National Educational Television was an American non-commercial educational public television network in the United States from May 16, 1954, to October 4, 1970. It was replaced on October 5, 1970, by Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), its direct successor, which continues to the present.

History[link]

The network was founded as the Educational Television and Radio Center (ETRC) in November 1952 by a grant from the Ford Foundation's Fund for Adult Education. It was originally a limited service for exchanging and distributing educational television programs produced by local television stations to other stations; it did not produce any material by itself.^[1]

In the spring of 1954, ETRC moved to Ann Arbor, Michigan, and on May 16 of that year it began its operation as a "network". It put together a daily five-hour package of television shows, releasing it primarily on kinescope film to the affiliated stations by mail.^[2] The programming was noted for treating subjects in depth, including hourlong interviews with people of literary and historical importance. The programming was also noted for being dry and academic, with little consideration given to entertainment value, a marked contrast to commercial television. Many of the shows were designed as adult education, and ETRC was nicknamed the "University of the Air".^[3]

The center's headquarters moved from Ann Arbor, Michigan to New York City in 1958 and the organization became known as the National Educational Television and Radio Center (NETRC).^[1]

The center became more aggressive at this time, aiming to have the role of the U.S.' fourth television network. This included the beginning of imported programming from the BBC into the United States. It increased its output to ten hours a week.^[1]

The organization changed tack again in November 1963. It renamed itself National Educational Television, and spun off its radio assets. Under the centerpiece show NET Journal, NET began to air controversial, hard-hitting documentaries that explored numerous social issues of the day such as poverty and racism. While praised by critics, many affiliates, especially those in politically and culturally conservative markets, objected to the perceived liberal slant of the programming. [1]

In 1966, NET's viability came into question when the Ford Foundation decided to begin withdrawing financial support because of NET's continual need for additional funding. In the meantime, the affiliated stations tried to keep the network alive by developing a reliable source of revenue.

The U.S. government intervened and created the Corporation for Public Broadcasting in 1967 to fund the network for the time being. However, the CPB's intent was to create its own public broadcasting network. The CPB embarked on that course of action because many NET affiliates were alienated by the programming that network offered. These affiliates further felt that NET's simultaneous production and distribution of programming constituted a conflict of interest.

PBS first began operations in 1969, with NET still producing several shows. However, NET's refusal to stop airing the critically praised but controversial documentaries led to the decision of both Ford and the CPB to shut the network down. In early 1970, both threatened to cut their funding unless NET merged its operations with Newark, New Jersey public station WNDT-TV. (This did not, however, end the production and distribution of hard-hitting documentaries on public television, since PBS itself continues to distribute and CPB continues to help fund series including Frontline, POV and Independent Lens to this day.)

On Monday, October 5, 1970, the exact day that PBS began broadcasting, NET and WNDT-TV officially completed their merger. NET ceased to operate as a separate network from that point, although some NET-branded programming, such as NET Journal, was part of the PBS schedule for another couple of years before the identity was finally retired. WNDT's call sign was changed to the present WNET shortly thereafter. Some shows that began on NET, such as Sesame Street, continue to air on PBS today.

The NET acronym has since been revived twice: first in 1993 through 1997 as National Empowerment Television (later known as "America's Voice"), a cable channel that aired news and talk programming catering to a conservative (especially paleoconservative) audience; and in 2005, when Nebraska ETV and Nebraska Public Radio were united under a single name, Nebraska Educational Telecommunications.

Naming[link]

• 1952-1958: Educational Television and Radio Center (ETRC)
• 1958-1963: National Educational Television and Radio Center (NETRC)
• 1963-1970: National Educational Television (NET)

See also[link]

• PBS idents (includes IDs for NET)
• Public Broadcasting Laboratory
• List of United States television networks

References[link]

External links[link]

• National Education Television Center on The Museum of Broadcast Communications

External links[link]

• Carolyn N. Brooks (29 November 2007). "National Educational Television Center (NET)". Museum of Broadcast Communications. http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/N/htmlN/nationaleduc/nationaleduc.htm. Retrieved 2008-12-30. 

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009)

For the television series in Hong Kong, see Educational Television (Hong Kong).

Educational television is the use of television programs in the field of distance education. It may be in the form of individual television programs or dedicated specialty channels that is often associated with cable television in the United States as Public, educational, and government access (PEG) channel providers.

There are also adult education programs for an older audience; many of these are instructional television or "telecourse" services that can be taken for college credit. Examples of these include Open University programs on BBC television in the UK.

Many children's television series are educational, ranging from dedicated learning programs to those that indirectly teach the viewers. Some series are written to have a specific moral behind every episode, often explained at the end by the character that learned the lesson.

In the social aspects of television, several studies have found that educational television has many advantages. The Media Awareness Network, explains in its article, The Good Things about Television, that television can be a very powerful and effective learning tool for children if used wisely. The article states that television can help young people discover where they fit into society, develop closer relationships with peers and family, and teach them to understand complex social aspects of communication.^[1]

Examples[link]

• Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)
• Annenberg Foundation (The Annenberg Channel)

References[link]

1. ^ http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/parents/television/good_things_tv.cfm

See also[link]

• Cable in the Classroom
• Educational film
• National Association of Educational Broadcasters
• Non-commercial educational (NCE)

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Jonathan Winters
Winters performing at a USO show in the Pensacola Civic Center on May 1, 1986.
Birth name	Jonathan Harshman Winters III
Born	(1925-11-11) November 11, 1925 (age 86) Bellbrook, Ohio, US
Medium	Comedian, actor
Nationality	American
Years active	1953–present
Influenced	George Carlin, Bill Cosby, Robin Williams, Richard Lewis, Conan O'Brien, Patton Oswalt, Frank Caliendo
Spouse	Eileen Schauder (1948–2009; her death; 2 children)
Emmy Awards
Outstanding Supporting Actor – Comedy Series 1991 Davis Rules

Jonathan Harshman Winters III (born November 11, 1925) is an American comedian, actor, and artist.

Early life[link]

Winters was born in Bellbrook, Ohio, the son of Alice Kilgore (née Rodgers), a radio personality, and Jonathan Harshman Winters II, an investment broker.^[1] He is a descendant of Valentine Winters, founder of the Winters National Bank in Dayton, Ohio (now part of JPMorgan Chase). Of English and Scotch-Irish^[2] ancestry, Winters has described his father as an alcoholic who had trouble holding a job.^{[citation needed]} When he was seven, his parents separated, and Winters' mother took him to Springfield, Ohio to live with his maternal grandmother.^{[citation needed]}

At age 17, Winters quit high school and joined the United States Marine Corps and served two and a half years in the Pacific Theater during World War II.^[3] Upon his return he attended Kenyon College. He later studied cartooning at Dayton Art Institute, where he met Eileen Schauder, whom he married in 1948.

Winters is a brother of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity (Lambda chapter).

Career[link]

His career began as a result of a lost wristwatch, about six or seven months after his marriage to Eileen. The newlyweds couldn’t afford to buy another one. Then Eileen read about a talent contest in which the first prize was a wristwatch, and encouraged Jonathan to “go down and win it.” She was certain he could…and he did.^[4] His performance led to a disc jockey job, where he was supposed to introduce songs and announce the temperature. Gradually his ad libs, personas and antics took over the show.^[5]

He began comedy routines and acting while studying at Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio. He was also a local radio personality on WING (mornings, 6 to 8) in Dayton, Ohio and at WIZE in Springfield, Ohio. He performed as Johnny Winters on WBNS-TV in Columbus, Ohio for two and a half years, quitting the station in 1953 when they refused him a $5.00 raise. After promising his wife that he would return to Dayton if he did not make it in a year, and with $56.46 in his pocket, he moved to New York City, staying with friends in Greenwich Village. After obtaining Martin Goodman as his agent, he began stand-up routines in various New York nightclubs. His big break occurred (with the revised name of Jonathan) when he worked for Alistair Cooke on the CBS Sunday morning show Omnibus.^[6] In 1957, he performed in the first color television show, a 15-minute routine sponsored by Tums.^[7]

Winters performing a routine on The NBC Comedy Hour in 1956.

Winters recorded many classic comedy albums for the Verve Records label, starting in 1960. Probably the best-known of his characters from this period is Maude Frickert, the seemingly sweet old lady with the barbed tongue. He was a favorite of Jack Paar and appeared frequently on his television programs, even going so far as to impersonate then-U.S. President John F. Kennedy over the phone as a prank on Paar. In addition, he would often appear on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, usually in the guise of some character. Carson often did not know what Winters had planned and usually had to tease out the character's back story during a pretend interview. Carson invented a character called "Aunt Blabby" that was an impression of Maude Frickert.

Winters has appeared in nearly 50 movies and several television shows, including particularly notable roles in the film It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World and in the dual roles of Henry Glenworthy and his dark, scheming brother, the Rev. Wilbur Glenworthy, in the film adaptation of Evelyn Waugh's The Loved One. Fellow comedians who starred with him in Mad World, such as Arnold Stang, claimed that in the long periods while they waited between scenes, Winters would entertain them for hours in their trailer by becoming any character that they would suggest to him. He also appeared in Viva Max! (1970) and The Russians Are Coming, The Russians Are Coming (1966).

He appeared as a regular (along with Woody Allen and Jo Anne Worley) on the Saturday morning children's television program Hot Dog in the early seventies. He also had a CBS nighttime show from 1967 to 1969, and had his own show, The Wacky World of Jonathan Winters during 1972–74. Winters did dramatic work in the The Twilight Zone episode "A Game of Pool" (episode #3.5, October 13, 1961). He recorded Ogden Nash's The Carnival of the Animals poems to Camille Saint-Saëns' classical opus. He appeared on ABC's The American Sportsman, hosted by Grits Gresham, who took celebrities on hunting, fishing, and shooting trips to exotic places around the world. He appeared regularly as a panelist on The Hollywood Squares and made many very memorable appearances on both The Dean Martin Show and The Dean Martin Celebrity Roast.

It's a Mad Mad Mad Mad World (1963)

In the fourth and last season of the sci-fi-based TV comedy Mork & Mindy, Jonathan Winters (one of Robin Williams' idols) was brought in as Mork & Mindy's child, Mearth. Due to the different Orkan physiology, Mork laid an egg, which grew and hatched into the much older Winters. It had been previously explained that Orkans aged "backwards," thus explaining Mearth's appearance and that of his teacher, Miss Geezba (portrayed by then-11-year-old actress Louanne Sirota). Mork's infant son Mearth in Mork & Mindy was created in hopes of improving ratings and as an attempt to capitalize on Williams' comedic talents. Winters had previously guest-starred in Season 3, Episode 18 as Dave McConnell, Mindy's uncle. However, after multiple scheduling and cast changes, Mork & Mindy's 4th season was already pretty low in the ratings and ended up being the show's last season.

He was a regular on Hee Haw during the 1983–84 season. Shortly after this, in 1987, Winters was featured in NFL Films' The NFL TV Follies. He was the voice of Grandpa Smurf from 1986–1990 on the television series The Smurfs.

In 1991 and 1992, he was on Davis Rules, a sitcom that lasted two seasons (25 episodes). He played Gunny Davis, an eccentric grandfather who was helping raise his grandchildren after his son lost his wife. In addition to his live action roles, he was also a guest star on The New Scooby-Doo Movies (in an episode in which the Scooby Gang was looking forward to his promised performance as Maude Frickert) and the narrator in Frosty Returns. Winters also provided the voice for the thief in Arabian Knight.

In 1994, he appeared in a cameo as a fired factory worker in The Flintstones, and as the police chief uncle of Lamont Cranston (Alec Baldwin) in The Shadow.

From 1959 to 1964, Winters' voice could be heard in a series of popular television commercials for Utica Club beer. In the ads, he provided the voices of talking beer steins, named "Shultz and Dooley." Later, he became a spokesman for Hefty brand trash bags, for whom he appeared as a dapper garbageman known for collecting "gahr-bahj," as well as Maude Frickert and other characters.^[8]

Later years[link]

In 1999, Winters was awarded the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor. He now lives near Santa Barbara, California, and is often seen browsing and hamming for the crowd at the antique show on the Ventura County fairgrounds. He often entertains the tellers and other workers whenever he visits his local bank to make a deposit or withdrawal. He spends time painting, and has had many gallery showings and been presented in one-man shows of his art. In 1987, he published Winters' Tales: Stories and Observations for the Unusual.

In 2008, Winters was presented with a TV Land Award by Robin Williams. Winters provided the voice of Papa Smurf in the live-action Smurfs movie, released in 2011.^[9]

Personal life[link]

In his interview with the Archive of American Television Winters reported that he suffered a nervous breakdown and spent eight months in a private mental hospital in the late 1950s. Although he was not given a diagnosis while in the hospital, he was later diagnosed with manic depression (known today as bipolar disorder). The comedian referred to this incident obliquely in his stand-up act, most famously on his 1960 comedy album The Wonderful World of Jonathan Winters. During his classic "flying saucer" routine, Winters casually mentions that if he wasn't careful, the authorities might put him back in the "rubber room," referring to the institution.

On January 11, 2009, Eileen, Jonathan's wife of 60 years, died at the age of 84 after a 20-year battle with breast cancer.^[10]

Discography[link]

• Down to Earth (1960)
• The Wonderful World of Jonathan Winters (1960; reissued in 2003)
• Here's Jonathan (1961)
• Another Day, Another World (1962)
• Humor Seen through the Eyes of Jonathan Winters (1962)
• Jonathan Winters' Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World, compilation album in conjunction with the film (1963)
• Whistle Stopping with Jonathan Winters (1964)
• Movies Are Better Than Ever (1966)
• Jonathan Winters… Wings it! (1969)
• Stuff 'n Nonsense (1969)
• Answers Your Telephone (1988)
• Finally Captured (1988)
• Into the '90s (1990)
• Jonathan Winters is Terminator 3 (1992)
• Crank(y) Calls (1995)
• Outpatients (2000)
• Paul Bunyan (2001)
• Old Folks (2006)
• The Underground Tapes (2007)
• Final Approach (2011)
• The Smurfs (voice) (2011)

Filmography[link]

Features:

• Alakazam the Great (1960) (voice in English dubbed version)
• It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963)
• The Loved One (1965)
• The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming (1966)
• Penelope (1966)
• Oh Dad, Poor Dad, Mama's Hung You in the Closet and I'm Feeling So Sad (1967)
• Eight on the Lam (1967)
• Viva Max! (1969)
• The New Scooby-Doo Movies (1972)
• The Fish that Saved Pittsburgh (1979)
• Pogo for President: I Go Pogo (1980) (voice)
• Mork & Mindy (1981)
• E. Nick: A Legend in His Own Mind (1984)
• The Little Troll Prince (1985)
• The Longshot (1986)
• Say Yes (1986)
• On The Ledge (1987)
• Moon over Parador (1988)
• Frosty Returns [Narrator] (1992)
• Davis Rules (1992)
• The Flintstones (1994)
• The Shadow (1994)
• Arabian Knight (Miramax 1995)
• The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle (2000)
• Swing (2003)
• Comic Book: The Movie (2004)
• Tell Them Who You Are (2004) (documentary)
• National Lampoon's Cattle Call (2006)
• Certifiably Jonathan (2011)^[11]
• The Smurfs (2011)^[12]
• Big Finish (2012)

Short Subjects:

• Sonic Boom (1974)
• Edwurd Fudwupper Fibbed Big (2000) (voice)
• Santa vs. the Snowman 3D (2002) (voice)

References[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Jonathan Winters

External links[link]

Biography portal

• Jonathan Winters at the Internet Movie Database
• Jonathan Winters' Official Homepage
• Interview with the Archive of American Television
• Official Website of the Jonathan Winters film, Certifiably Jonathan
• video: "Jonathan Winters roasts Ronald Reagan", on Dean Martin Roasts TV show, 3 minutes
• Marc Maron interviews Jonathan Winters - WTF Podcast Episode 173 - May 2011