced them to 18 years and 78 days, the amount of time they had served, and also levied a suspended sentence of 10 years. Echols sentence was reduced to three counts of first degree murder. Lawyers representing the West Memphis Three reached the plea deal that allowed the men to walk free. They were transferred to the hearing with their possessions. The plea deal did not technically result in a full exoneration; some of the convictions would stand, though the men would not admit guilt. The council representing the men said they would continue to pursue full exoneration.
The deal comes five months before a scheduled hearing as to whether the men should be granted a new trial in light of DNA evidence that surfaced in the past few years. None of their DNA has been found in tests of evidence at the scene. The Arkansas Supreme Court ordered the new hearing in November, giving new life to efforts to exonerate the three men. After his release, he reportedly moved to New York with his wife and has no intentions of returning to Arkansas.
This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
Name | Bernard Hopkins |
---|---|
Realname | Bernard Humphrey Hopkins Jr |
Nickname | The ExecutionerB-Hop |
Nationality | American |
Height | | |
Weight | MiddleweightLight Heavyweight |
Birth date | January 15, 1965 |
Birth place | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA |
Style | Orthodox |
Total | 60 |
Wins | 52 |
Ko | 34 |
Losses | 5 |
Draws | 2 |
No contests | 1 |
Bernard Hopkins Jr, known as ''the Executioner'' (born January 15, 1965, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American boxer. He is the current WBC and ''The Ring'' Light Heavyweight champion, becoming the oldest boxer to ever win a world title, when at age 46, he defeated Jean Pascal on May 21, 2011 by unanimous decision, surpassing the record previously held by George Foreman.
Hopkins is also the former undisputed world Middleweight champion, and the first fighter to retain all 4 world titles of each major boxing sanctioning body, plus ''The Ring'' belt, in the same fight. Having defended a world middleweight title a record 20 times, he is considered one of the greatest middleweight champions of all time. In addition to being an active boxer, Hopkins is also a minority partner with Golden Boy Promotions. ''Ring Magazine'' currently rates Hopkins as the number ten pound-for-pound boxer in the world.
Between February 1990 and December 1992, Hopkins scored 21 wins without a loss. He won 16 of those fights by knockout, 12 coming in the first round.
The IBF called for an immediate rematch, and on April 29, 1995, Hopkins became a world champion with a seventh-round technical knockout victory in Landover, Maryland.
In his first title defense he defeated Steve Frank, whom he stopped in twenty-four seconds. By the end of 2000, he had defended the IBF title 12 times without a loss, while beating such standouts as John David Jackson, Glen Johnson (undefeated at the time and later went on to knock out an aging Roy Jones Jr), Simon Brown, and Antwun Echols.
For the first time in many years, Hopkins was an underdog in the betting, which led the confident Hopkins to place a $100,000 bet on himself to win the bout. During promotion for the bout, Hopkins caused huge controversy by throwing the Puerto Rico flag on the floor in press conferences in both New York and Puerto Rico, the latter conference leading to a riot in which Hopkins had to be run to safety from the angry mob.
During the fight, Hopkins was on his way to a lopsided decision victory when, in the 12th and final round, he floored Trinidad. Referee Steve Smoger called a halt to the fight after Trinidad's father entered the ring to stop the fight. It was the first loss of Trinidad's career, and it made Hopkins the first undisputed world middleweight champion since Marvin Hagler in 1987. 'The Ring' magazine and the 'World Boxing Hall of Fame' named Hopkins as the 2001 Fighter of the Year.
In November 2004 de la Hoya invited Hopkins to join his boxing promotional firm, Golden Boy Promotions, as president of its new East Coast chapter.
In his next fight on July 16, 2005, Hopkins lost his undisputed middleweight championship to Jermain Taylor via a split decision. Hopkins started slowly but came on strong over the final four rounds. Many press row writers scored the fight for Hopkins. Compubox round-by-round punch stats showed Taylor outscoring Hopkins 6-5-1 in total punches. Hopkins out landed Taylor in power punches 78-50.
On December 3, 2005, Hopkins lost his rematch against Jermain Taylor by unanimous decision. All three judges scored the fight 115-113 for Taylor.
Compubox statistics indicated that Hopkins landed more overall punches and significantly more power shots over the course of the fight, however these statistics may not accurately reflect the judging as rounds are scored in isolation.
Antonio Tarver also lost a $250,000 bet with Hopkins, after he failed to stop Hopkins in the first six rounds.
The Associated Press, New York Daily News, Yahoo! Sports, ESPN.com and Fighthype all scored it 114-113 for Bernard Hopkins.
"It was a good fight. I thought Bernard (Hopkins) won though," commented former undisputed Heavyweight champion, Mike Tyson.
"Hopkins beat Calzaghe, let's not forget. It was a split decision and a very close call, Calzaghe got beat up, his nose was bust and Hopkins was unmarked." Super middleweight champion Carl Froch commented, "Come on, put it in perspective and let's not lose our minds here, he was put on his ass by a 43-year-old (Bernard Hopkins) and 40-year-old (Roy Jones Jr.) in his last two fights."
In his post-fight interview, Hopkins said, "... I mean it's clear that the world know, and the fans know other than the Brits, know I won this fight...", Hopkins further proclaimed, "I took the guy to school..."
The bout was supposed to be a tune-up for a scheduled March 13, 2010 rematch with Roy Jones, Jr. The rematch was later postponed as a result of Jones, Jr. falling to a first round technical knockout loss to Australian, Danny Green.
He then challenged WBA Heavyweight Champion David Haye who had successfully defended his title against John Ruiz. Following Hopkins challenge, Haye ruled out the fight stating Bernard was only looking for a payday. Hopkins later stated his intentions to fight Lucian Bute following Bute's third round technical knockout victory over Edison Miranda. Golden Boy Promotions also tried to approach retired boxer Joe Calzaghe for a potential rematch in 2010, but Calzaghe, who stated he no longer had the appetite, turned the offer down.
On May 21, 2011, at the Bell Centre in Montreal, Canada, Hopkins defeated Pascal by unanimous decision to capture the to capture the WBC, IBO and ''The Ring'' Light Heavyweight belts. The official scores were 115–113, 116–112 and 115–114. With the win, Hopkins became the oldest man in the history of the sport to win a major world title, supplanting George Foreman, who had previously held the distinction after his knockout victory over Michael Moorer. Hopkins won at 46 years, 4 months, 6 days, while Foreman was 45 years, 10 months. After the bout, ESPN columnist Dan Rafael stated: "Bernard Hopkins already had lived several boxing lifetimes, but he was born yet again in Saturday's decision over Jean Pascal, becoming the oldest champion in history."
In late 2010, Hopkins suggested that African American fighters who possessed what he described as a "slick" inner-city style of fighting would be successful against Filipino boxer Manny Pacquiao. "Maybe I’m biased because I’m black, but I think that this is what is said at people’s homes and around the dinner table among black boxing fans and fighters. Most of them won’t say it [in public] because they’re not being real and they don’t have the balls to say it. But I do think that a fighter like the Ray Leonards or anyone like that would beat a guy [like Pacquiao] if they come with their game. Listen, this ain’t a racial thing, but then again, maybe it is. But the style that is embedded in most of us black fighters, that style could be a problem to any other style of fighting."
On May 11, 2011, Hopkins questioned Washington Redskins quarterback Donovan McNabb's racial credentials in a Philadelphia Daily News online article. Marcus Hayes of The Philadelphia Inquirer reported that according to Hopkins, McNabb had a privileged childhood in suburban Chicago and, as a result, is not black enough or tough enough, at least compared with, say, himself, Michael Vick and Terrell Owens. Hopkins saying in part, "He's got a suntan. That's all... McNabb is the guy in the house, while everybody else is on the field... He's the one who got the extra coat. The extra servings . . . He thought he was one of them."
|-align=center |- align=center | | |align=left| Chad Dawson | || 12 |October 15, 2011 | Los Angeles, California |align=left| |- align=center |Win |52-5-2 |align=left| Jean Pascal |Decision || 12 |May 21, 2011 |Montreal, Canada |align=left| |- align=center |style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw |51-5-2 |align=left| Jean Pascal |Draw || 12 |December 18, 2010 |Quebec City, Canada |align=left| |- align=center |Win |51-5-1 |align=left| Roy Jones, Jr. |Decision || 12 |April 3, 2010 || Las Vegas, USA || |- align=center |Win |50-5-1 |align=left| Enrique Ornelas |Decision || 12 |December 2, 2009 || Philadelphia,PA || |- align=center |Win |49-5-1 |align=left| Kelly Pavlik |Decision || 12 |October 18, 2008 || Atlantic City, New Jersey || |- align=center |Loss |48-5-1 |align=left| Joe Calzaghe |Decision || 12 |April 19, 2008 || Las Vegas, Nevada |align=left| |- align=center |Win |48-4-1 |align=left| Ronald Wright |Decision || 12 |July 21, 2007 || Las Vegas, Nevada |align=left| |- align=center |Win |47-4-1 |align=left| Antonio Tarver |Decision || 12 |June 10, 2006 || Atlantic City, New Jersey |align=left| |- align=center |Loss |46-4-1 |align=left| Jermain Taylor |Decision || 12 |December 3, 2005 || Las Vegas, Nevada |align=left| |- align=center |Loss |46-3-1 |align=left| Jermain Taylor |Decision || 12 |July 16, 2005 || Las Vegas, Nevada |align=left| |- align=center |Win |46-2-1 |align=left| Howard Eastman |Decision || 12 |February 19, 2005 || Los Angeles, California |align=left| |- align=center |Win |45-2-1 |align=left| Oscar De La Hoya |KO || 9 , 1:38 |September 18, 2004 || Las Vegas, Nevada |align=left| |- align=center |Win |44-2-1 |align=left| Robert Allen |Decision || 12 |June 5, 2004 || Las Vegas, Nevada |align=left| |- align=center |Win |43-2-1 |align=left| William Joppy |Decision || 12 |December 13, 2003 || Atlantic City, New Jersey |align=left| |- align=center |Win |42-2-1 |align=left| Morrade Hakkar |TKO || 8 , 3:00 |March 29, 2003 || Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |align=left| |- align=center |Win |41-2-1 |align=left| Carl Daniels |TKO || 10 , 3:00 |February 2, 2002 || Reading, Pennsylvania |align=left| |- align=center |Win |40-2-1 |align=left| Félix Trinidad |TKO || 12 , 1:18 |September 29, 2001 || New York City, New York |align=left| |- align=center |Win |39-2-1 |align=left| Keith Holmes |Decision || 12 |April 14, 2001 || New York City, New York |align=left| |- align=center |Win |38-2-1 |align=left| Antwun Echols |TKO || 10 , 1:42 |December 1, 2000 || Las Vegas, Nevada |align=left| |- align=center |Win |37-2-1 |align=left| Syd Vanderpool |Decision || 12 |May 13, 2000 || Indianapolis, Indiana |align=left| |- align=center |Win |36-2-1 |align=left| Antwun Echols |Decision || 12 |December 12, 1999 || Miami, Florida |align=left| |- align=center |Win |35-2-1 |align=left| Robert Allen |TKO || 7 , 1:18 |February 6, 1999 || Washington, D.C. |align=left| |- align=center |style="background:#ddd;"|NC |34-2-1 |align=left| Robert Allen |No contest || 4 , 2:57 |August 28, 1998 || Las Vegas, Nevada |align=left| |- align=center |Win |34-2-1 |align=left| Simon Brown |TKO || 6 , 1:00 |January 31, 1998 || Atlantic City, New Jersey |align=left| |- align=center |Win |33-2-1 |align=left| Andrew Council |Decision || 12 |November 18, 1997 || Upper Marlboro, MD |align=left| |- align=center |Win |32-2-1 |align=left| Glen Johnson |TKO || 11 , 1:23 |July 20, 1997 || Indio, California |align=left| |- align=center |Win |31-2-1 |align=left| John David Jackson |TKO || 7 , 2:22 |April 19, 1997 || Shreveport, Louisiana |align=left| |- align=center |Win |30-2-1 |align=left| William Bo James |TKO || 11 , 2:02 |July 16, 1996 || Atlantic City, New Jersey |align=left| |- align=center |Win |29-2-1 |align=left| Joe Lipsey |KO || 4 , 2:50 |March 16, 1996 || Las Vegas, Nevada |align=left| |- align=center |Win |28-2-1 |align=left| Steve Frank |TKO || 1 , 0:24 |January 27, 1996 || Phoenix, Arizona |align=left| |- align=center |Win |27-2-1 |align=left| Segundo Mercado |TKO || 7 , 1:10 |April 29, 1995 || Landover, MD |align=left| |- align=center |style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw |26-2-1 |align=left| Segundo Mercado |Draw || 12 |December 17, 1994 || Quito, Ecuador |align=left| |- align=center |Win |26–2 |align=left| Lupe Aquino |Decision || 12 |May 17, 1994 || Atlantic City, New Jersey |align=left| |- align=center |Win |25–2 |align=left| Melvin Wynn |TKO || 3, 0:48 |February 26, 1994 || Atlantic City, New Jersey || |- align=center |Win |24–2 |align=left| Wendall Hall |TKO || 3 , 0:28 |November 23, 1993 || Las Vegas, Nevada |align=left| |- align=center |Win |23–2 |align=left| Roy Ritchie |TKO || 7 , 1:47 |August 3, 1993 || Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |align=left| |- align=center |Loss |22–2 |align=left| Roy Jones, Jr. |Decision || 12 |May 22, 1993 || Washington, D.C. |align=left| |- align=center |Win |22–1 |align=left| Gilbert Baptist |Decision || 12 |February 16, 1993 || Denver, Colorado |align=left| |- align=center |Win |21–1 |align=left| Wayne Powell |TKO || 1 , 0:21 |December 4, 1992 || Atlantic City, New Jersey |align=left| |- align=center |Win |20–1 |align=left| Eric Rhinehart |KO || 1, 1:47 |September 14, 1992 || Philadelphia, Pennsylvania || |- align=center |Win |19–1 |align=left| James Stokes |KO || 1 |August 28, 1992 || Atlantic City, New Jersey || |- align=center |Win |18–1 |align=left| Anibal Miranda |Decision || 10 |May 21, 1992 || Paris, France || |- align=center |Win |17–1 |align=left| Randy Smith |Decision || 10 |April 3, 1992 || Atlantic City, New Jersey || |- align=center |Win |16–1 |align=left| Dennis Milton |TKO || 4 |January 31, 1992 || Philadelphia, Pennsylvania || |- align=center |Win |15–1 |align=left| Willie Kemp |Decision || 10 |December 13, 1991 || Atlantic City, New Jersey || |- align=center |Win |14–1 |align=left| David McCluskey |TKO || 7 |November 26, 1991 || Philadelphia, Pennsylvania || |- align=center |Win |13–1 |align=left| Ralph Moncrief |TKO || 1 , 1:28 |September 23, 1991 || Philadelphia, Pennsylvania || |- align=center |Win |12–1 |align=left| Danny Mitchell |KO || 1 |July 9, 1991 || Philadelphia, Pennsylvania || |- align=center |Win |11–1 |align=left| Pedro Marquez |TKO || 1 |June 20, 1991 || Parsippany, New Jersey || |- align=center |Win |10–1 |align=left| Steve Langley |TKO || 3 , 1:10 |March 18, 1991 || Las Vegas, Nevada || |- align=center |Win |9–1 |align=left| Richard Quiles |KO || 1 |February 26, 1991 || Philadelphia, Pennsylvania || |- align=center |Win |8–1 |align=left| Mike Sapp |TKO || 1 |November 17, 1990 || Fort Myers, Florida || |- align=center |Win |7–1 |align=left| Darrin Oliver |TKO || 1 |October 20, 1990 || Atlantic City, New Jersey || |- align=center |Win |6–1 |align=left| Percy Harris |Decision || 6 |August 5, 1990 || Atlantic City, New Jersey || |- align=center |Win |5–1 |align=left| Khalif Shabazz |KO || 1, 0:36 |June 30, 1990 || Atlantic City, New Jersey || |- align=center |Win |4–1 |align=left| Jouvin Mercado |TKO || 2 , 0:43 |May 31, 1990 || Rochester, New York || |- align=center |Win |3–1 |align=left| Eddie Tyler |TKO || 1 |May 18, 1990 || Atlantic City, New Jersey || |- align=center |Win |2–1 |align=left| Keith Gray |TKO || 1 |April 26, 1990 || Philadelphia, Pennsylvania || |- align=center |Win |1–1 |align=left| Greg Paige |Decision || 4 |February 22, 1990 || Philadelphia, Pennsylvania || |- align=center |Loss |0–1 |align=left| Clinton Mitchell |Decision || 4 |October 11, 1988 || Atlantic City, New Jersey || |}
|- Vacated |- |- |- {{S-ttl|title=WBA Middleweight Super Champion |years=September 29, 2001 – July 16, 2005}} |- {{S-ttl|title=Undisputed Middleweight Champion | years=September 29, 2001 – July 16, 2005}} |- |- |- |- |-
|-
Category:1965 births Category:African American boxers Category:American boxers Category:Boxers from Pennsylvania Category:International Boxing Federation Champions Category:Light-heavyweight boxers Category:Living people Category:Middleweight boxers Category:People from New Castle County, Delaware Category:People from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Category:World Boxing Association Champions Category:World Boxing Council Champions Category:World Boxing Organization Champions Category:African American Muslims Category:American Muslims Category:Converts to Islam from Christianity Category:African American Muslims Category:Converts to Islam
da:Bernard Hopkins de:Bernard Hopkins es:Bernard Hopkins (boxeador) fr:Bernard Hopkins it:Bernard Hopkins nl:Bernard Hopkins ja:バーナード・ホプキンス no:Bernard Hopkins pl:Bernard Hopkins ru:Хопкинс, Бернард fi:Bernard Hopkins sv:Bernard HopkinsThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
His record stands at 31-12-4 with 27 knockouts.
Category:American boxers Category:1971 births Category:Living people
This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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