This article is about the two-handed sword. The term "claymore" is sometimes also applied to the Scottish broadsword of the 17th and 18th centuries. For yet other uses, see Claymore (disambiguation).

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Claymore
Claymore replica
Type	Sword
Place of origin	Scotland
Service history
In service	ca. 1400 - 1700
Used by	Highlanders
Specifications
Weight	~2.2–2.8 kg (4.9–6.2 lb)[citation needed]
Length	~120–140 cm (47–55 in)[citation needed]
Blade length	~100–115 cm (39–45 in)[citation needed]
Blade type	Double-edged
Hilt type	Two-handed cruciform, with pommel

Engraving of a claymore and armour at Dunvegan Castle (from Footsteps of Dr. Johnson, 1890).

The term claymore ( /ˈkleɪmɔər/; from Scottish Gaelic claidheamh mòr, "great sword")^[1] refers to the Scottish variant of the late medieval two-handed longsword. It is characterized as having a cross hilt of forward sloping quillons with quatrefoil terminations. It was in use from the 15th to 17th centuries.

Terminology[link]

The term claymore is an anglicisation of the Gaelic claidheamh mòr "great sword", first attested in 1772 (as Cly-more) with the gloss "great two-handed sword".^[2] The sense "basket-hilted broadsword" is contemporaneous, attested in 1773 as "The broad-sword now used [...] called the Claymore, (i.e. the great sword)."^[3] OED observes that the latter usage is "inexact, but very common". The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica likewise judged that the term is "wrongly" applied to the basket-hilted sword.

Authors arguing that the basket-hilted sword is "incorrectly" called claymore have been known to suggest that claybeg (from a purported Gaelic claidheamh beag "small sword") should be used instead.^[4]

It should be noted that this doesn't parallel Scottish Gaelic usage. According to the Gaelic Dictionary by R. A. Armstrong (1825), claidheamh mòr translates to "broadsword", and claidheamh dà làimh to "two-handed sword", while claidheamh beag is given as a translation of "Bilbo".^[5]

The term "claymore" became part of vocabulary of the Victorian era sentimental or Romanticist "retro-Jacobite" literature and poetry such as the Skye Boat Song (1870).

Other contemporary Gaelic descriptives of swords include claidheamh cuil or back sword, referring to a single-edged sword with a flat "spine" (not one worn on the back, a common misinterpretation), the claidheamh crom or crooked sword, which could describe either a typical saber style blade (such as that worn by Archibald Campbell, 1st Duke of Argyll, in the painting by Medina) or a scimitar style blade known as a "turcael" ("turkish" blade) such as that brandished by Alasdair Mor, the Champion of Clan Grant, in the c. 1715 portrait by Waitt, or the claidheamh caol or narrow sword, usually describing a rapier or small-sword.^{[citation needed]}

It should be noted that the term claybeg, purportedly from Scots Gaelic claidheamh beag meaning "little sword" is not seen in clan-era Gaelic song or poetry, 'Dwelly's' [ibid.], or other authorities, and seems to be a fairly recent invention.^{[citation needed]}

Two-handed (Highland) claymore[link]

A mid-16th-century tomb effigy from Finlaggan

The two-handed claymore was a large sword used in the late Medieval and early modern periods. It was used in the constant clan warfare and border fights with the English from circa 1400 to 1700.^[6] Although Claymores existed as far back as the Wars of Scottish Independence they were smaller and few had the typical quatrefoil design (as can be seen on the Great Seal of John Balliol King of Scots). ^[7] The last known battle in which it is considered to have been used in a significant number was the Battle of Killiecrankie in 1689.^{[citation needed]} It was somewhat smaller than other two-handed swords of the era. The two-handed claymore seems to be an offshoot of Early Scottish medieval longswords (similar to the Espee de Guerrel or Grete war sword) which had developed a distinctive style of a cross-hilt with forward-angled arms that ended in spatulate swellings.The lobed pommels on earlier swords were inspired by the Viking style. The spatulate swellings were later frequently made in a quatrefoil design.^[8]

The average claymore ran about 140 cm (55 in) in overall length, with a 33 cm (13 in) grip, 107 cm (42 in) blade, and a weight of approximately 5.5 lb (2.5 kg).^{[citation needed]}

Fairly uniform in style, the sword was set with a wheel pommel often capped by a crescent-shaped nut and a guard with straight, forward-sloping arms ending in quatrefoils, and langets running down the center of the blade from the guard.^{[citation needed]} Another common style of two-handed claymore (though lesser known today) was the "clamshell hilted" claymore. It had a crossguard that consisted of two downward-curving arms and two large, round, concave plates that protected the foregrip. It was so named because the round guards resembled an open clam.^{[citation needed]}

See also[link]

• Historical fencing in Scotland

References[link]

• Dwelly's Illustrated Gaelic to English Dictionary (Gairm Publications, Glasgow, 1988, p. 202)
•  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Claymore". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

External links[link]

Look up claymore in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Claymore

• Claymore. Description and Photograph

Look up challenge in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

A challenge is a general term referring to things that are imbued with a sense of difficulty and victory.

Challenge may also refer to:

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• Challenge (TV channel), a British television channel
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• Challenge (album), an album by Flower Travellin' Band
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• Challenge (1933), tabloid newspaper of the Young People's Socialist League, youth organization of the Socialist Party of America
• Challenge (Communist journal), British Young Communist League magazine, and also the name of the newspaper of the communist Progressive Labor Party (USA).
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• Challenge (game magazine), a role-playing game magazine

Transportation[link]

• Challenge (cycle and car), an early British manufacturer of cycles and cars
• MS Clipper Ranger or MS Challenge, a ferry
• Challenge 67, a yacht

Tourist Plane contests[link]

• Challenge International de Tourisme 1929
• International Touring Competition 1930
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• Challenge International de Tourisme 1934

Other uses[link]

• Challenge (gasoline), a New Zealand gasoline brand
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