- published: 18 Sep 2012
- author: kexpradio
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- Lyrics: play full screen play karaoke
- 1904 - Tallest Man On Earth
Well some may say it's not even funny
And there you stand not even trying
They say it is in line with the angel
Sometimes noise is just your mind
But the lesson is vague in the light now
Shows a dear with her mind on the moor
And I'll something with the sun is just a friend
Since they shook the earth in 1904
And as I lowered down I hear it's a message
And it's 1902 just telling people to get out
And if there was just a way I could tell them
It's been long but you are right
And the singing is slow and so quiet
Like the sound when you sleep off the floor
And I'll something with the dirt is just a friend
Since they shook the earth in 1904
And when the night is young with the bridge is sung
Something passing by I was sure
And the only one you can tell it to
Well it's the only one that ever knows
And since more robbers made to go through my window
Here is something so strange and something louder than before
And you living with no light or direction
But temper size and now you know
When believing is hard but you go now
And you feel what you drag across the floor
Because something with these drills are just a friend
Since they shook the earth in 1904
And when the night is young but the bridge is sung
Something passing by I was sure
And the only one you will tell it to
Well it's the only one who will ever know
And some will say it's not even healthy
But body is young and mind is sure
That something is alright well you're thinking
Send this Playlist by SMS
The Tallest Man on Earth - 1904 (Live on KEXP)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:21
- Updated: 14 May 2013
The Tallest Man on Earth performs "1904" live in the KEXP studio. Recorded on September 9, 2012. Host: Stevie Zoom Audio Engineer: Julian Martlew Cameras: Ji...
http://wn.com/The_Tallest_Man_on_Earth_1904_Live_on_KEXP
The Tallest Man on Earth performs "1904" live in the KEXP studio. Recorded on September 9, 2012. Host: Stevie Zoom Audio Engineer: Julian Martlew Cameras: Ji...
'1904' - Benjamin Francis Leftwich
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:08
- Updated: 24 May 2013
"Last Smoke Before The Snowstorm" Available Now. Purchase On: iTunes http://smarturl.it/lastsmokeitunes Amazon http://smarturl.it/lastsmokeamazon.
http://wn.com/'1904'_Benjamin_Francis_Leftwich
"Last Smoke Before The Snowstorm" Available Now. Purchase On: iTunes http://smarturl.it/lastsmokeitunes Amazon http://smarturl.it/lastsmokeamazon.
- published: 07 Mar 2012
- views: 95500
- author: Benjamin Francis Leftwich
Jónsi and Alex - Boy 1904 (HQ)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:54
- Updated: 20 May 2013
Here's a homemade video. I used some of my own footage from an old project. See that film here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=COVhGaxx45s I'm absolutely ama...
http://wn.com/Jónsi_and_Alex_Boy_1904_HQ
Here's a homemade video. I used some of my own footage from an old project. See that film here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=COVhGaxx45s I'm absolutely ama...
- published: 20 Jul 2009
- views: 106873
- author: gamlefilm2
A Day in the Hayfields (1904)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:20
- Updated: 05 May 2013
Very often when people think of England, they conjure up images of an idealised rural landscape on a hot summer's day; in 'A Day in the Hayfields', Cecil Hep...
http://wn.com/A_Day_in_the_Hayfields_1904
Very often when people think of England, they conjure up images of an idealised rural landscape on a hot summer's day; in 'A Day in the Hayfields', Cecil Hep...
- published: 29 Jan 2008
- views: 96621
- author: BFIfilms
The Tallest Man on Earth 1904 - Music video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:58
- Updated: 09 May 2013
From de album There's No Leaving Now. Fanmade Music Video No copyright infringement intended.
http://wn.com/The_Tallest_Man_on_Earth_1904_Music_video
From de album There's No Leaving Now. Fanmade Music Video No copyright infringement intended.
- published: 24 Nov 2012
- author: Tallmanonea
Blackpool Victoria Pier (1904)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:04
- Updated: 14 May 2013
This film is part of the Mitchell and Kenyon collection - an amazing visual record of everyday life in Britain at the beginning of the twentieth century. To ...
http://wn.com/Blackpool_Victoria_Pier_1904
This film is part of the Mitchell and Kenyon collection - an amazing visual record of everyday life in Britain at the beginning of the twentieth century. To ...
- published: 10 Jul 2008
- author: BFIfilms
Japanese acrobats - 1904
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:48
- Updated: 24 May 2013
A Japanese man and boy perform a series of acrobatics. No sound. You can download this video here: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mbrsmi/varsmp.1658.
http://wn.com/Japanese_acrobats_1904
A Japanese man and boy perform a series of acrobatics. No sound. You can download this video here: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mbrsmi/varsmp.1658.
- published: 16 Jul 2007
- views: 243885
- author: jenthesuperone's channel
Lost film footage of 1904 London
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:13
- Updated: 16 May 2013
The film was shot in 1904 as a 'travelogue' for Australians curious about life in what was "one of the most exciting cities anywhere."
http://wn.com/Lost_film_footage_of_1904_London
The film was shot in 1904 as a 'travelogue' for Australians curious about life in what was "one of the most exciting cities anywhere."
- published: 25 Oct 2008
- views: 160030
- author: goldworldnet
Forge Welding - 1904
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:50
- Updated: 06 May 2013
A group of industrial blacksmiths forge weld a large ring for westinghouse.
http://wn.com/Forge_Welding_1904
A group of industrial blacksmiths forge weld a large ring for westinghouse.
- published: 06 Dec 2006
- views: 79276
- author: Jim Beard
Una Furtiva Lagrima - Enrico Caruso 1904
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:51
- Updated: 24 May 2013
Digitally remastered version of a recording from the 1st of February 1904 (room 826, Carnegie Hall, NY). You may want to look at my non-profit website for mo...
http://wn.com/Una_Furtiva_Lagrima_Enrico_Caruso_1904
Digitally remastered version of a recording from the 1st of February 1904 (room 826, Carnegie Hall, NY). You may want to look at my non-profit website for mo...
- published: 22 Feb 2008
- views: 731082
- author: Tom Frøkjær
Xiang Yu - Monti's Csárdás (1904)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:55
- Updated: 23 Apr 2013
Xiang Yu performs Csárdás composed by Vittorio Monti in the WBUR studios live during the On Point Radio show April 10, 2013.
http://wn.com/Xiang_Yu_Monti's_Csárdás_1904
Xiang Yu performs Csárdás composed by Vittorio Monti in the WBUR studios live during the On Point Radio show April 10, 2013.
- published: 09 Apr 2013
- views: 986
- author: WBUR
The Brooklyn handicap-1904
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:42
- Updated: 17 Apr 2013
SUMMARY To film this event, the camera was placed inside the rail, on the track surface itself. As the film begins, in the foreground a gate opens and a hors...
http://wn.com/The_Brooklyn_handicap-1904
SUMMARY To film this event, the camera was placed inside the rail, on the track surface itself. As the film begins, in the foreground a gate opens and a hors...
- published: 15 Apr 2010
- views: 1586
- author: LibraryOfCongress
Harry Nelson Pillsbury vs. Emanuel Lasker - 1904
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:38
- Updated: 18 May 2013
FACEBOOK http://facebook.com/ChessNetwork ☆ TWITTER http://twitter.com/ChessNetwork ☆ GOOGLE+ https://plus.google.com/u/0/111685059261358125042/posts ☆ LIV...
http://wn.com/Harry_Nelson_Pillsbury_vs_Emanuel_Lasker_1904
FACEBOOK http://facebook.com/ChessNetwork ☆ TWITTER http://twitter.com/ChessNetwork ☆ GOOGLE+ https://plus.google.com/u/0/111685059261358125042/posts ☆ LIV...
- published: 14 Mar 2013
- views: 11863
- author: ChessNetwork
GIVE MY REGARDS TO BROADWAY by George M. Cohan 1904 - Ukulele tutorial by UKULELE MIKE LYNCH
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:30
- Updated: 12 May 2013
GIVE MY REGARDS TO BROADWAY by George M. Cohan 1904 - Ukulele tutorial by UKULELE MIKE LYNCH Included in the SONGS OF YESTERYEAR eBook .. . Check out the Uku...
http://wn.com/GIVE_MY_REGARDS_TO_BROADWAY_by_George_M_Cohan_1904_Ukulele_tutorial_by_UKULELE_MIKE_LYNCH
GIVE MY REGARDS TO BROADWAY by George M. Cohan 1904 - Ukulele tutorial by UKULELE MIKE LYNCH Included in the SONGS OF YESTERYEAR eBook .. . Check out the Uku...
- published: 04 May 2013
- views: 1192
- author: MIchael Lynch
Cowboy Ribeye at 1904 Steak House
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:00
- Updated: 27 Mar 2013
Sous Chef Katie Bulger takes you into the 1904 Steak House kitchen to show how we make our signature Cowboy Ribeye at River City Casino.
http://wn.com/Cowboy_Ribeye_at_1904_Steak_House
Sous Chef Katie Bulger takes you into the 1904 Steak House kitchen to show how we make our signature Cowboy Ribeye at River City Casino.
- published: 22 Mar 2013
- views: 180
- author: River City
Bản đồ Trung Quốc năm 1904 không có Hoàng Sa-Trường Sa
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:01
- Updated: 21 May 2013
Việt Nam sẵn sàng cho Nga mở lại căn cứ hải quân ở Cam Ranh. Trung Quốc bổ nhiệm lãnh đạo khu cảnh bị Tam Sa. Bản đồ Trung Quốc năm 1904 không có Hoàng Sa-Tr...
http://wn.com/Bản_đồ_Trung_Quốc_năm_1904_không_có_Hoàng_Sa-Trường_Sa
Việt Nam sẵn sàng cho Nga mở lại căn cứ hải quân ở Cam Ranh. Trung Quốc bổ nhiệm lãnh đạo khu cảnh bị Tam Sa. Bản đồ Trung Quốc năm 1904 không có Hoàng Sa-Tr...
- published: 28 Jul 2012
- views: 114211
- author: Đài VOA
The Cascades (SCOTT JOPLIN, 1904) Ragtime Piano Roll Legend
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:56
- Updated: 17 May 2013
" The Cascades " composed by SCOTT JOPLIN in 1904.
http://wn.com/The_Cascades_SCOTT_JOPLIN,_1904_Ragtime_Piano_Roll_Legend
" The Cascades " composed by SCOTT JOPLIN in 1904.
- published: 07 Jun 2009
- views: 79953
- author: RagtimeDorianHenry
![Belgique - Macédoine Compil' ( België - Macedonië Compil' ) By Trips Julien [ Rcsc-1904 ]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130526014056im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/r37U8Vy3Rlk/default.jpg "Belgique - Macédoine Compil' ( België - Macedonië Compil' ) By Trips Julien [ Rcsc-1904 ]")
Belgique - Macédoine Compil' ( België - Macedonië Compil' ) By Trips Julien [ Rcsc-1904 ]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:22
- Updated: 06 Apr 2013
Belgique - Macédoine Compil' ( België - Macedonië Compil' ) By Trips Julien [ Rcsc-1904 ]▽↓•↓•↓▽ ! Lisez la Description ! ▽↓•↓•↓▽ Belgique - Macédoine Comp...
http://wn.com/Belgique_Macédoine_Compil'_België_Macedonië_Compil'_By_Trips_Julien_Rcsc-1904_
Belgique - Macédoine Compil' ( België - Macedonië Compil' ) By Trips Julien [ Rcsc-1904 ]▽↓•↓•↓▽ ! Lisez la Description ! ▽↓•↓•↓▽ Belgique - Macédoine Comp...
- published: 27 Mar 2013
- views: 1783
- author: Julien Trips
The Geisha 100 years ago "YACHIYO" 1904
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:53
- Updated: 17 May 2013
A Star Geisha 100 years ago. TONDAYA-YACHIYO(1887-1924)Osaka.Japan She looks like actress Kanno Miho.
http://wn.com/The_Geisha_100_years_ago_YACHIYO_1904
A Star Geisha 100 years ago. TONDAYA-YACHIYO(1887-1924)Osaka.Japan She looks like actress Kanno Miho.
- published: 02 Aug 2007
- views: 52026
- author: chinkame
明治37-38年（1904-05） 日露戦争 海戦編
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:31
- Updated: 15 May 2013
日露戦争 （海戦編）
http://wn.com/明治37-38年（1904-05） 日露戦争 海戦編
Macedonia's struggle against Greeks (1904-1908)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:46
- Updated: 26 Apr 2013
In the period between 1904-1908 Greek terorist bands organized by the Greek army were being infiltrated in Macedonia in order to "spread hellenism".. Everyon...
http://wn.com/Macedonia's_struggle_against_Greeks_1904-1908
In the period between 1904-1908 Greek terorist bands organized by the Greek army were being infiltrated in Macedonia in order to "spread hellenism".. Everyon...
- published: 06 Dec 2007
- views: 13617
- author: TJHosting
Beograd septembar 1904
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:29
- Updated: 27 Mar 2013
http://crniguja.blogspot.com Street views of Belgrade, september 1904 Realized in 1904 by Arnold Muir Wilson Lawyer, journalist and Honorary Consul of the Ki...
http://wn.com/Beograd_septembar_1904
http://crniguja.blogspot.com Street views of Belgrade, september 1904 Realized in 1904 by Arnold Muir Wilson Lawyer, journalist and Honorary Consul of the Ki...
- published: 06 Apr 2008
- views: 30945
- author: CrniGuja
The Cherry Orchard - FULL Audio Book - by Anton Chekhov (1860-1904)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 121:27
- Updated: 20 May 2013
The Cherry Orchard - FULL Audio Book - by Anton Chekhov (1860-1904) The Cherry Orchard is Russian playwright Anton Chekhov's last play. It premiered at the M...
http://wn.com/The_Cherry_Orchard_FULL_Audio_Book_by_Anton_Chekhov_1860-1904
The Cherry Orchard - FULL Audio Book - by Anton Chekhov (1860-1904) The Cherry Orchard is Russian playwright Anton Chekhov's last play. It premiered at the M...
- published: 02 Jan 2013
- views: 2225
- author: GreenAudioBooks
photo: Creative Commons
25 May 2013
LONDON — The streets of Stockholm were quieter late Friday after five consecutive nights of rioting that rocked the Swedish capital and shook the Scandinavian country's self-image as a tolerant, liberal place. Since Sunday, sections of northwest and south Stockholm have been lighted up with the glow of fires started by rock-throwing rioters, apparently protesting a fatal shooting by police last week ... Copyright © 2013,. 0 ... ... ....(size: 6.5Kb)
photo: AP / Alastair Grant
24 May 2013
Police in London have arrested a man and a woman in connection with the murder of a British soldier near a military barrack. Detectives said on Thursday they had arrested the unidentified suspects, both aged 29, over the murder of Drummer Lee Rigby, 25, who was hacked to death in Woolwich on Wednesday ... "Many lines of inquiry are being followed by detectives and the investigation is progressing well." ... 824 Source. ... UK....(size: 9.2Kb)
photo: AP / Bogdan Maran
25 May 2013
There has been a huge increase in anti-Muslim incidents since the murder of a British soldier in Woolwich, an inter-faith charity has said. Faith Matters, which runs a helpline, said they had received more than 150 calls since Wednesday's attack, up from a daily average of six. A number of people have been arrested after allegedly offensive comments were made on social media websites ... 'Significant online activity' ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)
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Knox News
25 May 2013
Actually, her perspective is spot-on ... In 1904, Mark Twain wrote a short story called “War Prayer.” At a church meeting in an unnamed country the day before the town sends its young boys off to war, the preacher quotes mightily from Old Testament battle scenes, then bows his head to ask God to lead these boys off to war, to protect them from evil as they, with the Good Lord’s help, bring the enemy to their knees ... Well, you get the gist....(size: 2.7Kb)
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U~T San Diego
25 May 2013
May 26. 1916 - Benny Kauff of the Giants was picked off first base three times by Boston's Lefty Tyler. The miscues didn't hurt as New York won its 14th consecutive road victory beating the Braves, 12-1. 1925 - In Detroit's 8-1 win over the Chicago White Sox, Ty Cobb became the first to collect 1,000 career extra-base hits ... Louis ... May 27. 1904 - Dennis McGann of the New York Giants stole five bases in one game to set a major league record....(size: 2.8Kb)
photo: WN / Janice Sabnal
25 May 2013
MALLORYTOWN,ON, May 25, 2013 /CNW/ - Today, on behalf of the Honourable Peter Kent, Canada's Environment Minister and Minister responsible for Parks Canada, Mr. Gord Brown, Member of Parliament for Leeds-Grenville, publicly celebrated the re-naming of St ... BACKGROUNDER. Thousand Islands National Park. Established in 1904, Thousand Islands National Park was Canada's first national park east of the Rockies ... oTENTik - New in 2013 ... Nearby ... ....(size: 5.7Kb)
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Denver Post
25 May 2013
Nucla Town Board member Richard Craig cleans a shotgun in his home. (William Woody, Special to The Denver Post). NUCLA — The Venus Stylin' beauty salon is one of the few businesses in this town where the heads of hunted animals don't stare glassy-eyed from the walls ... One vote against ... Nucla, tucked away in the far west part of the state off any well-traveled highways, was originally developed in 1904 as a utopian community ... ....(size: 7.8Kb)
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The Guardian
25 May 2013
Seattle is famed for its coffee and Portland its quirkiness, but this is also a region that celebrates the environment and the arts, as well as being a home for Amazon, Boeing and Microsoft ... Photograph. ML Harris/Corbis ... Now, we're very civilised ... A couple of blocks away, you can unwind at a working-class greasy spoon-style diner Hattie's Hat, which opened in 1904, and still reeks from a century of burning tobacco and spilled whisky ... ....(size: 10.2Kb)
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The Examiner
25 May 2013
Each sport including wrestling will make its case to the IOC board in St. Petersburg, Russia on Wednesday, May 29 ... 8 ... Baseball-Softball. History. Baseball, which traces its roots back to mid-19th century United States, had its unofficial debut at the Modern Olympics in 1904, and had been an exhibition/demonstration sport at a number of Summer Games before becoming an official Olympic sport at the 1992 Barcelona Games ... Inline Speed Skating....(size: 12.0Kb)
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CNN
25 May 2013
May 25, 2013 -- Updated 1132 GMT (1932 HKT). Dr. Alfredo Quinones-Hinojosa entered the United States by literally hopping over a fence. Today, he is a neurosurgeon at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. Quinones-Hinojosa, here at age 2, grew up in a small village in Baja California, Mexico. Quinones-Hinojosa's father owned a gas station, which he had to sell because of hard economic times ... Dr ... Dr ... 1 ... May 22, 2013 -- Updated 1104 GMT (1904 HKT)....(size: 17.5Kb)
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Newsday
25 May 2013
1925 -- In 's 8-1 win over the , becomes the first to collect 1,000 career extra-base hits. He finished his career with 1,139. 1959 -- Harvey Haddix of the Pittsburgh Pirates pitches 12 perfect innings before losing to the Milwaukee Braves, 1-0 in the 13th on an error, a sacrifice and Joe Adcock's double ... joins A.J ... man in the third round ... 1904 -- Bryn Mawr, ridden by Eugene Hildebrand, wins the Preakness Stakes by one length over Wotan....(size: 21.6Kb)
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noodls
24 May 2013
(Source. Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme) PRESS RELEASE. MIES, 23/05/2013. FOR MORE INFORMATION. ISABELLE LARIVIÈRE PRESS OFFICER isabelle.lariviere@fim.ch TEL +41 22 950 95 68 2013 FIM Speedway Team Under 21 World Championship Semi Final 2 ... TeamRiding N° Rider ... The FIM (Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme) founded in 1904, is the governing body for motorcycle sport and the global advocate for motorcycling ... FOUNDED 1904....(size: 2.4Kb)
photo: WN / Denise Yong
24 May 2013
BEIJING, May 24 (Xinhua) -- The Chinese currency Renminbi, or yuan, strengthened 80 basis points to a record high of 6.1867 against the U.S. dollar on Friday, according to the China Foreign Exchange Trading System ... The central parity rate of the yuan against the U.S ... Related stories. Yuan midpoint hits all-time high of 6.1904 against USD 2013-05-23 RMB climbs to new high against USD 2013-05-02. Editor.James .Source. Xinhua ... ....(size: 3.0Kb)
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MSNBC
24 May 2013
We continue to count down the top 60 stories of the past 60 years as part of our 60th anniversary here at KSBY. At number 50, in May of 1984, Kenneth Wayne Curry was convicted of murdering two Cal Poly students. Stephen Braun and Viola Ada were hiking along Cuesta Ridge when Curry shot and killed them ... Advertise ... Female students first appeared on campus in 1904, but on June 30th, 1930, legislation was passed forbidding women to attend ... ....(size: 2.5Kb)
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Canada Newswire
24 May 2013
KARLSRUHE, Germany, May 24, 2013 /CNW/ - It has become a good tradition - but this time it will include a world premiere. As in previous years, joimax® will present a lunch symposium during the 64th Annual Meeting of the German Society of Neurosurgery DGNC to be held in Düsseldorf, Germany, on 27 May 2013 ... The advantages of this procedure are obvious ... Dr ... Dr ... Dr ... http.//www.joimax.de/de/aerzte/education/eventmeldung.php?id=1904 ... SOURCE ... 41 ... ....(size: 3.5Kb)
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PR Newswire
24 May 2013
VALLEY FORGE, Pa., May 24, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- CertainTeed is proud to announce that its webisode series documenting the $75,000 Exterior Living Spaces® Home Makeover has reached one million views on YouTube ... Entries will be accepted through 11.50 p.m ... Founded in 1904 as General Roofing Manufacturing Company, the firm's slogan "Quality Made Certain, Satisfaction Guaranteed," quickly inspired the name CertainTeed ... Michael B ... ....(size: 4.1Kb)
This article is about the year 1904.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 19th century – 20th century – 21st century |
| Decades: | 1870s 1880s 1890s – 1900s – 1910s 1920s 1930s |
| Years: | 1901 1902 1903 – 1904 – 1905 1906 1907 |
| 1904 by topic: |
| Subject |
| By country |
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Works and introductions categories |
| Gregorian calendar | 1904 MCMIV |
| Ab urbe condita | 2657 |
| Armenian calendar | 1353 ԹՎ ՌՅԾԳ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6654 |
| Bahá'í calendar | 60–61 |
| Bengali calendar | 1311 |
| Berber calendar | 2854 |
| British Regnal year | 3 Edw. 7 – 4 Edw. 7 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2448 |
| Burmese calendar | 1266 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7412–7413 |
| Chinese calendar | 癸卯年十一月十四日 (4540/4600-11-14) — to —
甲辰年十一月廿五日(4541/4601-11-25) |
| Coptic calendar | 1620–1621 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1896–1897 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5664–5665 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1960–1961 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1826–1827 |
| - Kali Yuga | 5005–5006 |
| Holocene calendar | 11904 |
| Iranian calendar | 1282–1283 |
| Islamic calendar | 1321–1322 |
| Japanese calendar | Meiji 37 (明治37年) |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 13 days |
| Korean calendar | 4237 |
| Minguo calendar | 8 before ROC 民前8年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2447 |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 1904 |
1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Thursday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar.
Events[link]
January[link]
- January 7 – The distress signal CQD is established, only to be replaced 2 years later by SOS.
- January 12
- January 18 New Prime Minister George Reid
- Henry Ford sets a new automobile land speed record of 91.37 mph.
- The Herero Rebellion in German South-West Africa begins.
- January 16 – The first large-scale bodybuilding competition in America takes place at Madison Square Garden in New York City.
- January 23 – The Ålesund Fire destroys most buildings in the town of Ålesund, Norway, leaving about 10,000 people without shelter.
February[link]
- February 7 – The Great Baltimore Fire in Baltimore, Maryland destroys over 1,500 buildings in 30 hours.
- February 8 – A Japanese surprise attack on Port Arthur (Lushun) starts the Russo-Japanese War.
- February 10 – Roger Casement publishes his account of Belgian atrocities in the Congo.
- February 23 – For $10 million, the United States gains control of the Panama Canal Zone.
- February 28 – Sport Lisboa e Benfica is founded in Portugal.
March[link]
- March 3 – Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany becomes the first person to make a political recording of a document, using Thomas Edison's cylinder.
- March 4 – Russo-Japanese War: Russian troops in Korea retreat toward Manchuria, followed by 100,000 Japanese troops.
- March 26 – 80,000 demonstrators gather in Hyde Park, London, to protest against the importation of Chinese labourers to South Africa by the British government.
- March 31 – British expedition to Tibet – Battle of Guru: British troops under Colonel Francis Younghusband defeat ill-equipped Tibetan troops.
April[link]
- April 8
- The Entente Cordiale is signed between the UK and France.
- Longacre Square in Midtown Manhattan is renamed Times Square after The New York Times.
- Aleister Crowley begins writing Liber Al vel Legis, better known as The Book of the Law, a text central to Thelema. He completes this task on April 10.
- April 19 – The Great Toronto Fire destroys much of that city's downtown, but there are no fatalities.
- April 27 – The Australian Labor Party becomes the first such party to gain national government, under Chris Watson.
- April 30 – The Louisiana Purchase Exposition World's Fair opens in St. Louis, Missouri (closes December 1).
May[link]
- May 4
- U.S. Army engineers begin work on The Panama Canal.
- German football club FC Schalke 04 is established.
- May 5 – Pitching against the Philadelphia Athletics, Cy Young of the Boston Americans throws the first perfect game in the modern era of baseball.
- May 9 – GWR 3440 City of Truro becomes the first railway locomotive to exceed 100 mph.
- May 15– The Russian minelayer Amur lays a minefield about 15 miles (24 km) off Port Arthur and sinks Japan's battleship Hatsuse, 15,000 tons, with 496 crew.
- May 21 – The International Federation of Association Football, FIFA, is established.
- May 30 – Alpha Gamma Delta, now an international women's fraternity, is founded by 11 women at Syracuse University.
June[link]
- June 10 – Irish author James Joyce meets his future wife Nora Barnacle.
- June 15 – A fire aboard the steamboat General Slocum in New York City's East River kills 1,021.
- June 16
- Eugen Schauman assassinates Nikolai Bobrikov, Governor-General of Finland.
- James Joyce walks to Ringsend with Nora Barnacle; he later uses this date (Bloomsday) as the setting for his novel Ulysses.
- June 28 – The Danish ocean liner SS Norge runs aground and sinks close to Rockall, killing 635, including 225 Norwegian emigrants.
- June 29 – The 1904 Moscow tornado occurs.
July[link]
- July 1 – The third Modern Olympic Games opens in St. Louis, Missouri, United States as part of the World's Fair.
- July 21 – The Trans-Siberian railway is completed.
August[link]
- August 3 – British expedition to Tibet: The British expedition under Colonel Francis Younghusband takes Lhasa in Tibet.
- August 11 – Battle of Waterberg: Lothar von Trotha defeats the Herero in German South-West Africa and drives them into the Omaheke desert, start of the Herero and Namaqua Genocide.
- August 14 – Ismael Montes becomes President of Bolivia.
- August 17 – Russo-Japanese War: A Japanese infantry charge fails to take Port Arthur.
- August 18 – Chris Watson resigns as Prime Minister of Australia and is succeeded by George Reid.
September[link]
- September 7 – British expedition to Tibet: The Dalai Lama signs the Anglo-Tibetan Treaty with Colonel Francis Younghusband.
- September 25 – The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints President Joseph F. Smith issues a Second Manifesto against polygamy.
- September 26 – New Zealand dolphin Pelorus Jack is individually protected by Order in Council under the Sea Fisheries Act.[1]
October[link]
- October 1 – Phi Delta Epsilon, the international medical fraternity, is founded by Aaron Brown and eight of his friends at Cornell University Medical College.
- October 5 – Alpha Kappa Psi, the co-ed Professional Business Fraternity, is founded on the campus of New York University
- October 15 – Theta Tau, the Professional Engineering Fraternity, is founded at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, Minnesota.
- October 19 – Polytechnic University of the Philippines is founded as Manila Business School through the superintendence of the American C.A. O'Reilley.
- October 21 – Russo-Japanese War – Dogger Bank incident: The Russian Baltic Fleet fires on British trawlers it mistakes for Japanese torpedo boats in the North Sea.
- October 27 – The first underground line of the New York City Subway opens.
November[link]
- November 8 – U.S. presidential election, 1904: Republican incumbent Theodore Roosevelt defeats Democrat Alton B. Parker.
- November 24 – The first successful caterpillar track is made (it later revolutionizes construction vehicles and land warfare).
December[link]
- December 2 – The St. Petersburg Soviet urges a run on the banks: the attempt fails and the executive committee is arrested.
- December 3 – Charles Dillon Perrine discovers Jupiter's largest irregular satellite, Himalia.
- December 4 – The K.U. or Konservativ Ungdom (Young Conservatives) is founded by Carl F. Herman von Rosen in Denmark.
- December 6 – Theodore Roosevelt announced his "Corollary" to the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States would intervene in the Western Hemisphere should Latin American governments prove incapable or unstable.
- December 10 – The Pi Kappa Phi Fraternity is founded at the College of Charleston in Charleston, SC.
- December 27 – The stage play Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up premieres in London.
- December 30 – The East Boston Tunnel opens.
- December 31 – In New York City, the first New Year's Eve celebration is held in Times Square.
Date unknown[link]
- The Loftus Road and Griffin Park football stadiums open in London.
- Stuyvesant High School is founded in New York City.
- The Daytona Educational and Industrial Training School for Negro Girls, now Bethune-Cookman University, is founded.
- Halford Mackinder presents a paper on "The Geographical Pivot of History" to the Royal Geographical Society of London in which he formulates the Heartland Theory, originating the study of geopolitics.
- The subject of alcohol and heart attacks is first investigated.
Births[link]
January–February[link]
- January 1 – Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry, Pakistani politician (d. 1982)
- January 5 – Jeane Dixon, American astrologer (d. 1997)
- January 10 – Ray Bolger, American actor, singer, and dancer (The Wizard of Oz)(d. 1987)
- January 13 – Richard Addinsell, British composer (d. 1977)
- January 14 – Cecil Beaton, English photographer (d. 1980)
- January 18 – Cary Grant, English actor (d. 1986)
- January 22
- George Balanchine, Russian-born choreographer (d. 1983)
- Arkady Gaidar, Russian children's writer (d. 1941)
- January 26
- Ancel Keys, American scientist (d. 2004)
- Seán MacBride, Irish statesman, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1988)
- January 27 – J. J. Gibson, American psychologist (d. 1979)
- January 28 – Canuplin, Filipino magician and bodabil entertainer (d. 1979)
- January 29 – Arnold Gehlen, German philosopher (d. 1976)
- February 1
- Ángel Borlenghi, Argentine labor leader and politician (d. 1962)
- S. J. Perelman, American humorist and author (d. 1979)
- February 3
- Luigi Dallapiccola, Italian composer (d. 1975)
- Pretty Boy Floyd, American gangster (d. 1934)
- February 4 – MacKinlay Kantor, American writer and historian (d. 1977)
- February 10 – John Farrow, Australian film director (d. 1963)
- February 11 – Sir Keith Holyoake, Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1983)
- February 16
- George F. Kennan, American diplomat (d. 2005)
- Philip Rabinowitz (runner), South African record breaking sprinter (d. 2008)
- James Baskett, African-American actor (Uncle Remus in Disney's Song of the South) (d. 1948)
- February 20 – Alexei Kosygin, Premier of the Soviet Union (d. 1980)
- February 29 – Jimmy Dorsey, American bandleader (d. 1957)
March–April[link]
- March 1
- Glenn Miller, American bandleader (d. 1944)
- Paul Hartman, American actor and dancer (d. 1973)
- March 2 – Dr. Seuss, American children's author (The Cat in the Hat) (d. 1991)
- March 4
- George Gamow, Ukrainian-born physicist (d. 1968)
- Joseph Schmidt, Austrian-Hungarian tenor and actor (d. 1942)
- Chief Tahachee (actor), American-born stage and film actor (d. 1978)
- March 6 – Hugh Williams, English actor and dramatist (d. 1969)
- March 7 – Reinhard Heydrich, German Nazi official (d. 2012)
- March 14 – Doris Eaton Travis, American actress (d. 2010)
- March 20 – B. F. Skinner, American behavioral psychologist (d. 1990)
- March 22 – Itche Goldberg, Yiddish author (d. 2006)
- March 26
- Gustave Biéler, Swiss-born hero of World War II (executed) (d. 1944)
- Joseph Campbell, American author on mythology (d. 1987)
- Xenophon Zolotas, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 2004)
- April 1 – Nikolai Berzarin, Russian Red Army General (d. 1945)
- April 3 – Sally Rand, American dancer and actress (d. 1979)
- April 6 – Kurt Georg Kiesinger, former Chancellor of West Germany (d. 1988)
- April 8 – John Hicks, English economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1989)
- April 9 – Sharkey Bonano, American jazz musician (d. 1972)
- April 14 – Sir John Gielgud, English actor (d. 2000)
- April 15 – Arshile Gorky, Armenian-born painter (d. 1948)
- April 16 – Fifi D'Orsay, Canadian actress (d. 1983)
- April 22 – Robert Oppenheimer, American physicist (d. 1967)
- April 24 – Willem de Kooning, Dutch artist (d. 1997)
- April 26 – Jimmy McGrory, Scottish footballer (d. 1982)
- April 27 – Cecil Day-Lewis, English poet (d. 1972)
- April 29 – Pedro Vargas, Mexican singer and actor (d. 1989)
May–June[link]
- May 6
- Moshe Feldenkrais, Ukrainian-born engineer (d. 1984)
- Harry Martinson, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1978)
- May 8 – John Snagge, British radio personality (d. 1996)
- May 11 – Salvador Dalí, Spanish artist (d. 1989)
- May 17 – Jean Gabin, French actor (d. 1976)
- May 21
- Fats Waller, American pianist and comedian (d. 1943)
- Robert Montgomery, American actor and director (d. 1981)
- May 22 – Anne de Vries, Dutch writer (d. 1964)
- May 26 – George Formby, English singer and comedian (d. 1961)
- May 27 – Chuhei Nambu, Japanese athlete (d. 1997)
- May 30 – Doris Packer, American actress (d. 1979)
- June 2
- Frantisek Planicka, Czech footballer (d. 1996)
- Johnny Weissmuller, American swimmer and actor (Tarzan) (d. 1984)
- June 3 – Jan Peerce, American tenor (d. 1984)
- June 6 – Francisco López Merino, Argentine poet (d. 1928)
- June 18 – Keye Luke, American actor (d. 1991)
- June 26 – Peter Lorre, Hungarian-born film actor (d. 1964)
July–August[link]
- July 5 – Ernst Mayr, German-born biologist and author (d. 2005)
- July 6 – Erik Wickberg, General of The Salvation Army (d. 1996)
- July 8 – Henri Cartan, French mathematician (d. 2008)
- July 12 – Pablo Neruda, Chilean poet, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1973)
- July 15 – Rudolf Arnheim, German-born author (d. 2007)
- July 28 – Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1990)
- July 29 – J R D Tata, Indian Businessman (d. 1993)
- August 4
- Witold Gombrowicz, Polish novelist and dramatist (d. 1969)
- Helen Kane, American singer, dancer, comedienne, and actress (d. 1966)
- August 7 – Ralph Bunche, American diplomat, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1971)
- August 12 – Tsarevich Alexei of Russia (d. 1918)
- August 13 – Charles "Buddy" Rogers, American actor and jazz musician (d. 1999)
- August 16
- Minoru Genda, Japanese aviator, naval officer, and politician (d. 1989)
- Wendell Meredith Stanley, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1971)
- August 17
- Leopold Nowak, Austrian musicologist (d. 1991)
- Mary Cain, American newspaper editor and politician (d. 1984)
- August 21 – Count Basie, American musician and bandleader (d. 1984)
- August 22
- Deng Xiaoping, Chinese leader (d. 1997)
- Jay Novello, American actor (d. 1982)
- August 23
- Viscountess Furness, American socialite twin (d. 1970)
- Gloria Morgan-Vanderbilt, American socialite twin (d. 1965)
- August 24 – Ida Cook (aka Mary Burchell), British heroin and novelist (d. 1986)
- August 28 – Secondo Campini, Italian jet pioneer (d. 1980)
- August 29 – Werner Forssmann, German physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1979)
September–October[link]
- September 9 – Feroze Khan, Pakistani field hockey player (d. 2005)
- September 19 – Elvia Allman, American actress (d. 1992)
- September 22 – Joseph Valachi, American gangster (d. 1971)
- September 29 – Greer Garson, English actress (d. 1996)
- October 1
- A.K. Gopalan, Indian communist leader (d. 1977)
- Irene Craigmile Bolam, American Amelia Earhart look-alike/believed alias(d. 1982)
- October 3 – Charles J. Pedersen, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1989)
- October 9 – Wally Brown, American actor and comedian (d. 1961)
- October 18 – Haim Shirman, Russian-born Israeli professor of medieval Spanish Jewish poetry (d. 1981)
- October 20 – Tommy Douglas, Canadian politician (d. 1986)
- October 23 – Harvey Penick, American golfer (d. 1995)
- October 25 – Vladimir Peter Tytla, American animator (d. 1968)
- October 27 – Erno Schwarz, Hungarian American soccer player (d. 1974)
November–December[link]
- November 1 – Laura LaPlante, American silent film actress (d. 1996)
- November 2
- Hugh Patrick Lygon, English aristocrat (d. 1936)
- Louis Néel, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2000)
- November 4 – Tadeusz Żyliński, Polish technician and textilist (d. 1967)
- November 11
- J. H. C. Whitehead, British mathematician (d. 1960)
- Alger Hiss, American lawyer, government official, author and lecturer (d. 1996)
- November 12 – Jacques Tourneur, French director (d. 1977)
- November 14
- Dick Powell, American actor and singer (d. 1963)
- Michael Ramsey, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1988)
- November 16 – Nnamdi Azikiwe, President of Nigeria (d. 1996)
- November 18 – Masao Koga, Japanese composer (d. 1978)
- November 25
- Lillian Copeland, American athlete (d. 1964)
- Toni Ortelli, Italian composer and alpinist (d. 2000)
- November 30 – Clyfford Still, American painter (d. 1980)
- December 6 – Eve Curie, French author (d. 2007)
- December 7 – Clarence Nash, American voice actor (d. 1985)
- December 12 – Baron Nicolas de Gunzburg, French-born magazine editor and socialite (d. 1981)
- December 18 – George Stevens, American film director (d. 1975)
- December 20 – Rambhai Barni Svastivatana, Queen consort of King Prajadhipok of Siam. (d. 1984)
- December 24 – Joseph M. Juran, American engineer and philanthropist (d. 2008)
- December 25 – Gerhard Herzberg, German-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1999)
- December 26 – Alejo Carpentier, Cuban writer (d. 1980)
- December 30 – Dmitri Borisovich Kabalevsky, Russian composer (d. 1987)
- December 31 – Umm Kulthum, Egyptian singer and actress (d. 1975)
Date unknown[link]
- Bernard Castro, Italian inventor (d. 1991)
- Charles L. Melson, American admiral (d. 1981)
- Tevfik Esenç, Turkish-born last speaker of the Ubykh language (d. 1992)
Deaths[link]
January–June[link]
- January 2 – James Longstreet, Confederate Civil War general (b. 1821)
- January 10 – Jean-Léon Gérôme, French painter (b. 1824)
- January 17 – Sir Henry Keppel, British admiral (b. 1809)
- February 8 – Alfred Ainger, English biographer (b. 1837)
- February 15 – Mark Hanna, United States Senator from Ohio (b. 1837)
- February 22 – Leslie Stephen, English writer and critic (b. 1832)
- March 5 – John Lowther du Plat Taylor, British founder of the Army Post Office Corps (b. 1829)
- March 17 – Prince George, Duke of Cambridge, grandson of King George III (b. 1819)
- March 18 – William Elbridge Sewell, American naval officer and Governor of Guam (b. 1851)
- April 10 – Queen Isabella II of Spain (b. 1830)
- May 1 – Antonín Dvořák, Czech composer (b. 1841)
- May 8 – Eadweard Muybridge, English photographer and motion picture pioneer (b. 1830)
- May 10 – Henry Morton Stanley, Welsh explorer and journalist (b. 1841)
- May 19 – Auguste Molinier, French historian (b. 1851)
- June 3 – Vincent Tancred, South African cricketer (b. 1875)
- June 4 – George Frederick Phillips, Canadian-born military hero (b. 1862)
- June 12 – Camille de Renesse, Belgian Count (b. 1836)
July–December[link]
- July 1 – George Frederic Watts, British Symbolist painter and sculptor (b. 1817)
- July 3 – Theodor Herzl, Austrian founder of Zionism (b. 1860)
- July 5 – Abai Kunanbaiuli, Kazakh poet (b. 1845)
- July 14
- Anton Chekhov, Russian writer (b. 1860)
- Paul Kruger, South African resistance leader (b. 1825)
- July 22 – Wilson Barrett, English actor (b. 1846)
- July 26 – Henry Clay Taylor, American admiral (b. 1845)
- August 6 – Eduard Hanslick, Austrian music critic (b. 1825)
- August 12 – William Renshaw, British tennis player (b. 1861)
- August 16 – Colonel Prentiss Ingraham, American author of dime fiction (b. 1843)
- August 22 – Kate Chopin, American author (b. 1851)
- August 25 – Henri Fantin-Latour, French painter (b. 1836)
- August 29 – Ottoman Sultan Murad V (b. 1840)
- September 24 – Niels Ryberg Finsen, Icelandic/Faroese/Danish physician and scientist (b. 1860)
- September 26
- Lafcadio Hearn, American-Japanese author (b. 1850)
- John F. Stairs, Canadian businessman and statesman (b. 1848)
- October 4
- Frédéric Bartholdi, French sculptor (b. 1834)
- Laurence Hope, English poetess (b. 1865)
- October 21 – Isabelle Eberhardt, Swiss-Algerian explorer (b. 1877)
- November 28 – Fanny Janauschek, Czech actress (b. 1830)
Nobel Prizes[link]
- Physics – The Lord Rayleigh
- Chemistry – Sir William Ramsay
- Physiology or Medicine – Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
- Literature – Frédéric Mistral and José Echegaray
- Peace – Institut De Droit International
References[link]
- ^ Alpers, A.F.G. (1966). "Pelorus Jack". An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand. http://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/P/PelorusJack/PelorusJack/en. Retrieved 2006-12-29.
http://wn.com/1904
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For a list of the tallest people on earth, see List of tallest people.
| The Tallest Man on Earth | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Kristian Matsson |
| Born | (1983-04-30) 30 April 1983 (age 29) |
| Origin | Leksand, Dalarna, Sweden |
| Genres | Folk, Indie |
| Years active | 2006 – present |
| Labels | Gravitation, Dead Oceans |
| Associated acts | Montezumas |
| Website | tallestmanonearth.com |
Kristian Matsson (born April 30, 1983) is a singer-songwriter from Dalarna, Sweden. Since 2006, he has released three full-length albums and two EPs. He performs under the moniker The Tallest Man on Earth. He is known for recording and producing his own records in whichever home he is currently living and states that the connection between his voice and guitar is so strong, he rarely records them as separately tracked performances. [1]He is also known both by critics and his fans for his charismatic stage presence.[2][3] Matsson is married to fellow Swedish singer-songwriter Amanda Bergman, who performs under the moniker Idiot Wind. The couple have toured extensively together, often performing songs together on stage. He has toured with Bon Iver.[4] Matsson also fronted the band Montezumas.
Critics have compared The Tallest Man on Earth to Bob Dylan both in terms of songwriting ability and vocal style.[5][6][7] When asked about his lyrical style, The Tallest Man on Earth explains that he began listening to Bob Dylan at fifteen, and upon hearing Dylan's cover material, he "tried to figure out where those songs came from" and became slowly exposed to early American folk, such as Pete Seeger and Woody Guthrie. But he is careful to qualify this, say "I don't consider my work to be a part of any tradition. This is how I play. This is how I write songs"[8]
With regards to his guitar technique, Matsson uses a variety of open tunings, and to a lesser degree standard tuning. He had classical guitar training in his youth, but says he "never really focuses on it" and that by the end of high school he "got bored playing guitar because it was like math"[9], until he then discovered open tunings while listening to Nick Drake in his early twenties. He was drawn to this style of playing because it allowed him to focus on singing while still performing intricate music. [10]
Contents |
Discography[link]
Studio Albums[link]
- Shallow Grave (2008)
- The Wild Hunt (2010) UK chart peak: #180[11]
- There's No Leaving Now (2012)[12]
EPs[link]
Singles[link]
- The Gardener
- The King of Spain; The Wild Hunt
- Pistol Dreams
- The Dreamer
- Weather of a Killing Kind
- 1904
References[link]
- ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Q5ZlDOzK7k&feature=relmfu
- ^ http://flipsidesounds.com/tag/the-tallest-man-on-earth-austin/
- ^ http://themidwestman.com/2011/02/artist-spotlight-the-tallest-man-on-earth/
- ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=fvwp&NR=1&v=oQAV7cRDbWA
- ^ Pareles, Jon (10 December 2008). "Two Variations on an Acoustic Theme". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/11/arts/music/11nadl.html. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
- ^ O'Neil, Luke (4 October 2010). "Tallest Man on Earth is a player with range". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/ae/music/articles/2010/10/04/tallest_man_on_earth_is_a_player_with_range/. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
- ^ Gill, Andy (9 April 2010). "Album: The Tallest Man On Earth, The Wild Hunt (Dead Oceans)". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/album-the-tallest-man-on-earth-the-wild-hunt-dead-oceans-1939532.html. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
- ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=fvwp&NR=1&v=oQAV7cRDbWA
- ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q2IX5FoRRis&feature=relmfu
- ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K6wXyLRQxTo
- ^ http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/110416cluk.txt
- ^ [1]
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: The Tallest Man on Earth |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Tallest Man On Earth |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | April 30, 1983 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
 |
This article about a Swedish musician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
http://wn.com/The_Tallest_Man_on_Earth
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Benjamin Francis Leftwich | |
|---|---|
 Performing at Jersey Live in 2011. |
|
| Background information | |
| Born | (1989-09-04) 4 September 1989 (age 22) |
| Origin | York, England |
| Genres | Indie, Acoustic, Folk |
| Occupations | Singer, songwriter |
| Instruments | vocals, guitar, piano |
| Years active | 2006–present |
| Labels | Dirty Hit |
| Website | benjaminfrancisleftwich.com |
Benjamin Francis Leftwich (born 4 September 1989) is an English singer-songwriter from York.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Leftwich began playing at the age of ten and grew up listening to The Rolling Stones and Nina Simone; later discovering Nick Drake, Bob Dylan, and Elliott Smith. He cites Arcade Fire, Ryan Adams, and Bruce Springsteen as inspirations.[1]
Education[link]
Leftwich was educated at Bootham School, an independent boarding school in the city of York, the county town of Yorkshire in the North of England.
Life and career[link]
Leftwich's debut album, the Ian Grimble-produced Last Smoke Before The Snowstorm, was released in July 2011. The Fly called it "a majestic debut" "[2] "whilst The Sunday Times cited Leftwich as "a serious new talent".[citation needed] The Skinny described it as "occasionally a bit O.C. soundtrack...[but] enjoyable throughout",[3] while the Sunday Express called it "lovely" but "increasingly repetitive over the course of 10 tracks".[4] Hazel Sheffield, writing in The Guardian, gave it a 3/5 rating,[5] as did David Pollock, writing for The Scotsman, who drew comparisons to Damien Rice and José González, but also stated "sadly there are also heavy hints of Chris Martin at his most mawkish".[6]
Discography[link]
Albums[link]
| Album Title | Album details | Chart positions |
|---|---|---|
| UK | ||
| Last Smoke Before the Snowstorm |
|
35 |
EPs[link]
| Album Title | Album details |
|---|---|
| A Million Miles Out |
|
| Pictures |
|
Singles[link]
| Year | Single | Peak chart positions | Album |
|---|---|---|---|
| UK [7] |
|||
| 2011 | "Box of Stones" | 195 | Last Smoke Before the Snowstorm |
| "Atlas Hands" | — | ||
| 2012 | "Pictures" | — |
References[link]
- ^ "Benjamin Francis Leftwich reveals album inspirations", BBC, 30 June 2011, retrieved 2011-07-06
- ^ http://www.the-fly.co.uk/words/reviews/album-reviews/10217/album-review:-benjamin-francis-leftwich
- ^ Buckle, Chris (2011) "Benjamin Francis Leftwich – Last Smoke Before the Snowstorm", The Skinny, 27 June 2011, retrieved 2011-07-06
- ^ Heathcote, Charlotte (2011) "ALBUM REVIEW - BENJAMIN FRANCIS LEFTWICH: LAST SMOKE BEFORE THE SNOW STORM (DIRTY HIT)", Sunday Express, 3 July 2011, retrieved 2011-07-06
- ^ Sheffield, Hazel (2011) "Benjamin Francis Leftwich: Last Smoke Before the Snowstorm – review", The Guardian, 30 June 2011, retrieved 2011-07-06
- ^ Pollock, David (2011) "Album review: Benjamin Francis Leftwich: Last smoke before the snowstorm", The Scotsman, 5 July 2011, retrieved 2011-07-07
- ^ http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/110702cluk.txt
External links[link]
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Leftwich, Benjamin Francis |
| Alternative names | Francis Duke |
| Short description | English singer-songwriters |
| Date of birth | 4 September 1989 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Benjamin_Francis_Leftwich
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Francis_Leftwich
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Enrico Caruso (Italian pronunciation: [enˈriːko kaˈruːzo]) (February 25, 1873 – August 2, 1921) was an Italian tenor. He sang to great acclaim at the major opera houses of Europe and North and South America, appearing in a wide variety of roles from the Italian and French repertoires that ranged from the lyric to the dramatic. Caruso also made approximately 290 commercially released recordings from 1902 to 1920. All of these recordings, which span most of his stage career, are available today on CDs and as digital downloads.
Caruso's 1904 recording of "Vesti la giubba" from Leoncavallo's opera Pagliacci was the first sound recording to sell a million copies.[1]
Contents |
Historical and musical significance[link]
File:CarusoPostcard.jpg
Enrico Caruso, c. 1910
Caruso's 25-year career, stretching from 1895 to 1920, included 863 appearances at the New York Metropolitan Opera before he died from an infection at the age of 48. His fame has lasted to the present day despite the limited marketing and promotional vehicles available during Caruso's era. (He was, nonetheless, a client of Edward Bernays, during the latter's tenure as a press agent in the United States.)[2] Publicity in Caruso's time relied on newspapers, particularly wire services, along with magazines, photography and relatively instantaneous communication via the telephone and the telegraph, to spread a message and raise a performer's profile.
Caruso biographers Pierre Key, Bruno Zirato and Stanley Jackson[3][4] attribute Caruso's fame not only to his voice and musicianship but also to a keen business sense and an enthusiastic embrace of commercial sound recording, then in its infancy. Many opera singers of Caruso's time rejected the phonograph (or gramophone) owing to the low fidelity of early discs. Others, including Adelina Patti, Francesco Tamagno and Nellie Melba, exploited the new technology once they became aware of the financial returns that Caruso was reaping from his initial recording sessions.[5]
Caruso made more than 260 extant recordings in America for the Victor Talking Machine Company (later RCA Victor) from 1904 to 1920, and he earned millions of dollars in royalties from the retail sales of the resulting 78-rpm discs. (Previously, in Italy in 1902–1903, he had cut five batches of records for the Gramophone & Typewriter Company, the Zonophone label and Pathé Records.) He was also heard live from the stage of the Metropolitan Opera House in 1910, when he participated in the first public radio broadcast to be transmitted in the United States.
Caruso appeared in newsreels too, as well as a short experimental film made by Thomas Edison and two commercial motion pictures. For Edison, in 1911, Caruso portrayed the role of Edgardo in a filmed scene from Donizetti's opera Lucia di Lammermoor. In 1918, he appeared in a dual role in the American silent film My Cousin for Paramount Pictures. This movie included a sequence of him on stage performing the aria "Vesti la giubba" from Leoncavallo's opera Pagliacci. The following year Caruso played a character called Cosimo in another movie, The Splendid Romance. Producer Jesse Lasky paid Caruso $100,000 to appear in these two efforts but they both flopped at the box office.
While Caruso sang at such venues as La Scala in Milan, the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, in London, the Mariinsky Theatre in Saint Petersburg, and the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires, he was also the leading tenor of the Metropolitan Opera in New York City for 18 consecutive seasons. It was at the Met, in 1910, that he created the role of Dick Johnson in Giacomo Puccini's La fanciulla del West.
Caruso's voice extended up to high C in its prime and grew in power and weight as he grew older. He sang a broad spectrum of roles, ranging from lyric, to spinto, to dramatic parts, in the Italian and French repertoires. In the German repertoire, Caruso sang only two roles, Assad (in Karl Goldmark's The Queen of Sheba) and Richard Wagner's Lohengrin, both of which he performed in Italian in Buenos Aires in 1899 and 1901 respectively.[6]
Life and career[link]
Early life[link]
Enrico Caruso came from a poor but not destitute background. Born in Naples in the Via San Giovannello agli Ottocalli 7 on February 25, 1873, he was baptised the next day in the adjacent Roman Catholic Church of San Giovanni e Paolo. Called Errico in accordance with the Neapolitan dialect, he would later adopt the formal Italian version of his given name, Enrico (the equivalent of "Henry" in English). This change came at the suggestion of a singing teacher, Guglielmo Vergine, with whom he began lessons at the age of 16.
Caruso was the third of seven children and one of only three to survive infancy. There is a story of Caruso having had 17 or 18 siblings who died in infancy. Two of his biographers, Francis Robinson and Pierre Key, mentioned the tale in their books, but genealogical research by Caruso family friend Guido D'Onofrio suggested it was false. According to Caruso's son Enrico, Jr., Caruso and his brother Giovanni may have been the source of the exaggerated number.[7] Caruso's widow Dorothy also included the story in a memoir that she wrote about her husband. She quotes the tenor, speaking of his mother, Anna Caruso (née Baldini): "She had twenty-one children. Twenty boys and one girl – too many. I am number nineteen boy."[8]
Caruso's father, Marcellino, was a mechanic and foundry worker. Initially, Marcellino thought that his son should adopt the same trade, and at the age of 11, the boy was apprenticed to a mechanical engineer named Palmieri who constructed public water fountains. (Whenever visiting Naples in future years, Caruso liked to point out a fountain that he had helped to install.) Caruso later worked alongside his father at the Meuricoffre factory in Naples. At his mother's insistence, he also attended school for a time, receiving a basic education under the tutelage of a local priest. He learned to write in a handsome script and studied technical draftsmanship.[9] During this period he sang in his church choir, and his voice showed enough promise for him to contemplate a possible career in music.
Caruso was encouraged in his early musical ambitions by his mother, who died in 1888. To raise cash for his family, he found work as a street singer in Naples and performed at cafes and soirees. Aged 18, he used the fees he had earned by singing at an Italian resort to buy his first pair of new shoes. His progress as a paid entertainer was interrupted, however, by 45 days of compulsory military service. He completed this in 1894, resuming his voice lessons with Vergine upon discharge from the army.
Early career[link]
At the age of 22, Caruso made his professional stage debut in serious music. The date was March 15, 1895 at the Teatro Nuovo in Naples. The work in which he appeared was a now-forgotten opera, L'Amico Francesco, by the amateur composer Domenico Morelli. A string of further engagements in provincial opera houses followed, and he received instruction from the conductor and voice teacher Vincenzo Lombardi that improved his high notes and polished his style. Three other prominent Neapolitan singers taught by Lombardi were the baritones Antonio Scotti and Pasquale Amato, both of whom would go on to partner Caruso at the Met, and the tenor Fernando De Lucia, who would also appear at the Met and later sing at Caruso's funeral.
Money continued to be in short supply for the young Caruso. One of his first publicity photographs, taken on a visit to Sicily in 1896, depicts him wearing a bedspread draped like a toga since his sole dress shirt was away being laundered. At a notorious early performance in Naples, he was booed by a section of the audience because he failed to pay a claque to cheer for him. This incident hurt Caruso's pride. He never appeared again on stage in his native city, stating later that he would return "only to eat spaghetti".
During the final few years of the 19th century, Caruso performed at a succession of theaters throughout Italy until, in 1900, he was rewarded with a contract to sing at La Scala in Milan, the country's premier opera house. His La Scala debut occurred on December 26 of that year in the part of Rodolfo in Giacomo Puccini's La bohème with Arturo Toscanini conducting. Audiences in Monte Carlo, Warsaw and Buenos Aires also heard Caruso sing during this pivotal phase of his career and, in 1899–1900, he appeared before the Tsar and the Russian aristocracy at the Mariinsky Theatre in Saint Petersburg and the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow as part of a touring company of first-class Italian singers.
The first major operatic role that Caruso was given the responsibility of creating was Loris in Umberto Giordano's Fedora, at the Teatro Lirico, Milan, on November 17, 1898. At that same theater, on November 6, 1902, he would create the role of Maurizio in Francesco Cilea's Adriana Lecouvreur. (Puccini considered casting the young Caruso in the role of Cavaradossi in Tosca at its premiere in 1900, but ultimately chose the older, more established Emilio De Marchi instead.)
-
CarusoO.jpg
The medal that Enrico Caruso gave to Pasquale Simonelli, his New York City impresario
Obverse: Caruso facing left. Lower right: Salanto, medal maker's signature. -
CarusoR.jpg
Reverse: Muse of music with lyre over PER RICORDO (memento). Around the rim:
TIFFANY & Co. 24 CARAT GOLD Y (27 mm).
Caruso took part in a "grand concert" at La Scala in February 1901 that Toscanini organised to mark the recent death of Giuseppe Verdi. Among those appearing with him at the concert were two other leading Italian tenors of the day, Francesco Tamagno (the creator of the protagonist's role in Verdi's Otello) and Giuseppe Borgatti (the creator of the protagonist's role in Giordano's Andrea Chénier). He embarked on his last series of La Scala performances in March 1902, creating along the way the principal tenor part in Germania by Alberto Franchetti.
A month later, he was engaged by the Gramophone & Typewriter Company to make his first group of acoustic recordings, in a Milan hotel room, for a fee of 100 pounds sterling. These 10 discs swiftly became best-sellers. Among other things, they helped to spread 29-year-old Caruso's fame throughout the English-speaking world. The management of London's Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, signed him for a season of appearances in eight different operas ranging from Verdi's Aida to Don Giovanni by Mozart. His successful debut at Covent Garden occurred on May 14, 1902, as the Duke of Mantua in Verdi's Rigoletto. Covent Garden's highest-paid diva, the Australian soprano Nellie Melba, partnered him as Gilda. They would sing together often during the early 1900s. In her memoirs, Melba praised Caruso's voice but considered him to be a less sophisticated musician and interpretive artist than Jean de Reszke—the Met's biggest tenor drawcard prior to Caruso.
The Metropolitan Opera[link]
The following year, 1903, Caruso traveled to New York City to take up a contract with the Metropolitan Opera. (The gap between his London and New York engagements was filled by a series of performances in Italy, Portugal and South America.) Caruso's Met contract had been negotiated by his agent, the banker and impresario Pasquale Simonelli. Caruso's debut at the Met was in a new production of Rigoletto on November 23, 1903. This time, Marcella Sembrich sang opposite him as Gilda. A few months later, he began a lasting association with the Victor Talking-Machine Company. He made his first American discs on February 1, 1904, having signed a lucrative financial deal with Victor. Thereafter, his recording career ran in tandem with his Met career, the one bolstering the other, until he died in 1921.
Caruso purchased the Villa Bellosguardo, a palatial country house near Florence, in 1904. The villa became his retreat away from the pressures of the operatic stage and the grind of travel. Caruso's preferred address in New York City was a suite at Manhattan's Knickerbocker Hotel. (The Knickerbocker was erected in 1906 on the corner of Broadway and 42nd Street.) Caruso commissioned the New York jewelers Tiffany & Co. to strike a 24-carat-gold medal adorned with the tenor's profile. He presented the medal in gratitude to Simonelli as a souvenir of his many well remunerated performances at the Met (see illustration, above).
In addition to his regular New York engagements, Caruso gave recitals and operatic performances in a large number of cities across the United States and sang in Canada. He also continued to sing widely in Europe, appearing again at Covent Garden in 1904–07 and 1913–14; and undertaking a UK tour in 1909.[10] Audiences in France, Belgium, Monaco, Austria, Hungary and Germany heard him, too, prior to the outbreak of World War I. In 1909, Melba asked him to participate in her forthcoming tour of Australia; but he declined the invitation because of the significant amount of travel time that such a trip would entail.
Members of the Met's roster of artists, including Caruso, had visited San Francisco in April 1906 for a series of performances. Following an appearance as Don Jose in Carmen at the city's Grand Opera House, a strong jolt awakened Caruso at 5:13 on the morning of the 18th in his suite at the Palace Hotel. He found himself in the middle of the San Francisco Earthquake, which led to a series of fires that destroyed most of the city. The Met lost all the sets and costumes that it had brought on tour but none of the artists was harmed. Holding an autographed photo of President Theodore Roosevelt, Caruso made an ultimately successful effort to flee the city, first by boat and then by train. He vowed never to return to San Francisco and kept his word.[11][12]
In November 1906, Caruso was charged with an indecent act allegedly committed in the monkey house of New York's Central Park Zoo. The police accused him of pinching the bottom of a married woman. Caruso claimed a monkey did the bottom-pinching. He was found guilty as charged, however, and fined 10 dollars, although suspicions linger that he may have been entrapped by the victim and the arresting officer. The leaders of New York's opera-going high society were outraged initially by the incident, which received widespread newspaper coverage, but they soon forgot about it and continued to attend Caruso's Met performances.[13] Caruso's fan base at the Met was not restricted, however, to the wealthy. Members of America's middle-classes also paid to hear him sing—or buy copies of his recordings—and he enjoyed a substantial following among New York's 500,000 Italian immigrants.
Caruso created the role of Dick Johnson in the world premiere of Puccini's La fanciulla del West on December 10, 1910. The composer conceived the music for the tenor hero with Caruso's voice specifically in mind. With Caruso appeared two more of the Met's star singers, the Czech soprano Emmy Destinn and baritone Pasquale Amato. Toscanini, then the Met's principal conductor, presided in the orchestra pit.
Later career and personal life[link]
From 1916 onwards, Caruso began adding heroic parts such as Samson, John of Leyden and Eléazar to his repertoire, while he planned to tackle Otello (the most demanding role written by Verdi for the tenor voice) at the Met during 1921.
Caruso toured the South American nations of Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil in 1917 and two years later performed in Mexico City. In 1920, he was paid the then enormous sum of 10,000 American dollars a night to sing in Havana, Cuba.[14]
The United States had entered World War I in 1917, sending troops to Europe. Caruso did extensive charity work during the conflict, raising money for war-related patriotic causes by giving concerts and participating enthusiastically in Liberty Bond drives. The tenor had shown himself to be a shrewd businessman since arriving in America. He put a sizable proportion of his earnings from record royalties and singing fees into a range of investments. Biographer Michael Scott writes that by the end of the war in 1918, Caruso's annual income tax bill amounted to $154,000.[15]
Prior to World War One, Caruso had been romantically tied to an Italian soprano, Ada Giachetti, who was a few years older than he was.[16] Though already married, Giachetti bore Caruso four sons during their liaison, which lasted from 1897 to 1908. Two survived infancy: Rodolfo Caruso (born 1898) and singer/actor Enrico Caruso, Jr. (1904). Ada had left her husband, manufacturer Gino Botti, and an existing son to cohabit with the tenor. Information provided in Scott's biography of Caruso suggests that she was his vocal coach as well as his lover.[17] Statements by Enrico Caruso, Jr. in his book tend to substantiate this.[18][19] Her relationship with Caruso broke down after 11 years and they separated. Giachetti's subsequent attempts to sue him for damages were dismissed by the courts.[20]
Towards the end of the war, Caruso met and wooed a 25-year-old socialite, Dorothy Park Benjamin. She was the daughter of a wealthy New York patent lawyer. In spite of the disapproval of Dorothy's father, the couple wed on August 20, 1918. They had a daughter, Gloria Caruso (1919–1999). Dorothy lived until 1955 and wrote two books about Caruso, whom she had called "Rico" in private life. Published in 1928 and 1945, her books include many of Caruso's letters to his "Doro".[21]
A fastidious dresser, Caruso took two baths a day and liked good Italian food and convivial company. He forged a particularly close bond with his Met and Covent Garden colleague Antonio Scotti—an amiable and stylish baritone from Naples. Caruso was superstitious and habitually carried good-luck charms with him when he sang. He played cards for relaxation and sketched friends, other singers and musicians. Dorothy Caruso said that by the time she knew him, her husband's favorite hobby was compiling scrapbooks. He also amassed a valuable collection of rare postage stamps, coins, watches and antique snuffboxes. Caruso was a heavy smoker of strong Egyptian cigarettes, too. This deleterious habit, combined with a lack of exercise and the punishing schedule of performances that Caruso willingly undertook season after season at the Met, may have contributed to the persistent ill-health which afflicted the last 12 months of his life.
Illness and death[link]
On September 16, 1920, Caruso attended Victor's prime recording venue, Trinity Church, at Camden, New Jersey, for the final time. He recorded several discs over three days, including the "Domine Deus" and "Crucifixus" from the Petite Messe Solennelle by Rossini. These discs were to be his last.
Dorothy Caruso noted that her husband's health began a distinct downward spiral in late 1920 after returning from a lengthy North American concert tour. In his biography, Enrico Caruso, Jr. points to an on-stage injury suffered by Caruso as the possible trigger of his fatal illness. A falling pillar in Samson and Delilah on December 3 had hit him on the back, over the left kidney (and not on the chest as popularly reported).[22] A few days before a performance of Pagliacci at the Met (Pierre Key says it was December 4, the day after the Samson and Delilah injury) he suffered a chill and developed a cough and a "dull pain in his side". It appeared to be a severe episode of bronchitis. Caruso's physician, Philip Horowitz, who usually treated him for migraine headaches with a kind of primitive TENS unit, diagnosed "intercostal neuralgia" and pronounced him fit to appear on stage, although the pain continued to hinder his voice production and movements.
During a performance of L'elisir d'amore by Donizetti at the Brooklyn Academy of Music on December 11, 1920, he suffered a throat haemorrhage and the performance was canceled at the end of Act 1. Following this incident, a clearly unwell Caruso gave only three more performances at the Met, the final one being as Eléazar in Halévy's La Juive, on December 24, 1920. (Also appearing that night was the Australian coloratura soprano, Evelyn Scotney, who had sung with Caruso a number of times.[23]) By Christmas Day, the pain in his side was so excruciating that he was screaming. Dorothy summoned the hotel physician, who gave Caruso some morphine and codeine and called in another doctor, Evan M. Evans. Evans brought in three other doctors and Caruso finally received a correct diagnosis, purulent pleurisy and empyema.[24][25]
Caruso's health deteriorated further during the new year. He experienced episodes of intense pain because of the infection and underwent seven surgical procedures to drain fluid from his chest and lungs.[26] He returned to Naples to recuperate from the most serious of the operations, during which part of a rib had been removed. According to Dorothy Caruso, he seemed to be recovering, but allowed himself to be examined by an unhygienic local doctor and his condition worsened dramatically after that.[27][28] The Bastianelli brothers, eminent medical practitioners with a clinic in Rome, recommended that his left kidney be removed. He was on his way to Rome to see them but, while staying overnight in the Vesuvio Hotel in Naples, he took an alarming turn for the worse and was given morphine to help him sleep.
Caruso died at the hotel a few minutes after 9:00 am local time, on August 2, 1921. He was 48. The Bastianellis attributed the likely cause of death to peritonitis arising from a burst subrenal abscess.[29][30] The King of Italy, Victor Emmanuel III, opened the Royal Basilica of the Church of San Francesco di Paola for Caruso's funeral, which was attended by thousands of people. His embalmed body was preserved in a glass sarcophagus at Del Pianto Cemetery in Naples for mourners to view.[31] In 1929, Dorothy Caruso had his remains sealed permanently in an ornate stone tomb.
Honors[link]
During his lifetime, Caruso received many orders, decorations, testimonials and other kinds of honors from monarchs, governments and miscellaneous cultural bodies of the various nations in which he sang. He was also the recipient of Italian knighthoods. In 1917, he was elected an honorary member of the Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, the national fraternity for men involved in music, by the fraternity's Alpha chapter of the New England Conservatory of Music in Boston. One unusual award bestowed on him was that of "Honorary Captain of the New York Police Force". Caruso was posthumously awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1987. On February 27 of that same year, the United States Postal Service issued a 22-cent postage stamp in his honor.[32] He was voted into Gramophone Magazine's Hall of Fame in 2012.[33]
Repertoire[link]
Caruso's operatic repertoire consisted primarily of Italian works along with a few roles in French. He also performed two German operas, Wagner's Lohengrin and Goldmark's Die Königin von Saba, singing in Italian, early in his career. Below are the first performances by Caruso, in chronological order, of each of the operas that he undertook on the stage. World premieres are indicated with **.
- L'amico Francesco (Morelli) – Teatro Nuovo, Napoli, March 15, 1895 (debut)**
- Faust – Caserta, March 28, 1895
- Cavalleria rusticana – Caserta, April 1895
- Camoens (Musoni) – Caserta, May 1895
- Rigoletto – Napoli, July 21, 1895
- La traviata – Napoli, August 25, 1895
- Lucia di Lammermoor – Cairo, October 30, 1895
- La Gioconda – Cairo, November 9, 1895
- Manon Lescaut – Cairo, November 15, 1895
- I Capuleti e i Montecchi – Napoli, December 7, 1895
- Malia (Francesco Paolo Frontini) – Trapani, March 21, 1896
- La sonnambula – Trapani, March 24, 1896
- Marriedda (Bucceri) – Napoli, June 23, 1896
- I puritani – Salerno, September 10, 1896
- La Favorita – Salerno, November 22, 1896
- A San Francisco (Sebastiani) – Salerno, November 23, 1896
- Carmen – Salerno, December 6, 1896
- Un Dramma in vendemmia (Fornari) – Napoli, February 1, 1897
- Celeste (Marengo) – Napoli, March 6, 1897**
- Il Profeta Velato (Napolitano) – Salerno, April 8, 1897
- La bohème – Livorno, August 14, 1897
- La Navarrese – Milano, November 3, 1897
- Il Voto (Giordano) – Milano, November 10, 1897**
- L'arlesiana – Milano, November 27, 1897**
- Pagliacci – Milano, December 31, 1897
- La bohème (Leoncavallo) – Genova, January 20, 1898
- The Pearl Fishers – Genova, February 3, 1898
- Hedda (Leborne) – Milano, April 2, 1898**
- Mefistofele – Fiume, March 4, 1898
- Sapho (Massenet) – Trento, June 3(?), 1898
- Fedora – Milano, November 17, 1898**
- Iris – Buenos Aires, June 22, 1899
- La regina di Saba (Goldmark) – Buenos Aires, July 4, 1899
- Yupanki (Berutti)– Buenos Aires, July 25, 1899**
- Aida – St. Petersburg, January 3, 1900
- Un ballo in maschera – St. Petersburg, January 11, 1900
- Maria di Rohan – St. Petersburg, March 2, 1900
- Manon – Buenos Aires, July 28, 1900
- Tosca – Treviso, October 23, 1900
- Le maschere (Mascagni) – Milano, January 17, 1901**
- L'elisir d'amore – Milano, February 17, 1901
- Lohengrin – Buenos Aires, July 7, 1901
- Germania – Milano, March 11, 1902**
- Don Giovanni – London, July 19, 1902
- Adriana Lecouvreur – Milano, November 6, 1902**
- Lucrezia Borgia – Lisboa, March 10, 1903
- Les Huguenots – New York, February 3, 1905
- Martha – New York, February 9, 1906
- Madama Butterfly – London, May 26, 1906
- L'Africana – New York, January 11, 1907
- Andrea Chénier – London, July 20, 1907
- Il trovatore – New York, February 26, 1908
- Armide – New York, November 14, 1910
- La fanciulla del West – New York, December 10, 1910**
- Julien – New York, December 26, 1914
- Samson et Dalila – New York, November 24, 1916
- Lodoletta – Buenos Aires, July 29, 1917
- Le prophète – New York, February 7, 1918
- L'amore dei tre re – New York, March 14, 1918
- La forza del destino – New York, November 15, 1918
- La Juive – New York, November 22, 1919.
Note: At the time of his death, Caruso was preparing to perform the title role in Verdi's Otello in an intended Met production.[34][35]
Caruso also had a repertory of more than 520 songs. They ranged from classical compositions to traditional Italian melodies and popular tunes of the day, including a few English-language titles such as George M. Cohan's "Over There" and Henry Geehl's "For You Alone".
Recordings[link]
See also: Enrico Caruso recordings
Caruso possessed a phonogenic voice which was "manly and powerful, yet sweet and lyrical", to quote the singer/author John Potter (see bibliography, below). Not surprisingly, he became one of the first major classical vocalists to make numerous recordings. He and the disc phonograph, known in the United Kingdom as the gramophone, did much to promote each other in the first two decades of the 20th century. Many of Caruso's recordings have remained continuously available since their original issue around a century ago, and every one of his surviving discs (including unissued takes) has been re-engineered and re-released on CD in recent years.
Caruso's first recordings were arranged by recording pioneer Fred Gaisberg and cut on disc in three separate sessions in Milan during April, November and December 1902. They were made with piano accompaniments for HMV/EMI's forerunner, the Gramophone & Typewriter Company. In April 1903, he made seven further recordings, also in Milan, for the Anglo-Italian Commerce Company (AICC). These were released on discs bearing the Zonophone seal. Three more Milan recordings for AICC followed in October. This time they were released by Pathé Records on cylinders as well as on discs. Then on February 1, 1904, Caruso began recording exclusively for the Victor Talking Machine Company in the United States. While most of Caruso's American recordings would be made in boxy studios in New York and nearby Camden, New Jersey, Victor also recorded him occasionally in Camden's Trinity Church, which could accommodate a larger band of musicians. (In 1904, however, Victor had elected to use Room 826 at Carnegie Hall, New York, as a makeshift recording venue for its initial bundle of Caruso discs.) Caruso's final recording session took place at Camden on September 16, 1920 with the tenor singing the sacred pieces "Domine Deus" and "Crucifixus" from Rossini's Petite Messe Solennelle.
Caruso's earliest American records of operatic arias and songs, like their 30 or so Milan-made predecessors, were accompanied by piano. From February 1906, however, so-called 'orchestral' accompaniments became the norm. The regular conductors of these instrumental-backed recording sessions were Walter B. Rogers and Joseph Pasternack. Beginning in 1932, RCA Victor in the US and EMI (HMV) in the UK, reissued several of the old discs with the existing accompaniment over-dubbed by a larger, more authentic sounding, electronically recorded orchestra. (Earlier experiments using this re-dubbing technique, carried out by Victor in 1927, had been considered unsatisfactory.) In 1950, RCA Victor reissued a number of the fuller-sounding Caruso recordings on 78-rpm discs made of smooth vinyl instead of brittle and gritty shellac, which was the traditional material used for "78s". Then, as vinyl long-playing discs (LPs) became popular, many of his recordings were electronically enhanced for release on the extended format. Some of these particular recordings, remastered by RCA Victor on the alternative 45-rpm format, were re-released in the early 1950s as companions to the same selections sung in the "Red Seal" series by movie tenor Mario Lanza. In 1951, Lanza had starred in a popular and profitable Hollywood biopic, The Great Caruso, which took numerous liberties with the facts of Caruso's life.
In the 1970s, Thomas G. Stockham of the University of Utah utilised an early digital reprocessing technique called "Soundstream" to remaster Caruso's Victor recordings for RCA, but the results were not entirely successful. Nonetheless, these early digitised efforts were issued in part on LP, beginning in 1976. Twice they were issued complete by RCA on compact disc (in 1990 and then in 2004). Other complete sets of Caruso's restored recordings have been issued on CD by the Pearl label and, more recently, in 2000–2004 by Naxos. The 12-disc Naxos set was remastered by the noted American audio-restoration engineer Ward Marston. Pearl also released in 1993 a CD set devoted to RCA's electrically over-dubbed versions of Caruso's original acoustic discs. RCA has similarly issued three CD sets of Caruso material with modern, digitally recorded orchestral accompaniments added. Caruso's records are now available, too, as digital downloads. His best-selling downloads at iTunes have been the familiar Italian songs "Santa Lucia" and "O Sole Mio".
Caruso died before the introduction of higher fidelity, electrical recording technology (in 1925). All of his recordings were made using the acoustic process, which required the recording artist to sing into a metal horn or funnel which relayed sound directly to a master disc via a stylus. This process captured only a limited range of the overtones and nuances present in the singing voice. Caruso's 12-inch acoustic recordings were limited to a maximum duration of about 4:30 minutes. Consequently, some of the selections that he recorded had to be edited in order to fit this time constraint.
Media[link]
-
"Sì, pel ciel marmoreo giuro!" The 1914 recording by Titta Ruffo and Enrico Caruso of Giuseppe Verdi's Otello "Ombra mai fu" "Ombra mai fu" (and the introductory recitative) from George Frideric Handel's Serse, recorded in 1920. "Recondita armonia" A 1907 performance of "Recondita armonia" from Giacomo Puccini's Tosca O Mimì, tu più non torni A 1907 recording with Enrico Caruso as Rodolfo and Antonio Scotti as Marcello of "O Mimì, tu più non torni" from Act IV of Giacomo Puccini's La bohème. "Una furtiva lagrima" "Una furtiva lagrima" from Gaetano Donizetti's L'elisir d'amore Sung in 1911 for the Victor Talking Machine Company. O soave fanciulla "O soave fanciulla" from Giacomo Puccini's La bohème, sung by Enrico Caruso and Nellie Melba in 1906. La donna è mobile Caruso sings La donna è mobile from Verdi's Rigoletto, c. 1908 Ave Maria Caruso sings Ave Maria by Percival Benedict Kahn, Mischa Elman on violin (1913) Vesti La Giubba March 17, 1907, recording of 'Vesti La Giubba' from Pagliacci No Pagliaccio non son Recording of 'No Pagliaccio non son' from Pagliacci La Partida Manon! avez-vous peur ... On l'appelle Manon 1912 recording of Enrico Caruso and Geraldine Farrar performing a scene from Act II of Jules Massenet's Manon. O souverain, O juge, O père! 1916 recording of Rodrigue's Act III aria in Jules Massenet's Le Cid (1885). Faust: "O merveille! ... A moi les plaisirs" The Act I finale of Charles Gounod's Faust (1859), sung by Enrico Caruso and Marcel Journet in 1910. "È scherzo od è follia" Enrico Caruso, Frieda Hempel, Maria Duchêne, Andrés De Segurola and Léon Rothier performing "È scherzo od è Follia" from Giuseppe Verdi's Un ballo in maschera in 1914 - Problems listening to the files? See media help.
-
- Over There
- Caruso singing the popular World War I song by George M. Cohan.
See also[link]
- Birth of public radio broadcasting
- Enrico Caruso discography (CD)
- Caruso Sauce
- Enrico Caruso: leggenda di una voce
- The Great Caruso
Bibliography[link]
- Key, P.V.R. and Zirato, B, Enrico Caruso, a Biography (Little, Brown and Co, Boston, 1922).
- Scott, Michael, The Great Caruso (Hamish Hamilton, London, 1988).
- Caruso, Dorothy, Enrico Caruso – His Life and Death, with a discography by Jack Caidin (Simon and Schuster, New York, 1945).
- Jean-Pierre Mouchon, "Particularités physiques et phonétiques de la voix enregistrée de Caruso", foreword by Prof.André Appaix (in Le Sud Médical et Chirurgical, 99e année, n°2509,Marseille, France, 31 octobre 1964, pp. 11812–11829).
- Jean-Pierre Mouchon, "Enrico Caruso. 1873-1921. Sa vie et sa voix. Étude psycho-physiologique, physique, phonétique et esthétique", foreword by Dr.Édouard-Jean Garde (Académie régionale de chant lyrique, Marseille, France, 1966, 106 p., ill.).
- Jackson, Stanley, Caruso (Stein and Day, New York, 1972).
- Jean-Pierre Mouchon, "Enrico Caruso. His Life and Voice" (Éditions Ophrys, Gap, France, 1974, 77 p., ill.).
- Jean-Pierre Mouchon, "Enrico Caruso. L'homme et l'artiste, 4 vol.: Première partie. L'homme (Étude psycho-physiologique et historique), p.1-653 bis, ill.; deuxième partie. L'artiste (étude physique, phonétique, linguistique et esthétique), pp.654–975 bis, bibliographie critique, index des représentations données par Enrico Caruso entre 1895 et 1920, index de ses concerts et récitals,pp. 976-1605 (Paris-Sorbonne 1978, published by Atelier national de reproduction des thèses, Université de Lille III, 9, rue Auguste Angellier, 59046 Lille, France in three volumes, and by Didier-Érudition, Paris, in microfiches).
- Pleasants, Henry, The Great Singers (Macmillan Publishing, London, 1983).
- Caruso, Enrico Jr., and Farkas, Andrew, Enrico Caruso, My Father and My Family, with a discography by William Moran and a chronology by Tom Kaufman (Amadeus Press, Portland, 1990).
- Gargano, Pietro and Cesarini, Gianni, Caruso, Vita e arte di un grande cantante (Longanesi, 1990).
- Douglas, Nigel, Legendary Voices (Andre Deutsch, London, 1992).
- Jean-Pierre Mouchon, "Chronologie de la carrière artistique du ténor Enrico Caruso" (Académie Régionale de Chant Lyrique, Marseilles, France, 1992, 423 p., ill.).
- Vaccaro, Riccardo, Caruso, foreword by Dr. Ruffo Titta (Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane, Naples, Italy, 1995).
- Gargano, Pietro, Una vita una leggenda (Editoriale Giorgio Mondadori, 1997).
- Griffith, Hugh, CD liner notes for The Complete Recordings of Enrico Caruso, volumes 1 & 2, produced by Ward Marston (Naxos Historical, 8.110703, 8.110704, (c) 2000 HNH International Ltd).
- Potter, John, Tenor: History of a Voice (Yale University Press, New Haven & London, 2009).
- Steane, John, The Grand Tradition: 70 Years of Singing on Disc (Duckworth, London, 1974).
- Jean-Pierre Mouchon, "Caruso in Concert" (in "Étude" n°46, "Hommage à Marguerite-Marie Dubois", January–February–March–April 2010, pp. 12–37, Journal of Association internationale de chant lyrique "Titta Ruffo", Marseilles, France, edited by Professor Jean-Pierre Mouchon, M.A., PhD, Mus.D., D.Li).
- Jean-Pierre Mouchon, "Enrico Caruso. L'homme et l'artiste", two volumes (Terra Beata, Société littéraire et historique, 45, bd. Notre-Dame, 13006--Marseille, France, 2011, 1359 pp., ill.[36]
- Il Progresso italo americano, Il banchiere[37] che portò Caruso[38] negli US[39], sezione B – supplemento illustrato della domenica, New York, 27 luglio 1986.
Notes[link]
- ^ Chronomedia. Accessed on September 11, 2007.
- ^ "I was able to do it with television and radio and media and all kinds of assists. The popularity that Caruso enjoyed without any of this technological assistance is astonishing." Beverly Sills, Enrico Caruso: The Voice of the Century (A & E Biography, 1998).
- ^ Key, Pierre and Bruno Zirato, Enrico Caruso, a Biography. Little Brown and Co., 1922.
- ^ Stanley Jackson, Caruso. Stein and Day, 1973.
- ^ A.J. Millard, America On Record (Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 59–60.
- ^ Key, Pierre and Bruno Zirato, Enrico Caruso, a Biography. Little Brown and Co., 1922. p. 145
- ^ Caruso, Enrico Jr., Enrico Caruso, My Father and My Family. Amadeus Press, 1990.
- ^ Dorothy Caruso, Enrico Caruso, His Life and Death, p. 257.
- ^ Key and Zirato, p. 16.
- ^ "Enrico Caruso in Scotland | News". Opera Scotland. 1909-09-03. http://www.operascotland.org/news/136/Enrico+Caruso+in+Scotland+. Retrieved 2012-04-04.
- ^ William Bronson, The Earth Shook, The Sky Burned
- ^ An account of the earthquake by Caruso's lifelong friend, the baritone Antonio Scotti, including Scotti's observations of Caruso's behavior, is found in Pierre Key's biography of Caruso, Enrico Caruso: A Biography free online at Google Books, pp. 228–229.
- ^ David Suisman, "Welcome to the Monkey House: Enrico Caruso and the First Celebrity Trial of the Twentieth Century". In The Believer, June 2004, webpage accessed 2009-05-14.
- ^ Scott 1991, p. 181.
- ^ Scott 1991, p. 168.
- ^ Caruso Love Letters Reveal Passion Behind a Life of Epic Operatic Drama 2005 article describing the discovery of voluminous correspondence between Caruso and Giachetti.
- ^ Orlando Barone, Caruso Mysteries, article written for the Opera-L discussion list 1996-02-21, page found 2010-10-29.
- ^ Caruso Jr., p. 338.
- ^ Wah Keung Chan, The Voice of Caruso from La Scena Musicale Vol. 7, No. 7 online, page found 2010-11-06.
- ^ Caruso Jr. covers his father's relationship with Giachetti in great detail. Jackson (1973) and Scott (1988) also contain extensive information about the liaison.
- ^ Gloria Caruso Murray, 79, Artist and Tenor's Daughter, William H. Honan, The New York Times, December 18, 1999
- ^ Caruso, Jr.'s biography devotes an entire section to medical opinions concerning the tenor's ailments and possible causes of his death.
- ^ National Library of Australia
- ^ Dorothy Caruso, pp. 234–244.
- ^ Pierre Key, p. 386.
- ^ Caruso described his illness and surgical procedures in a letter to his brother Giovanni, reprinted in Enrico Caruso, His Life in Pictures by Francis Robinson (Bramhall, 1977), p. 137.
- ^ Dorothy Caruso, pp. 268–270.
- ^ Biographer Pierre Key attributed Caruso's decline to over-exertion as he convalesced (see p. 389), as did Francis Robinson (p. 139).
- ^ Dorothy Caruso, p. 275.
- ^ Enrico Caruso Dies in Native Naples: Death Came Suddenly, New York Times, August 3, 1921, webpage found 2009-05-14.
- ^ Pringle, Heather, The Mummy Congress, London, 2002, pp. 294–296; see also http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,728911,00.html
- ^ Scott catalog # 2250.
- ^ "Enrico Caruso (tenor)". Gramophone. http://www.gramophone.co.uk/HallofFame/ArtistPage/Caruso. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
- ^ Classical Net – Verdi – Famous Interpretors of Otello
- ^ Although Caruso died before he could perform Otello, he recorded two extracts from the opera in 1910 and 1914: Otello's aria "Ora e per sempre addio" and the Oath Duet, "Si, pel ciel marmoreo giuro" (with Titta Ruffo as Iago).
- ^ http://enrico-caruso.dyndns.org/
- ^ New Page 1 at bluehawk.monmouth.edu
- ^ http://bluehawk.monmouth.edu/~psimonel/nonno3.jpg
- ^ http://bluehawk.monmouth.edu/~psimonel/nonno4jpg.jpg
References[link]
- Scott, Michael (1991), The Great Caruso, Random House, ISBN 978-0-517-06766-6.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Enrico Caruso |
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Wikisource has the text of a 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Enrico Caruso. |
- Complete Thesis of Jean-Pierre Mouchon "Enrico Caruso. The men and the Artist website" (Terra Beata, 45, bd. Notre-Dame, 13006—Marseille, France, 2011, 1359 pp., ill. ISBN 2-909366-16-2) http://enrico-caruso.dyndns.org/
- Caruso, Dorothy : Enrico Caruso His Life And Death (1945) complete text
- Caruso, Enrico and Luisa Tetrazzini: Caruso and Tetrazzini on the Art of Singing (1909), complete text at Project Gutenberg
- "Caruso and the San Francisco Earthquake" San Francisco Museum
- Discography of Enrico Caruso on Victor Records from the Encyclopedic Discography of Victor Recordings (EDVR)
- Enrico Caruso at the Internet Movie Database
- The Enrico Caruso Museum of America
- The Enrico Caruso Page
- Enrico Caruso – Sound Clips and Narration at History of the Tenor
- Key, Pierre V.R.: Enrico Caruso; a biography (1922) complete text
- Recordings of Caruso Part 1, Part 2 Audio files at Internet Archive
- Video of Caruso at 1908 opening of Teatro Colon in Buenos Aires
- Enrico Caruso at Find A Grave
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Caruso, Enrico |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | opera singer |
| Date of birth | 1873-02-25 |
| Place of birth | Naples, Italy |
| Date of death | 1921-08-02 |
| Place of death | Naples, Italy |
http://wn.com/Enrico_Caruso
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 |
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2009) |
This is a Chinese name; the family name is Xiang.
| Xiang Yu | |
|---|---|
| Hegemon-King of Western Chu | |
| Reign | 206 BC – 202 BC |
| Predecessor | Emperor Yi of Chu |
| Concubine | Consort Yu |
| Born | 232 BC |
| Died | 202 BC (aged 30-31) |
| Xiang Yu | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese | 項羽 | ||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 项羽 | ||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||
Xiang Yu (232 BC – 202 BC) was a prominent military leader and political figure during the late Qin Dynasty.
Xiang Yu was a native of Xiaxiang (下相; present-day Suqian, Jiangsu). He was granted the title of "Duke of Lu" (魯公) by King Huai II of Chu in 208 BC. The following year, Xiang Yu led the Chu rebel forces to victory at the Battle of Julu against the Qin armies led by Zhang Han. After the fall of the Qin Dynasty, Xiang Yu proclaimed himself "Hegemon-King of Western Chu" (Chinese: 西楚霸王; pinyin: Xī Chǔ Bà Wáng) and ruled a vast area of land covering parts of present-day Shanxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan and Jiangsu, with Pengcheng (present-day Xuzhou) as his capital. He engaged Liu Bang, founding emperor of the Han Dynasty, in a long struggle for power, known as the Chu–Han Contention, that concluded with his eventual defeat and suicide at the bank of the Wu River.
Contents |
Names and titles[link]
- Names:
- Family name: Xiang (simplified Chinese: 项; traditional Chinese: 項; pinyin: Xiàng)
- Given name: Ji (Chinese: 籍; pinyin: Jí)
- Style name / courtesy name (zi): Yu (Chinese: 羽; pinyin: Yǔ)
- Titles:
- "Lu Gong" (simplified Chinese: 鲁公; traditional Chinese: 魯公; pinyin: Lǔ Gōng), translates to "Duke of Lu".
- "Xi Chu Ba Wang" (Chinese: 西楚霸王; pinyin: Xī Chǔ Bà Wáng), translates to "Hegemon of Western Chu", "Hegemon-King of Western Chu", "Conqueror of Western Chu", "Overlord of Western Chu", and other renditions.
- "Xiang Wang" (simplified Chinese: 项王; traditional Chinese: 項王; pinyin: Xiàng Wáng), translates to "King Xiang".
Biography[link]
Birth and family background[link]
There are two accounts of Xiang Yu's family background. The first claimed that Xiang Yu was from the house of Mi (羋), the royal family of the Chu state. His ancestors were granted the land of Xiang (項) by the king of Chu and had since adopted "Xiang" as their family name. The other account claimed that Xiang Yu was a descendant of a noble clan from the Lu state and his family had served the Chu rulers as military commanders for generations. Xiang Yu's grandfather, Xiang Yan, was a well known general who led the Chu army in resisting the Qin invaders led by Wang Jian, and was killed in action when Qin conquered Chu in 223 BC.
Xiang Yu was born in 232 BC in the late Warring States Period when the Qin state started annexing the other six major states. His father was Xiang Chao (項超), the oldest son of Xiang Yan.[citation needed] Xiang Yu was raised by his uncle, Xiang Liang, as his father died early. In 221 BC, when Xiang Yu was about 11 years old, the Qin state finally unified China and established the Qin Dynasty.
Xiang Yu had a double pupil in one of his eyes[1] just like the ancient Chinese rulers Shun and Duke Wen of Jin before him. He was thus seen as an extraordinary person because his unique double pupil was a mark of a king or sage in Chinese tradition. Xiang Yu was slightly taller than eight chi (approximately 1.85 metres, about 6' 1") and possessed unusual physical strength as he could lift a ding (an ancient Chinese vessel resembling a giant cauldron on tripods).[1]
Early days[link]
In his younger days, Xiang Yu was instructed in scholarly arts and swordsmanship but he did not manage to master what he was taught, and his uncle Xiang Liang was not very satisfied with him.[1] Xiang Yu said, "Books are only useful in helping me remember my name. Mastering swordsmanship allows me to face only one opponent, so it's not worth learning. I want to learn how to defeat 10,000 enemies."[1][2] Hence, his uncle tried to educate him in military strategy instead, but Xiang Yu stopped learning after he had grasped the main ideas.[1][2] Xiang Liang was disappointed with his nephew, who showed no sign of motivation or apparent talent apart from his great strength, and gave up and let Xiang Yu decide his own future.[1][2]
When Xiang Yu became older, his uncle killed someone and they fled to Wu (present-day southern Jiangsu) to evade the authorities. At that time, Qin Shi Huang was on an inspection tour in that area and Xiang Yu watched the emperor's procession pass by with his uncle. Xiang Yu said, "I can replace him.", in reference to the Qin emperor.[1] Xiang Liang was shocked and immediately covered his nephew's mouth with his hand. Since then, Xiang Liang began to see his nephew in a different light.
Rebellion against the Qin Dynasty[link]
In 209 BC, during the reign of Qin Er Shi (Qin Shi Huang's son and successor), peasant rebellions erupted throughout China to overthrow the Qin Dynasty, plunging China into a state of anarchy. Yin Tong, Grand Administrator of Kuaiji (present-day Shaoxing, Zhejiang), wanted to start a rebellion as well, so he invited Xiang Liang to meet him and discuss their plans. However, the Xiangs lured Yin Tong into a trap and killed him instead, with Xiang Yu personally striking down dozens of Yin's men. Xiang Liang initiated the rebellion himself and rallied about 8,000 men to support him. Xiang Liang proclaimed himself Grand Administrator of Kuaiji while appointing Xiang Yu as General. Xiang Liang's rebel force grew in size until it was between 60,000 to 70,000. In 208 BC, Xiang Liang installed Mi Xin as King Huai II of Chu to rally support from those eager to help him overthrow the Qin Dynasty and restore the former Chu state. Xiang Yu distinguished himself as a competent military leader and mighty warrior on the battlefield while participating in the battles against Qin forces.
Later that year, Xiang Liang was killed in the Battle of Dingtao against the Qin army led by Zhang Han and the military power of Chu fell into the hands of the king and some other generals. In the winter of 208 BC, another rebel force claiming to restore the Zhao state, led by Zhao Xie, was besieged in Handan by Zhang Han, and Zhao Xie requested for reinforcements from Chu. King Huai II granted Xiang Yu the title of "Duke of Lu" (魯公), and placed him second-in-command to Song Yi to lead an army to reinforce Zhao Xie. At the same time, the king placed Liu Bang in command of another army to attack Guanzhong, the heartland of Qin. The king promised that whoever managed to enter Guanzhong first will be conferred the title of "King of Guanzhong".
Battle of Julu[link]
Main article: Battle of Julu
The Chu army led by Song Yi and Xiang Yu reached Anyang, some distance away from Julu (in present-day Xingtai, Hebei), where Zhao Xie's forces had retreated to. Song Yi ordered the troops to lay camp there for 46 days and he refused to accept Xiang Yu's suggestion to proceed further. Xiang Yu took Song Yi by surprise in a meeting and killed him for alleged treason. The other subordinate generals were afraid of Xiang Yu and let him become the acting commander. Xiang Yu sent a messenger to inform King Huai II and the king approved Xiang's command.
In 207 BC, Xiang Yu's army advanced towards Julu and he sent Ying Bu and Zhongli Mo to lead the 20,000 strong vanguard army to cross the river and attack the Qin forces led by Zhang Han, while he followed behind with the remaining majority of the troops. After crossing the river, Xiang Yu ordered his men to sink their boats and destroy all but three days worth of rations, in order to force his men to choose between prevailing against overwhelming odds within three days or die trapped before the walls of the city with no supplies or hope of escape. Despite being heavily outnumbered, Chu forces scored a great victory after nine engagements, defeating the 300,000 strong Qin army. After the battle, other rebel forces, including those not from Chu, came to join Xiang Yu out of admiration for his martial valor. When Xiang Yu received them at the gate, the rebel generals were so fearful of him that they sank to their knees and did not even dare to look up at him.
Zhang Han sent his deputy Sima Xin to Xianyang to request for reinforcements and supplies from Qin Er Shi. Zhao Gao deceived the emperor and the emperor dismissed Zhang Han's request. Zhao Gao even sent assassins to kill Sima Xin on his return journey later, but Sima managed to escape and return to Zhang Han. In dire straits, Zhang Han and his 200,000 troops eventually surrendered to Xiang Yu in the summer of 207 BC. Xiang Yu perceived the surrendered Qin troops as disloyal and a liability, and had them executed by burying them alive at Xin'an (新安; in present-day Yima, Henan). Zhang Han, along with Sima Xin and Dong Yi, were spared from death. Xiang Yu appointed Zhang Han as "King of Yong", while Sima Xin and Dong Yi were respectively conferred the titles of "King of Sai" and "King of Di".
Feast at Hong Gate[link]
Main article: Feast at Hong Gate
After his victory in the Battle of Julu, Xiang Yu prepared for an invasion on Guanzhong, the heartland of the Qin Dynasty. In the winter of 207 BC, the last Qin ruler Ziying surrendered to Liu Bang in Xianyang (Qin's capital), bringing an end to the Qin Dynasty. When Xiang Yu arrived at Hangu Pass, the eastern gateway to Guanzhong, he saw that the pass was occupied by Liu Bang's troops, a sign that Guanzhong was already under Liu's control. Liu Bang's general Cao Wushang sent a messenger to see Xiang Yu, saying that Liu Bang would become King of Guanzhong in accordance with King Huai II's earlier promise, while Ziying would be appointed as Liu's chancellor. Xiang Yu was furious after hearing that. At that time, he had about 400,000 troops under his command while Liu Bang only had a quarter of that number.
As strongly encouraged by his advisor Fan Zeng, Xiang Yu invited Liu Bang to attend a Feast at Hong Gate and intended to kill Liu during the banquet. However, Xiang Yu listened to his uncle Xiang Bo (a friend of Liu Bang's strategist Zhang Liang) instead and spared Liu's life. Liu Bang escaped later under the pretext of going to the latrine.
Xiang Yu paid no attention to Liu Bang's presumptive title and led his troops into Xianyang in 206 BC. He ordered the execution of Ziying and his family, as well as the destruction of the Epang Palace by fire. It was said that Xiang Yu would leave behind a trail of destruction in the places he passed by, and the people of Guanzhong were greatly disappointed with him.[3]
Despite advice from his subjects to remain in Guanzhong and continue with his conquests, Xiang Yu was insistent on returning to his homeland in Chu. He said, "To not return home when one has made his fortune is equivalent to walking on the streets at night in glamorous outfits. Who would notice that?"[1] One of his followers said, "It is indeed true when people say that the men of Chu are apes dressed in human clothing."[1] Xiang Yu had that man boiled alive when he heard that insult.[1]
Division of the empire[link]
See also: Eighteen Kingdoms
After the downfall of the Qin Dynasty, Xiang Yu offered King Huai II the more honourable title of "Emperor Yi of Chu" and announced his decision to divide the former Qin Empire. Xiang Yu declared himself "Hegemon-King of Western Chu" (西楚霸王) and ruled nine commanderies in the former Liang and Chu territories, with his capital at Pengcheng (present-day Xuzhou). In the spring of 206 BC, Xiang Yu divided the empire into the Eighteen Kingdoms, to be granted to his subordinates and some leaders of the former rebel forces. He moved some of the rulers of other states to more remote areas and granted the land of Guanzhong to the three surrendered Qin generals, ignoring Emperor Yi's earlier promise to appoint Liu Bang as king of that region. Liu Bang was relocated to the remote Hanzhong area instead and given the title of "King of Han" (漢王).
Xiang Yu appointed several generals from the rebel coalition as vassal kings, even though these generals were subordinates of other lords, who should rightfully be the kings in place of their followers. Xiang Yu also left out some other important rebel leaders who did not support him earlier, but did contribute to the overthrow of Qin. In winter, Xiang Yu moved Emperor Yi to the remote area of Chen County (present-day Chenzhou, Hunan), effectively sending the puppet emperor into exile. At the same time, he issued a secret order to the vassal kings in that area and had the emperor assassinated during his journey (205 BCE). The emperor's death was later used by Liu Bang as political propaganda to justify his war against Xiang Yu.
Shortly after the death of Emperor Yi, Xiang Yu had Han Cheng (King of Han) put to death and seized Han's lands for himself. Several months later, Tian Rong (chancellor of Qi) took control over the Three Qis (Jiaodong, Qi and Jibei) from their respective kings and reinstated Tian Fu as the King of Qi, but he took over the throne himself afterwards. Similarly, Chen Yu, a former vice chancellor of Zhao, led an uprising against the King of Changshan, Zhang Er, and seized Zhang's domain and reinstalled Zhao Xie as the King of Zhao.
Chu–Han contention[link]
Main article: Chu–Han contention
In 206 BC, Liu Bang led his forces to attack Guanzhong. At that time, Xiang Yu was at war with Qi and did not focus on resisting the Han forces. The following year, Liu Bang formed an alliance with another five kingdoms and attacked Western Chu with a 560,000 strong army, capturing Xiang Yu's capital of Pengcheng. Upon hearing that, Xiang Yu led 30,000 men to attack Liu Bang and defeated the latter at the Battle of Pengcheng, with the Han army suffering heavy casualties.
Liu Bang managed to escape after his defeat with Xiang Yu's troops on pursuit. Han troops retreated to Xingyang and defended the city firmly, preventing Chu forces from advancing west any further, but only managed to hold on until 204 BC. Liu Bang's general Ji Xin disguised himself as his lord and surrendered to Xiang Yu, buying time for Liu Bang to escape. When Xiang Yu learnt that he had been fooled, he was furious and had Ji Xin burnt to death. After the fall of Xingyang, Chu and Han forces were divided on two fronts along present-day Henan. However, Xiang Yu's forces were not faring well on the battlefront north of the Yellow River, as the Han army led by Han Xin defeated his troops in every single battle. At the same time, Liu Bang's ally Peng Yue led his men to harass Xiang Yu's rear.
By 203 BC, the tide has turned in favour of Han. Xiang Yu managed to capture Liu Bang's father after a year-long siege and he threatened to boil Liu's father alive if Liu refused to surrender. Liu Bang remarked that he and Xiang Yu were oath brothers,[4] so if Xiang killed Liu's father, he would be guilty of patricide. Xiang Yu requested for an armistice, known as the Treaty of Hong Canal, and returned the hostages he captured back to Liu Bang as part of their agreement. The treaty divided China into east and west under the Chu and Han domains respectively.
Shortly after, as Xiang Yu was retreating eastwards, Liu Bang renounced the treaty and led his forces to attack Western Chu. Liu Bang sent messengers to Han Xin and Peng Yue, requesting for their assistance in forming a three-pronged attack on Xiang Yu, but Han Xin and Peng Yue did not mobilize their troops and Liu Bang was defeated by Xiang Yu at the Battle of Guling. Liu Bang retreated and reinforced his defenses, while sending emissaries to Han Xin and Peng Yue, promising to grant them fiefs and titles of vassal kings if they would join him in attacking Western Chu.
Defeat and downfall[link]
Main article: Battle of Gaixia
In 202 BC, Han armies led by Liu Bang, Han Xin and Peng Yue attacked Western Chu from three sides and trapped Xiang Yu's army, which was low on supplies, in the Battle of Gaixia. Liu Bang ordered his troops to sing folk songs from the Chu region, to create a false impression that Xiang Yu's native land had been conquered by Han forces. The morale of the Chu army plummeted and many of Xiang Yu's troops deserted in despair. Xiang Yu sank into a state of depression and he sang the Song of Gaixia. His concubine Consort Yu committed suicide. The next morning, Xiang Yu led about 800 of his remaining elite cavalry on a desperate attempt to break out of the encirclement, with 5,000 enemy troops hot on pursuit.
After crossing the Huai River, Xiang Yu was only left with a few hundred soldiers. They were lost in Yinling and Xiang Yu asked for directions from a farmer, who directed him wrongly to a swamp. When Xiang Yu reached Dongcheng, only 28 men were left, with the Han troops still following him. Xiang Yu made a speech to his men, saying that his downfall was due to Heaven's will and not his personal failure. After that, he led a charge out of the encirclement, killing one Han general in the battle. Xiang Yu then split his men into three groups to confuse the enemy and induce them to split up as well to attack the three groups. Xiang Yu took the Han troops by surprise again and slew another enemy commander, inflicting about 100 casualties on the enemy, while he only lost two men.
Death[link]
File:Xiang-Yu-Opera-Mask.png
Traditional Beijing opera mask for Xiang Yu
Xiang Yu retreated to Wu River (near present-day He County, Chaohu City, Anhui) and the ferryman at the ford prepared a boat for him to cross the river, strongly encouraging him to do so because Xiang Yu still had the support of the people from his homeland in the south. Xiang Yu said that he was too ashamed to return home and face his people because none of the first 8,000 men from Jiangdong who followed him on his conquests managed to survive. He refused to cross and ordered his remaining men to dismount, asking the ferryman to take his warhorse Zhui (騅) back home.
As he refused, his remaining men decided to stay, but Xiang Yu ordered them to go back on the boat.
Before Xiang Yu died, he saw an old friend Lü Matong among the Han soldiers. He then said, "I heard that the King of Han (Liu Bang) had placed a price of 1,000 gold and the title of Marquis of Wanhu[5] on my head. Take it then, on account of our friendship." Xiang Yu then committed suicide by slitting his throat with his sword, and a brawl broke out among the Han soldiers at the scene due to the reward offered by Liu Bang, and Xiang Yu's body was said to be dismembered and mutilated in the fight. The reward was eventually claimed by Lü Matong and five others. After Xiang Yu's death, Western Chu surrendered and China was united under Liu Bang's rule, marking the start of the Han Dynasty. Liu Bang held a grand state funeral for Xiang Yu in Yicheng (in present-day Shandong), with the ceremony befitting Xiang's title of "Duke of Lu". Xiang Yu's relatives were spared from death, including Xiang Bo, who saved Liu Bang's life at the Feast at Hong Gate, and they were granted titles of marquises.
Song of Gaixia[link]
The Song of Gaixia (垓下歌), translated as The Hegemon's Lament by Burton Watson,[6] was a song composed by Xiang Yu while he was trapped by Liu Bang's forces at Gaixia (in present-day Lingbi County, Anhui).
|
《垓下歌》 |
The Hegemon's Lament |
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力拔山兮氣蓋世。 |
My strength plucked up the hills, |
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時不利兮騅不逝。 |
But the times were against me, |
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騅不逝兮可奈何！ |
When Dapple runs no more, |
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虞兮虞兮奈若何！ |
Ah, Yu, my Yu, |
Evaluation[link]
Historian Sima Qian, author of Records of the Grand Historian, described Xiang Yu as someone who boasts about his achievements and thinks highly of himself. Xiang Yu preferred to depend on his personal abilities as opposed to learning with humility from others before him. Sima Qian felt that Xiang Yu had failed to see his own shortcomings and to make attempts to correct his mistakes, even until his death. Sima Qian thought that it was ridiculous when Xiang Yu claimed that his downfall was due to Heaven's will and not his personal failure.[1]
Liu Bang's general Han Xin, who was one of Xiang Yu's opponents on the battlefield, made a statement criticizing Xiang: "A man who turns into a fierce warrior when he encounters a rival stronger than he is, but also one who is sympathetic and soft hearted when he sees someone weaker than he is. Neither was he able to make good use of capable generals nor was he able to support Emperor Yi of Chu, as he killed the emperor. Even though he had the name of a Conqueror, he had already lost the favour of the people."[9]
The Tang Dynasty poet Du Mu mentioned Xiang Yu in one of his poems Ti Wujiang Ting (題烏江亭): "Victory or defeat is common in battle. One who can endure humiliation is a true man. There are several talents in Jiangdong, who knows if he (Xiang Yu) can make a comeback?"[10] However, the Song Dynasty poet Wang Anshi had a different opinion, as he stated: "The warrior is already tired after so many battles. His defeat in the Central Plains is hard to reverse. Although there are talents in Jiangdong, are they willing to help him?"[11] The Song Dynasty female poet Li Qingzhao wrote: "A hero in life, a king of ghosts after death. Until now we still remember Xiang Yu, who refused to return to Jiangdong."[12]
Mao Zedong also mentioned Xiang Yu once, saying that "We should use our remaining strength to defeat the enemy, instead of thinking about achieving fame like the Conqueror."[13] In 1964, Mao also pointed out three reasons for Xiang Yu's downfall: Not following Fan Zeng's advice to kill Liu Bang at the Feast at Hong Gate and letting Liu leave; Adhering firmly to the terms of the peace treaty (without considering that Liu Bang might betray his trust); Building his capital at Pengcheng (present-day Xuzhou).
Xiang Yu is popularly viewed as a leader who possesses great courage but lacks wisdom, and his character is aptly summarized using the Chinese idiom you yong wu mou (simplified Chinese: 有勇无谋; traditional Chinese: 有勇無謀; pinyin: yǒu yǒng wú móu)[14], meaning "has courage but lacks tactics", "foolhardy". Xiang Yu's battle tactics were studied by later military leaders while his political blunders served as cautionary tales for later rulers.[citation needed] Another Chinese idiom, si mian chu ge (Chinese: 四面楚歌; pinyin: sì miàn chǔ gē; literally "surrounded by Chu songs"), was also derived from the Battle of Gaixia, and used to describe someone in a desperate situation without help. Another saying by Liu Bang, "Having a Fan Zeng but unable to use him" (有一范增而不能用), was also used to describe Xiang Yu's reliance on his advisor Fan Zeng and failure to actually listen to Fan's advice.[citation needed]
Historian John Keay cites Xiang Yu as the most accomplished general in Chinese history.[15]
Modern references[link]
Xiang Yu's might and prowess in battle has been glorified in Chinese folk tales and poetry, especially in his final battle.[16] However, his ambitions ended with the collapse of Western Chu, his defeat by Liu Bang, and death at the early age of 30. He is also the subject of films, television, plays, Chinese operas, video games and comics. His classic image is that of a heroic and brave, but arrogant and bloodthirsty warrior-king. His romance with his concubine Consort Yu and his suicide have also added a touch of a tragic hero to his character.
Xiang Yu is also depicted as a ruthless leader, in sharp contrast to his rival, Liu Bang. He was a mass murderer, ordering the massacres of entire cities when they refused to surrender and put up strong resistance. The most notorious example of his cruelty was when he ordered the 200,000 surrendered Qin troops to be buried alive after the Battle of Julu,[17][18] and the gruesome methods of execution he employed against his enemies and critics. Conversely, Liu Bang is portrayed as a shrewd and cunning ruler who can be brutal at times.[19] However, Liu Bang did forbid his troops from looting the cities they captured and he spared the lives of the citizens, earning their support and trust in return. Xiang Yu's story became an example for Confucianists to advocate the idea that leaders should rule with benevolence and not govern by instilling fear in the people.
In Romance of the Three Kingdoms, one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature, Sun Ce is nicknamed "Little Conqueror" (小霸王) and is often compared favorably to Xiang Yu by his contemporaries. Sun Ce is best known for his conquests in the Jiangdong region that laid the foundation of the state of Eastern Wu in the Three Kingdoms era. In Water Margin, another of the Four Great Classical Novels, Zhou Tong, one of the 108 outlaws, is nicknamed "Little Conqueror" for his resemblance to Xiang Yu in appearance.
The Meng Ch'iu, an eighth-century Chinese primer, contains the four-character rhyming couplet: "Ji Xin impersonates the Emperor". It referred to the episode in the Battle of Xingyang when Ji Xin and 2,000 women disguised themselves as Liu Bang and his army, to distract Xiang Yu in order to buy time for Liu Bang to escape from the city of Xingyang.[20]
A famous Beijing opera, Ba Wang Bie Ji (Chinese: 霸王别姬; pinyin: bà wáng bié jī; literally "The Conqueror bids his concubine farewell"), depicts the events of Xiang Yu's defeat at the Battle of Gaixia. The title of the play was borrowed as the Chinese title for Chen Kaige's award-winning motion picture Farewell My Concubine.
"The Works of Xiang Yu" are a central theme in the Firefly episode, War Stories, which deals with sadism and torture.
In the last episode of the 2001 Hong Kong television series A Step into the Past, the son of Xiang Shaolong (or Hung Siu-lung, the time traveling protagonist) says he wants to change his name to "Yu" (literally means "feather") because he admires the flying birds. His father is shocked to realise that his son is actually the future Hegemon-King of Western Chu.
Xiang Yu is one of the 32 historical figures who appear as special characters in the video game Romance of the Three Kingdoms XI by Koei. He is also featured as a non-playable character (NPC) in the action RPG Prince of Qin.
References[link]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Sima Qian. Records of the Grand Historian, Volume 7.
- ^ a b c Xiang Yu China culture
- ^ Sima Qian. Records of the Grand Historian, Biography of Emperor Gaozu.
- ^ Liu Bang and Xiang Yu became sworn brothers in a ceremony with King Huai II of Chu as their witness in 208 BC.
- ^ 萬戶侯; literally: Marquis of 10,000 households
- ^ [1] Writing Sima Qian's Rhetorical Style into English— On Burton Watson's Translation of Records of the Grand Historian. Xiuying Li, Dalian University of Technology.
- ^ "Dapple" is the English name of Xiang Yu's warhorse Zhui (騅) translated by Burton Watson.
- ^ Minford, John, ed. (2000). An Anthology of Translations Classical Chinese Literature Volume I: From Antiquity To The Tang Dynasty. Columbia University Press. p. 415. ISBN 0-231-09676-3. http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=GV8BltnoGGMC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ (遇強則霸的匹夫之勇，和遇弱則憐的婦人之仁。既不能任用賢能將帥，又曾遷逐楚義帝，用兵趕盡殺絕。雖名為霸王，其實民心盡失。)
- ^ (勝敗兵家事不期，包羞忍恥是男兒。江東弟子多才俊，捲土重來未可知。0
- ^ (百戰疲勞壯士衰，中原一敗勢難回。江東子弟今雖在，肯與君王捲土來。)
- ^ (生當作人傑，死亦為鬼雄，至今思項羽，不肯過江東。)
- ^ (宜將剩勇追窮寇，不可沽名學霸王。)
- ^ 看《神话》穿越历史 西楚霸王项羽有勇无谋 (Chinese), 半岛网 (www.bandao.cn), January 27, 2010
- ^ Keay, John (2009). China - A History. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-722178-3. p. 113
- ^ Xiang Yu (Chinese rebel leader) Britannica Online Encyclopedia
- ^ 项羽坑杀了二十万秦朝降兵吗?
- ^ “火烧阿房”：蒙的什么冤，平的什么反？
- ^ Sima Qian. Records of the Grand Historian, Volume 8.
- ^ David Johnson, The City-God Cults of T'ang and Sung China, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol. 45, No. 2 (Dec., 1985), pp. 363-457
- Sima Qian. Records of the Grand Historian, Volume 7.
- Ban Gu et al. Book of Han, Volume 31.
- Sima Guang. Zizhi Tongjian, volumes 8, 9, 10, 11.
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Hegemon-King of Western Chu
Born: 232 BC Died: 202 BC |
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| Titles in pretence | ||
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| Preceded by Emperor Yi of Chu |
— TITULAR — Hegemon-King of Western Chu 206 BC – 202 BC Reason for succession failure: Chu–Han contention |
Succeeded by Han Xin as King of Chu |
| — TITULAR — Emperor of China 206 BC – 202 BC Reason for succession failure: Chu–Han contention |
Succeeded by Emperor Gaozu of Han |
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| Persondata | |
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| Name | Xiang, Yu |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Chinese military ruler |
| Date of birth | |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Xiang_Yu
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
