Robert Gerard "Bobby" Sands (Irish: Roibeárd Gearóid Ó Seachnasaigh;[1] 9 March 1954 – 5 May 1981) was an Irish volunteer of the Provisional Irish Republican Army and member of the British Parliament who died on hunger strike while imprisoned in HM Prison Maze.
He was the leader of the 1981 hunger strike in which Irish republican prisoners protested against the removal of Special Category Status. During his strike he was elected as a member of the British Parliament as an Anti H-Block/Armagh Political Prisoner candidate.[2][3] His death resulted in a new surge of IRA recruitment and activity. International media coverage brought attention to the hunger strikers, and the republican movement in general, attracting both praise and criticism.[4]
Sands was born into a Catholic family[5][6] in Abbots Cross, but also lived in a house in Doonbeg Drive, Newtownabbey, County Antrim, Northern Ireland, and lived there until 1960[7] whereupon the family were forced to move to Rathcoole, Newtownabbey.[7] His first sister, Marcella, was born in April 1955 and second sister, Bernadette, in November 1958. His parents, John and Rosaleen, had another son, John, in 1962. On leaving school, he became an apprentice coach-builder until he was forced out at gunpoint by loyalists.[8][clarification needed]
In June 1972, at the age of 18, Bobby moved with his family to the Twinbrook housing estate in west Belfast, being obliged to leave Rathcoole due to loyalist intimidation.[9]
He married Geraldine Noade. His son, Gerard, was born 8 May 1973. She soon left to live in England with their son.[10]
Sands' sister Bernadette Sands McKevitt is also a prominent Irish Republican. Along with her husband Michael McKevitt she helped to form the 32 County Sovereignty Movement and is accused of involvement with the Real Irish Republican Army.[11] Sands McKevitt is opposed to the Belfast Agreement, stating that "Bobby did not die for cross-border bodies with executive powers. He did not die for nationalists to be equal British citizens within the Northern Ireland state."[12]
In 1972, Sands joined the Provisional IRA.[13] He was arrested and charged in October 1972 with possession of four handguns which were found in the house where he was staying. Sands was convicted in April 1973 sentenced to five years' imprisonment and released in April 1976.[14][15]
On his release from prison in 1976, he returned to his family home in West Belfast, and resumed his active role in the Provisional IRA's campaign. He was charged with involvement in the October 1976 bombing of the Balmoral Furniture Company in Dunmurry, although he was never convicted of this charge with the presiding judge stating that there was no evidence to support the assertion that he had taken part.[16] After the bombing, Sands and at least five others were alleged to have been involved in a gun battle with the Royal Ulster Constabulary, although he was not convicted due to lack of evidence. Leaving behind two of their wounded friends, Seamus Martin and Gabriel Corbett, Sands, Joe McDonnell, Seamus Finucane and Sean Lavery tried to make their escape in a car, but were apprehended. Later, one of the revolvers used in the attack was found in the car in which Sands had been travelling.[17] His trial in September 1977 saw him being convicted of possession of firearms (the revolver from which the prosecution alleged bullets had been fired at the RUC after the bombing) and Sands was sentenced to 14 years' imprisonment within HM Prison Maze, also known as Long Kesh.[18]
Immediately after his sentence he was implicated in a ruckus and spent the first 22 days on boards in Crumlin Road Prison, 15 days naked, and a No. 1 starvation diet every 3 days.[19]
In prison, Sands became a writer both of journalism and poetry—being published in the Irish republican newspaper An Phoblacht. In late 1980 Sands was chosen as Officer Commanding of the Provisional IRA prisoners in Long Kesh, succeeding Brendan Hughes who was participating in the first hunger strike.
Republican prisoners had organised a series of protests seeking to regain their previous Special Category Status and not be subject to ordinary prison regulations. This began with the "blanket protest" in 1976, in which the prisoners refused to wear prison uniform and wore blankets instead. In 1978, after a number of attacks on prisoners leaving their cells to "slop out" (i.e. empty their chamber pots), this escalated into the "dirty protest", wherein prisoners refused to wash and smeared the walls of their cells with excrement.[20]
While in prison Sands had several letters and articles published in the Republican paper An Phoblacht (en: Republican News) under the pseudonym "Marcella". Other writings attributed to him are: Skylark Sing Your Lonely Song [21] and One Day in My Life.[22] Sands also wrote the lyrics of "Back Home in Derry" and "McIlhatton", which were both later recorded by Christy Moore; and he wrote "Sad Song For Susan" which was later recorded. The melody of "Back Home in Derry" was borrowed from Gordon Lightfoot's famous 1976 song "The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald."
Shortly after the beginning of the strike, Frank Maguire, the Independent Republican MP for Fermanagh and South Tyrone, died suddenly of a heart attack, precipitating the April 1981 by-election.
The sudden vacancy in a seat with a nationalist majority of about five thousand was a valuable opportunity for Sands' supporters to unite the nationalist community behind their campaign.[10] Pressure not to split the vote led other nationalist parties, notably the Social Democratic and Labour Party, to withdraw, and Sands was nominated on the label "Anti H-Block / Armagh Political Prisoner". After a highly polarised campaign, Sands narrowly won the seat on 9 April 1981, with 30,493 votes to 29,046 for the Ulster Unionist Party candidate Harry West—and also becoming the youngest MP at the time.[23]
Following Sands' success, the British Government introduced the Representation of the People Act 1981 which prevents prisoners serving jail terms of more than one year in either the UK or the Republic of Ireland from being nominated as candidates in British elections.[24][25] This law was introduced so as to prevent the other hunger strikers from being elected to the British parliament.[26]
The 1981 Irish hunger strike started with Sands refusing food on 1 March 1981. Sands decided that other prisoners should join the strike at staggered intervals in order to maximise publicity with prisoners steadily deteriorating successively over several months.
The hunger strike centred around five demands:
- the right not to wear a prison uniform;
- the right not to do prison work;
- the right of free association with other prisoners, and to organise educational and recreational pursuits;
- the right to one visit, one letter and one parcel per week;
- full restoration of remission lost through the protest.[27]
The significance of the hunger strike was the prisoners' aim of being declared as political prisoners (or prisoners of war) and not to be classed as criminals. The Washington Post, however, reported that the primary aim of the hunger strike was to generate international publicity.[28]
Sands died in the prison hospital after 66 days of hunger-striking, aged 27. The original pathologist's report recorded Sands' and the other hunger strikers' causes of death as "self-imposed starvation", later amended to simply "starvation" after protests from the dead strikers' families.[29] The coroner recorded verdicts of "starvation, self-imposed".[29]
The announcement of his death prompted several days of riots in nationalist areas of Northern Ireland. A milkman and his son, Eric and Desmond Guiney, died as a result of injuries sustained when their milk float crashed after being stoned by rioters in a predominantly nationalist area of north Belfast.[30][31] Over 100,000 people lined the route of Sands' funeral and he was buried in the 'New Republican Plot' alongside 76 others. Their grave is maintained and cared for by the National Graves Association, Belfast.[32] Sands was a Member of the Westminster Parliament for 25 days, though he never took his seat or the oath.
In response to a question in the House of Commons on 5 May 1981, British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher said, "Mr. Sands was a convicted criminal. He chose to take his own life. It was a choice that his organisation did not allow to many of its victims".[33] The official announcement of Sands' death in the House of Commons omitted the customary expression of sense of loss and sympathy with the family of the member.[34]
He was survived by his parents, siblings, and a young son (Gerard) from his marriage to Geraldine Noade.
Memorial mural along Falls Road, Belfast
In Europe, there were widespread protests after Sands' death. Five thousand Milanese students burned the Union Flag and shouted 'freedom for Ulster' during a march.[4] The British Consulate at Ghent was raided.[4] Thousands marched in Paris behind huge portraits of Sands, to chants of 'the IRA will conquer'.[4] In the Portuguese Parliament, the opposition stood for Sands.[4] In Oslo, demonstrators threw a tomato at Elizabeth II, the Queen of the United Kingdom, but missed. (The 28 year old assailant claimed however that he had not aimed for the queen, but for a smirking British soldier)[4] [35] In the Soviet Union, Pravda described it as 'another tragic page in the grim chronicle of oppression, discrimination, terror and violence' in Ireland. Russian fans of Bobby Sands published a translation of the "Back Home In Derry" song ("На Родину в Дерри" in Russian).[4] Many French towns and cities have streets named after Sands, including in Nantes, Saint-Étienne, Le Mans, Vierzon, and Saint-Denis.[36] In the Republic of Ireland, his death led to riots and bus burning. IRA members allegedly unsuccessfully attempted to coerce proprietors of shops and other businesses into closing for a national day of mourning.[37] The West German newspaper Die Welt took a negative view of Sands.[4]
The US media expressed a range of opinions on Sands' death. The Boston Globe commented that "[t]he slow suicide attempt of Bobby Sands has cast his land and his cause into another downward spiral of death and despair. There are no heroes in the saga of Bobby Sands."[38] The Chicago Tribune wrote that "Mahatma Gandhi used the hunger strike to move his countrymen to abstain from fratricide. Bobby Sands' deliberate slow suicide is intended to precipitate civil war. The former deserved veneration and influence. The latter would be viewed, in a reasonable world, not as a charismatic martyr but as a fanatical suicide, whose regrettable death provides no sufficient occasion for killing others."[39]
The New York Times wrote that "Britain's prime minister Thatcher is right in refusing to yield political status to Bobby Sands, the Irish Republican Army hunger striker," but that by appearing "unfeeling and unresponsive" the British Government was giving Sands "the crown of martyrdom."[40] The San Francisco Chronicle argued that political belief should not exempt activists from criminal law: "Terrorism goes far beyond the expression of political belief. And dealing with it does not allow for compromise as many countries of Western Europe and United States have learned. The bombing of bars, hotels, restaurants, robbing of banks, abductions and killings of prominent figures are all criminal acts and must be dealt with by criminal law."[41]
Some American critics and journalists suggested that American press coverage was a "melodrama".[42] One journalist in particular criticised the large pro-IRA Irish-American contingent which "swallow IRA propaganda as if it were taffy," and concluded that IRA "terrorist propaganda triumphs."[43]
Archbishop John R. Roach, president of the US Catholic bishops, called Sands' death "a useless sacrifice".[44] The Ledger of May 5, 1981 under the headline “To some he was a hero, to others a terrorist” claims that the hunger strike made Sands "a hero among Irish Republicans or Nationalists seeking the reunion of Protestant-dominated and British-ruled Northern Ireland with the predominantly Catholic Irish Republic to the south."[45]
The Ledger cited Sands as telling his friends: “If I die, God will understand," and one of his last messages to them being, “Tell everyone I’ll see them somewhere, sometime.” [45]
Some political, religious, union and fund-raising institutions chose to honour Sands. The International Longshoremen's Association in New York announced a 24-hour boycott of British ships.[37][46] Over 1,000 people gathered in New York's St. Patrick's Cathedral to hear Cardinal Terence Cooke offer a Mass of reconciliation for Northern Ireland. Irish bars in the city were closed for two hours in mourning.[4] In Hartford, Connecticut a memorial was dedicated to Bobby Sands and the other hunger strikers in 1997, the only one of its kind in the United States. Set up by the Irish Northern Aid Committee and local Irish-Americans, it stands in a traffic circle known as "Bobby Sands Circle," at the bottom of Maple Avenue near Goodwin Park.[47]
The New Jersey General Assembly, the lower house of the New Jersey Legislature, voted 34-29 for a resolution honouring his "courage and commitment."[4]
In 2001, a memorial to Sands and the other hunger strikers was unveiled in Havana, Cuba.[48]
- In Tehran, Iran, President Abolhassan Bani-Sadr sent a message of condolence to the Sands family.[49] The government renamed Winston Churchill Boulevard, the location of the Embassy of the United Kingdom in Tehran, to Bobby Sands Street, prompting the embassy to move its entrance door to Ferdowsi Avenue to avoid using Bobby Sands Street on its letterhead.[50] A street in the Elahieh district is also named after Sands.[51] An official blue and white street sign was affixed to the rear wall of the British embassy compound saying (in Persian) "Bobby Sands Street" with three words of explanation "militant Irish guerrilla".[49][52] The official Pars news agency called Bobby Sands' death "heroic".[49] There have subsequently been claims that the British foreign secretary has pressured Iranian authorities to change the name of Bobby Sands Street but this is denied.[53][54][55]
- The Hindustan Times said Margaret Thatcher had allowed a fellow Member of Parliament to die of starvation, an incident which had never before occurred "in a civilised country."[4]
- In the Indian Parliament, opposition members in the upper house Rajya Sabha stood for a minute's silence in tribute. The ruling Congress Party refused to join in.[4]
- The Hong Kong Standard said it was 'sad that successive British governments have failed to end the last of Europe's religious wars.'[4]
- A large monument dedicated to Irish protagonists for independence from Britain, including Bobby Sands, stands in the Waverley Cemetery in Sydney, Australia.
At Old Firm football matches in Glasgow, Scotland, some Rangers fans have been known to sing songs mocking Bobby Sands to taunt fans of Celtic. Rangers fans are mainly Protestant, and predominantly sympathetic to the Unionist and Loyalist community; Celtic fans are traditionally more likely to support the Nationalist and Republican community.[56] Celtic fans regularly sing the republican song "The Roll of Honour" which commemorates the ten men who died in the 1981 hunger strike, amongst other songs in support of the IRA. Sands is honoured in the line "They stood beside their leader - the gallant Bobby Sands." Rangers' taunts have since been adopted by the travelling support of other UK clubs, particularly those with strong British ties, as a form of anti-Irish sentiment.[57] The 1981 British Home Championship football tournament was cancelled following the refusal of teams from England and Wales to travel to Northern Ireland in the aftermath of his death due to security concerns.
Cardinal Basil Hume, the head of the Catholic Church in England and Wales, condemned Sands, describing the hunger strike as a form of violence. However he noted that this was his personal view. The Roman Catholic Church's official stance was that ministrations should be provided to the hunger strikers who, believing their sacrifice to be for a higher good, were acting in good conscience.[45]
Nine other IRA and Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) members who were involved in the 1981 Irish Hunger Strike also died after Sands. On the day of Sands' funeral, Unionist leader Ian Paisley held a memorial service outside of Belfast city hall to commemorate the victims of the IRA.[37] In the Irish general elections held the same year, two anti H-block candidates won seats on an abstentionist basis.
The media coverage that surrounded the death of Sands resulted in a new surge of IRA activity and an immediate escalation in the Troubles, with the group obtaining many more members and increasing its fund-raising capability. Both nationalists and unionists began to harden their attitudes and move towards political extremes.[58] Sands' Westminster seat was taken by his election agent, Owen Carron standing as 'Anti H-Block Proxy Political Prisoner' with an increased majority.[59]
The Grateful Dead played the Nassau Coliseum the following night after Sands died and guitarist Bob Weir dedicated the song "He's Gone" to Sands.[60] The concert was later released as Dick's Picks Volume 13, part of the Grateful Dead's programme of live concert releases.
The music video for the The Cranberries song Zombie shows a clip of a mural commemorating Sands.
Songs written in response to the hunger strikes and Sands' death include songs by Black 47, Nicky Wire, The Undertones,[61] Bik McFarlane and Eric Bogle. Christy Moore's song, "The People's Own MP", has been described as an example of a rebel song of the "hero-martyr" genre in which Sands' "intellectual, artistic and moral qualities" are eulogised.[62] American rock band Rage Against the Machine have listed Sands as an inspiration in the sleeve notes of their self titled debut album.[63] and as a "political hero" in media interviews [64]
Bobby Sands has also been portrayed in the following films:
- ^ "Legacy of Cage Eleven". Nuzhound.com. http://www.nuzhound.com/articles/Irelandclick/arts2006/mar6_cage_eleven__OHearn_book.php. Retrieved 2010-04-26.
- ^ BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/northern_ireland/understanding/events/hunger_strike.stm. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
- ^ "CAIN: Politics: Elections: Westminster By-election (NI) Thursday 9 April 1981". Cain.ulst.ac.uk. 1981-04-09. http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/politics/election/rwby1981a.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-26.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "CAIN archive at the University of Ulster". Cain.ulst.ac.uk. 1981-05-05. http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/hstrike/beresford.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-26.
- ^ Feehan, Bobby Sands MP and the Tragedy of Northern Ireland, p. 17
- ^ Sands, Writings from Prison
- ^ a b O'Hearn, Bobby Sands: Nothing but an Unfinished Song
- ^ Feehan, Bobby Sands and the Tragedy of Northern Ireland, p 13–14
- ^ O'Hearn, Nothing but an unfinished song: Bobby Sands, ch. 1
- ^ a b David Beresford (1987). Ten Men Dead: The Story of the 1981 Irish Hunger Strike. London: Harper Collins Publishers. ISBN 0-586-06533-4.
- ^ Toolis, "McKevitt's inglorious career", The Observer (2003)
- ^ English, Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA, p 316–317
- ^ Geraghty, The Irish War, p. 68–70
- ^ Morrison, Cain Biography (Cain.ulst.ac.uk), s. 'intro'
- ^ Hanke, Philip (2011). Bobby Sands - An Irish Martyr?. GRIN Verlag. p. 20. ISBN 978-3-640-85967-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=CyjxKg3zWwQC&pg=PA20.
- ^ Price, Keep On Running (WalesOnline.co.uk) p. 1
- ^ English, Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA, p. 196–198
- ^ "Terrorism Knowledge Base Article on Bobby Sands". Tkb.org. http://www.tkb.org/KeyLeader.jsp?memID=82. Retrieved 2010-04-26. [dead link]
- ^ Hanke, Philip (2011). Bobby Sands - An Irish Martyr?. GRIN Verlag. p. 21. ISBN 978-3-640-85967-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=CyjxKg3zWwQC&pg=PA21.
- ^ Taylo, Provos, The IRA and Sinn Féin, p. 251–252
- ^ 1989, Mercier Press, ISBN 0-85342-726-7
- ^ 2001, Mercier Press, ISBN 1-85635-349-4
- ^ BBC News,1981: Hunger striker elected MP (April 1981)
- ^ Julian Haviland, "Bill to stop criminal candidates", The Times, 13 June 1981, p. 2.
- ^ Gay, Disqualification for membership of the House of Commons (October 2004)
- ^ Carol, Constitutional and administrative law, p. 112
- ^ Taylor, Provos The IRA & Sinn Féin, p. 229–234
- ^ Washington Post, 3 May 1981, 2-3
- ^ a b O'Keeffe, "Suicide and Self-Starvation Suicide and Self-starvation", Philosophy, Vol. 59, No. 229 (Jul., 1984), pp. 349–363
- ^ Malcolm Sutton. "An Index of Deaths from Conflict in Ireland". CAIN. http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/chron/1981.html. Retrieved 2007-09-07.
- ^ "A Chronology of the Conflict - 1981". CAIN. http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch81.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-07.
- ^ "University of Ulster CAIN archive". Cain.ulst.ac.uk. http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/abstentionism/chron.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-26.
- ^ "1981 5 May Tu Margaret Thatcher House of Commons PQs". Margaret Thatcher Foundation. http://www.margaretthatcher.org/speeches/displaydocument.asp?docid=104641. Retrieved 2007-05-26.
- ^ "Hansard Historic Prototype". http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1981/may/05/death-of-a-member. Retrieved 2008-11-04.
- ^ "Punker siktet for majestetsfornærmelse". Oslo: Aftenposten. 7 May 1981.
- ^ Colin Randall (13 August 2004). "French intelligentsia ponders what should be done with killer". London: The Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/1469419/Worldwide-French-intelligentsia-ponders-what-should-be-done-with-killer.html. Retrieved 2007-05-25.
- ^ a b c Russell, George (1981-05-18). "Shadow Of a Gunman". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,951677-3,00.html. Retrieved 2007-08-14.
- ^ "The Saga of Bobby Sands", Boston Globe, 3 May 1981
- ^ "Bobby Sands and Mahatma Gandhi", Chicago Tribune, 28 April 1981
- ^ "Britain's Gift to Bobby Sands", New York Times, 29 April 1981
- ^ "The Death of Bobby Sands", San Francisco Chronicle, 6 May 1981
- ^ "Sands' hunger strike and the fate of Ulster" Boston Globe, 1 May 1981, 9
- ^ "IRA brutalities, Terrorist propaganda triumphs" by Edward Langley Chicago Tribune, 9 May 1981, W1-8-4
- ^ "News.Google.com". News.Google.com. 1981-05-16. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DhgVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LvsDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5359,60041&dq=basil-hume+bobby-sands&hl=en. Retrieved 2010-04-26.
- ^ a b c "''The Ledger'', Tuesday, May 5, 1981". News.google.com. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=xOISAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PfsDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6963,1623218&dq=basil-hume+bobby-sands&hl=en. Retrieved 2010-04-26.
- ^ "NYU". Nyu.edu. http://www.nyu.edu/library/bobst/research/aia/exhibits/0501_hunger/support/prosands.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-26.
- ^ "Details of the Hartford memorial". Homestead.com. http://www.homestead.com/hartford/hungerstrikers.html. Retrieved 2010-04-26.
- ^ "Adams unveils Cuba memorial to Bobby Sands". breakingnews.ie. 18 December 2001. http://archives.tcm.ie/breakingnews/2001/12/18/story33688.asp. Retrieved 2007-05-25.
- ^ a b c The Times, June 11, 1981
- ^ Bobby Sands: Nothing But An Unfinished Song by Denis O'Hearn (ISBN 9-7453-2572-6), page 377
- ^ Majd, Hooman. The Ayatollah Begs to Differ. Doubleday. 2008. 244-245.
- ^ OIPUI.edu, 'Naming Bobby Sands Street', The Blanket, 24 February 2004
- ^ Irlandinit-hd.de, British government pressure Ireland to change the name of Bobby Sands street from
- ^ LarkSpirit.com, British government pressure Irani Government to change name of Bobby Sands street
- ^ "FCO.gov.uk". Ukiniran.fco.gov.uk. http://ukiniran.fco.gov.uk/en/our-offices-in-iran/contact-us/location-map. Retrieved 2010-04-26. [dead link]
- ^ Tom Shields (23 February 2003). "Pitch Battles; What can an English public school-type tell us about". The Sunday Herald. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4156/is_20030223/ai_n12580707. Retrieved 2007-05-25.
- ^ Lash, Scott & Lury, Celia. Global Culture Industry: The Mediation of Things, Polity, 2007, p49. ISBN 0-7456-2482-0
- ^ W.D. Flackes and Sydney Elliott, "Northern Ireland: A Political Directory" (Blackstaff Press, Belfast, 1999), at p. 550, notes that at the 1981 District Council elections on 20 May 1981, "the results showed a decline in support for centre parties".
- ^ Nicholas Whyte. "Ark Election website". Ark.ac.uk. http://www.ark.ac.uk/elections/cfst.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-26.
- ^ A Long Strange Trip by Dennis McNally, P. 542
- ^ The Undertones: A Look Back - 1 May 2001 - Ralph Heibutzki | Unofficial website of The Undertones | TheUndertones.net |
- ^ Boyle, Mark. Edifying the Rebellious Gael, in Celtic Geographies: Old Culture, New Times (David Harvey, ed). Routledge, 2002. p 190. ISBN 0-415-22396-2
- ^ digamma.net, notes » 2004 » March
- ^ RATM.net, Rage Against the Machine: Articles
- ^ IMDB: Some Mother's Son
- ^ IMDB: H3
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ Thorpe, Vanessa (11 May 2008). "Anger as new film of IRA hero Bobby Sands screens at Cannes". London: The Observer. http://film.guardian.co.uk/cannes2008/story/0,,2279375,00.html?gusrc=rss&feed=16. Retrieved 2008-05-14.
- ^ Bobby Sands film wins Cannes award. Available on RTE.ie, Accessed: 26 May 2008.
- ^ "Bobby Sands story to become movie". BBC. 16 May 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6660999.stm. Retrieved 2007-05-25.
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