Edward Norton Lorenz (May 23, 1917 – April 16, 2008)^[1] was an American mathematician and meteorologist, and a pioneer of chaos theory.^[2] He discovered the strange attractor notion and coined the term butterfly effect.

Biography[link]

Lorenz was born in West Hartford, Connecticut.^[3] He studied mathematics at both Dartmouth College in New Hampshire and Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. From 1942 until 1946, he served as a meteorologist for the United States Army Air Corps. After his return from the war, he decided to study meteorology.^[2] Lorenz earned two degrees in the area from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he later was a professor for many years. He was a Professor Emeritus at MIT from 1969 until his death.^[2]

During the 1950s, Lorenz became skeptical of the appropriateness of the linear statistical models in meteorology, as most atmospheric phenomena involved in weather forecasting are non-linear.^[2] His work on the topic culminated in the publication of his 1963 paper Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow in Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, and with it, the foundation of chaos theory.^[2][4] His description of the butterfly effect followed in 1969,^[2][5][6]. He was awarded the Kyoto Prize for basic sciences, in the field of earth and planetary sciences, in 1991,^[7] the Buys Ballot Award in 2004, and the Tomassoni Award in 2008.^{[citation needed]} In his later years, he lived in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He was an avid outdoorsman, who enjoyed hiking, climbing, and cross-country skiing. He kept up with these pursuits until very late in his life, and managed to continue most of his regular activities until only a few weeks before his death. According to his daughter, Cheryl Lorenz, Lorenz had "finished a paper a week ago with a colleague."^[8] On April 16, 2008, Lorenz died at his home in Cambridge at the age of 90, having suffered from cancer.^[9]

Awards[link]

• 1969 Carl Gustaf Rossby Research Medal, American Meteorological Society.
• 1973 Symons Memorial Gold Medal, Royal Meteorological Society.
• 1975 Fellow, National Academy of Sciences (U.S.A.).
• 1981 Member, Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.
• 1983 Crafoord Prize, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
• 1984 Honorary Member, Royal Meteorological Society.
• 1989 Elliott Cresson Medal, The Franklin Institute
• 1991 Kyoto Prize for ‘… his boldest scientific achievement in discovering "deterministic chaos" .’.
• 2004 Buys Ballot medal.
• 2004 Lomonosov Gold Medal

Work[link]

Lorenz built a mathematical model of the way air moves around in the atmosphere. As Lorenz studied weather patterns he began to realize that they did not always change as predicted. Minute variations in the initial values of variables in his twelve-variable computer weather model (c. 1960) would result in grossly divergent weather patterns.^[2] This sensitive dependence on initial conditions came to be known as the butterfly effect (it also meant that weather predictions from more than about a week out are generally fairly inaccurate).^[10]

Lorenz went on to explore the underlying mathematics and published his conclusions in a seminal work titled Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow, in which he described a relatively simple system of equations that resulted in a very complicated dynamical object now known as the Lorenz attractor.^[4]

See also[link]

Systems science portal

• Attractor
• Butterfly effect
• Chaos theory
• Experimental mathematics
• Lorenz attractor
• Meteorology
• Numerical weather prediction

Publications[link]

Lorenz published several books and articles. A selection:

• 1955 Available potential energy and the maintenance of the general circulation. Tellus. Vol.7
• 1963 Deterministic nonperiodic flow. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences. Vol.20 : 130—141 link.^[11]
• 1967 The nature and theory of the general circulation of atmosphere. World Meteorological Organization. No.218
• 1969 Three approaches to atmospheric predictability. American Meteorological Society. Vol.50
• 1972 Predictability: Does the Flap of a Butterfly's Wings in Brazil Set Off a Tornado in Texas?
• 1976 Nondeterministic theories of climate change. Quaternary Research. Vol.6
• 1990 Can chaos and intransitivity lead to interannual variability? Tellus. Vol.42A
• 2005 Designing Chaotic Models. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences: Vol. 62, No. 5, pp. 1574–1587.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Video clip of Edward N. Lorenz speaking at the International Conference on Complex Systems, hosted by the New England Complex Systems Institute (NECSI)
• Obituary, Daily Telegraph, 18 April 2008.

Edward Norton
Norton at a premiere in 2009
Born	Edward Harrison Norton (1969-08-18) August 18, 1969 (age 42) Columbia, Maryland, U.S.
Alma mater	Yale University
Occupation	Actor, director, producer, screenwriter, activist
Years active	1994–present

Edward Harrison Norton^[1] (born August 18, 1969) is an American actor, screenwriter, film director and producer. In 1996, his supporting role in the courtroom drama Primal Fear garnered him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. Two years later, his lead role as a reformed white power skinhead in American History X earned a nomination for Academy Award for Best Actor. His other films include period dramas such as Kingdom of Heaven (2005), in which he played King Baldwin, The Illusionist (2006), and The Painted Veil (2006); and other notable films such as Rounders (1998), Fight Club (1999), 25th Hour (2002), Red Dragon (2002), and The Incredible Hulk (2008).

In addition to acting, Norton is also a writer and director. He made his directorial debut with the film Keeping the Faith (2000) and is slated to direct the film adaptation of the novel Motherless Brooklyn. Norton did uncredited work on the scripts for The Score, Frida, and The Incredible Hulk.

In his private life, Norton is an environmental and social activist. He is a member of the board of trustees of Enterprise Community Partners, a non-profit organization for developing affordable housing, founded by his grandfather, James Rouse. Norton is president of the American branch of the Maasai Wilderness Conservation Trust.^[2] He ran in the 2009 New York City Marathon to raise money for the Trust.^[3] He also raises money for charity through Crowdrise, a social networking community for volunteers and a micro-donations fundraising platform.^[4] In July 2010, Norton was designated as the United Nations Goodwill Ambassador for Biodiversity by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon.^[5]

Early life and education[link]

Edward Norton was born and raised in Columbia, Maryland, near Baltimore.^[6] His father, Edward Mower Norton, Jr., was an environmental lawyer and conservation advocate working in Asia, as well as a former federal prosecutor in the Carter administration. His mother, Lydia Robinson "Robin" (née Rouse), a teacher of English, died of a brain tumor in 1997.^[7][8] His maternal grandfather was the developer James Rouse (founder of The Rouse Company), who developed the city of Columbia, Maryland (where Norton grew up), helped develop Baltimore's Inner Harbor, Norfolk's Waterside Festival Marketplace, and Boston's Quincy Market, as well as co-founded Enterprise Community Partners with Norton's maternal stepgrandmother, Patty Rouse.^[7][9] Norton has two younger siblings—Molly and Jim, with whom he has professionally collaborated.^[9] From 1981 to 1985, along with his brother, Norton attended Camp Pasquaney, on the shores of Newfound Lake in Hebron, New Hampshire.^[9] There, he won the acting cup in 1984, and later returned to the camp's council for two years, directing theater. He maintains close connections with the camp.^[7][9]

Norton was raised Episcopalian.^[10] He graduated from Columbia's Wilde Lake High School in 1987.^[9] He attended Yale University, where he was a competitive rower^[11] and acted in university productions alongside Ron Livingston and Paul Giamatti,^[9] graduating in 1991 with a Bachelor of Arts in History.^[7][9] Following graduation, Norton worked in Osaka, Japan, consulting for his grandfather's company, Enterprise Community Partners. Norton can speak some Japanese.^[12][13] He appeared in an ESL textbook, Only in America, used by Nova, a formerly major English language school.^[14]

Career[link]

Norton moved to New York City and began his acting career in Off-Broadway theater,^[7][9] breaking through with his 1993 involvement in Edward Albee's Fragments, at the Signature Theatre Company.^[9] His first film was 1996's Primal Fear, which tells a story of a defense attorney (Richard Gere), who defends Aaron Stampler (Norton), an altar boy charged with the murder of a Roman Catholic archbishop. The movie is an adaptation of William Diehl's 1993 novel.^[15] Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly wrote: "Norton gives a performance that's fully the equal of Gere's – he's as slyly self-effacing as Gere is slyly ostentatious."^[16] Alison Macor of The Austin Chronicle, in review of the film, wrote, "Norton's performance and the well-paced tension preceding the movie's climactic sequence provide an entertaining if slightly predictable thriller."^[17] Despite the mixed reviews,^[18] Norton won a Golden Globe Award and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.^[19][20] That same year, Norton appeared as lawyer Alan Isaacman in The People vs. Larry Flynt.

In 1998, he took on the role of Derek Vinyard, a reformed neo-Nazi, in the film American History X.^[21] David Denby of The New Yorker noted that Norton gives Derek "ambiguous erotic allure; he's almost appealing".^[22] American History X received positive reception,^[23] and grossed over $23 million worldwide at the box office.^[24] His performance in the film earned him an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor.^[20] He packed on 30 pounds (13 kg) of muscle for his role in American History X but did not maintain the physique after production.^[7][9] Also in 1998, Norton starred opposite Matt Damon in Rounders, a movie following two friends who need to quickly earn enough cash playing poker to pay off a huge debt.^[25]

Norton in February 2010

In the 1999 film Fight Club, Norton played the nameless protagonist, an everyman and an unreliable narrator who feels trapped with his white-collar position in society. The film, an adaptation of Chuck Palahniuk's novel of the same name, was directed by David Fincher.^[26] To prepare for the role, Norton took lessons in boxing, taekwondo, and grappling.^[27] Fight Club premiered at the 1999 Venice International Film Festival.^[28] During promotion for the film, he said, "I feel that Fight Club really, in a way ... probed into the despair and paralysis that people feel in the face of having inherited this value system out of advertising."^[29] The film failed to meet expectations at the box office,^[30] and received polarized reactions from film critics.^[31] However, it became a cult classic after its DVD release.^[32]

In 2002, he starred in Brett Ratner's Red Dragon as FBI profiler Will Graham and in Spike Lee's 25th Hour.^[9] While Red Dragon received mixed reviews, it was commercially successful.^[9] 25th Hour was praised by critics, particularly for its examination of a post-9/11 New York City, but failed to break even.^[33][34] Norton won critical acclaim for his role as Baldwin IV, the leper king of Jerusalem, in Kingdom of Heaven.^[35] Norton portrayed Marvel comics superhero The Hulk in the second movie adaptation of The Incredible Hulk, released in 2008.^[9][36] He had been expected to reprise his role as the green monster in the 2012 film The Avengers.^[37] However, the role was later confirmed to have been given to Mark Ruffalo.^[38]

In 2006, Norton starred in two films: Down in the Valley, as a dangerous drifter affecting to be a cowpoke, and in The Illusionist, which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival and later became a sleeper hit when it went into general release.^[9]. In 2010, Norton appeared in two films again: in Leaves of Grass, as estranged identical twins (one a small-time drug dealer and the other a Harvard professor); and in Stone, which reunited Norton with his The Score cast-mate Robert De Niro, and in which Norton plays a convict trying to con his parole officer (De Niro) into an early release. In 2008, Norton starred in New Line Cinema's Pride and Glory, as an honest detective assigned to investigate the precinct run by his older brother. The film was not well received by critics, not strongly supported by the studio, and despite also starring Colin Farrell and Jon Voight, its worldwide grosses totaled only $31.1 million, against a production budget of $30 million.^[39]

Norton played himself in a cameo role in the experimental comedy show Stella,^[40] and made another comedic television appearance on the Emmy award-winning ABC show Modern Family in 2010, playing a fictional member of real life '80s new wave band Spandau Ballet.

Norton has also done uncredited script work on some of the films he has appeared in, specifically The Score,^[9] Frida,^[41] and The Incredible Hulk.^[42] In 2000, Norton made his debut as a director with Keeping the Faith.^[9] He will also direct the film adaptation of the novel Motherless Brooklyn.^[9][43]

Personal life[link]

Norton is generally known for his reluctance to embrace his celebrity status, and has said, "If I ever have to stop taking the subway, I'm gonna have a heart attack."^[44] Norton has stated in interviews that he is a fan of the Baltimore Orioles,^[45] and was involved in many of Cal Ripken Jr.'s retirement activities in 2001 when he was asked to be a part of Ripken's biography for Major League Baseball (MLB).^[45] He attended Ripken's ceremony at the Hall of Fame in July 2007.^[46] Norton has a private pilot license and discussed his flight training when interviewed on episodes of The Late Show with David Letterman and Inside the Actor's Studio.^[47]

Norton was a strong supporter of former New York State Governor Eliot Spitzer.^[48] Norton is a member of the board of trustees of Enterprise Community Partners, a non-profit developer of affordable housing based in his hometown. He is also well known for his support for environmental causes and renewable energy projects, such as Enterprise's Green Communities Initiative and BP's Solar Neighbors program.^[49][50][51] He also put time and money toward social activist causes, including improving the quality of living in low-income communities.^[52][53]

Norton's work with the HBO documentary By the People: The Election of Barack Obama led to a soundtrack, with proceeds going to Enterprise Community Partners and United Way. Norton also participated in a 2008 Fast Company story about Enterprise's green affordable housing.^[54]

Norton is president of the American branch of the Maasai Wilderness Conservation Trust.^[55] To raise money for the trust, Norton fielded a team of 30 runners in the New York City Marathon on November 1, 2009.^[56] The team included Alanis Morissette and David Blaine.^[57] Norton finished the event first among celebrities with a time of 3 hours, 48 minutes.^[3] Norton and his team raised over $1 million for the Trust.^[3][58] In May 2010, Norton launched a website called Crowdrise, which uses a social networking platform to help raise funds for charity.^[59]

He has dated singer Courtney Love and actress Salma Hayek.^[60]

In May 2012, Norton played soccer for an 'England vs. The Rest of the World' match in a fund-raising event called Soccer Aid along with other actors such as Will Ferrell and Woody Harrelson. The event was watched by millions of people worldwide and eventually raised over £4,000,000 pounds for UNICEF UK.

Filmography[link]

Music credits[link]

References[link]