Kenneth Ewart Boulding (January 18, 1910 – March 18, 1993) was an economist, educator, peace activist, poet, religious mystic, devoted Quaker, systems scientist, and interdisciplinary philosopher.^[1][2] He was cofounder of General Systems Theory and founder of numerous ongoing intellectual projects in economics and social science. He was married to Elise M. Boulding.

Biography[link]

Boulding was born in Liverpool, England in 1910. He graduated from Oxford University, and was granted United States citizenship in 1948. During the years 1949 to 1967, he was a faculty member of the University of Michigan. In 1967, he joined the faculty of the University of Colorado at Boulder, where he remained until his retirement.

Boulding was president of numerous scholarly societies including the American Economic Association, the Society for General Systems Research, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He was not only a prolific writer and a creative integrator of knowledge, but an academician of world stature—indeed, a magisterial figure in the discipline of social science.^[3] For Boulding, economics and sociology were not social sciences—rather, they were all aspects of a single social science devoted to the study of human persons and their relationships (organizations). Boulding spearheaded an evolutionary (instead of equilibrium) approach to economics.^[4]

Boulding, with his wife Elise, was an active member of the Religious Society of Friends, or Quakers. He took part in Quaker gatherings, served on committees, and spoke to and about the Friends. The two were members of meetings in Nashville, Tennessee, Ann Arbor, Michigan, and Boulder, Colorado. Interestingly, although he stuttered, when he ministered in a Friends meeting, he spoke clearly. In March 1971, he even conducted a silent vigil at the headquarters of the American Friends Service Committee in Philadelphia to protest what he considered its distancing itself from Quakers. He penned the widely circulated "There is a Spirit," a series of sonnets he wrote in 1945 based on the last statement of the 17th century Quaker James Nayler.

Boulding emphasized that human economic and other behavior is embedded in a larger interconnected system. To understand the results of our behavior, economic or otherwise, we must first research and develop a scientific understanding of the ecodynamics of the general system, the global society in which we live, in all its dimensions spiritual and material. Boulding believed that in the absence of a committed effort to the right kind of social science research and understanding, the human species might well be doomed to extinction. But he died optimistic, believing our evolutionary journey had just begun.

Work[link]

In addition to economics, Boulding made important contributions to the fields of political science, sociology, philosophy, and social psychology.^[1]

Economic Analysis[link]

Boulding's major work in economics was his introductory textbook, Economic Analysis, which first appeared in 1941.^[1] The book sought "to be a contribution to the development and systematization of the body of economic analysis itself."^[5]

Psychic capital[link]

Psychic capital is a term first used by Boulding (1950). Capital is an accumulation of wealth, and with psychic capital, the accumulation is one of desirable mental states, which admittedly are highly transitory in nature. The mental states could be memories of pleasure, success, achievement, recognition, and the desire to add to psychic capital is likely to be a powerful motivating force. Exchanges involving increases or decreases of psychic capital are likely to occur at any time, either through decision or through the turn of events. ^[6]

However, failure in a task could also lead to a depletion of psychic capital. An accumulation of negative memories of failures, disasters, atrocities, or perceived injustices and indignities (as either recipient or perpetrator) could be called negative psychic capital. Negative psychic capital can also be a powerful motivating factor, in the pursuit of satisfaction through revenge or a settling of scores. In either of its forms as positive or negative psychic capital, this package of collective memory is an essential link between collective memory and collective mental state.^[6]

The concept is somewhat more specific than social capital, which focuses on social networks rather than mental states.

Evolutionary Economics[link]

Boulding was the key exponent of the evolutionary economics movement. In his “Economic Development as an Evolutionary System,” Boulding suggests a parallel between economic development and biological evolution.

“They, economics and evolution, are both examples of a larger process, which has been at work in this part of the universe for a very long time. This is the process of the development of structures of increasing complexity and improbability. The evolutionary process always operates through mutation and selection and has involved some distinction between the genotype which mutates and the phenotype which is selected. The process by which the genotype constructs the phenotype may be described as "organization". Economic development manifests itself largely in the production of commodities, that is, goods and services. It originates, however, in ideas, plans, and attitudes in the human mind. These are the genotypes in economic development. This whole process indeed can be described as a process in the growth of knowledge. What the economist calls "capital" is nothing more than human knowledge imposed on the material world. Knowledge and the growth of knowledge, therefore, is the essential key to economic development. Investment, financial systems and economic organizations and institutions are in a sense only the machinery by which a knowledge process is created and expressed.” -- Kenneth E. Boulding

See also[link]

Systems science portal

• Spaceship Earth
• Holism in science
• Loss of Strength Gradient

Publications[link]

Boulding published some thirty books and hundreds of articles.^[7] Books, a selection:

1940s to 1960s

• 1941, Economic Analysis, Harper & Brothers.
• 1945, The Economics of Peace, Prentice Hall.
• 1945, There is a Spirit: The Nayler Sonnets, Fellowship Publications.
• 1950, A Reconstruction of Economics, J. Wiley.
• 1953, The Organizational Revolution: A Study in the Ethics of Economic Organization, Harper & Brothers.
• 1956, The Image: Knowledge in Life and Society, University of Michigan Press.
• 1958, The Skills of the Economist, Cleveland: Howard Allen.
• 1958, Principles of Economic Policy, Prentice-Hall, 1958.
• 1962, Conflict and Defence: A General Theory, Harper & Bros.
• 1964, The Meaning of the Twentieth Century: the Great Transition, Harper & Row.
• 1966 The Impact of the Social Sciences, Rutgers University Press
• 1966, “The Economics of Knowledge and the Knowledge of Economics.” American Economic Review, 16 (May): 1-13
• 1968, Beyond Economics: Essays on Society, Religion, and Ethics, (University of Michigan Press
• 1969, “The Grants Economy,” Michigan Academician (Winter)^[8]

1970s

• 1970, Economics as a Science, (McGraw-Hill, 1970).
• 1970, A Primer on Social Dynamics: History as Dialectics and Development, (Free Press, 1970).
• 1971, Economics, Colorado Associated University Press, 1971.
• 1973, Political Economy, Colorado Associated University Press, 1973.
• 1973, The Economy of Love and Fear: A Preface to Grants Economics, Wadsworth.
• 1974, Toward a General Social Science, Colorado Associated University Press.
• 1975, International Systems: Peace, Conflict Resolution, and Politics, Colorado Associated University Press.
• 1975, Sonnets from the Interior Life, and Other Autobiographical Verse, Colorado Associated University Press.
• 1978, Stable Peace, University of Texas Press.
• 1978, Ecodynamics: A New Theory of Societal Evolution, Sage.

1980s to 1993

• 1980, Beasts, Ballads, and Bouldingisms: A Collection of Writings, Transaction Books.
• 1981, Evolutionary Economics, Sage
• 1981, A Preface to Grants Economics: The Economy of Love and Fear. New York: Praeger.
• 1985, Toward the Twenty-First Century: Political Economy, Social Systems, and World Peace, Colorado Associated University Press.
• 1985, Human Betterment, Sage.
• 1985, The World as a Total System, Sage.
• 1986, Mending the World: Quaker Insights on the Social Order, Pendle Hill Publications.
• 1989, Three Faces of Power, Sage.
• 1992, Towards a New Economics: Critical Essays on Ecology, Distribution, and Other Themes, Edward Elgar.
• 1993, The Structure of a Modern Economy: the United States, 1929-89, Macmillan.

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Fontaine, Philippe. "Stabilizing American Society: Kenneth Boulding and the Integration of the Social Sciences, 1943-1980," Science in Context, June 2010, Vol. 23 Issue 2, pp 221–265
• Wright, Robert. Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information HarperCollins, 1989. Lengthy profiles of Edward Fredkin, Edward O. Wilson, and Kenneth Boulding.
• Claus Bernet (in German). Kenneth E. Boulding. Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/b/bouldin_k_e.shtml. 

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Kenneth Boulding

• An overview of Boulding's major contributions by David Latzko
• Boulding's 1966 essay The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth
• http://www.colorado.edu/econ/Kenneth.Boulding
• Whole Terrain link to Boulding's articles published in Whole Terrain
• The Feather River Anthology (1966)
• The Common Sense of Kenneth Boulding
• review of The Economy of Love and Fear by Raul Caruso
• The Boulding's 'Triangular Theory of Social Interactions' by Raul Caruso (in Italian
• Kenneth Boulding: A Scholar and a Poet by S.S. Kutateladze (in Russian

Kenneth Harper (1913 – 1998) was an English film producer. He produced 13 films between 1954 and 1973. He was a member of the jury at the 21st Berlin International Film Festival.^[1]

Filmography[link]

• For Better, for Worse (1954)
• Yield to the Night (1956)
• Action of the Tiger (1957)
• Passionate Summer (1958)
• The Young Ones (1961)
• Go to Blazes (1962)
• Summer Holiday (1963)
• French Dressing (1964)
• Wonderful Life (US title: Swingers' Paradise^[2] 1964)
• Two Weeks in September (1967)
• Prudence and the Pill (1968)
• The Virgin and the Gypsy (1970)
• Take Me High (1973)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Kenneth Harper at the Internet Movie Database

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This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (July 2009)

Ronnie Dean Coleman
Ronnie Coleman in 2009
Personal Info
Nickname	Ronnie Coleman
Born	(1964-05-13) May 13, 1964 (age 48) Bastrop, Louisiana, U.S.
Height	5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)
Weight	Contest: 297 pounds (135 kg), Off season: 330 pounds (150 kg)
Professional Career
Pro-debut	1992 IFBB World Amateur Championships, 1992
Best win	IFBB Mr. Olympia 1998–2005,
Predecessor	Dorian Yates
Successor	Jay Cutler
Active	Since 1990

Ronnie Coleman 8 x Mr Olympia – 2009

Ronnie Coleman and wife in 2009

Ronnie Coleman talks to Tony Doherty of Doherty's Gym about his Mr. Olympia journey – 2009

Ronnie Dean "Big Ron" Coleman (born May 13, 1964 in Bastrop, Louisiana) is an American professional bodybuilder who holds the record of eight straight wins as Mr. Olympia, a record career total that he shares with Lee Haney.^[1] Alongside his eight Mr. Olympia wins as a professional bodybuilder, Coleman holds the record for most wins as an IFBB professional with 26. He broke the previous record (held by Vince Taylor at 22 wins) in Moscow on November 5, 2004.

Biography[link]

Ronnie Coleman graduated cum laude from Grambling State University (GSU) in 1986 with a B.S degree in accounting^{[citation needed]}. While attending Grambling State University Coleman also played football as a middle linebacker with the GSU Tigers under coach Eddie Robinson. After graduation, Coleman became a police officer in Arlington, Texas. Coleman's fellow officer Gustavo Arlotta suggested he attend the Metroflex gym, owned by amateur bodybuilder Brian Dobson. Dobson offered Coleman a free lifetime membership if he would allow him to train Coleman for the upcoming Mr. Texas bodybuilding competition that year.

After the training for the upcoming event of Mr. Texas, Coleman won first place in both the heavy weight and overall categories. He also defeated the man that trained him, Dobson. Coleman won his first competition as a professional—the Canada Pro Cup in 1995. The following year he won the contest again. Followed by a first place win in 1997, The Russian Grand Prix.

Coleman's success as a professional bodybuilder has led to many product endorsements and other opportunities in his career. Due to his bodybuilding profession Coleman undergoes a lot of travel to places such as Brazil, China, and Australia. Coleman also makes many guest appearances at gym openings all around the United States. Coleman has also made some training videos. His first training video; The Unbelievable; The Cost of Redemption; and On the Road. In these videos Coleman gives tips for more experienced weightlifters, while warning against over exertion and improper form.

When working out, Coleman prefers to use free weights rather than machines in order to maximize his flexibility and range of motion. He lifts weights four days per week, having cut down due to touring the world and cutting down on competitive events. Coleman supports the Inner City Games, an organization that Arnold Schwarzenegger co-founded in 1991. He was the recipient of the 2001 Admiral in the Texas Navy Certificate Award from Texas Governor Rick Perry for outstanding achievements in bodybuilding and for the promotion of physical fitness.

On June 30, 2009 on MuscleSport Radio, Coleman stated that he would compete in the 2010 Mr. Olympia competition.^{[citation needed]} Coleman also indicated that he would not participate in the 2009 Mr. Olympia competition for lack of preparation time. On October 10, 2009 at the Northern Territory Fitness & Bodybuilding Titles in Darwin, Australia, Coleman confirmed that he would compete in the 2010 Mr. Olympia competition, however, he did not appear at the 2010 Mr. Olympia competition.^{[citation needed]}

Personal life[link]

Ronnie Coleman was married for the first time at the age of 43 to Rouaida Christine Achkar in December 2007. He also has two daughters, Jamilleah and Valencia Daniel, and three young children from another relationship ^[2] Coleman is a Christian.^[3][4] Coleman underwent surgery for a spinal issue in December 2011, and was recovering in January 2012.^[5][6]

Bodybuilding titles[link]

• 1990 Mr. Texas (Heavyweight & Overall)
• 1991 World Amateur Championships (Heavyweight)
• 1995 Canada Pro Cup
• 1996 Canada Pro Cup
• 1997 Grand Prix Russia
• 1998 Night of Champions
• 1998 Toronto Pro Invitational
• 1998 Mr. Olympia
• 1998 Grand Prix Finland
• 1998 Grand Prix Germany
• 1999 Mr. Olympia
• 1999 World Pro Championships
• 1999 Grand Prix England
• 2000 Mr. Brody Langley
• 2000 Grand Prix England
• 2000 World Pro Championships
• 2000 Mr. Olympia
• 2001 Arnold Schwarzenegger Classic
• 2001 Mr. Olympia
• 2001 New Zealand Grand Prix
• 2002 Mr. Olympia
• 2002 Grand Prix Holland
• 2003 Mr. Olympia
• 2003 Grand Prix Russia
• 2004 Mr. Olympia
• 2004 Grand Prix England
• 2004 Grand Prix Holland
• 2004 Grand Prix Russia
• 2005 Mr. Olympia
• 2006 Grand Prix Austria – IFBB, 2nd
• 2006 Grand Prix Holland – IFBB, 2nd
• 2006 Grand Prix Romania – IFBB, 2nd
• 2006 Olympia – IFBB, 2nd
• 2007 Olympia – IFBB, 4th

See also[link]

Biography portal

• Arnold Classic
• List of male professional bodybuilders

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ronnie Coleman

• Official website
• MuscleSport Mag article on comeback during radio interview