It has been suggested that Repatriation laws be merged into this article or section. (Discuss) Proposed since January 2011.

Repatriation (from Late Latin repatriare) is the process of returning a person back to one's place of origin or citizenship. This includes the process of returning refugees or soldiers to their place of origin following a war. The term may also refer to the process of converting a foreign currency into the currency of one's own country.^[1] The forced return of a person to a country where he faces persecution is more specifically known as refoulement.

Medical repatriation[link]

When the traveler is unable to follow her/his trip, due to any medical reason, the insurance company is required to repatriate the patient. The modality of repatriation could be via regular flight, or by ground or air ambulance. The medical repatriation is different from the act of medical evacuation.

Post–World War II refugee repatriation[link]

In the 20th century, following all European wars, several repatriation commissions were created to supervise the return of war refugees, displaced persons, and prisoners of war to their country of origin. Repatriation hospitals were established in some countries to care for the ongoing medical and health requirements of returned military personnel. In the Soviet Union, the refugees seen as traitors for surrendering were often killed or sent to Siberian concentration camps.^{[citation needed]}

Issues surrounding repatriation have been some of the most heatedly-debated political topics of the 20th and 21st centuries. Many forced back to the Soviet Union by Allied forces in World War II still hold this forced migration against the United States of America and the United Kingdom.

The term repatriation was often used by Communist governments to describe the large scale state sponsored ethnic cleansing actions and expulsion of national groups. Poles born in territories that were annexed by the Soviet Union, (referred to by Poles as the Kresy) although deported to the State of Poland, were settled in the annexed former German territories (referred to in Polish as the Regained Territories). In the process they were told that they had returned to their Motherland.

Immigrant repatriation[link]

Opponents of immigration have advocated various types of repatriation measures for immigrants. Illegal immigrants are frequently repatriated as a matter of government policy. Those who would go further suggest measures of voluntary repatriation, with financial assistance (there have been schemes of this kind), and also measures of compulsory repatriation. Such measures are highly controversial, especially if based on any kind of racial criterion, and encounter vocal political opposition in most democracies^{[citation needed]} .

Repatriation laws[link]

Most countries in central and eastern Europe as well as Germany, Greece, Armenia, France, China, Japan, Norway, Finland, Philippines, Ireland, Turkey, and Israel have repatriation laws. This gives non-citizen foreigners who are part of the titular majority group the opportunity to immigrate and receive citizenship. Repatriation of their titular diaspora is practiced by most ethnic nation states.

Economic repatriation[link]

This refers to economic measures taken by a country to reduce foreign capital investment.^{[citation needed]}

Repatriation of currency[link]

When foreign currency is converted back to the currency of the home country it is referred to as repatriation. An example would be an American converting British pounds back to U.S. dollars.

Repatriation also refers to the payment of a dividend by a foreign corporation to a US corporation. This happens often where the foreign corporation is considered a "controlled foreign corporation" (CFC), which means that if more than 50% of the foreign corporation is owned by US shareholders. Generally, foreign direct investment in CFC's are not taxed until a dividend is paid to the controlling US parent, and is thus repatriated. The foreign direct investment income of the CFC is taxed only by the country where it is incorporated until repatriation. At that time, income is subject to the (typically higher) US tax rate minus the Foreign Tax Credits.(FN: See IRC 951-965) There are currently hundreds of billions of dollars of Foreign direct investment in CFC's because of the disincentive to repatriate those earnings. (See Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Economic Accounts, Integrated Macroeconomic Accounts for the United States, available at the Bureau of Economic Analysis.^[2]

Repatriation of human remains[link]

See also Repatriation and reburial of human remains

Repatriation also refers to the return of body parts to the nearest relative.^{[citation needed]} In the USA Native Americans' human remains are sometimes uncovered and removed from their burial sites in the construction/land development process. The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) of 1990 established the process whereby federally-recognized American Indian tribes can request that museums and institutions receiving federal funds return culturally affiliated human remains. The NAGPRA also sets forth provisions that allow for the return of American Indian human remains found on federal lands. NAGPRA does not apply to the Smithsonian Institution, which is covered under a different federal law.

In previous eras it was common for British colonial authorities to collect heads and other body parts of indigenous peoples such as Indigenous Australians and Māori for display in British museums. The repatriation of these body parts is currently ongoing. For an example of a successful body part repatriation, see Yagan.

Cultural repatriation[link]

See Main article at Art repatriation

Cultural or art repatriation is the return of cultural objects or works of art to their country of origin (usually referring to ancient art), or (for looted material) its former owners (or their heirs).

Rastafari calls for repatriation to Africa[link]

One of the central tenets of the Rastafari movement is the desirability of the repatriation of black people from the Americas and elsewhere back to Africa. While Ethiopia specifically has land available in Shashamane to encourage this project, black people who are citizens of countries outside Africa do not have the right of return to Africa, although as individuals they are free to try and emigrate.

Overcoming repatriation[link]

Repatriation is often the ‘forgotten’ phase of the expatriation cycle; the emphasis for support is mostly on the actual period abroad^{[citation needed]}. However, many repatriates report experiencing difficulties on return: one is no longer special, practical problems arise, new knowledge gained is no longer useful, etc. These difficulties are highly influenced by a number of factors including self-management, spouse's adjustment, time spent abroad and skill utilisation. What is crucial is that every individual perceives these factors in a different way.

Direct managers and HR staff often notice the difficulties a repatriate experiences, but they are not always able to act on it. Budget shortcomings and time constraints are frequently cited as reasons why it fails to be an agenda priority. Solutions for repatriation difficulties do not have to be expensive and can lead to great benefits for the company.^{[citation needed]}Basic support can consist, for example, of good communication in advance, during and after the international assignment, or a mentor program to assist the repatriate. The expatriate and his/her family should feel understood by his or her company. Support can increase job satisfaction, thereby protecting the investment made by the company.^[3]

See also[link]

• Buffer Theory
• Cambodian American Repatriation
• Deportation
• Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) of 1990
• Patriation
• Repatriation Movement

References[link]

1. ^ Wiktionary.org
2. ^ BEA.gov
3. ^ Ripmeester, N. “Handle with care”, Graduate Recruiter, Issue 22 (February) 2005

External links[link]

Look up repatriation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Culture Shock and Returning Home
• The Mexican-American repatriation of the early 30's
• Greece gets Roman coin back
• National NAGPRA Home
• Expertise in Labour Mobility
• Repatriation Help - a website offering guidance and assistance in the repatriation of human remains

Carl Malcolm (born July 1952, Black River, St. Elizabeth, Jamaica) is a Jamaican reggae singer and percussionist.

Biography[link]

Malcolm initially learned the keyboard, picking up skills on the instrument at his local Methodist church.^[1] He attended St. Elizabeth Technical High School before moving to Kingston, where he worked for a shoe company and was a reservist in the Jamaica Defence Force.^[1] In 1965 he joined his first group, The Volcanoes, alongside Al Brown, the pair staying together until 1969.^[1] Malcolm then gave up music while he continued his studies, but returned when he joined the group Big Relations, led by Jo Jo Bennett.^[1] Malcolm recorded briefly as a solo artist, recording "Father Free Us" for Clement "Coxsone" Dodd's Studio One label, before spending time in the United States.^[1] On his return to Jamaica he was employed by Rupie Edwards as the branch manager of the Success Records shop at Half Way Tree. He also began recording again, including the 1973 single "No Jestering", and the follow-up "Miss Wire Waist", which topped the UK reggae chart when it was issued there in 1975.^[1] He had his greatest success in September 1975 with "Fattie Bum Bum", which reached #8 on the UK Singles Chart.^[2] It remained in the chart for eight weeks.^[2] The track was written by Malcolm and produced by Clive Chin. The success of the track led to it being quickly followed by a cover version by the UK group The Diversions, which also charted (reaching #34), diverting sales away from Malcolm's version.^[1] Although this was Malcolm's only mainstream chart success, he had a hit in the reggae charts in 1977 with "Repatriation", recorded with Ranking Trevor.^[1]

More recently Malcolm was the drummer on The Melodians 1992 album, Swing & Dine;^[3] on Pat Kelly's 1995 album, Butterflies;^[4] and on Glen Brown's 1995 album, The Way to Mt. Zion.^[5]

References[link]

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (May 2010)

Cocoa Tea(born Calvin George Scott, September 3, 1959, Kingston, Jamaica) is a Jamaican reggae/dancehall singer, songwriter, and DJ.^[1]

Biography[link]

Cocoa Tea was popular in Jamaica in from 1985, but has become successful worldwide only since the 1990s. One of his most famous songs is "Rikers Island", which was later put into a dub version by Nardo Ranks entitled "Me No Like Rikers Island" (featured on Dancehall Reggaespanol) which was released the same year as the original "Rikers Island". He also gained fame with the song "Young Lover". He gained notoriety in March 2008 after releasing a song titled "Barack Obama" in support of the US Presidential candidate by the same name. Cocoa Tea's song "Jah Made Them That Way" from his 1984 album Rocking Dolly interpolates "Human Nature" by Michael Jackson and "Answer Mi Question" by Dillinger.

Partial discography[link]

• 2008. "Yes We Can". Roaring Lion Records
• 2007. "Biological Warfare". Minor 7 Flat Five
• 2006. Save Us Oh Jah. V.P. Records.
• 1997. Holy Mount Zion. Motown.
• 1997. RAS Portraits. Ras.
• 1996. Israel's King. V.P. Records.
• 1992. Can't Stop Cocoa Tea. V.P. Records.
• 1992. Kingston Hot. Ras.
• 1991. Riker's Island V.P. Records.
• 1986. Showdown Vol 8 (Frankie Paul & Cocoa Tea).Hitbound
• 1985. Israel Vibration Meets Cocoa Tea
• 1985. I Lost My Sonia. Volcano
• 1985. Mr. Coco Tea. Corner Stone
• 1985. Settle Down. Corner Stone
• 1985. Sweet Sweet Coco Tea. Blue Mountain
• 1985. The Marshall. Jammys
• 1985. Clash (Tenor Saw & Cocoa Tea). Hawkeye
• 1984. Rocking Dolly. RAS
• 1984. Weh Dem A Go Do. Volcano
• 1983-2006 Reggae Anthology. 17 North Parade
• 198X. Corner Stone Presents Clash Of The 80's (Cocoa Tea & Barrington Levy). Corner Stone

References[link]

External links[link]

• Cocoa Tea's Original Dancehall Jam Jam, Official Website of Cocoa Tea & Original Dancehall Jam Jam
• Cocoa Tea, Artists Only! Records
• Barack Obama by Coco Tea

Burning Spear
Background information
Birth name	Winston Godfrey Rodney
Born	(1945-03-01) 1 March 1945 (age 67)
Genres	Reggae
Years active	1969–present
Labels	Studio One, Island, EMI, Heartbeat, Slash
Website	www.burningspear.net

Winston Rodney, OD (born 1 March 1945^[1][2]), also known as Burning Spear, is a Jamaican roots reggae singer and musician. Burning Spear is known for his Rastafari movement messages.

History[link]

Rodney was born in Saint Ann's Bay, Saint Ann, Jamaica, as were reggae singer Bob Marley and political activist Marcus Garvey who both had a great influence on Rodney's life: Garvey in his philosophy, which Burning Spear greatly took to, and Marley in directly helping Burning Spear get started in the music industry (by some accounts) by introducing him to Clement Dodd.^[3] Rodney met Marley at the latter's farm in 1969, and having told him that he wanted to get into the music business, Marley advised him to start at Dodd's Studio One label.^[3][4] Reggae singer Larry Marshall claimed that it was he, while visiting St. Ann's Bay with Jackie Mittoo, who was approached by Rodney, and gave him this advice, and arranged the introduction.^[5]

Burning Spear was originally Rodney's group, named after a military award given by Jomo Kenyatta, the first Prime Minister and President of an independent Kenya,^[6] and including bass singer Rupert Willington. This duo auditioned for Dodd in 1969, and recorded the debut single "Door Peep".^[3] They were joined by tenor Delroy Hinds (brother of Justin Hinds).^[3] The trio recorded several more singles for Dodd, and two albums, before they moved on to work with Jack Ruby in 1975.^[3] Their first recording with Ruby, "Marcus Garvey", was intended as an exclusive track for Ruby's Ocho Rios-based Hi-Power sound system, but was released as a single, giving them an immediate hit, and was followed by "Slavery Days".^[3] These recordings featured the backing band The Black Disciples, which included Earl "Chinna" Smith, Valentine Chin, Robbie Shakespeare and Leroy Wallace.^[3] The group worked with Ruby on their third album, Marcus Garvey (1976), which was immediately successful and led to a deal with Island Records to give the album a wider release.^[3] Island remixed and altered the speed of some of the tracks, much to the annoyance of fans and the group,^[7] leading Rodney to set up his own Spear label for future releases where he would have full control, although further releases followed on Island including a dub album (Garvey's Ghost) and the Man in the Hills album.^[3] In late 1976, Rodney split from both Ruby and group members Willington and Hinds, and from that point on used the name Burning Spear for himself alone. Dry and Heavy followed in 1977, self-produced but still on Island, and with a sizeable following by now in the United Kingdom,^[7] he performed in London that year with members of Aswad acting as his backing band for a sold-out show at the Rainbow Theatre, which was recorded and released as Live!.^[3] Aswad also provided backing on his next studio album, Social Living (1978), which also featured Sly Dunbar and Rico Rodriguez.^[3] A dub version of the album, Living Dub (1979), was mixed by Sylvan Morris.^[3] His profile was raised further by an appearance in the film Rockers, performing "Jah no Dead".^[7]

In 1980, Rodney left Island Records, and set up the Burning Spear label, which he signed to EMI,^[7] debuting on the label with Hail H.I.M., recorded at Marley's Tuff Gong studio and co-produced by Aston Barrett.^[3] A Sylvan Morris dub version followed in the form of Living Dub Volume Two.^[3] In 1982, Rodney signed with Heartbeat Records with a series of well-received albums following, including the 1985 Grammy-nominated Resistance.^[3] He returned to Island in the early 1990s, releasing two albums before rejoining Heartbeat.

Burning Spear tours extensively, and several live albums have been issued. His 1999 album, Calling Rastafari brought his first Grammy Award in 2000,^[6] a feat which he repeated with Jah Is Real in 2009.^[8]

In the mid 1990s, he set up the Burning Music Production company, handling his own bookings, and in 2002, he and his wife, Sonia Rodney who has produced a number of his albums, restarted Burning Spear Records, giving him a greater degree of artistic control.^[4][9][10] Since the mid-1990s, he has been based in Queens, New York.^[11]

Burning Spear was awarded the Order of Distinction in the rank of Officer on 15 October 2007.^[12]

The Track "We Are Going" was featured in cycling documentary "Roam" by The Collective.

Discography[link]

Awards[link]

Burning Spear has won two Grammy Awards for Best Reggae Album; one at the 42nd Grammy Awards in 2000 for Calling Rastafari, and one for 2009's Jah Is Real. He has been nominated for a total of 12 Grammy Awards.^[10][13]

Nominations for Best Reggae Album:

• 1986 Resistance
• 1988 People of the World
• 1990 Live in Paris Zenith '88
• 1991 Mek We Dweet
• 1994 The World Should Know
• 1996 Rasta Business
• 1998 Appointment with His Majesty
• 2000 Calling Rastafari
• 2004 Free Man
• 2005 Our Music
• 2008 The Burning Spear Experience
• 2008 Jah Is Real

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official site of Burning Spear
• Official Facebook Page
• Official Twitter
• Winston Rodney's Blog
• Our Music: Past, Present, and Future with Burning Spear - The Music Box, Vol. 12, #11
• Live performance images

Errol Dunkley (sometimes Erroll Dunkley) is a Jamaican reggae musician, born in Kingston, Jamaica in 1951.

Biography[link]

Dunkley's recording career began in 1965, when he was fourteen, with "Gypsy" (a duet with Roy Shirley) for Linden Pottinger's Gaydisc label, "My Queen" (with Junior English) for Prince Buster, and "Love Me Forever" on the Rio label.^[1] Between 1967 and 1968 he recorded several singles for Joe Gibbs including "Please Stop Your Lying" (1967) and "Love Brother" (1968), before switching to Coxsone Dodd in 1969.^[2]

In the early 1970s, together with Gregory Isaacs he formed the African Museum record label, although Isaacs soon took sole control of the label, while Dunkley formed a new label, Silver Ring. In 1972 he teamed up with producer Jimmy Radway for two of his most popular singles, "Keep The Pressure On" and "Black Cinderella". The same year saw the release of Dunkley's Sonia Pottinger produced debut album, Presenting Errol Dunkley, which included the track "A Little Way Different".

Dunkley continued to record throughout the 1970s and towards the end of the decade his popularity in the UK grew, resulting in a breakthrough UK Singles Chart hit in 1979 with "OK Fred", a cover version of a John Holt-penned song, that reached number 11.^[3] He also avoided the one-hit wonder tag, by securing a minor chart placing with the 1980 follow-up release "Sit Down And Cry".

Dunkley's biggest hit, "OK Fred", was re-recorded in 1996 with Queen Sister *N*.

Albums[link]

• Presenting Errol Dunkley (Gay Feet, 1972), reissued as Darling Ooh (Trojan Records, 1981) - (a four star AMG recommendation)
• Sit and Cry Over You (Third World, 1976)
• Militant Man (Lovella International, 1980)
• Profile of Errol Dunkley a.k.a. OK Fred (Third World, 1980)
• In A Different, Different Style (Easy Street Records, 1984)
• Special Request (Carousel, 1987)
• Aquarius (1989)
• The Early Years (Rhino, 1995)
• Please Stop Your Lying (early Joe Gibbs recordings) (Rocky One, 1996)
• Continually (2000)
• OK Fred (The Best Of) (Trojan, 2004)
• Love Is Amazing (Studio One)
• Moodie Meets Errol Dunkley (Moodie Music)

See also[link]

• List of reggae musicians
• List of performers on Top of the Pops

References[link]

External links[link]

• Errol Dunkley at Allmusic
• Reggae and Dancehall Artist Information - mini biography and discography
• Discogs website discography