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Ratification is a principal's approval of an act of its agent where the agent lacked authority to legally bind the principal. The term applies to private contract law, international treaties, and constitutionals in federations such as the United States and Canada.

Private law[link]

In contract law, the need for ratification can arise in two ways: Where the agent attempts to bind the principal despite lacking the authority to do so, and where the principal authorizes the agent to make an agreement, but reserves the right to approve it. An example of the first situation is where an employee not normally responsible for procuring supplies contracts to do so on the employer's behalf. The employer's choice on discovering the contract is to ratify it or to repudiate it.

The other situation is common in trade union collective bargaining agreements. The Union authorizes one or more people to negotiate and sign an agreement with management. A collective bargaining agreement can not become legally binding until the union members ratify the agreement. If they do not approve it, the agreement is of no effect, and negotiations resume.

Ratification of an international treaty[link]

The ratification of international treaties is accomplished by filing instruments of ratification as provided for in the treaty. In most democracies, the legislature authorizes the government to ratify treaties through standard legislative procedures (i.e., passing a bill).

United Kingdom[link]

In the UK, treaty ratification was a Royal Prerogative, exercised by Her Majesty's Government.But, by a convention called the Ponsonby Rule, treaties were usually placed before parliament for 21 days before ratification. This has now been put on statutory footing by the Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010

United States[link]

In the US, the treaty power is a coordinated effort between the Executive branch and the Senate. The President may form and negotiate a treaty, but the treaty must be advised and consented to by a two-thirds vote in the Senate. Only after the Senate approves the treaty can the President ratify it. Once a treaty is ratified, it becomes binding on all the states under the Supremacy Clause. While the United States House of Representatives does not vote on it at all, the requirement for Senate advice and consent to ratification makes it considerably more difficult in the US than in other democratic republics to rally enough political support for international treaties. Also, if implementation of the treaty requires the expenditure of funds, the House of Representatives may be able to block, or at least impede, such implementation by refusing to vote for the appropriation of the necessary funds.

In the US, the President usually submits a treaty to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee (SFRC) along with an accompanying resolution of ratification or accession. If the treaty and resolution receive favorable committee consideration (a committee vote in favor of ratification or accession) the treaty is then forwarded to the floor of the full U.S. Senate for such a vote. The treaty or legislation does not apply until it has been ratified. A multilateral agreement may provide that it will take effect upon its ratification by less than all of the signatories.^[1] Even though such a treaty takes effect, it does not apply to signatories that have not ratified it. Accession has the same legal effect as ratification. Accession is a synonym for ratification for treaties already negotiated and signed by other states.^[2] An example of a treaty to which the U.S. Senate did not advise and consent to ratification is the Treaty of Versailles, which was part of the resolution of the First World War.

Australia[link]

In Australia, power to enter into treaties is an executive power within Section 61 of the Australian Constitution. Thus the Australian Federal Government may enter into a binding treaty without seeking parliamentary approval. However, implementation of treaties does require legislation by Federal parliament, following Section 51(xxix) of the Australian Constitution and signed by the Governor-General of Australia.

Japan[link]

In Japan, in principle both houses of the parliament (the National Diet) must approve the treaty for ratification. In the event the Upper House (House of Councilors) rejects a treaty approved by the Lower House (House of Representatives) and a joint committee of both houses cannot come to agreement on amendments to the original text of the treaty, or the Upper House fails to decide on a treaty for more than thirty (30) days, by the Constitutional supremacy of the House of Representatives the decision by the Upper House will be regarded as the vote of the National Diet approving the ratification. The approved treaty will then be promulgated into law by the Constitutional act of the Emperor.

Ratification of a constitution[link]

Federations usually require the support of both the federal government and some given percentage of the constituent governments for amendments to the federal constitution to take effect.

Ratification of the United States Constitution[link]

Article Seven of the constitution of the United States describes the process by which the entire document was to become effective. It required that conventions of nine of the thirteen original States ratify the constitution. Once word was received that the ninth state had ratified the constitution—New Hampshire, June 21, 1788 - a timetable was set for the start of operations under the Constitution, and on March 4, 1789, the government under the Constitution began operations.

References[link]

See also[link]

• Constitutional amendment
• Veto
• Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties

Don Casey is a former professional and collegiate basketball coach. He has coached two NBA teams, the Los Angeles Clippers and the New Jersey Nets—each for a season and a half. He had previously coached the Temple Owls from 1973–1982. He also worked as an assistant coach with the Chicago Bulls (1982–83) and Boston Celtics (1990–1996).

In his first season as Temple head coach, Don Casey had his team stall with the basketball in the finals of the Volunteer Classic against Tennessee. The final score of the game was Tennessee 11, Temple 6, the lowest scoring major college basketball game since 1938.

As of February 2006^[update], Casey is the vice-chairman of the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports, and As of October 24, 2006^[update], Casey is the head coach of the Hollywood Fame of the American Basketball Association's 21st century incarnation.

External links[link]

• BasketballReference.com: Don Casey
• PCPFS Vice Chairman: Don Casey

This biographical article relating to a United States basketball figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Pauline Maier is a historian of the American Revolution, though her work also addresses the late colonial period and the history of the United States after the end of the Revolutionary War. She is the William R. Kenan Jr. Professor of American History at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).

Maier has achieved prominence over a fifty-year career of critically acclaimed scholarly histories and journal articles. She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and teaches undergraduates. She authors textbooks and online courses. Her popular career includes series with PBS and the History Channel. She's appeared on Charlie Rose, C-SPAN2's In Depth and written 20 years for the New York Times review pages. Maier was 2011 President of the Society of American Historians. She won the 2011 George Washington Book Prize for her book Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787-1788.

Life and career[link]

Early life, education and family[link]

Radcliffe College. Maier’s undergraduate campus, now Harvard's Radcliffe Institute

Pauline Maier was born in 1938 as Pauline Rubbelke in St. Paul, Minnesota, where she attended parochial schools.^[1] Her father was a firefighter and her mother was a homemaker with five children.^[2] On entering Radcliffe as an undergraduate, her original ambition was to be in the newspaper business.^[3]

She was a writer on The Harvard Crimson and worked summers at the Quincy, Massachusetts ‘Patriot Ledger’. She graduated from Radcliffe College in 1960 with a bachellor's degree in History and Literature.^[4] It was on the Crimson that she met her future husband, Charles S. Maier. After graduation, they both attended schools at Oxford on fellowships, she as a Fulbright Scholar at the London School of Economics and Political Science. On completing their studies, they married and toured Europe together.^[5]

The couple returned to Harvard University to pursue doctoral degrees, Charles in European History, and Pauline in 20th Century urban studies in line with her interest in contemporary politics. But after taking Bernard Bailyn’s "Colonial and Revolutionary America" seminar, she said, "Once you get into the 18th Century, you never get out."^[6] Pauline and Charles earned their PhD degrees at Harvard, and Charles began a career there.^[5] They raised two daughters and a son in Cambridge. She is said to hold onto a trace of Midwestern accent, interviews with an engaging courtesy, and, decidedly not the stuffy academician, interrupts discussion with bursts of laughter.^[6] Maier pursues gardening and cooking at the family weekend home.^[5]

Career[link]

Wheatley Hall, UMass-Boston. Maier taught here 9 years. Also site of Massachusetts Archives and Commonwealth Museum

Maier taught at University of Massachusetts-Boston for nine years, and one year at the University of Wisconsin before taking her position at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1978 as William R. Kenan Jr. Professor of American History.^[6] Her career has included various appointments in five prestigious universities, and numerous fellowships and awards.^[7] She teaches in three courses of Early American History, and co-teaches “Riots, Strikes and Conspiracy in American History” with urban historian Robert M. Fogelson.^[8]

Maier chaired a university-wide committee at MIT in 1985 to re-organize its humanities schools and broaden and structure its programs.^[9] Its adopted recommendations expanded women’s studies, awarded specific area degrees, and initiated a doctoral program collaborating History and Anthropology under Dean Ann Fetter Friedlaender.^[10] MIT's faculty voted Maier the Killian Award in 1998, given annually to one senior faculty member for outstanding achievement. The recipient presents on their professional activities over their Lecturer year.^[11]

Since 1976, she has been a member of the American Antiquarian Society. An offprint of its proceedings features her “Boston and New York in the 18th Century” (1982).^[12] In the 1990s, Maier was a charter member of “The Historical Society”, group among American Historical Association membership who were concerned about restrictive ‘political correctness’ and collegial civility.^[13] Maier was elected as an American Academy of Arts and Sciences “History Fellow” in 1998.^[14] In 2010, Maier became one of two women honorary members of the Colonial Massachusetts Society since 1947.^[15]

Pauline Maier is 2011 President of the Society of American Historians (SAH), an affiliate of the American Historical Association. It is dedicated to literary distinction in history and biography. The Society's past presidents include Allan Nevins, Eric Foner, James M. McPherson, and David McCullough.^[16]

Writing[link]

Maier’s writing is characterized as serious and unadorned, with a crossover appeal from scholars to intelligent readers who enjoy a well-told story of well-researched scholarly history.^[6] In 'Ratification', Maier attributed her masterful storytelling to Barbara Tuchman’s insight that the writer can build suspense by never acknowledging a development until the characters in the narrative could know it.^[17] (Related: see reviews noted on this page from New York Times Books, Washington Post and others.)

Professionally, her research-writing technique is self-described as looking for something comparative to come up with new questions. For example, in “American Scripture” she found over 90 local declarations and then compared them to that of the Second Continental Congress. Popular support for the Declaration of Independence was built on how much was known and how widely the newspapers circulated. Massachusetts did not control Virginia, there was a confluence of ideas, assumptions, and similar responses to similar events.^[6] (See related on this page, “Ratification: the People Debate the Constitution”, online reviews, interviews.)

As a popular history writer, she seeks to understand her subjects as humans as well as their causes. Personal elements may not be important to public life, but they are the kinds of things people want to know. In Hamilton’s famous phrase, he was “unfaithful to my wife, but not to my country.” Historians always ask, What did they do for the public?^[6]

Teaching teachers[link]

Maier has won fellowships to write curriculum for college courses and high school teachers. She believes that the interest in American history is not tapped in the curriculum of many states. As a democratic country, the U.S. should give any student a background knowledge of what happened to make the Declaration and the Constitution, and how their uses changed.^[6] Assumed things were not always so. Students should understand how things can and do change. “Every time you understand what’s distinctive about a different time, you are understanding what is distinctive about our time."^[6] (See related on this page, “Texts and Teaching”.)

Scholarship[link]

S. Adams wrote to Mass. Sons of Liberty, NY Liberty Boys on Tea Tax → Old Revolut'naries

Declaration Comte of Ma, Ct, NY, Pa, Va. Written in secret, then venerated, transformed → see Maier's American Scripture

Mass. Convention moved to larger building for crowds, proceedings reported openly → Ratification: the People

The neo-Whigs

Maier’s scholarship belongs to the “Neo-Whig” school of historiography founded by Bernard Bailyn in reaction to the “Progressive” historians. Her work is likened to that of Gordon S. Wood and Edmund S. Morgan. Radical English libertarian thought changed American beliefs and society and culture. The spreading ideas of natural rights and individual liberty distinctively altered politics, economy and society. These are explained with political analysis apart from ideology, incorporating English and French sources.^[18][19]

Neo-Whigs of the 1950s forward avoided the triumphalism of the 1930s 'Whig historians’ of the Revolution. The neo-Whigs added empire perspective, explored Patriot differences among colonies and within each colony, and added treatment of Tory elements.^[20] Maier's account of evolving Patriot differences is "Ratification: the people debate the constitution 1787-1788". Still, neo-Whigs have critics who see no causal imperative to revolution by Lockean ideals. Maier's account of the connections is found in "American Scripture: the making of the Declaration of the Independence".

Neo-Whigs versus neo-Progressives

In contrast to the neo-Whigs, neo-Progressives explain many developments as a conservative return to Coke’s ‘Rights of Englishmen’, a reaction to economic imperatives of expanding Empire.^[21] The British of all classes everywhere in the empire were more free than any in the world.^[22] Neo-progressives show that the structural economic change in the English Atlantic empire and local profit margins counted as much for merchants and planters as a colonial concern for Parliament's enactments. Control of domestic markets motivated as much as rights and ideals. The Neo-Whigs have difficulty explaining a tipping point from mild protest to sustained violence. At times they have not accounted for the exodus by Tories and ex-slave British. 'Liberty' in 1776 meant different things to different people.^[23] Maier's take is found in "From Resistance to Revolution: Colonial Radicals and the Development of American Opposition to Britain, 1765-1776".

Neo-Whigs in general answer that doctrine of every kind was underpinned by a colonial social reality that was by its nature uncertain and unstable.^[24] Nevertheless, they are charged with favoring those who could read and write. Social historians expanded historical inquiry into urban labor movements and rural militias. Maier contributed to the wider sensibility with her article “Popular Uprisings in 18th Century America” in the William and Mary Quarterly, featured in a reissue of their 50-year best.^[25] And while neo-Whigs can explain much of later social, economic and political transformation, see Maier’s “Revolutionary Origins of the American Corporation”, there still remains how marginalized populations (day-laborers, women, blacks slave and free, Amerindians) should be incorporated into the narrative of the American Revolution.^[26]

Expanding 'early American' history

Indeed, whatever was once “Early American History” is changed and changing. The field is ‘imperialistically’ reaching chronologically forward fifty years and backwards a century. It has spread geographically over the entire continent and across Atlantic communities. It topically encompasses slavery, gender, ethnicity and borderland outliers. The new intellectual fault line is methodological, based on differences in research standards and how to relate theory and archival research.^[27]

A recent collection by Donald A. Yerxa looks towards finding a ‘reconceptualization’ of the field with chronological bounds based on newly researched continutiy and change, along with more coherent themes. Maier’s section was a forum on historiography, Peter C. Mancall led ‘the colonial period’, and Gordon S. Wood started ‘revolution and early republic’. Maier began the historiography section with three “Disjunctions” based on her previous work at NEH and a newly written rejoinder following comments by five other scholars.^[28]

In the first disjunction considered by Maier, the social 'Colonial' history is unlike the predominantly political and ideological 'Revolution' history. Colonial history from the Amerindian experience reaches a discontinuity at a time when U.S. imperialism overtakes earlier Hispanic developments in the 1800s.^[29] Maier agreed, “a disjunction in historical research is not a disjunction in history.” The challenge is to find a bridge from modern fruitful research into the previous scholarship based on national boundaries.^[30] The second disjunction is between scholarly interests and the general public. Younger scholars are dropping the history of white men’s politics. While bestsellers are written on Franklin, Washington, Adams, and '1776', many modern, cultural historians shun white male elites. “Nation” is dismissed as an imagined or invented construct and ‘nationalism’ in their critique lacks explanatory power for inclusive historical analysis.^[31]

Maier’s third disjunction, related to the second, is between historical scholarship and history taught in secondary schools and college survey courses. While social and cultural historians add to the body of the scholarly literature in their professional careers, Maier asks, “why not synthesize and perpetuate the contributions of previous (political, military and diplomatic) scholars, at least in the classroom?”^[32] (Related on this page, see references to Maier’s work in two fellowships at National Endowment of Humanities, Guggenheim Foundation, Annenberg Foundation, PBS, History Channel,and textbooks referenced by scholars.)

Work[link]

Independence Hall, site of 1776 'Declaration'. Constitutional Convention was also closed → Declaration & Constitution

Paperback and ebook

These works are cited by scholars in the field as noted. Ebook, paperback, and audiobook editions offer easiest access to Maier's work. See titles re-listed below in "Books and scholarly articles" for approving and critical reviews, online interviews, panel discussion and lectures associated with each one.

• "Ratification: the People Debate" (2010) ebook. CD-audio. (paper 07/05/2011). “”Ratification”" Google books. Links to reviews, video below.

• "American Scripture: Making the Declaration ..." paper. “”Scripture”" Amazon 'look inside'. 140 scholarly cites.^[33] Links to reviews, video below.

• “The Declaration of Indep. and the Constitution of the U.S.” (2008), paper, ebook. "“Decl-Const"" 'Google books'. 10 scholar cites.^[34] See below.

• "From Resistance to Revolution ... ", paper. “”Resistance”" 'Google books'. 149 scholarly cites.^[34] Links to reviews, video below.

• "The Old Revolutionaries: Political Lives in the Age of Samuel Adams", paper. “”Revolutionaries”" Amazon 'look'. 36 scholarly cites.^[34] See below.

Books and scholarly articles[link]

Books and scholarly articles

The ISBN links here and footnoted go to WP’s “Book Sources” for direct links at “find this book” resources. These include online text, formatted bibliographical information, libraries, book sellers, book swappers.[35] Hardback editions Constitutional Convention. Washington was Convention Pres. then US Pres. Maier shows string-pulling correspondence "Old State House", Boston, site of open Massachusetts Constitutional Ratification. → see Maier's Ratification: the People "Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787-1788" (2010):[36] The politics of the Constitution's ratification. Mining resources of the “The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution” Maier won the George Washington Book Prize of 2011 for $50K.[37] “MIT webpage" with reviews from the New York Times, Washington Post, Wall Street Journal”[38] See notes for other generally favorable perspectives.[39] “In-Depth with Pauline Maier” BookTV, Interview with Maier discussing her major works, 03/20/2011. “Ratification” Lecture at National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), 10/29/2010. 58 min. "American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence" (1997)[40] The Declaration was written, venerated, and transformed; 90 “Declarations”, Paine, Lincoln. NYT Book Review 1997 best 11. “American Scripture”. Maier interview, Booknotes, C-SPAN 6/1/1997. See Gary Rosen’s “Commentary” review Oct 1997 for a critical take on Maier’s taking Jefferson down a peg. He recommends an alternative read that better fits ‘Great Man’ historiography. National “Book Critics Circle Nominee Readings”. Maier and finalists, C-SPAN Mar 23, 1998. 1 hr 51 min. “Maier interview by Prof. Ann Withington” Audio WRPI-FM 1999 interview on “Scripture” in two parts. "BN Scripture synopsis". "The Old Revolutionaries: Political Lives in the Age of Samuel Adams" (1980) Five revolutionaries of diverse motivations in common cause. ISBN 978-0-393-30663-7 “The Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States” (1998, 2008) paper. A 25-page introductory essay by Maier briefly describes the writing of the Declaration and of the Constitution. ISBN 978-0-553-21482-6 "From Resistance to Revolution: Colonial Radicals and the Development of American Opposition to Britain, 1765-1776" (1972, 1992)[41] The officers of the Sons of Liberty came from the middle and upper classes. "BN Resistance synopsis" Co-authored and contributed chapters “Declaring Independence” (2010) second edition. Univ. of Virginia Library. by Christian Yves Dupont, ed., Maier’s essay, “Who really wrote the Declaration of Independence”. also David McCulloch, Robert G. Parkinson, David Armitage, Robert M.S. McDonald, Justice Sandra Day O’Conner. ISBN 978-0-9799997-0-3 ISBN 978-0-979-99970-7 “American Revolution” (2009) by Charlene Mires, ed. Maier writes a chapter “The path toward independence”. Others: Don Higginbotham, Gary B. Nash, Gordon S. Wood, Jimmy Carter. ISBN 978-1-59091-000-9 ISBN 978-1-590-91000-1 “Why does America have the Constitution of 1787?: new historical perspectives” by Joseph F. Cullon, Pauline Maier, Jack N. Rakove, Woody Holton, Max M. Edling. Dartmouth College. Video, DVD 88 min. (May, 2009) OCLC 436157413 “”Abraham Lincoln: great American historians” on our 16th President” (2008) second edition by Brian Lamb. Ebook. Book. Maier writes an essay in Part 3, Character, “The Declaration’s Influence”, p. 212. ISBN 978-0-7867-2683-7 “Declaration of Independence”, an entry in e-document "Dictionary of American History". Charles Scribner’s Sons “Declaring Independence: the origin and influence of America’s founding document: featuring the Albert H. Small Declaration of Independence Collection” (2008) First edition. Christian Yves, ed. by Joseph J. Ellis, Annette Gordon-Reed, Charles A. Miller, Peter S. Onuf, Garry Wills. Pauline Maier wrote the chapter, “Who really wrote the Declaration of Independence?” in both first and second editions. ISBN 978-0-9799997-1-0 “Thomas Jefferson, Genius of Liberty” (2000) J. Joseph, Annette Gordon-Reed, Pauline Maier, … ISBN 978-0-670-88933-4 “Interdisciplinary study of the American Revolution” (1976) Greene, Jack P., and Pauline Maier. ISBN 978-0-8039-0732-4 Scholarly Articles College of William and Mary. academic journal William and Mary Quarterly (WMQ), → published Maier's articles and reviews “Lacroix – the ideological origins of American federalism” The William and Mary quarterly. 67, no. 3, (2010): 557 OCLC 654871008 “America unabridged – the young republic: 1787 to 1860” American Heritage (December 2004) p. 32 ISSN 0002-8738 OCLC 98512079 “The Revolutionary Origins of the American Corporation”, The William and Mary Quarterly, Jan., 1993, vol. 50, no. 1, p. 51-84. 74 scholarly citations.[34] OCLC 481475984 “Interdisciplinary Studies of the American Revolution”, Pauline Maier and Jack P. Greene. (Maier led on article, Greene led on book.) Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Spring, 1976, vol. 6, no. 4, p. 543-544 OCLC 481071270 “Popular Uprisings in Eighteenth-Century America”, Reprint of 50-year best: William and Mary Quarterly. 1, (1999): 138 OCLC 96273569; original: WMQ: A Magazine of Early American History, Jan., 1970, vol. 27, no. 1, p. 3-35. 103 scholarly citations.[34] Scholarly reviews “The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution", vols. 19-23. review of primary source collection, WILLIAM AND MARY QUARTERLY, 68, no. 1, (2011): 155-159 OCLC 704488395 “Plain Speaking” on McCullough’s bio of John Adams, contrasting Ellis’ view of Adams’ temperament. NYT online ‘Books’, 05/27/2001.}}

Texts, online courses, avatar gaming[link]

Texts, online courses, avatar gaming

For a democracy to work, Maier would have its citizens to look beyond assumptions, to know how things can and do change."[6] To “synthesize and perpetuate the contributions of previous scholars … in the classroom,”[32] she writes college textbooks and uses them to teach undergraduates. Maier writes online courses available at her university and used by other universities[42] Beyond traditional college offerings, Maier integrated participatory learning, political history and social history in a collaboration with online MUVE gaming project in a format that younger "digital divide" learners find engaging. She reaches out to students before college in texts used in high schools for Advanced Placement courses and previously in a text for middle schoolers with a braille edition. She connects with secondary teachers through the "Teaching American History" courses. She has been a TAH presenter and her books are used for required readings in college credit courses around the country for high school teachers to acquire a better background in American history.[43] texts Madison’s Montpelier (Orange, Virginia) → Maier and Roger Wilkins (GMU) discuss writings of Jefferson and Madison Jefferson Building, Library of Congress → Maier Lecture on “American Scripture” “America’s Documents of Freedom” (2009) by Goldhil Video. Greg Heimer narrator. 11 DVD-Rs, panel. Pauline Maier, John Smolenski, Robert George, Wilson Smith. For junior high/high school. Stories behind important documents in U.S. History. OCLC 554943996 ""Inventing America":a History of the United States" (2006)[44] college textbook. Even when invented elsewhere, Americans adopt technology that alters their politics, economy, society.. First edition, chapters to 1800 by Maier. Maier lead author on second edition. 27 scholarly citations.[34] “American Heritage” interview by Smithsonian technology archivist. Video “Inventing America”. Four authors at Chicago Hist. Soc., C-SPAN. Critical review by economist Sylvia Nasar in the New York Times, “A textbook case”, asserting insufficient attention to innovation and adoption, corporation and profit, societal distribution. The “Authors’ answer” is found in the NYT of Oct 06, 2002. “US History Skillbook with Writing Practice and Exercises” by Henry, M and Maier, P., Ed.2 use with “Inventing” ISBN 978-1-4138-9589-6; “With U.S. History: A Document-Based Skillbook” by Maier, P. Ed.2. use with “Inventing”. ISBN 978-1-4138-9328-1 "The American People: A History” (1986) hardcover and braille. a survey textbook for junior-high-school students. online courses “Primary Sources: workshops in American History. Workshop 2 of 8. “Common Sense and the American Revolution”: the power of the printed word. Transcripts and Video. Maier lecture on Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense”. 2001 WGBH Educational Foundation. Annenberg Foundation 2011. Course credit. Virginia Polytechnic Institute. A “companion web site” to the video workshop series providing professional development resources for American history teachers. “The American Revolution”. “MIT open courseware” Undergraduate 21H.112 as taught in Spring 2006. viewed 05/08/2011. For an alternate online approach presenting similar material, see Joanne B. Freeman’s lectures-only format, “The American Revolution” at ‘Yale University Courses’.[45] avatar virtual gaming “Revolution” – virtual gaming, MITs Education Arcade, with Colonial Williamsburg. Microsoft iCampus. 2004. Pauline Maier historical collaboration with program authors Matthew Weise, Henry Jenkins, Kurt Squire. A seven-avatar Multi-User Virtual Environment (MUVE): conservative patriot burgess, tailoress entrepreneur, woman houseservant slave, male blacksmith, immigrant waitress, man fieldhand slave, carpenter. Lectures and panel discussions See below under "Further reading"}}

Popular Reviews and Columns[link]

Popular Reviews and Columns

Maier has written popular book reviews and Op-ed opinion columns for several periodicals, including the New York Times (NYT) Books, Arts and Opinion pages, all relating to her scholarly area of expertise. She occasionally appears as a guest on radio talk programs. Maier is an advisor to History News Network out of George Mason University.[46] Washington Post reviews “Liberty’s exiles” 02/22/2011. Maier’s approving review of Maya Jasanoff’s well-written “Liberty’s exiles: American loyalists in the Revolutionary world” and recalling Mary Beth Norton’s 1970 prize-winning “British Americans”. Compare with Thomas H. Bender in the New York Times 05/01/2011 “The King’s men, after the American Revolution”. NYT Reviews New York Times street entry → Maier’s 20 yrs NYT reviews on new American history releases. Looking at twenty years as a NYT reviewer, one can see an evolution from (a) 1980s family, women’s and children’s books, to (b) early to mid 1990s specialty monographs concerning the Revolutionary period, to (c) late 1990s big name authors and best sellers in her field. (Note: keep scrolling through the Arts page ads for text.) “John Adams” May 27, 2001. Review of David McCullough’s “John Adams”. “The do-it-yourself society” March 1, 1998. On Paul Johnson’s “A history of the American people”. “Sparring for Liberty” November 1, 1998. On Eric Foner’s “The story of American freedom”. “James Madison made us up” July 3, 1988. On Edmund S. Morgan’s “Inventing the people: the rise of popular sovereignty in England and America”. “Reversal of Fortune” November 16, 1997. on Richard M. Ketchum’s “Saratoga: turning point of America’s Revolutionary War”. “Continent of conquest” July 14, 1996. On John Keegan’s “Fields of battle: the wars for North America”. “The all-purpose bad guy” August 26, 1990. On Willard S. Randall’s “Benedict Arnold: patriot and traitor”. “The dissertation that would not die” July 30, 1989. On Frank Bourgin’s “The great challenge: the myth of laissez-faire in the Early Republic”. “Children’s books: … getting it right” reviewing ten children’s books on Revolution and Constitution. “A world of women” December 12, 1982. On Barbara Strachey’s “Remarkable relations: the story of the Pearsall Smith women”. “Victorian Women, including Victoria” May 16, 1982. On Janet H. Murray’s “Strong-minded women and other lost voices from 19th Century England”. “A marriage that worked” September 1981. On Lynne Withey’s “Dearest friend: a life of Abigail Adams”. NYT Opinion “Justice Breyer’s sharp aim” December 21, 2010. “Jefferson, Real and Imagined” July 4, 1997. Radio “Costa Report” interview with California based Rebecca D. Costa’s radio show features research based scholars with unconventional takes on nonpartisan ‘PBS content’. Costa’s “Maier interview” KSCO radio, Feb 4, 2011. Viewed 05/16/2001. “Wilson Center”, 'strengthening the fruitful relations between the world of learning and the world of public affairs'. “Dialogue Radio: “#946 ‘Ratification’”, Dec 19-26, 2010. Viewed 05/16/2001. TV and video series See below under "Further reading"}}

References[link]

U. of Wisconsin, Bascom Hall. Maier taught here. Also site of Center for the study of the American Constitution.

Further reading[link]

Lectures and panel discussions[link]

Lectures and panel discussions

Harvard University Dining Hall, Harvard U. Maier met husband Charles S. Maier and studied with Bernard Bailyn for her PhD “In-Depth with Pauline Maier” BookTV, C-SPAN2 Interview Sunday March 20, 2011. Teaching The Nation's History 2004 Adaptation of a speech delivered to a National Endowment for the Humanities forum. “You Teach History at MIT?” 2003. Lecture at Alumni Association. Running time 56:37. “The Importance of Being Archival” The use of archives in writing histories. Mary Baker Eddy Library, 02/13/2003. Maier in England for “Resistance to Revolution”, R. Pipes in Russia for “Unknown Lenin” and B.W. Cook suing the USG for “Declassified Eisenhower”. 01:21:00 “The Founding Fathers and Federalism”. Panel led by George Will 02/23/2002. intro. Then Maier, Ellis, Rakove, four governors. 01:41:00. “Writings of Jefferson and Madison”. Maier from Madison’s Montpelier. Part two, Maier and Roger Wilkins. Intro by Michael Quinn. C-SPAN 04/09/2001. 02:20:00 total. first part, 01:15:00, second part immediately. “Interview with Charlie Rose” (July 4, 1997) 54 minutes. American Scripture 1997 Description of a lecture Maier delivered before the Library of Congress Making the Declaration of Independence Transcript and streaming audio from interview with Brian Lamb. What Was The Declaration Of Independence 1997 Interview with David Gergen.}}

TV and video series and programs[link]

TV and video series and programs

Chicago Historical Association frmr site. → Maier and panel on “Inventing America”. Nearby “The Scherer Center for the Study of American Culture” “Dialogue Television” video “ #2263 ‘Ratification’, Dec 8-12, 2010. Viewed 05/16/2001. Woodrow Wilson international center for scholars, 'strengthening the fruitful relations between the world of learning and the world of public affairs'. They made America 2004 Maier in "Revolution", then "Newcomers", "Gamblers", "Rebels". “Liberty! Liberty!” PBS Series, 2004. Liberty! “The Boston Tea Party”. PBS, video of Maier describing the event. "Revolutionaries" 2004 - PBS series of thirteen, Episode 3. The Chess Master (1776–90), Franklin's diverse and crucial roles. ”The Founding Fathers”. History Channel series “The Adams Chronicles” NEH project “Benjamin Franklin” 2002 (PBS TV mini-series documentary) – advisor Biography of America: “Annenberg Learner”’s WGBH production of Biography of America (2000) “New world encounters”. P. Maier et al., “The Coming of Independence”. P. Maier, “The new system of government”, P. Maier, “Westward expansion”. Maier, another and host. Maier shows here an example of the new “Early American History” where it stretches a century past and fifty years forward. (see “Scholarship” this page, “Expanding early American history.” “Founding Fathers” 2000 - TV mini-series documentary. Four episodes on rebels, liberties, revolution, constitution.}}

External links[link]

• Pauline Maier MIT homepage. Maier has been a Professor of American History there since 1979.
• Booknotes interview with Maier on American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence, August 17, 1997.
• In Depth interview with Meier, March 6, 2011

Innovative places of scholarship[link]

Innovative places of scholarship

In her scholarly career, Pauline Maier found collaborative work among many academic institutions. These most often practiced interdisciplinary, multi-cultural study which broke through artificial chronologies. “A disjunction in historical research is not a disjunction in history.” (in Donald Yerxa book) Below is a sampling. Maya Lin's ’Women’s Table’ Monument Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University. Maier was a visiting professor here Scholarship “Center for the study of the American Constitution”, Madison, Wisconsin. Sponsor substantial publications about constitutional government to be widely used by scholars, judges, and teachers. Contribute professional development in curricula and classrooms around the region and the nation. “Sloan Foundation”, New York, New York Promotes carefully reasoned and systematic understanding of the forces of nature and society, through research and broad-based education related to science, technology, and economic performance; and the quality of American life. A focus on science, technology, and economic institutions. “Guggenheim Foundation”, New York, New York. "Midcareer" awards for demonstrated exceptional capacity for productive scholarship or exceptional creative ability in the arts. An annual award for U.S./Canada and one for Latin America/Caribbean. Numbers of them are elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. “The Scherer Center for the Study of American Culture”, Chicago, Illinois. To develop scholarship in American culture and broadcast it. Within various disciplines, connect History, Philosophy, Political Science, Economics, Public Policy, the Law School—and—Social Thought, Sociology, Psychology, Anthropology, Divinity School—and—Art History, Cinema, Media, Visual and Music – and—English, Romance Languages, Linguistics. Journals "Journal of Interdisciplinary History", Boston, Massachusetts. Employ the methods and insights of multiple disciplines in the study of past times to bring a historical perspective to economics, demographics, politics, sociology and psychology. “Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture”, Williamsburg, Virginia . Early American history and culture. From early contacts to 1820. Geographically, North America— French, Spanish, British, the Caribbean, Europe and West Africa. History, literature, law, political science, and cultural studies, anthropology, archaeology. Education “National Endowment for the Humanities” (NEH), Washington, DC. Serves and strengthens our Republic by promoting excellence in the humanities and conveying the lessons of history to all Americans. Cultural resources for educational programs, reflecting our diverse heritage, traditions, and history. Relating the humanities to the current national life. “”National Archives” and Records Administration”, Washington, DC . The Archives and its foundation preserve and present the records of the actions of Federal Government since 1790—interpreting relating each document to the rights of American citizens, the actions of Federal officials, and the national experience. Network archives, records centers, online. “Annenberg Foundation”, Los Angeles, California. Development of more effective ways to share ideas and knowledge. Multimedia resources help teachers increase their expertise in their fields and assist them in improving their teaching methods. Programs are for students and viewers at home, exemplifying excellent teaching. “Gilder Lehrman Institute”, New York, NY. Study and love of American history through programs and resources for students, teachers, scholars, and history enthusiasts. Work with history-focused schools; organize development programs for teachers; Print and digital publications and traveling exhibits; resources for K-12 teachers and students. “American Academy of Arts & Sciences”, Cambridge, Mass. Independent policy research for multidisciplinary studies of complex and emerging problems and practical policy alternatives. Fosters public engagement and mentors new scholars and thinkers. Elected members are leaders in the academic disciplines, the arts, business, and public affairs. “Madison’s Montpelier”, Orange, Virginia. Non-partisan organization dedicated to the study and teaching of founding principles and constitutional ideals for American self-government. A goal of becoming the nation's leading resource in Constitutional education. A teaching academy for scholars, teachers, judges, and elected officials, U.S. and abroad. “Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars", Washington, DC. Congress established, non-partisan, to unite the world of ideas to the world of policy. Scholarship and linking scholarship to issues of concern to Washington. Particularly study of international affairs, executive branch and Congress in a broad context in a long view.}}

Gary Bettman
Bettman in 2007.
Born	Gary Bruce Bettman (1952-06-02) June 2, 1952 (age 60) Queens, New York City
Nationality	American
Occupation	Commissioner of the National Hockey League

Gary Bruce Bettman (born June 2, 1952) is the commissioner of the National Hockey League (NHL), a post he has held since February 1, 1993. Previously, Bettman was a senior vice-president and general counsel to the National Basketball Association (NBA). Bettman is a graduate of Cornell University and New York University School of Law.

Under Bettman, the NHL has seen rapid growth of league revenues, from $400 million when he was hired to over $3.0 billion in 2010–11.^[1][2][3] He also oversaw the expansion the NHL's footprint across the United States, with six new teams added during his tenure, bringing the NHL to 30.

However, Bettman's tenure in the NHL has been controversial. He has often been criticized for attempting to "Americanize" the game, and expanding the league into non-traditional hockey markets such as the American South at the expense of the more traditional markets in Canada and the Northern United States.^[1][4] Bettman was also a central figure of two labor stoppages, including the 2004–05 NHL lockout that saw the entire season canceled.^[5] These controversies have made him unpopular among fans around the league.^[6]

Education and family[link]

Bettman was born in Queens, New York. He studied Industrial and Labor Relations at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, where he was a brother of the Alpha Epsilon Pi Fraternity, and graduated in 1974. After receiving a Juris Doctor degree from New York University School of Law in 1977, Bettman joined the New York City law firm of Proskauer Rose Goetz & Mendelsohn.

Bettman is Jewish and lives with his wife, Shelli, and their three children Lauren, Jordan, and Brittany. He is a resident of Saddle River, New Jersey.^[7] Half brother Jeffrey Pollack was the Commissioner of the World Series of Poker.^[8]

NBA[link]

Bettman joined the National Basketball Association in 1981, serving mainly in the marketing and legal departments.^[9] Bettman rose to third in command of the NBA, spending many years as the league's general counsel and senior vice president.^[10] Bettman played a key role in the development of the soft salary cap system implemented and agreed by the NBA in 1983,^[11] a system it continues to use today.^[12]

NHL commissioner[link]

On February 1, 1993, Bettman's tenure as the first commissioner of the National Hockey League began, replacing Gil Stein, who served as the NHL's final president.^[13] The owners hired Bettman with the mandate of selling the game in the U.S. market, end labor unrest, complete expansion plans, and modernize the views of the "old-guard" within the ownership ranks.^[14]

Expansion and relocation[link]

When Bettman started as commissioner, the league had already expanded by three teams to 24 starting with the 1991–92 season, and two more were set to be announced by the expansion committee: the Florida Panthers and Mighty Ducks of Anaheim, who would begin play in 1993–94.^[15] Led by Bettman, the league focused expansion and relocation efforts during the rest of the 1990s on the American South, working to expand the league's footprint across the country. The Nashville Predators (1998), Atlanta Thrashers (1999), Minnesota Wild (2000) and Columbus Blue Jackets (2000) completed this expansion period, bringing the NHL to 30 teams. In addition, four franchises relocated during the 1990s under Bettman: The Minnesota North Stars to Dallas (1993), the Quebec Nordiques to Denver (1995), the Winnipeg Jets to Phoenix (1996) and the Hartford Whalers to North Carolina (1997).^[16]

This move towards Southern markets was heavily criticized as well, however, with fans in Canada and the Northern United States lamenting the move away from "traditional hockey markets."^[1] Critics have also accused Bettman of having an "anti-Canadian" agenda, citing the relocation of the franchises in Quebec City and Winnipeg and his apparent refusal to help stop it, along with the aborted sale of the Nashville Predators in 2007 to interests that would have moved the team to Hamilton, Ontario.^[17] Jim Balsillie accused Bettman of forcing the Predators to end negotiations with him to purchase the team.^[18] Bettman was satirized in this vein as the character "Harry Buttman" in the 2006 Canadian movie Bon Cop, Bad Cop.^[19]

However, Bettman also championed the Canadian assistance plan, a revenue sharing agreement that saw American teams give money to help support the four small-market Canadian teams – Calgary, Edmonton, Ottawa, and Vancouver – throughout the late 1990s and early 2000s.^[20]

The results of expanding to Southern markets has been mixed. There has been in fact significant growth in the sport of hockey at the grassroots level with children in the U.S. South playing the game in increasing numbers.^[16][21] And Southern teams like the Anaheim Ducks, Carolina Hurricanes, Dallas Stars, and Tampa Bay Lightning have been successful on the ice and have won the Stanley Cup.

Howerver, some of these Southern teams have not been as successful. The Phoenix Coyotes eventually filed for bankruptcy in May 2009 after incurring several hundred million dollars of losses since their 1996 move from Winnipeg. Under Bettman, the league then took control over the team later that year in order to stabilize the club's operations and then resell it to a new owner who would be committed to stay in the Phoenix market.^[22][23] However, Bettman and the NHL still have not finalized a deal with any new owner for the sale of the Coyotes. Complicating matters is the Goldwater Institute, a taxpayer advocacy group, who is threatening to sue if any deal involves the sale of bonds by the City of Glendale to subsidize the potential new owner.^[24] Keeping the team afloat for now is the City of Glendale itself: after paying $25 million for the 2010–11 season to the NHL, another agreement was reached for the city to pay another $25 million to the league keep the Coyotes at Jobing.com Arena for the 2011–12 season.^[25]

After joining the league in 1999, the Atlanta Thrashers suffered financial losses and ownership struggles, while only appearing in the playoffs just once. They were eventually sold to True North Sports and Entertainment in 2011, who then relocated the team to Winnipeg, a stark reversal of the league's attempts to expand into the Southern markets.

Labor unrest[link]

1994–95 lockout[link]

Although Bettman was tasked with putting an end to the NHL's labor problems, the league has none-the-less locked out its players twice during Bettman's tenure. The 1994–95 lockout lasted 104 days, causing the season to be shortened from 84- to 48-games.^[26] A key issue during the lockout was the desire to aid small market teams. Led by Bettman, the owners insisted on a salary cap, changes to free agency and arbitration in the hopes of limiting escalating salaries, the union instead proposed a luxury tax system.^[26] The negotiations were at times bitter, with Chris Chelios famously issuing a veiled threat against Bettman, suggesting that Bettman should be "worried about [his] family and [his] well-being", because "Some crazed fans, or even a player [...] might take matters into their own hands and figure they get Bettman out of the way."^[27]

Last-ditch negotiations saved the season in January 1995. And while the owners failed to achieve a full salary cap, the union agreed to a cap on rookie contracts; changes to arbitration and restrictive rules for free agency that would not grant a player unrestricted free agency until he turned 31.^[26] The deal was initially hailed as a win for the owners.^[28]

2004–05 lockout[link]

By the end of the deal in 2004, the owners were claiming that player salaries had grown far faster than revenues, and that the league as a whole lost over US$300 million in 2002–03.^[29]

As a result, on September 15, 2004, Bettman announced that the owners again locked the players out prior to the start of the 2004–05 season.^[30] Three months later, Bettman announced the cancellation of the entire season:

"It is my sad duty to announce that because a solution has not yet been attained, it is no longer practical to conduct even an abbreviated season. Accordingly, I have no choice but to announce the formal cancellation of play."

The NHL became the first North American league to cancel an entire season because of a labor stoppage.

As in 1994, the owners' position was predicated around the need for a salary cap. In an effort to ensure solidarity amongst the owners, the league's governors voted to give Bettman the right to unilaterally veto any union offer as long as he had the backing of just eight owners. The players initially favored luxury tax system, and a 5% rollback on player salaries — later increased to 24 percent.^[31] As the threat of a canceled season loomed, the players agreed to accept a salary cap, but the two sides could not come to terms on numbers before the deadline expired.^[30]

Following the cancellation of the season, negotiations progressed quickly, as a revolt within the union led to National Hockey League Players Association president Trevor Linden and senior director Ted Saskin taking negotiations over from executive director Bob Goodenow. Goodenow would resign from the NHLPA in July 2005.^[32] By early July, the two sides had agreed to a new collective bargaining agreement.^[30] The deal featured a hard salary cap, linked to a fixed percentage of league revenues, a 24% rollback on salaries, and free agency beginning after seven years of service.^[33] After being panned as one of the worst managers in business in 2004 for canceling the season,^[34] Bettman was lauded as one of the best in 2005 for his role in bringing "cost certainty" to the NHL.^[35]

Television[link]

Bettman quickly accomplished one of his stated goals, signing a five-year, $155 million deal with the Fox Broadcasting Company to broadcast NHL games nationally beginning in the 1994–95 season.^[36] The deal was significant, as a network television contract in the United States was long thought unattainable during the presidency of John Ziegler.^[37] The Fox deal is perhaps best remembered for the FoxTrax puck, which while generally popular according to Fox Sports, generated a great deal of controversy from longtime fans of the game.^[38]

Canadians were also upset as the league gave preference to Fox ahead of CBC for scheduling of playoff games, as Pat Hickey of the Montreal Gazette wrote that the schedule was "just another example of how the N.H.L. snubs its nose at the country that invented hockey and its fans."^[39] The controversy repeated itself in 2007, as CBC was once again given second billing to Versus' coverage of the playoffs.^[40]

Despite falling ratings, Bettman negotiated a five-year, $600 million deal with ABC and ESPN in 1998.^[41] It was the largest television contract the NHL ever signed. The $120 million per year that ABC and ESPN paid for rights dwarfed the $5.5 million that the NHL received from American national broadcasts in 1991–92.^[42]

The NHL's television fortunes faded after the ABC/ESPN deal. In 2004, the league could manage a revenue sharing deal with only NBC, with no money paid up front by the network.^[43] Also, coming out of the lockout, ESPN declined its $60 million option for the NHL's cable rights in 2005–06. While wishing to retain the NHL, it stated the cost was overvalued.^[41] However, Bettman was able to negotiate a deal with Comcast to air the NHL on the Outdoor Life Network channel, which was later renamed Versus in 2006. The three-year deal was worth $207.5 million.^[41] Bettman has been heavily criticized for the move to Versus, as detractors have argued that the league has lost a great deal of exposure since moving to the much smaller network.^[44] The TV deal with Versus was later extended through the 2010-11 season.^[45]

In January 2011, Comcast officially acquired NBC Universal, and then in April of that year Bettman negotiated a new 10-year deal with the merged media company, worth nearly $2 billion dollars. Comcast/NBC also announced that both Versus and NBC would increase its number of games.^[46] In signing this new TV deal, Bettman rejected offers from ESPN and others. Reaction to this new TV deal was mixed, noting that the NHL still lacks the exposure that ESPN can provide, while at the same time acknowledging that ESPN might not devote as much attention and promotion as Comcast/NBC would since the former is committed to various other sports properties.^[47] Comcast/NBC then renamed Versus as the NBC Sports Network on January 2, 2012.

XM Satellite Radio[link]

Bettman hosts an hour-long weekly radio show on NHL Home Ice (XM 204). The show provides fans with an opportunity to speak directly with the commissioner and voice any questions, comments, or concerns related to ice hockey.^[48]

Salary[link]

For the 2008-09 season, Bettman was paid $7.23 million by the NHL, of which $5,529,490 was his base salary. His salary has been increasing. It was $3.77 million prior to the 2004-05 lockout.^[49]

Public perception[link]

Bettman's controversial decisions, as well as presiding over two labor stoppages, have made him unpopular among many NHL fans. He is regularly booed in various arenas around the league,^[6][50] ranging from his appearances at the yearly NHL Entry Draft^[51] to his annual presentation of the Stanley Cup to the league champion at the end of every season.^[52] When asked if the booing ever bothers him, Bettman said, "Not doing this job, no. You're always going to have critics. What I've always told people: If I take the ice and it's completely silent, then I'll know I'm in trouble."^[52] In another interview, he replied that he says to himself, "You know what, [the fans] got an opinion. We may not agree on everything, but they care, and I'll take that."^[50] Still, writers such as Adam Proteau of The Hockey News and James O'Brien of NBC Sports' Pro Hockey Talk have advocated that someone else should hand out the Cup instead of Bettman so that the incessant booing does not spoil the ceremony.^[53][54]

References[link]

External links[link]

• CBC Sports Online
• The Sports E-Cyclopedia
• Gary Bettman at the Internet Movie Database