This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009)

A bakhsh (بخش) is a type of administrative division of Iran. While sometimes translated as county, it is more accurately translated as district, as they are similar to a township in the United States or a district of England.

In Iran, each ostan or province consists of several shahrestan or county (Persian: شهرستان shahrestān‎), and each shahrestan has one or more bakhsh or district (Persian: بخش bakhsh‎). A bakhsh usually consists of tens of villages with a central town or city. The official governor of a bakhsh is called bakhshdar which is the head of bakhshdari office.

There are usually a few cities (Persian: شهر shahr‎) and dehdars (municipalities or rural agglomerations) (Persian: دهستان dehestān‎) in each county. Dehdars are a collection of a number of villages and their surrounding lands. One of the cities of the county is appointed as the capital of each county.

To better understand such subdivisions, the following table may be helpful. Assume that province P is divided into two counties: A and B. County A has 3 districts: Central, X, and Y. The Central district is the district that contains City M, the capital of the county. Each district might contain one or more cities and/or one or more RAs (rural agglomerations). In our example, the Central district contains City M, City N, and RA T composed of the villages V1, V2, V3, and V4, in turn; district X contains City O and RA U; and district Y has no cities and one RA V. The minimal county consists of only one city as the only district, named Central, of course. The county B in the following table is of such type, containing only one city Q.

This Iran-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2008)

Ustad Rahim Bakhsh
Ustad Rahim Bakhsh
Background information
Native name	استاد رحيم بخش
Birth name	Rahim Bakhsh
Also known as	Ustad Bakhsh Waris-e-Kharab Koy e Kharabat
Born	1920 (1920) Kharabat, Kabul, Afghanistan
Died	2002 (2003) (aged 81-82)
Genres	Khayal, Thumri, Tarana and Ghazal Classic
Occupations	Hindustani Classical Vocalist
Years active	1935–2000

Rahim Bakhsh (Persian:رحيم بخش), commonly known as Ustad Rahim Bakhsh (Persian: استاد رحيم بخش) was an ustad (maestro) of Hindustani classical music and also of native Persian Khurasa classical music culture from Afghanistan. He is also well renown and popular in a few neighboring countries. He was born in Kharabat into a well-known Tajik (Persian) family, a traditional part city of art in Kabul and was the creator of a new classical music in Afghanistan. With his work he represented the more than 4500 years old Tajik culture of central Asia. He was counted as leading authorities of classical music in Afghanistan. Like virtually all classical vocalists of Afghanistan, he belonged to the Patiala Gharana (gharana meaning a school or style of music) of Hindustani (see on Indo-Persian culture) classical music. The Ustad (pers.: master) died in 2002. His last wish was to have his grave beside his teacher Ustad Qasim. Ustad Rahim Bakh's grave is situated in Kabul on a place called Showda where every Friday night Sufis are praying.

Early life[link]

Muhammad Rahim was born in 1922 in Kharabat district of Kabul Afghanistan He began his music training at a young age of 8 under the tutelage of his grand father Mohammad Akbar and later under his father Khalifa Imamuddin studying the art of Tabla. By the age of 10, Mohammad Rahim was officially accepted by the school of Ustad Qasim Afghan, becoming the 7th string student of this great afghan master.

Mohammad Rahim studied Tabla, Harmonium and vocal and sang the classical songs of his master at the schools performance events. An official of Radio Kabul invited Mohammad Rahim to sing on national radio which was broadcasted live in its entirety. His first recorded song was Umrey khyal mastam was highly received by the public, that the he was offered a fulltime position as an official singer of National Radio. Mohammad Rahim known as Rahim bakhsh on the radio, walked from his home in Kharabat to the radio station, perform his song and with musical instrument on his back, walked back home only to repeat it three more times daily.

External links[link]

• One of his famous songs.

Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library
Country	India
Type	National library
Established	October 5, 1891
Location	Patna, Bihar
Collection
Items collected	Manuscripts, books, journals, newspapers, magazines, sound and music recordings, patents, databases, maps, stamps, prints, drawings and manuscripts
Size	250,000 books (5,000,000 total items)
Legal deposit	Yes, Institution of National Importance by Act of Parliament,26th Dec'1969
Access and use
Access requirements	Open to anyone with a genuine need to use the collection
Other information
Director	Dr. Imtiaz Ahmad, (since February, 2004)
Website	http://kblibrary.bih.nic.in/

Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library (Hindi: ख़ुदा बख़्श मशरिक़ी किताब ख़ाना, Urdu: خدا بخش مشرِقی کِتاب خانہ Khudā Bakhsh Mashriqī Kitāb Khāna) is one of the national libraries of India. It was opened to public in October, 1891 by Khan Bahadur Khuda Bakhsh with 4,000 manuscripts, of which he inherited 1,400 from his father Maulvi Mohammed Bakhsh. It is an autonomous organization under Ministry of Culture, Government of India, and is governed by a Board with the Governor of Bihar as its ex-officio Chairman. known for its rare collection of Persian and Arabic manuscripts. It also hosts paintings made during the Rajput and Mughal eras of India.

It is also a designated 'Manuscript Conservation Centre' (MCC) under the National Mission for Manuscripts.^[1]

History[link]

Maulvi Khuda Bakhsh

The library finds its origin in private collection of a bibliophile Mohammad Bakhsh and expanded by his son Khuda Bakhsh, who inherited 1,400 manuscripts and continued to add to the collection and eventually converted it into a private library by 1880. The library was opened to public upon its inauguration by Sir Charles Elliot, Governor of Bengal on 5th October, 1891. In 1969 through a Federal Legislation, an Act of Parliament, namely 'Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library Act (1969), the Government of India declared Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library a centre of national importance and government took over the funding, maintenance and development of the library. Today it continues to attract scholars from all over the world.^[2]

Past directors of the library have been Dr. Abid Reza Bedar, who after remaining with the Raza Library, came as Director to the institution in 1972, and did some important work towards reviving the library along with his successor Habibur Rehman Chighani, at present the Director of the library is the Dr. Imtiaz Ahmad, since February, 2004. It is on its way to become the country's first library to computerize its hand written collection for universal dissemination.^[3]

Collection[link]

Some of the notable manuscripts are Timur Nama (Khandan--Timuria), Shah Nama, Padshah Nama, Diwan-e-Hafiz and Safinatul Auliya, carrying the autograph of Mughal Emperors and princes and the book of Military Accounts of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Apart of it the library also has specimens of Mughal paintings, calligraphy and book decoration and Arabic and Urdu manuscripts, including a page of Quran written on deer skin.^[4][2]

Further reading[link]

• Khuda Buksh, S. (1912). Essays Indian and Islamic. Probsthain & Co., London. http://www.archive.org/stream/essaysindianisla00khud#page/126/mode/2up. 
• Salahuddin Khuda Bakhah and Sir Jadunath Sarkar. Khuda Bakhsh. Patna, 1981.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library, website

Nawab Khair Bakhsh Marri (Balochi: نواب خیر بخش مری) is a politician from Balochistan, Pakistan. He has been leading a nationalist and separatist in the country for the past four decades. He is also the head of his powerful Marri tribe. In 1989, the Pakistan Peoples Party government in Islamabad was already anticipating the fall of Najibullah's PDPA government and had set up a government of the mujahideen in exile in Peshawar.

See also[link]

• Balach Marri
• Ghazan Marri
• Hyrbyair Marri
• Hamza Marri
• Mehran Marri
• Brahamdagh Bugti
• Ataullah Mengal
• Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo
• Mir Gul Khan Naseer

External links[link]

• Exclusive Interview of Brahmdagh Bugti by Qurat ul ain Siddiqui
• Interview with Khair Bakhsh Marri, Rediff.com, 23 June 2008
• 2008 BBC interview with Khair Bakhsh Marri: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
• One-on-one Interview: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

v t e Baloch nationalism Regions Balochistan Balochistan, Pakistan Sistan and Baluchestan Province (Iran) Balochistan, Afghanistan Parties and student groups Balochistan National Party Jamhoori Wattan Party National Party Baloch National Movement Baloch Republican Party Baloch National Front Baloch Students Organization Baloch Students Organization – Awami Balochistan People's Party Kalat State National Party Militant groups Balochistan Liberation Army Baloch Liberation Front Baluch People's Liberation Front Popular Front for Armed Resistance Baluchi Liberation Front Baluchi Autonomist Movement Partisans of National Liberation of Afghanistan Baloch Republican Army Balochistan Liberation United Front Parrari Jundallah Key figures Gul Khan Nasir Abdul Hai Baloch Habib Jalib Baloch Hameed Baloch Ghulam Mohammed Baloch Mir Nooruddin Mengal Allah Nazar Baloch Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo Hasil Bizenjo Akbar Bugti Brahamdagh Khan Bugti Prince Karim Khan Mir Lawang Khan Nawab Nowroz Khan Abdul Aziz Kurd Yousaf Aziz Magsi Balach Marri Khair Bakhsh Marri Jumma Khan Marri Sher Mohammad Marri Akhtar Mengal Ataullah Mengal Abdolmalek Rigi Dad Shah History Kalat (princely state) Balochistan conflict 1970s Operation Iraqi support Arms discovery in Iraqi Embassy Turbat killings Missing persons Human rights violations National myths/epics Mir Chakar Rind Hani and Sheh Mureed

Harjinder Singh Jinda
Nickname	Jinda
Born	1961 Village Gadli, Amritsar, Punjab, India
Died	October 09, 1992 Pune, Maharashtra, India
Allegiance	Khalistan Commando Force
Years of service	1984 - 1992
Battles/wars	Khalistan movement
Awards	“Great Martyr’ of the Sikh nation

Harjinder Singh Jinda was a member of a Sikh organization Khalistan Commando Force and one of the two assassins of Arun Vaidya (the Chief of Indian army at the time of Operation Bluestar and architect of Operation Bluestar). He was responsible for three high-profile killings; Arjan Dass, Lalit Maken and Gen. Vaidya. He along with other members of Khalistan Commando Force participated in Indian history's biggest bank robbery^{[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]} of Rs. 5.70 crore ($4.5 million) from Punjab National Bank, Miller Gunj branch, Ludhiana^[8] to finance the campaign for a separate Sikh state of Khalistan.^[9][10]

Early life[link]

Harjinder Singh's mother's and father's names are Gurnam Kaur^[11] and Gulzar Singh.^[12] Jinda had two older brothers, Nirbhail Singh and Bhupinder Singh^[8][13][14] and one sister, Balvinder Kaur.^[11] Harinder Singh alias Mathra Singh and Jagjit Singh were nephews of Harjinder Singh Jinda.^[12] Sikh militant Surjit Singh Penta (who committed suicide by consuming cyanide during Operation Black Thunder in the year of 1998) was a cousin of Harjinder Singh Jinda.^[15][16][17] He belonged to a farmer family.

He was born on April 4, 1962 in the village of Gadli, Jandiala in district Amritsar^[18] and received his early education in his native village of Gadli^[19] in district Amritsar. After completing his early education, he enrolled in Khalsa College, Amritsar.^[13][18][20]

India today described Jinda as 5'7" tall with a mole on the right side of his neck and two wounds on his right leg^[21]

Participation in the Khalistan movement[link]

He was completing his BA part II when Operation Bluestar occurred. He left his studies and joined the Khalistan separatist movement afterwards.

Assassination of Lalit Maken[link]

Harjinder Singh "Jinda" and Sukhdev Singh Sukha along with Ranjit Singh Gill gunned down Congress(I) Member of Parliament Lalit Maken on July 31, 1985,^[8] when he was moving towards his car parked across the road from his house in Kirti Nagar, New Delhi. The three assailants continued firing even as Maken ran towards his house for cover. Maken's wife Geetanjali and a visitor, Balkishan, were also caught in the firing. The assailants escaped on their scooters. Lalit Maken was considered to be involved in the killings of innocent Sikhs during 1984 Anti-Sikh riots. In a 31-page booklet titled 'Who Are The Guilty', People's Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) listed 227 people who led the mobs, which killed up to 3,000 Sikhs over three days. Lalit Maken's name was third on the list.^[22] A press report has indicated that someone named Bakshish Singh was also involved along with Jinda in this assassination.^[23] Ranjit Singh "Gill" was arrested by Interpol in New Jersey, USA on May 14, 1987, a federal magistrate approved his extradition on February 6, 1988^[24] and he was deported back to India in February 2000 after lengthy legal cases and was sentenced to life imprisonment on February 24, 2003. Finally his life sentence was commuted on May 20, 2009.^[25]

Assassination of General Vaidya[link]

In 1984, General Arun Vaidya had designed and supervised^[26] Operation Blue Star - a controversial military operation ordered by Indira Gandhi, then Prime Minister of India,^[27] against a group of Sikh separatists in June 1984 at the Golden Temple, the holiest shrine of the Sikhs.

General Vaidya had moved to Pune after his retirement from the army. On August 10, 1986, General Arun Vaidya was shot to death by Jinda and Sukha while he was driving his car home from the market.^[28] According to the police, the assailants pulled up next to his car on motor scooters and fired eight or nine shots into the car.^[29] Vaidya reportedly died instantly of head and neck wounds. His wife, who was also in the car, was wounded by four bullets in her back and thighs.^[30] According to Indian intelligence sources, Vaidya had been the number four assassination target on lists by Sikh militants and he was one of several people killed in retaliation for Operation Blue Star.^[31][32] Following the assassination, the Khalistan Commando Force issued a statement declaring that Vaidya had been killed in retaliation for the Operation Blue Star.^[31]

Assassination of Arjan Dass[link]

Congress (I) leader Arjun Dass was assassinated on Sept 5 1985^[33][34] by Jinda,^[35] Sukha^[36] and one other Sikh because of his involvement in 1984 Anti-Sikh riots. Arjan Dass's name appeared in various affidavits submitted by innocent Sikh victims to Nanavati Commission which was headed by Justice G.T. Nanavati, retired Judge of the Supreme Court of India.^[37] He was also identified among organisers of the carnage.^[38][39] Arjun Dass was a close friend of Prime Minister of India Rajiv Gandhi.^[40]

Arrest and death[link]

On September 17, 1986, Sukha got into an accident with a truck in Pimpri, Pune and was arrested. He was riding the same black motorcycle which was used at the time of assassination of General Vaidya. Jinda was arrested at Gurdwara Majnoo Daa Tilla, Delhi in March, 1987. He was shot in the legs at the time of his arrest. During their court trial, despite admitting to the killing, they pled not-guilty, justifying their actions by saying that Vaidya was "guilty of a serious crime, the punishment for which could only be death".^[32] They were awarded death sentences at 2:05 pm on October 21, 1989. Sukha and Jinda also wrote a letter to president of India asking for "No-Clemency" prior to their hanging.^[41] They welcomed their death sentences with Sikh religious slogans of Jo Bole So Nihal and their political slogans of Khalistan Zindabad.

On October 9, 1992, early in the morning, Sukhdev Singh "Sukha" and Harjinder Singh "Jinda" were hanged until death in Pune Jail. The Independent World mentioned “While being led from their cell to the gallows set up in the Yerawada gaol yard, the two convicted killers shouted slogans for Sikh independence in the Punjab”.^[42] Both of them were hanged at 4 am in Yerwada Central Jail Pune while extraordinary security was deployed at the jail and in the periphery of Pune to oppose any possible Sikh militant attack. Security was also tightened all over Northern India.^[43]

Public protests[link]

The Independent World reported that “..their hanging sparked off protests by students and shop-keepers in the Sikh-dominated state of Punjab” and “Security forces were put on alert in New Delhi, Pune, the southern city where the two assassins were hanged, and throughout the Punjab.”.^[42]

Memorial service and subsequent seizure of Golden Temple by the government[link]

On their memorial service, hundreds of troops and police surrounded the Golden Temple. In the early morning hundreds of Sikhs were ordered to move out of the Golden Temple. Sikh leaders Simranjit Singh Mann, Parkash Singh Badal, Gurcharan Singh Tohra and 300 others were arrested in the statewide arrests. Some people were baton charged when they tried to enter this religious place. Approximately 300 Sikhs openly resisted the police clampdown and held the 30 minute memorial service inside the complex while chanting slogans hailing the assassins and in support of Sikh homeland Khalistan. Jinda and Sukha’s fathers were presented with gold medals by Golden Temple priest. Police seize of the temple was lifted 3 hours after the memorial service^[44][45]

Honours/ anniversaries[link]

In October 1999, his death anniversary was celebrated in his village Gadli, district Amritsar, where chief of Akal Takhat Amritsar, Giani Puran Singh declared Jinda a national martyr while justifying his action of killing general Vaidya. Some Akali leaders stayed away from this function.^[46]

On October 9, 2000, representatives of all major Sikh bodies, including ruling Shiromani Akali Dal, the SHSAD, the SGPC, the Damdami Taksal, AISSF and the Dal Khalsa attended the eighth death anniversary of Harjinder Singh Jinda and Sukhdev Singh Sukha. To honour Jinda and Sukha, Giani Joginder Singh Vedanti, Head of Akal Takht (Supreme Sikh temporal seat), performed the ‘ardas’ (a Sikh religious rite). Both Sukha and Jinda were declared as “great martyrs’ of the Sikh nation during this event.^[47]

On October 9, 2002, per The Tribune, on Jinda's death anniversary, "Tributes were paid to the assassins of General Vaidya — Jinda and Sukhdev Singh Sukha" and Jinda's mother was honoured by Giani Joginder Singh Vedanti, chief of Akal Takhat.^[48]

In October 2005, the anniversary of his death was celebrated in his native village of Gadli by various Sikh organization including Dal Khalsa, Damdami Taksal, Akal Federation and Sikh Students Federation etc.^[19] and his family was again honoured by Dal Khalsa in Fateh Garh Sahib in Punjab, India.^[49]

Dashmesh Durbar Sikh temple in Surrey, Canada recently organized special prayers for both Jinda and Sukha in Canada^[50]

On October 9, 2008, Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee honoured kin of Jinda and Sukha in the Golden Temple complex, to mark the anniversaries of their death. SGPC declared Jinda and Sukha ‘martyrs of Sikh nation' and added that Jinda and Sukha took revenge of Operation Bluestar.^[8]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Letter sent by the two to the President of India asking for no clemency
• Letter of Bhai Sukha-Jinda in Panjabi Language
• Harjinder Singh Jinda & Sukhdev Singh Sukha Biography.