Hearst Tower, in September 2006

The Hearst Corporation is an American mass media group based in the Hearst Tower, Manhattan in New York City, New York, United States. Founded by William Randolph Hearst as an owner of newspapers, the company's holdings now include a wide variety of media. The Hearst family is involved in the ownership and management of the company.

Hearst is one of the largest diversified communications companies in the world. Its major interests include 15 daily and 38 weekly newspapers, and more than 300 magazines around the world, including Harper's Bazaar, Cosmopolitan, Esquire, ELLE and O: The Oprah Magazine; 29 television stations through Hearst Television Inc. which reach a combined 18% of U.S. viewers; ownership in leading cable networks, including A+E Networks, and ESPN Inc.; as well as business publishing, Internet businesses, television production, newspaper features distribution and real estate.

Trustees of William Randolph Hearst's will[link]

Under William Randolph Hearst's will, a common board of 13 trustees (its composition fixed at five family members and eight outsiders) administers the Hearst Foundation, the William Randolph Hearst Foundation, and the trust that owns (and selects the 18-member board of) the Hearst Corporation. The foundations shared ownership until tax law changed to prevent this. As of 2009, the trustees are:

• Frank A. Bennack Jr., vice chairman and chief executive of the corporation^[1]
• Anissa Bouadjakdji Balson, granddaughter of David Whitmire Hearst Sr.
• John G. Conomikes, director & former executive
• Ronald J. Doerfler, senior vice president and a board member of Hearst Corporation
• George Randolph Hearst Jr., chairman of Hearst Corporation
• Virginia Hearst Randt, daughter of late former chairman Randolph Apperson Hearst
• William Randolph Hearst III, grandson of William Randolph Hearst
• Harvey L. Lipton, lawyer and former vice president and secretary of the Corporation
• Gilbert C. Maurer, former head of Hearst Magazines, then executive vice president and chief operating officer under Bennack, now a consultant
• Mark F. Miller, former executive vice president of Hearst Magazines
• David J. Barrett, president and chief executive officer of Hearst Television Inc.^[2]
• James M. Asher, chief legal and development officer of Hearst
• Lisa Hearst Hagerman, great-granddaughter of William Randolph Hearst

The trust dissolves when all family members alive at the time of Hearst's death in August 1951 have died. Actuarial tables have put the mean value for the date at 2042 or 2043.^[3]

History[link]

George Hearst (1820-1891), American publisher and U.S. senator, entered the newspaper business in 1880, acquiring the San Francisco Daily Examiner. Seven years later, he turned the Examiner over to his son, 23-year-old William Randolph Hearst.

On March 4, 1887, William Randolph Hearst became editor and publisher of the San Francisco Examiner and transformed the sedate Examiner into "The Monarch of the Dailies." He acquired the most advanced printing equipment of his day, substantially revised the newspaper’s appearance and hired the best journalists he could find. He pushed his staff to write exciting news stories, and wrote editorials worded with force and conviction that enlivened the paper. Within a few years, the new Examiner was a success.

In 1895, Hearst purchased the New York Journal, laying the foundation for one of the major newspaper dynasties in American history. By the 1920s, Hearst, was the owner of a chain of newspapers from coast to coast. At one time, one in four Americans read a Hearst newspaper.

Hearst experimented with every aspect of newspaper publishing, from page layouts to editorial crusades. His newspapers introduced innovations such as multi-color presses, halftone photographs on newsprint, comic sections printed in color and wire syndication of news copy. Stories by Hearst correspondents from around the world were sold to other newspapers, giving rise to the Hearst International News Service, which later became part of United Press International.

Hearst Magazines was begun in 1903 with the publication of Motor magazine. Within the next 10 years, Hearst acquired several popular titles in 1905, starting with Cosmopolitan, and Good Housekeeping in 1911. In 1929, Hearst along with movie studio Metro Goldwyn Mayer created Hearst Metrotone to produce newsreels shown in movie theatres filled with news footage shot around the world.

An ad asking automakers to place ads in Hearst chain, noting their circulation.

In the 1920s, Hearst owned many newspapers, some of which he closed. Nevertheless, the reach of his media was great at the time.

Hearst began acquiring radio stations in the 1920s, and in 1948, he became the owner of one of the first television stations in the country, WBAL-TV in Baltimore.

William Hearst died in 1951, at age 88, and was succeeded by Richard E. Berlin as chief executive officer; Berlin had served as president of the company since 1943. Berlin retired in 1973, and Frank Massi, a longtime Hearst financial officer, served as president from 1973 to 1975, carrying out a financial reorganization followed by an expansion program in the late 1970s. John R. Miller, was Hearst president and chief executive officer from 1975 to 1979. ^[4]

On November 8, 1990, Hearst Corporation acquired the remaining 20% stake of ESPN Inc. from RJR Nabisco for a price estimated between $165 million and $175 million.^[5] The other 80% is owned by The Walt Disney Company since 1996.

In December 2003, Marvel Entertainment acquired Cover Concepts from Hearst Communications, Inc.^[6]

On August 27, 2009, A+E Networks acquired Lifetime Entertainment Services.^[7][8]

In 2011, Hearst absorbed more than 100 magazine titles from the Lagardere group for more than $700 million and became a challenger of Time Inc ahead of Condé Nast.

Assets[link]

A non-exhaustive list of its properties and investments includes:

Magazines

• Car and Driver
• Cosmopolitan
• Country Living
• ELLE
• Elle Decor
• Esquire
• Good Housekeeping
• Harper's Bazaar
• House Beautiful
• Marie Claire
• O, The Oprah Magazine
• Popular Mechanics
• Redbook
• Road & Track
• Seventeen
• Town & Country
• Veranda
• Woman's Day
• Nat Mags

Newspapers

• San Francisco Chronicle (San Francisco, California)
• The News-Times (Danbury, Connecticut)
• Greenwich Time (Greenwich, Connecticut)
• The Advocate (Stamford) (Stamford, Connecticut)
• Connecticut Post (Bridgeport, Connecticut)
• Edwardsville Intelligencer (Edwardsville, Illinois)
• Huron Daily Tribune (Bad Axe, Michigan)
• Midland Daily News (Midland, Michigan)
• Times Union (Albany, New York)
• Beaumont Enterprise (Beaumont, Texas)
• Houston Chronicle (Houston, Texas)
• Laredo Morning Times (Laredo, Texas)
• Midland Reporter-Telegram (Midland, Texas)
• Plainview Daily Herald (Plainview, Texas)
• San Antonio Express-News (San Antonio, Texas)
• seattlepi.com, formerly the Seattle Post-Intelligencer (Seattle, Washington)

Weekly Newspapers

• Darien News (Connecticut)
• Fairfield Citizen (Connecticut)
• Greenwich Citizen (Connecticut)
• New Canaan News (Connecticut)
• New Milford Spectrum (Connecticut)
• Norwalk Citizen (Connecticut)
• Westport News (Connecticut)
• Marlette Leader (Michigan)
• Vassar Pioneer Times (Michigan)
• Advertiser North (New York)
• Advertiser South (New York)
• Ballston Spa Pennysaver (New York)
• Clifton Park North Pennysaver (New York)
• Clifton Park South Pennysaver (New York)
• Latham Pennysaver (New York)
• Pennysaver News (New York)
• Spa City Moneysaver (New York)
• The Weekly (New York)
• Bulverde Community News (Texas)
• Business Express (Texas)
• Canyon News (Texas)
• Conexión (Texas)
• Hardin County News (Texas)
• Jasper Newsboy (Texas)
• Kelly USA Observer (Texas)
• La Voz (Texas)
• Lackland Talespinner (Texas)
• Fort Sam Houston News Leader (Texas)
• Medical Patriot (Texas)
• Muleshoe Journal (Texas)
• Neighborhood News (Texas)
• North Central News (Texas)
• Northwest Weekly (Texas)
• Our People (Texas)
• Randolph Wingspread (Texas)
• Northeast Herald (Texas)
• Southside Reporter (Texas)
• The Zapata Times (Texas)

Television and Cable (investments)

• A+E Networks (owns 42.5%; a shared joint venture with The Walt Disney Company and NBCUniversal)
• ESPN Inc. (owns 20%; shared with Disney, which owns the other 80%)
• Hearst Television Inc. (owner of 29 local television stations and two local radio stations)

Internet

• 1UP.com
• GameTab.com
• GameVideos.com
• MyCheats.com
• UGO
• Answerology
• Kaboodle
• eCrush
• RealAge
• seattlepi.com (Seattle Post-Intelligencer)
• Delish.com
• RealBeauty.com

Other

• CDS Global
• First Data Bank
• iCrossing
• King Features Syndicate
• Map of Medicine
• LocalEdge (Buffalo, New York)
• Zynx Health
• Fitch Ratings (50% owned with the other 50% owned by FIMALAC)

Antitrust allegations[link]

On July 14, 2006, San Francisco businessman and real estate investor Clint Reilly filed a lawsuit against Hearst Corp. (owner of the San Francisco Chronicle) and MediaNews Group (owner of the San Jose Mercury News, Contra Costa Times, Marin Independent Journal, Oakland Tribune and all other paid-circulation dailies in the Bay Area), alleging that the two companies have been conspiring to control advertising rates, a violation of antitrust laws.

In November 2006, Reilly's attorney presented to U.S. District Judge Susan Illston a letter from Hearst senior vice president James Asher to MediaNews President Jody Lodovic that said the two companies agreed to "offer national advertising and internet advertising sales for their San Francisco Bay area newspapers on a joint basis, and to consolidate the San Francisco Bay Area distribution networks of such newspapers ..." Illston, suggesting she had been misled by the companies when they said they had not been collaborating, issued a 14-page ruling^[9] forbidding Hearst and MediaNews from working together on national advertising sales or distribution.

On December 21, 2006, the San Francisco Bay Guardian and nonprofit Media Alliance filed suit to make the details of Reilly's lawsuit—and MediaNews and the Chronicle's response—public.^[10] As a result of the filing, many documents in the case were voluntarily disclosed by the defendants. The judge allowed redacted versions of two more documents to be released. She kept 17 others under seal. One of the documents unsealed was the deposition of Hearst's Asher, who says that as of September 2006, his company had recorded cumulative losses of $330 million on its investment in the Chronicle,^[11] which it acquired in mid-2000. He said Hearst proposed selling the Chronicle to MediaNews, but MediaNews didn't offer enough money. Asher also said Hearst and MediaNews have discussed working together for years. Although the trial was scheduled to start Monday, April 30, 2007 in U.S. District Court in San Francisco,^[12] the parties announced on April 25, 2007 that a settlement had been reached.^[13]

See also[link]

• Newsboys Strike of 1899

References[link]

External links[link]

• "A brief history of the Hearst Corporation" (pdf). http://www.hearst.com/files/hearst-timeline-november-2011.pdf. Retrieved January 25, 2012. 
• Hearst Corporation home page
• The Hearst Foundation, Inc.
• Hearst Magazines Subscription Center

Helen Gurley Brown
Helen Gurley Brown in 1964
Born	(1922-02-18) February 18, 1922 (age 90) Green Forest, Arkansas, United States[1]
Occupation	International Editor, Cosmopolitan
Notable credit(s)	Editor-in-chief, Cosmopolitan
Title	International Editor, Cosmopolitan; Former editor-in-chief, U.S. Cosmopolitan
Spouse	David Brown

Helen Gurley Brown (born February 18, 1922) is an American author, publisher, and businesswoman. She was editor-in-chief of Cosmopolitan magazine for 32 years.^[2]

Personal life and career[link]

Brown was born to parents Cleo and Ira Marvin Gurley.^[3] Her mother was born in Alpena, Arkansas and died in 1980.^[3][4] Her father was once appointed Commissioner of the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission.^[5] The family moved to Little Rock, Arkansas after Ira won an election to the Arkansas state legislature.^[4] He died in an elevator accident on June 18, 1932.^[6] In 1937, Brown, her sister Mary, and their mother moved to Los Angeles, California.^[7] A few months after moving, Mary contracted polio.^[7] While in California, Brown attended John H. Francis Polytechnic High School.^[8]

After Brown's graduation, the family moved to Warm Springs, Georgia.^[9] Brown attended one semester at Texas State College for Women and then moved back to California to attend Woodbury Business College.^[9] She graduated in 1941.^[10] In 1947, Cleo and Mary moved to Osage, Arkansas while Brown stayed in Los Angeles.^[11]

After working at the William Morris Agency, Music Corporation of America, and Jaffe talent agencies she went to work for Foote, Cone & Belding advertising agency as a secretary.^[12] Her employer recognized her writing skills and moved her to the copywriting department where she advanced rapidly to become one of the nation's highest paid ad copywriters in the early 1960s. In 1959 she married David Brown, who would become the producer of Jaws, The Sting, Cocoon, Driving Miss Daisy, and other motion pictures.

In 1962, at the age of 40, her bestselling book Sex and the Single Girl was published.^[13] In 1965, she became editor-in-chief of Cosmopolitan and reversed the fortunes of the failing magazine. During the decade of the 1960s she was an outspoken advocate of women's sexual freedom and sought to provide them with role-models and a guide in her magazine. She claimed that women could have it all, "love, sex, and money", a view that even preceding feminists such as Betty Friedan and Germaine Greer did not support at all and has been met with notable opposition by advocates of grass-roots devotion of women to family and marriage.^[14] Due to her advocacy, glamorous, fashion-focused women were sometimes called "Cosmo Girls". Her work played a part in what is often called the sexual revolution.

In 1997, Brown was ousted from her role as the US editor of Cosmopolitan^[15] and was replaced by Bonnie Fuller. When she left, Cosmopolitan ranked sixth at the newsstand, and for the 16th straight year, ranked first in bookstores on college campuses.^[15] However, she stayed on at Hearst publishing and remains the international editor for all 59 international editions of Cosmo.^[15]

In September, 2008, she was named the 13th most powerful American over the age of 80 by Slate magazine.^[16]

After more than 50 years of marriage, her husband David Brown died at age 93 on February 1, 2010.^[17][18]

Together with her husband David, Helen Gurley established the David and Helen Gurley Brown Institute for Media Innovation.^[19] This institution will be housed at both the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism and Stanford's Engineering School. Their $30 million donation to the two schools will be used to develop journalism in the context of new technologies.^[19]

Awards[link]

• 1995: Henry Johnson Fisher Award from the Magazine Publishers of America
• 1996: American Society of Magazine Editors' Hall of Fame Award

Works[link]

• Sex and the Single Girl (1962)
• Lessons In Love—LP Record on How To Love A Girl & How To Love A Man (1963) Crescendo Records, GNP #604
• Sex and the Office (1965)
• Outrageous Opinions of Helen Gurley Brown (1967)
• Helen Gurley Brown's Single Girl's Cookbook (1969)
• Sex and the New Single Girl (1970)
• Having It All (1982)
• The Late Show: A Semi Wild but Practical Guide for Women Over 50 (1993)
• The Writer's Rules: The Power of Positive Prose—How to Create It and Get It Published (1998)
• I'm Wild Again: Snippets from My Life and a Few Brazen Thoughts (2000)

Footnotes[link]

References[link]

• Garner, Dwight (April 21, 2009). "Helen Gurley Brown: The Original Carrie Bradshaw". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/22/books/22garn.html. Retrieved June 16, 2009. 
• Scanlon, Jennifer (2009). Toff, Nancy. ed. Bad Girls Go Everywhere: The Life of Helen Gurley Brown. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-534205-5. 

External links[link]

• Helen Gurley Brown Papers and finding aid from the Sophia Smith Collection at Smith Collection
• (26 June 2003) "Sex and the Octogenarian" (Telegraph Interview)

Black Hills
Range
The Black Hills, South Dakota, United States
Country	United States
State	South Dakota
Highest point	Harney Peak
- elevation	7,242 ft (2,207 m)
- coordinates	43°51′57″N 103°31′51″W / 43.86583°N 103.53083°W / 43.86583; -103.53083
Area	5,000 sq mi (12,950 km2)
Geology	shale, sandstone, limestone, slate, quartzite, granite
Orogeny	Laramide orogeny
Period	Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic, Tertiary
Satellite image with shaded relief map of Black Hills in west South Dakota. Satellite image with shaded relief map of Black Hills in west South Dakota.

The Black Hills (Pahá Sápa in Lakota, Moʼȯhta-voʼhonáaeva in Cheyenne) are a small, isolated mountain range rising from the Great Plains of North America in western South Dakota and extending into Wyoming, USA.^[1] Harney Peak, which rises to 7,244 feet (2,208 m), is the range's highest summit.^[2] The Black Hills encompass the Black Hills National Forest and are home to the tallest peaks of continental North America east of the Rockies. The name "Black Hills" is a translation of the Lakota Pahá Sápa. The hills were so-called because of their dark appearance from a distance, as they were covered in trees.^[3]

Native Americans have a long history in the Black Hills. After conquering the Cheyenne in 1776, the Lakota took over the territory of the Black Hills, which became central to their culture. In 1868, the U.S. government signed the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868, exempting the Black Hills from all white settlement forever. However, when European Americans discovered gold there in 1874, as a result of George Armstrong Custer's Black Hills Expedition, erstwhile miners swept into the area in a gold rush. The US government re-assigned the Lakota, against their wishes, to other reservations in western South Dakota. Unlike most of South Dakota, the Black Hills were settled by European Americans primarily from population centers to the west and south of the region, as miners flocked there from earlier gold boom locations in Colorado and Montana.

As the economy of the Black Hills has shifted from natural resources (mining and timber), the hospitality and tourism industry has grown to take its place. Locals tend to divide the Black Hills into two areas: "The Southern Hills" and "The Northern Hills". The Southern Hills is home to Mount Rushmore National Memorial, Wind Cave National Park, Jewel Cave National Monument, Harney Peak (the highest point east of the Rockies), Custer State Park (the largest state park in South Dakota, and one of the largest in the US), the Crazy Horse Memorial (the largest sculpture in the world), and The Mammoth Site in Hot Springs, the world’’s largest mammoth research facility. Attractions in the Northern Hills include historic Deadwood and the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally, held each August. The first Rally was held on August 14, 1938 and the 65th Rally in 2005 saw more than 550,000 bikers visit the Black Hills. It is a key part of the regional economy. Motorcycle riders are also attracted to the Black Hills simply for the many miles of awe-inspiring scenery.^[4] While not in South Dakota, the Devils Tower National Monument located in the Wyoming Black Hills is an important nearby attraction. Devils Tower is the nation’s first national monument.^[5]

History[link]

Native Americans have inhabited the area since at least 7000 BC. The Arikara arrived by 1500 AD, followed by the Cheyenne, Crow, Kiowa and Pawnee. The Lakota (also known as Sioux) arrived from Minnesota in the 18th century and drove out the other tribes, who moved west.^[6] They claimed the land, which they called HeSapa (Black Mountains). The mountains commonly became known as the Black Hills.

The first European explorers to see the Black Hills were probably the French explorers François and Louis de La Vérendrye in 1743, but it was not until 1823 that Jedediah Smith traveled through them.^{[copyright violation?][7]} After the public discovery of gold in the 1870s, European Americans increasingly encroached on Lakota territory. The conflict over control of the region sparked the Black Hills War, the last major Indian War on the Great Plains. The 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie had previously confirmed the Lakota's ownership of the Teton Sioux mountain range. Both the Sioux and Cheyenne claimed rights to the land, saying that in their cultures, it was considered the axis mundi, or sacred center of the world.

Although rumors of gold in the Black Hills had circulated for decades (see Thoen Stone and Pierre-Jean De Smet), it was not until 1874 that Brevet Major General George Armstrong Custer of the 7th US Cavalry led an expedition there and discovered gold in French Creek. An official announcement of gold was made by the newspaper reporters accompanying the expedition. The following year, the Newton-Jenney Party conducted the first detailed survey of the Black Hills. The surveyor for the party, Dr. Valentine McGillycuddy, was the first European American to ascend to the top of Harney Peak. This highest point in the Black Hills is 7242 feet above sea level.

During the 1875–1878 gold rush, thousands of miners went to the Black Hills; in 1880, the area was the most densely populated part of Dakota Territory. There were three large towns in the Northern Hills: Deadwood, Central City, and Lead. Around these were groups of smaller gold camps, towns, and villages. Hill City and Custer City sprang up in the Southern Hills. Railroads were quickly constructed to the previously remote area. From 1880 on, the gold mines yielded about $4,000,000 annually, and the silver mines about $3,000,000 annually.

Inyan Kara is a sacred mountain to Lakota.

Following the defeat of the Lakota and their Cheyenne and Arapaho allies in 1876, the United States took control of the region, in violation of the Treaty of Fort Laramie. The Lakota never accepted the validity of the US appropriation. They continue to try to reclaim the property.

On July 23, 1980, in United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the Black Hills were illegally taken and that remuneration of the initial offering price plus interest — nearly $106 million — be paid. The Lakota refused the settlement as they wanted the Black Hills returned to them. The money remains in an interest-bearing account, which now amounts to over $757 million, but the Lakota still refuse to take the money. They believe that accepting the settlement would allow the U.S. Government to justify taking ownership of the Black Hills.

In 2012, United Nations Special Rapporteur James Anaya conducted a 12-day tour of Native Americans land, to determine how the United States is faring on the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, endorsed by the administration of President Barack Obama in 2010. Mr. Anaya met with with tribes in seven states on reservations and in urban areas, as well as with members of the Obama administration and the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs. Mr. Anaya tentatively recommended the return of lands to some tribes, including the Black Hills to the Sioux. His full official report with recommendations is due in September 2012.^{[8][9][10][11]}

Geology[link]

The geology of the Black Hills is complex. A Tertiary mountain-building episode is responsible for the uplift and current topography of the Black Hills region. This uplift was marked by volcanic activity in the northern Black Hills. The southern Black Hills are characterized by Precambrian granite, pegmatite, and metamorphic rocks that comprise the core of the entire Black Hills uplift. This core is rimmed by Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic sedimentary rocks. The stratigraphy of the Black Hills is laid out like a target, as it is an oval dome, with rings of different rock types dipping away from the center.

Precambrian[link]

The granite core of the Black Hills rises 7,244 feet (2,208 m) at Harney Peak

The 'bulls eye' of this target is called the granite core. The granite of the Black Hills was emplaced by magma generated during the Trans-Hudson orogeny and contains abundant pegmatite. The core of the Black Hills has been dated to 1.8 billion years. There are other localized deposits that have been dated to around 2.2 to 2.8 billion years. One of these is located in the northern hills. It is called Elk Creek Granite although it has been metamorphosed into gneiss. The other is called the Bear Mountain complex, and it is located in the west central part of the hills.

Making a concentric ring around the core is the metamorphic zone. The rocks in this ring are all very old, as much as 2.0 billion years and older. This zone is very complex, filled with many diverse rock types. The rocks were originally sedimentary, until there was a collision between the North American continent and a terrane. This collision, called the Trans-Hudson Orogeny, caused the original rocks to fold and twist into a vast mountain range. Over the millions of years, these tilted rocks, which in many areas are tilted to 90 degrees or more, eroded. Today we see the evidence of this erosion in the Black Hills, where the metamorphic rocks end in an angular unconformity below the younger sedimentary layers.

Paleozoic[link]

The final layers of the Black Hills consist of sedimentary rocks. The oldest lie on top of the metamorphic layers at a much shallower angle. This rock called the Deadwood Formation is mostly sandstone and was the original source of gold found in the Deadwood area. Above the Deadwood Formation lies the Englewood Formation and Pahasapa limestone, which is the source of the more than 200 caves found in the Black Hills, including Jewel Cave and Wind Cave. The Minnelusa Formation is next and is composed of highly variable sandstones and limestones followed by the Opeche shale and the Minnekahta limestone.

Mesozoic[link]

The next rock layer, the Spearfish Formation, forms a valley around the hills called the Red Valley and is often referred to as the Race Track.^[12][13] It is mostly red shale with beds of gypsum, and circles much of the Black Hills. These shale and gypsum beds as well as the nearby limestone beds of the Minnikata are used in the manufacture of cement at a cement plant in Rapid City. Next is the shale and sandstone Sundance Formation, which is topped by the Morrison Formation and the Unkpapa sandstone.

The outermost feature of the dome stands out as a hogback ridge. The ridge is made out of the Lakota Formation and the Fallriver sandstone, which are collectively called the Inyan Kara Group. Above this, the layers of rocks are less distinct and are all mainly grey shale with three exceptions: the Newcastle sandstone; the Greenhorn limestone, which contains many shark teeth fossils; and the Niobrara Formation, which is composed mainly of chalk. These outer ridges are called cuestas.

Cenozoic[link]

The preceding layers were deposited in a horizontal manner. All of them can be seen in core samples and well logs from the flatest parts of the Great Plains. It took a period of uplift to bring them to their present topographical levels in the Black Hills. This uplift called the Laramide orogeny began around the beginning of the Cenozoic and left a line of igneous rocks through the northern hills superimposed on the rocks already discussed. This line extends from Bear Butte in the east to Devils Tower in the west. Evidence of Cenozoic volcanic eruptions, if this happened, has long since been eroded away.

The Black Hills also have a 'skirt' of gravel covering them in areas, which are called erosional terraces. Formed as the waterways cut down into the uplifting hills, they represent the former locations of today's rivers. These beds are generally around 10,000 years old or younger, judging by the artifacts and fossils found. A few places, mainly in the high elevations, are older, as old as 20 million years, according to camel and rodent fossils found. Some gravels have been found but for the most part, these older beds have been eroded away.

Biosystems[link]

As with the geology, the biology of the Black Hills is complex. Most of the Hills are a fire-climax Ponderosa Pine forest, with Black Hills Spruce (Picea glauca var. densata) occurring in cool moist valleys of the Northern Hills. Oddly, this endemic variety of spruce does not occur in the moist Bear Lodge Mountains, which make up most of the Wyoming portion of the Black Hills. Large open parks (mountain meadows) with lush grassland rather than forest are scattered through the Hills (especially the western portion), and the southern edge of the Hills, due to the rainshadow of the higher elevations, are covered by a dry pine savannah, with stands of Mountain Mahogany and Rocky Mountain Juniper. Wildlife is both diverse and plentiful. Black Hills creeks are known for their trout, while the forests and grasslands offer good habitat for American Bison, White-tailed and Mule Deer, Pronghorn, Bighorn Sheep, mountain lions, and a variety of smaller animals, like prairie dogs, Yellow-bellied Marmots, and Fox Squirrels. Biologically, the Black Hills is a meeting and mixing place, with species common to regions to the east, west, north, and south. The Hills do, however, support some endemic taxa, the most famous of which is probably White-winged Junco (Junco hyemalis aikeni).

Tourism and economy[link]

The Black Hills opposite Mount Rushmore

The Homestake Mine in 1889

The region is home to Mount Rushmore National Memorial, Wind Cave National Park, Jewel Cave National Monument, Harney Peak (the highest point east of the Rockies), Custer State Park (the largest state park in South Dakota, and one of the largest in the US), Bear Butte State Park, Devils Tower National Monument, and the Crazy Horse Memorial (the largest sculpture in the world). The Black Hills also hosts the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally each August. The Rally was started in 1940 and the 65th Rally in 2005 saw more than 550,000 bikers visit the Black Hills. It is a key part of the regional economy. Motorcycle riders are also attracted to the Black Hills simply for the many miles of awe-inspiring scenery.^[4]

The George S. Mickelson Trail is a recently opened multi-use path through the Black Hills that follows the abandoned track of the historic railroad route from Edgemont to Deadwood. The train used to be the only way to bring supplies to the miners in the Hills. The trail is about 110 miles in length, and can be used by hikers, cross-country skiers, and bikers. The cost is two dollars per day, or ten dollars annually.

Today, the major city in the Black Hills is Rapid City, with an incorporated population of almost 70,000 and a metropolitan population of 125,000. It serves a market area covering much of five states: North and South Dakota, Nebraska, Wyoming, and Montana. In addition to tourism and mining (including coal, specialty minerals, and the now declining gold mining), the Black Hills economy includes ranching (sheep and cattle, primarily, with bison and ratites becoming more common), timber (lumber), Ellsworth Air Force Base, and some manufacturing, including jewelry, cement, electronics, cabinetry, guns and ammunition.

In many ways, the Black Hills functions as a very spread-out urban area with a population (not counting tourists) of 250,000. Other important Black Hills cities and towns include:

• Belle Fourche, a ranching town
• Spearfish, home of Black Hills State University
• Deadwood, a historic and well-preserved gambling mecca
• Lead, home of the now-closed Homestake Mine (gold)
• Keystone, outside Mount Rushmore
• Hill City, a timber and tourism town in the center of the Hills
• Custer, a mining and tourism town and headquarters for Black Hills National Forest
• Hot Springs, an old resort town in the southern Hills
• Sturgis, originally a military town (Fort Meade, now a VA center, is located just to the east). Now famous for one of the largest motorcycle rallies in the world.
• Newcastle, center of the Black Hills petroleum production and refining.

See also[link]

• Black Hills Gold Rush
• Black Hills Central Railroad
• Black Hills Land Claim
• Cypress Hills (Canada)
• Devils Tower National Monument
• JoAnn Tall
• The Needles
• Pine Ridge Indian Reservation
• Rosebud Indian Reservation

References[link]

1. ^ "Black Hills". Geographic Names Information System, U.S. Geological Survey. http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1267020. 
2. ^ "Harney". NGS data sheet. U.S. National Geodetic Survey. http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ds_mark.prl?PidBox=OT0810. Retrieved 2011-05-10. 
3. ^ Black Hills National Forest - Frequently Asked Questions
4. ^ ^{a b} Joe Berk (January/February 2009). "Riding the Black Hills". Motorcycle Classics. http://www.motorcycleclassics.com/touring-destinations/ride-the-black-hills.aspx. Retrieved 2009-08-05. 
5. ^ Mattison, Ray H. (1955). "The First Fifty Years". National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/deto/historyculture/places.htm. Retrieved January 19, 2012. 
6. ^ "The Buffalo War". PBS: Public Broadcasting Service.
7. ^ "History of the Black Hills". U.S. National Park Service.
8. ^ BBC News - UN official calls for US return of native land
9. ^ Reuters - U.S. must heal native people's wounds, return lands: U.N.
10. ^ The Guardian - US should return stolen land to Indian tribes, says United Nations
11. ^ Daily Mail - Could the U.S. give up Mount Rushmore? Iconic site is on list of 'sacred land' UN says must be returned to Native Americans
12. ^ "Red Valley". Geographic Names Information System, U.S. Geological Survey. http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1267034. 
13. ^ "Black Hills National Forest - Environment". http://www.gorp.com. http://www.gorp.com/parks-guide/travel-ta-black-hills-national-forest-rapid-city-sidwcmdev_066660.html. Retrieved 2010-07-27. 

External links[link]

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Black Hills.

• Black Hills at the Open Directory Project
• An article about the land the people of Black Hills

Coordinates: 43°51′57″N 103°31′51″W / 43.86583°N 103.53083°W / 43.86583; -103.53083

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Jim Burns with a Hugo Award at Worldcon 2005 in Glasgow

Jim Burns (born April 10, 1948) is a Welsh artist born in Cardiff, Wales.

In 1966 he joined the Royal Air Force, but soon thereafter he left and signed up at the Newport School of Art for a year's foundation course.

After that, he went on to complete a 3-year Diploma in Art and Design at St. Martin's School of Art in London. When he left St. Martin's in 1972 he had already joined the recently established illustration agency Young Artists. He has been with this agency, later renamed Arena, ever since.

He is today a contemporary British science fiction illustrator. His work mostly deals with science fiction with erotic overtones. His paintings are generally intricate photo-realistic works of beautiful women set against advanced machines and spaceships. While his preparatory sketches are more erotically focused, his final works and published book covers have a more academic tone portraying far off and imaginary worlds.^{[citation needed]}

Apart from book and game covers, Burns briefly worked with Ridley Scott on Blade Runner, and his illustrations and paintings comprise much of the book Mechanismo by Harry Harrison. He has also had books of his own works published, including Lightship, Planet Story (written by Harry Harrison), Transluminal, and Imago.

Burns won the Hugo award for best professional artist three times and has also been awarded 12 BSFA awards. Well regarded in fandom, he was artist guest of honour at the 1987 Worldcon.

Portfolio[link]

Work by the artist includes cover art for:

• The Fury of Dracula (1987) a boardgame by Stephen Hand
• Two books by Daniel Keys Moran
  • Armageddon Blues (1988)
  • The Long Run (1989)
• Over thirty^{[citation needed]} books by Robert Silverberg including The Face of the Waters (1991)
• Aristoi (1992) by Walter Jon Williams
• Upland Outlaws (1993) by Dave Duncan
• Infinity's Shore (1996) by David Brin
• The Stone Dance of the Chameleon series by Ricardo Pinto
  • The Chosen (1999)
  • The Standing Dead (2002)
  • The Third God (2009)
• The Greg Mandel Trilogy by Peter F. Hamilton
  • Mindstar Rising (1993)
  • A Quantum Murder (1994)
  • The Nano Flower (1995)
• The Night's Dawn Trilogy by Peter F. Hamilton
  • The Reality Dysfunction (1996)
  • The Neutronium Alchemist (1997)
  • The Naked God (1999)
• A Second Chance at Eden (1998) by Peter F. Hamilton
• The Confederation Handbook (2000) by Peter F. Hamilton
• Fallen Dragon (2001) by Peter F. Hamilton
• The Commonwealth Saga by Peter F. Hamilton
  • Pandora's Star (2004)
  • Judas Unchained (2005)
• The Void trilogy by Peter F. Hamilton
  • The Dreaming Void (2007)
  • The Temporal Void (2008)

External links[link]

• Official website
• Jim Burns at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
• Artwork from Lightship on a science fiction blog