Paramount Pictures Corporation is an American film and television production/distribution company, located at 5555 Melrose Avenue in Hollywood. Founded in 1912 and currently owned by media conglomerate Viacom, it is the third oldest existing film studio in the world behind Universal Studios & Gaumont Pictures; it is also the last major film studio still headquartered in the Hollywood district of Los Angeles. Paramount is consistently ranked as one of the largest (top-grossing) movie studios.
Paramount Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA). [2]
Paramount Pictures can trace its beginning to the creation in May 1912 of the Famous Players Film Company. Founder Hungarian-born Adolph Zukor, who had been an early investor in nickelodeons, saw that movies appealed mainly to working-class immigrants.[3] With partners Daniel Frohman and Charles Frohman he planned to offer feature-length films that would appeal to the middle class by featuring the leading theatrical players of the time (leading to the slogan "Famous Players in Famous Plays"). By mid-1913, Famous Players had completed five films, and Zukor was on his way to success.
That same year, another aspiring producer, Jesse L. Lasky, opened his Lasky Feature show Company with money borrowed from his brother-in-law, Samuel Goldfish, later known as Samuel Goldwyn. The Lasky company hired as their first employee a stage director with virtually no film experience, Cecil B. DeMille, who would find a suitable location site in Hollywood, near Los Angeles, for his first feature film, The Squaw Man.
Older Paramount logo, based on a design by founder
W. W. Hodkinson in 1914. This print logo was featured onscreen during the main titles, and featured in advertising, until 1968.
Beginning in 1914, both Lasky and Famous Players released their films through a start-up company, Paramount Pictures Corporation, organized early that year by a Utah theatre owner, W. W. Hodkinson, who had bought and merged several smaller firms. Hodkinson and actor, director, producer Hobart Bosworth had started production of a series of Jack London movies. Paramount was the first successful nation-wide distributor; until this time, films were sold on a state-wide or regional basis which had proved costly to film producers. Also, Famous Players and Lasky were privately owned while Paramount was a corporation.
Soon the ambitious Zukor, unused to taking a secondary role, began courting Hodkinson and Lasky. On September 28, 1916, Zukor maneuvered a three-way merger of his Famous Players, the Lasky Company, and Paramount. The new company, Famous Players-Lasky Corporation, grew quickly, with Lasky and his partners Goldwyn and DeMille running the production side, Hiram Abrams in charge of distribution, and Zukor making great plans. With only the exhibitor-owned First National as a rival, Famous Players-Lasky and its "Paramount Pictures" soon dominated the business.
Lasky's original studio, a.k.a.: "The Barn"; as it appeared in the mid 1920s. The Taft building, built in 1923, is visible in the background.
Because Zukor believed in stars, he signed and developed many of the leading early stars, including Mary Pickford, Marguerite Clark, Pauline Frederick, Douglas Fairbanks, Gloria Swanson, Rudolph Valentino, and Wallace Reid. With so many important players, Paramount was able to introduce "block booking", which meant that an exhibitor who wanted a particular star's films had to buy a year's worth of other Paramount productions. It was this system that gave Paramount a leading position in the 1920s and 1930s, but which led the government to pursue it on antitrust grounds for more than twenty years.
The driving force behind Paramount's rise was Zukor. All through the teens and twenties, he built the Publix Theatres Corporation, a mighty chain of nearly 2,000 screens, ran two production studios, and became an early investor in radio, taking a 50% interest in the new Columbia Broadcasting System in 1928 (selling it within a few years; this would not be the last time Paramount and CBS crossed paths, as time proved). By acquiring the successful Balaban & Katz chain in 1926, he gained the services of Barney Balaban (who would eventually become Paramount's president in 1936), his brother A. J. Balaban (who would eventually supervise all stage production nationwide and produce talkie shorts), and their partner Sam Katz (who would run the Paramount-Publix theatre chain from New York City). Zukor also hired independent producer B. P. Schulberg, an unerring eye for new talent, to run the new West Coast studio. This new 26 acre studio, at 5555 Melrose Avenue, cost US$1 million.[4] In 1927, Famous Players-Lasky took on the name Paramount-Famous Lasky Corporation. Three years later, because of the importance of the Publix Theatres, it became Paramount-Publix Theatres Corporation.
Also in 1928, Paramount began releasing Inkwell Imps animated cartoons produced by Max and Dave Fleischer's Fleischer Studios in New York City. The Fleischers, veterans in the animation industry, would prove to be among the few animation producers capable of challenging the prominence of Walt Disney. The Paramount newsreel series Paramount News ran from 1927 to 1957.
Eventually, Zukor shed most of his early partners; the Frohman brothers, Hodkinson and Goldwyn were out by 1917 while Lasky hung on until 1932, when, blamed for the near-collapse of Paramount in the Depression years, he too was tossed out. Zukor's over-expansion and use of overvalued Paramount stock for purchases led the company into receivership in 1933. A bank-mandated reorganization team, led by John Hertz and Otto Kahn kept the company intact, and, miraculously, kept Zukor on. In 1935, Paramount-Publix went bankrupt. in 1936, Barney Balaban became president, and Zukor was bumped up to chairman of the board. In this role, Zukor reorganized the company as Paramount Pictures, Inc. and was able to successfully bring the studio out of bankruptcy.
As always, Paramount films continued to emphasize stars; in the 1920s there were Swanson, Valentino, and Clara Bow. By the 1930s, talkies brought in a range of powerful new draws: Miriam Hopkins, Marlene Dietrich, Mae West, Gary Cooper, Claudette Colbert, the Marx Brothers, Dorothy Lamour, Carole Lombard, Bing Crosby, the band leader Shep Fields and the famous Argentine tango singer Carlos Gardel among them. In this period Paramount can truly be described as a movie factory, turning out sixty to seventy pictures a year. Such were the benefits of having a huge theater chain to fill, and of block booking to persuade other chains to go along. In 1933, Mae West would also add greatly to Paramount's success with her movies She Done Him Wrong and I'm No Angel.[5][6] However, the sex appeal West gave in these movies would also lead to the enforcement of the Production Code, as the newly formed organization the Catholic Legion of Decency threatened a boycott if it was not enforced.[7]
Paramount cartoons produced by Fleischer Studios continued to be successful, with characters such as Betty Boop and Popeye the Sailor becoming widely successful. One Fleischer series, Screen Songs, featured live-action music stars under contract to Paramount hosting sing-alongs of popular songs. However, a huge blow to Fleischer Studios occurred in 1934, after the Production Code was enforced and Betty Boop's popularity declined as she was forced to have a more tame personality and wear a longer skirt.[8] The animation studio would rebound with Popeye, and in 1935, polls showed that Popeye was even more popular than Mickey Mouse.[9] After an unsuccessful expansion into feature films, as well as the fact that Max and Dave Fleischer were no longer speaking to one another, Fleischer Studios was acquired by Paramount, which renamed the operation Famous Studios. That incarnation of the animation studio continued cartoon production until 1967, but has been historically dismissed as having largely failed to maintain the artistic acclaim the Fleischer brothers achieved under their management.[10]
In 1940, Paramount agreed to a government-instituted consent decree: block booking and "pre-selling" (the practice of collecting up-front money for films not yet in production) would end. Immediately Paramount cut back on production, from sixty-plus pictures to a more modest twenty annually in the war years. Still, with more new stars like Bob Hope, Alan Ladd, Veronica Lake, Paulette Goddard, and Betty Hutton, and with war-time attendance at astronomical numbers, Paramount and the other integrated studio-theatre combines made more money than ever. At this, the Federal Trade Commission and the Justice Department decided to reopen their case against the five integrated studios. Paramount also had a monopoly over Detroit movie theaters through subsidiary company United Detroit Theaters as well.[11] This led to the Supreme Court decision United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. (1948) holding that movie studios could not also own movie theater chains. This decision broke up Adolph Zukor's creation and effectively brought an end to the classic Hollywood studio system.
With the separation of production and exhibition forced by the U.S. Supreme Court, Paramount Pictures Inc. was split in two. Paramount Pictures Corporation was formed to be the production distribution company, with the 1,500-screen theater chain handed to the new United Paramount Theaters on December 31, 1949. Leonard Goldenson, who had headed the chain since 1938, remained as the new company's president. The Balaban and Katz theatre division was spun off with UPT; its trademark eventually became the property of the Balaban and Katz Historical Foundation. The Foundation has recently acquired ownership of the Famous Players Trademark. Cash-rich and controlling prime downtown real estate, Goldenson began looking for investments. Barred from film-making by prior anti-trust rulings, he acquired the struggling ABC television network in February 1953, leading it first to financial health, and eventually, in the mid-1970s, to first place in the national Nielsen ratings, before selling out to Capital Cities in 1985. United Paramount Theaters was renamed ABC Theaters in 1965 and was sold to businessman Henry Plitt in 1974. The movie theater chain was renamed Plitt Theaters. In 1985, Cineplex Odeon Corporation merged with Plitt. In later years, Paramount's TV division would develop a strong relationship with ABC, providing many hit series to the network.
Paramount Pictures had been an early backer of television, launching experimental stations in 1939 in Los Angeles and Chicago. The Los Angeles station eventually became KTLA, the first commercial station on the West Coast. The Chicago station got a commercial license as WBKB in 1943, but was sold to UPT along with Balaban & Katz in 1948, resold to CBS, and eventually became WBBM-TV.
In 1938, Paramount bought a stake in television manufacturer DuMont Laboratories. Through this stake, it became a minority owner of the DuMont Television Network. However, Paramount proved to be a timid and obstructionist partner. Its minority stake hampered DuMont's efforts to expand. KTLA and WBBM were recognized by the FCC as DuMont O&O stations, even though the former was only an affiliate in 1947 and the latter never carried a DuMont program. Since DuMont already owned three stations, the FCC did not allow DuMont to buy any more stations as long as Paramount owned a portion of DuMont. However, Paramount refused to sell. It also refused to help DuMont as it sank during the 1950s.[12][13] Most importantly, when DuMont agreed in principle to merge with ABC in 1953, Paramount vetoed the deal in part due to an earlier FCC ruling that Paramount controlled DuMont. Within two years of the failed ABC deal, DuMont was no more.
In 1951, Paramount bought a stake in International Telemeter, an experimental pay TV service which operated with a coin inserted into a box. The service began operating in Palm Springs, California on November 27, 1953, but due to pressure from the FCC and theater owners, the service ended on May 15, 1954.
With the loss of the theater chain, Paramount Pictures went into a decline, cutting studio-backed production, releasing its contract players, and making production deals with independents. By the mid-1950s, all the great names were gone; only C.B. DeMille, associated with Paramount since 1913, kept making pictures in the grand old style. Despite Paramount's losses, DeMille would, however, give the studio some relief and create his most successful film at Paramount, a 1956 remake of his 1923 film The Ten Commandments.[14] Like some other studios, Paramount saw little value in its film library (see below for more info on the early Paramount library). DeMille died in 1959.
By the early 1960s, Paramount's future was doubtful. The high-risk movie business was wobbly; the theater chain was long gone; investments in DuMont and in early pay-television came to nothing. Even the flagship Paramount building in Times Square was sold to raise cash, as was KTLA (sold to Gene Autry in 1964 for a then-phenomenal $12.5 million). Founding father Adolph Zukor (born in 1873) was still chairman emeritus; he referred to chairman Barney Balaban (born 1888) as "the boy." Such aged leadership was incapable of keeping up with the changing times, and in 1966, a sinking Paramount was sold to Charles Bluhdorn's industrial conglomerate, Gulf + Western Industries Corporation. Bluhdorn immediately put his stamp on the studio, installing a virtually unknown producer named Robert Evans as head of production. Despite some rough times, Evans held the job for eight years, restoring Paramount's reputation for commercial success with The Odd Couple, Love Story, The Godfather, Chinatown, and Rosemary's Baby.[15]
Gulf + Western Industries also bought the neighboring Desilu television studio (once the lot of RKO Pictures) from Lucille Ball in 1967. Using some of Desilu's established shows such as Star Trek, Mission: Impossible, and Mannix as a foot in the door at the networks, the newly reincorporated Paramount Television eventually became known as a specialist in half-hour situation comedies.[16]
In 1970, Paramount teamed with Universal Studios to form Cinema International Corporation, a new company that would distribute films by the two studios outside the United States. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer would become a partner in the mid 1970s. Both Paramount and CIC entered the video market with Paramount Home Video (now Paramount Home Entertainment) and CIC Video, respectively.
Robert Evans quit as head of production in 1974; his successor, Richard Sylbert, proved to be too literary and too tasteful for Gulf + Western's Bluhdorn. By 1976, a new, television-trained team was in place headed by Barry Diller and his "Killer-Dillers", as they were called by admirers or "Dillettes" as they were called by detractors. These associates, made up of Michael Eisner, Jeffrey Katzenberg, Dawn Steel and Don Simpson would each go on and head up major movie studios of their own later in their careers.
File:Paramount logo.svg
The 1968–2011 Paramount print logo was used at the start and end of most films between 1975 and 1986. It is used on Home Video releases, even after Gulf+Western and Paramount Communications ownership ended
The Paramount specialty was now simpler. "High Concept" pictures such as Saturday Night Fever and Grease hit big, hit hard and hit fast all over the world, and Diller's television background led him to propose one of his longest-standing ideas to the board: a fourth commercial network. But neither the board nor Bluhdorn himself accepted Diller's repeated advancements of this idea and neither did Bluhdorn's successor, Martin Davis. But Diller believed strongly in the concept, and so took his fourth-network idea with him when he moved to 20th Century Fox in 1984, where Fox's then freshly installed proprietor, Rupert Murdoch was a more interested listener. Meanwhile, concentrating on hot films, Paramount was met with critical success with the release of The Godfather, based on the popular novel.
However, the television division would be playing catch-up for over a decade after Diller's departure in 1984 before launching its own television network – UPN – in 1995. Lasting eleven years before being merged with The WB network to become The CW in 2006, UPN would feature many of the shows it originally produced for other networks, and would take numerous gambles on series such as Star Trek: Voyager, and Star Trek: Enterprise that would have otherwise either gone direct-to-cable or become first-run syndication to independent stations across the country. UPN was able to host a proven winner when it picked up the final two seasons of Buffy the Vampire Slayer.
Paramount Pictures was not connected to Paramount Records until it purchased the rights to use the name (but not its catalog) in the late 1960s. The Paramount name was used for soundtrack albums and some pop re-issues from the Dot Records catalog which Paramount had acquired in 1958. By 1970, Dot had become an all-country label[17] and in 1974, Paramount sold all of its record holdings to ABC Records, which in turn was sold to MCA (now Universal Music Group) in 1979.
Paramount's successful run of pictures extended into the 1980s and 1990s, generating hits like Airplane!, American Gigolo, Ordinary People, An Officer and a Gentleman, Flashdance, Terms of Endearment, Footloose, Pretty in Pink, Fatal Attraction, the Friday the 13th slasher series, as well as Raiders of the Lost Ark and its sequels. Other examples are the Star Trek series and a string of films starring comedian Eddie Murphy like Trading Places, Coming To America, and Beverly Hills Cop and its sequels. While the emphasis was decidedly on the commercial, there were occasional less commercial but more artistic and intellectual efforts like I'm Dancing as Fast as I Can, Atlantic City, Reds, Witness, Children of a Lesser God and The Accused. During this period, responsibility for running the studio passed from Eisner and Katzenberg to Frank Mancuso Sr. (1984) and Ned Tanen (1984) to Stanley Jaffe (1991) and Sherry Lansing (1992). More so than most, Paramount's slate of films included many remakes and television spinoffs; while sometimes commercially successful, there have been few compelling films of the kind that once made Paramount the industry leader. The studio even had its share of box office flops such as Grease 2, Clue and a few others.
In 1981, Cinema International Corporation was reorganized as United International Pictures. This was necessary because MGM had merged with United Artists which had its own international distribution unit, but MGM was not allowed to leave the venture at the time (they finally did in 2001, switching international distribution to 20th Century Fox). In 1985, Dawn Steel became head of Motion Picture Production.
When Charles Bluhdorn died unexpectedly, his successor Martin Davis dumped all of G+W's industrial, mining, and sugar-growing subsidiaries and refocused the company, renaming it Paramount Communications in 1989. With the influx of cash from the sale of G+W's industrial properties in the mid-1980s, Paramount bought a string of television stations and KECO Entertainment's theme park operations, renaming them Paramount Parks. These parks include California's Great America, Canada's Wonderland, Carowinds, Kings Dominion, And Kings Island.
In 1993, Sumner Redstone's entertainment conglomerate Viacom made a bid for a merger with Paramount Communications; this quickly escalated into a bidding war with Barry Diller's QVC. But Viacom prevailed, ultimately paying $10 billion for the Paramount holdings. Viacom and Paramount had planned to merge as early as 1989[18]
Paramount is the last major film studio located in Hollywood proper. When Paramount moved to its present home in 1927, it was in the heart of the film community. Since then, former next-door neighbor RKO closed up shop in 1957; Warner Bros. (whose old Sunset Boulevard studio was sold to Paramount in 1949 as a home for KTLA) moved to Burbank in 1930; Columbia joined Warners in Burbank in 1973 then moved again to Culver City in 1989; and the Pickford-Fairbanks-Goldwyn-United Artists lot, after a lively history, has been turned into a post-production and music-scoring facility for Warners, known simply as "The Lot". For a time the semi-industrial neighborhood around Paramount was in decline, but has now come back. The recently refurbished studio has come to symbolize Hollywood for many visitors, and its studio tour is a popular attraction.
During this time period, Paramount Pictures went under the guidance of Jonathan Dolgen, chairman and Sherry Lansing, president.[19][20] During their administration over Paramount, the studio had an extremely successful period of films with two of Paramount's ten highest grossing films being produced during this period.[21] The most successful of these films, Titanic, a joint production with 20th Century Fox, became the highest grossing film up to that time, grossing over $1.8 billion worldwide.[22] Also during this time, three Paramount Pictures films won the Academy Award for Best Picture; Titanic, Braveheart, and Forrest Gump. Dolgen and Lansing also presided over the production and release of other films including Saving Private Ryan (with DreamWorks), as well as the Mission: Impossible films.
Paramount's most important property, however, was Star Trek. Studio executives had begun to call it "the franchise" in the 1980s due to its reliable revenue, and other studios envied its "untouchable and unduplicatable" success. By 1998 Star Trek TV shows, movies, books, videotapes, and licensing provided so much of the studio's profit that "it is not possible to spend any reasonable amount of time at Paramount and not be aware of [its] presence"; filming for Star Trek: Voyager and Star Trek: Deep Space Nine required up to nine of the largest of the studio's 36 sound stages.[23][24]:49–50,54
In 1995, Viacom and Chris-Craft Industries' United Television launched United Paramount Network (UPN) with Star Trek: Voyager as its flagship series, fulfilling Barry Diller's plan for a Paramount network from 25 years earlier. In 1999, Viacom bought out United Television's interests, and handed responsibility for the start-up network to the newly acquired CBS unit, which Viacom bought in 1999 – an ironic confluence of events as Paramount had once invested in CBS, and Viacom had once been the syndication arm of CBS as well.[25]
In 2002, Paramount, Buena Vista Distribution, 20th Century Fox, Sony Pictures, Universal Studios, and Warner Bros. formed the Digital Cinema Initiative.[26] DCI was created "to establish and document voluntary specifications for an open architecture for digital cinema that ensures a uniform and high level of technical performance, reliability and quality control."[26]
Reflecting in part the troubles of the broadcasting business, in 2005 Viacom wrote off over $28 billion from its radio acquisitions and, early that year, announced that it would split itself in two. The split was completed in January 2006.
Among the assets that went to the new CBS Corporation are the CBS television and radio networks, the Infinity radio-station chain (now CBS Radio), Paramount Television (now CBS Television Studios), UPN (which merged with Time Warner's The WB to become The CW), and the Showtime Networks pay TV unit which includes Showtime, The Movie Channel and Flix. CBS was also given control of Paramount Parks which it sold to Cedar Fair Entertainment Company in June 2006 for $1.24 billion.
Paramount Pictures is now lumped in with MTV, BET,Nickelodeon and other highly profitable channels owned by the new Viacom.
With the announcement of the split of Viacom, Dolgen and Lansing were replaced by former television executives Brad Grey and Gail Berman. The decision was made to split Viacom into two companies, which in turn led to a dismantling of the Paramount Studio/Paramount TV infrastructure, with the current Paramount, consisting only of the movie studio, retaining only about one-quarter its former size under Dolgen and Lansing. The Paramount Television studio was made part of CBS in the split and the remaining businesses were sold off or parceled out to other operating groups. Paramount's home entertainment unit continues to distribute the Paramount TV library through CBS DVD, as both Viacom and CBS Corporation are controlled by Michael Redstone's National Amusements.
In 2009, CBS stopped using the Paramount name in its series and changed the name of the production arm to CBS Television Studios, eliminating the Paramount name from television, to distance itself from the latter. It is one of only 2 of the Big Six to have this fate (the other being Columbia Pictures, although unlike Paramount, it is still a direct sister to its former TV arm).
On December 11, 2005, The Paramount Motion Pictures Group announced that it had purchased DreamWorks SKG (which was co-founded by former Paramount executive Jeffrey Katzenberg) in a deal worth $1.6 billion. The announcement was made by Brad Grey, chairman and CEO of Paramount Pictures, who noted that enhancing Paramount's pipeline of pictures is a "key strategic objective in restoring Paramount's stature as a leader in filmed entertainment." The agreement does not include DreamWorks Animation SKG Inc., the most profitable part of the company that went public the previous year.
Under the deal, Paramount is required to distribute the DreamWorks animated films for a small fee intended only to cover Paramount's out of pocket costs with no profit to the studio, including the Shrek franchise (and ending for the 2004 installment, Shrek 2). The first film distributed under this deal is Over the Hedge.
The deal closed on February 6, 2006. This acquisition was seen at the time as a stopgap measure as Brad Grey had been unsuccessful in assembling sufficient films for production and distribution and the DreamWorks films would fill the gap.
On October 6, 2008, Paramount and DreamWorks announced the joint venture was ending and that DreamWorks would be seeking new distributors for its films.[27]
Grey also broke up the famous UIP international distribution company, the most successful international film distributor in history, after a 25-year partnership with Universal Studios and has started up a new international group. As a consequence Paramount fell from No.1 in the international markets to the lowest ranked major studio in 2006 but recovered in 2007 if the DreamWorks films, acquired by Paramount but still distributed internationally by Universal, are included in Paramount's market share. UIP still does business in smaller markets.
Grey also launched a Digital Entertainment division to take advantage of emerging digital distribution technologies. This led to Paramount becoming the second movie studio to sign a deal with Apple Inc. to sell its films through the iTunes store. They also signed an exclusive agreement with the failed HD DVD consortium and subsequently gave up the guarantees they had received and will now release in the Blu-ray format.
Also, in 2007, Paramount sold another one of its "heritage" units, Famous Music, to Sony/ATV Music Publishing (best known for publishing many songs by The Beatles, and for being co-owned by Michael Jackson), ending a nearly-eight-decade run as a division of Paramount, being the studio's music publishing arm since the period when the entire company went by the name "Famous Players." An additional legacy unit, Famous Players Theaters (Canada) was sold in 2005 to its competitor Cineplex Odeon Corporation. These theaters had been in the company since the days of silent movie. When the 1949 Paramount Consent Decree forced divestiture by the studios, it did not apply outside the US so Paramount kept its Canadian theater subsidiary.
In March 2010, Paramount founded Insurge Pictures,[28] an independent distributor of "micro budget" films.[29] The distributor planned ten movies with budgets of $100,000 each.[30] The first release was The Devil Inside, a movie with a budget of about $1,000,000 US.
In July 2011, in the wake of critical and box office success of the animated feature, Rango, and the possible departure of DreamWorks Animation upon completion of their distribution contract in 2012, Paramount announced the formation of a new division, devoted to the creation of animated productions.[31] It marks Paramount's return to having its own animated division for the first time since 1967, when Paramount Cartoon Studios shut down (it was formerly Famous Studios until 1956).
Through a series of mergers and acquisitions, many of Paramount's early cartoons, shorts, and feature films are owned by numerous entities. In the 1950s, as a consequence of the 1948 Supreme Court verdict, the studio saw little value in its library, and decided to sell off its back catalog.
Balaban, consistent with his other decisions to sell off rights and dismantle Paramount's library, was of the opinion that there was no future economic value to "old" movies. This "strategy" of the gradual dismantling Paramount's assets and library has continued under current Viacom CEO Philippe Dauman who not only split the company in half and gave the television library and distribution rights to the feature films to CBS, but also sold off the Company's music library, Famous Music.
Except for the Superman cartoons and the features sold to MCA (to end up with Universal), most television prints of these films have had their titles remade to remove most traces of their connection to Paramount – the original copyright lines were left intact on Popeye cartoons (the Popeye cartoons have been restored for DVD release with the original Paramount titles).
As for distribution of the material Paramount itself still owns, it has been split in half, with Paramount themselves owning theatrical rights. But from 2006–2009, the library was distributed by CBS Television Distribution, the television distribution arm of CBS Paramount Television (now CBS Television Studios) – the films are now distributed by Trifecta Entertainment & Media on television.
U.M.&M./NTA/Republic:
Most of the Paramount cartoons and shorts went to various television distributors, with U.M.&M. T.V. Corp. acquiring the majority of the cartoons and live action short subjects released before October 1950 (exceptions are noted below), in 1955. Some lesser known features were included in this deal as well, such as It's a Wonderful Life.
U.M.&M. was later sold to National Telefilm Associates, or NTA for short. NTA changed its name to Republic Pictures (which was previously the name of a minor film studio, whose backlog had been sold to NTA) in 1986, sold to Spelling Entertainment, Inc. in 1994, and was sold to Viacom in 1999, hence all the material sold to U.M.&M. would return to Paramount (though, except for few other films, video rights belong to Lionsgate).
Popeye and Superman:
However, not all pre-10/50 Paramount cartoons went to U.M.&M. (to end up with Republic). The Popeye cartoons were sold to Associated Artists Productions in 1956, which also purchased most of the pre-1950 features and shorts by Warner Bros. Pictures. Meanwhile, the rights to the Superman cartoons returned to National Comics, who licensed the syndication rights to Flamingo Films, distributors of the Superman television series.
The Popeye cartoons passed on to United Artists in 1958 after its purchase of a.a.p., then to MGM in 1981 after they purchased UA. After Ted Turner failed in an attempt to buy MGM/UA Entertainment Co. in 1986, he settled for ownership of the library, which included the a.a.p. library. Turner Entertainment, the holding company for Turner's film library, would later be sold to Time Warner. Turner technically holds the rights to the Popeye cartoons today, but sales and distribution is in the hands of Warner Bros. Entertainment.
WB also owns Superman's publisher, DC Comics, and although the Superman cartoons are now in the public domain, WB owns the original film elements.
Harveytoons:
The rest of the post-September 1950 cartoons by Famous Studios that were released prior to April 1, 1962 (except some special releases) were sold to Harvey Comics, along with all rights to Famous' characters Casper the Friendly Ghost, Little Audrey, Herman and Katnip, et al., in 1958, which were retitled "Harveytoons" for television distribution after 1959 (beginning with their exposure on Matty's Funday Funnies), and are now owned by Classic Media. A few live-action short-subjects were apparently included in this package as well, as searches in the Library of Congress Copyright Catalog indicate.
When the talent agency Music Corporation of America (better known as MCA), then wielding major influence on Paramount policy, offered $50 million for 750 features released prior to December 1, 1949 (with payment to be spread over many years), a cash-strapped Paramount thought it had made the best possible deal. To address anti-trust concerns, MCA set up a separate company, EMKA, Ltd., to sell these films to television. The deal included such notable Paramount films as the early Marx Brothers films, most of the Bob Hope-Bing Crosby "Road" pictures, and such Oscar contenders as Double Indemnity, The Lost Weekend, and The Heiress.
MCA later admitted that over the next forty years it took in more than a billion dollars in rentals of these supposedly "worthless" pictures. MCA later purchased the US branch of Decca Records, which owned Universal Studios (now a part of NBCUniversal), and thus Universal now owns these films, though EMKA continues to hold the copyright and technically are part of the television unit of NBC Universal.
Some of these films would get remade by Universal in later years, either as theatrical releases (such as Meet Joe Black, a remake of Death Takes a Holiday), or for television. Yet a few other films became adapted by Revue Studios (now Universal Television) as television series.
- Paramount retained the rights to several films released between 1948 and 1949, including You Came Along, I Walk Alone, Sorry, Wrong Number, The Accused, Rope of Sand, My Friend Irma, Red, Hot and Blue, Top o' the Morning, Bride of Vengeance, Samson and Delilah and Dear Wife. Most of these were produced independently by Hal B. Wallis Productions, and picked up for distribution by Paramount.
- Several feature films ended up in Republic's possession (as stated above), yet others had been retained by Paramount due to other rights issues (such as The Buccaneer and The Miracle of Morgan's Creek – it is presumed these remained under Paramount ownership so that remakes could be filmed for release in 1958, without having to license the rights).
- Paramount has retained the rights to some of its silent films, including 1927's Wings, the first Academy Award winner for Best Picture, and Josef von Sternberg films Underworld, The Last Command, and The Docks of New York. However, many others are either lost or in the public domain (in fact, per US law, all films released before 1923 are in the public domain).
- Several pre-1950 talkies were sold to other studios for remakes, among them Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931) and Make Me a Star (1932) to MGM; The Letter (1929), A Farewell to Arms (1932) and One Sunday Afternoon (1933) to Warner Brothers; and "The Dance of Life (1929), The Story of Temple Drake (1933) and "Swing High, Swing Low (1937) to 20th Century Fox.
- Also excluded were several films in the Zane Grey western series, including To the Last Man (1932), that were licensed to a theatrical reissue distributor at the time of the MCA deal, as well as all the Hopalong Cassidy films purchased by star William Boyd, and are currently under the control of U.S. Television Office, founded by Boyd. The pre-1948 B-pictures from Pine-Thomas Productions were also sold off to TV syndicators before the MCA deal, as was Paramount's Bulldog Drummond series, the latter of which is now owned by Janus Films.
- Two Max Fleischer features, Gulliver's Travels (1939) and Hoppity Goes to Town (1941) were previously sold to NTA along with a few independent productions released by Paramount like One Third of a Nation (1939), as well as some features acquired by the studio after their theatrical release, including The Bells of St. Mary's (1945) and Good Sam (1947) (both originally distributed by RKO Radio Pictures).
- Paramount sold three features – I Married a Witch, The Crystal Ball and Young and Willing – to United Artists (along with five Harry Sherman-produced westerns and 13 Hopalong Cassidys) beginning in 1942 when that studio needed product to release, and Paramount had a surplus. These films would not end up under EMKA ownership. Except for the Cassidys, these are now owned by Castle Hill Productions, with video rights to some licensed to The Criterion Collection.
- Three series of shorts produced by Jerry Fairbanks- Unusual Occupations, Speaking of Animals, and Popular Science- are owned by Shields Pictures.
- All the Harold Lloyd features (silents and talkies) released by Paramount are owned by the Harold Lloyd Trust except for The Milky Way (1936), acquired by Samuel Goldwyn Productions for a remake and now in the public domain; and Professor Beware (1938), which is owned by EMKA/Universal Television.
- The Road to Rio (1947) and My Favorite Brunette (1948) were owned by Bob Hope Enterprises but fell into the public domain after their copyrights weren't renewed. However, the original elements are currently with Sony Pictures Entertainment (in partnership with FremantleMedia North America).
Rights to some of Paramount's films from 1950 onward would also change hands.
- Most notably, the rights to four Paramount films directed by Alfred Hitchcock – Rear Window (1954), The Trouble With Harry (1956), The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956), and Vertigo (1958) were owned by the director himself. In the early 1970s, Hitchcock pulled the remaining films out of circulation.
- Following Hitchcock's death, Universal, which had previously purchased the rights to Psycho (1960), eventually acquired the distribution rights to the four other films (along with a former WB feature, Rope) in 1983 from the Hitchcock estate (which still holds all other ancillary rights to these films—the estate is overseen by his daughter, Patricia);
- However, one Hitchcock film, To Catch a Thief (1955), is still under Paramount's ownership, since Paramount is the copyright owner of the film.
Paramount's association with the comedian Jerry Lewis, whose York Pictures Productions produced The Nutty Professor among other films, ended in the 1970s, and the rights to these films were given back to Lewis. As a consequence, the hit remake starring Eddie Murphy were released by Universal Pictures.
This reversion to Jerry Lewis resulted from a promise made by then-Paramount CEO Barney Balaban who gratuitously offered to give the rights back to Lewis as a birthday present. Paramount, however, has retained full distribution rights to the Lewis films under license from Lewis's company, York Pictures Corporation.[32]
One Paramount film, Becket is under different ownership. The film's copyright, originally registered by Paramount in 1964, was renewed by "Classic Photoplays, Inc." in 1992.[33] U.S. home video distribution rights have been licensed to MPI Home Video.
Paramount owned most rights to the Elvis Presley film Loving You, including distribution and partial ownership of its copyright.[34] NBC later acquired the rights to the film around the time it first aired on the network. NBC licensed television syndication rights to NBCUniversal Television Distribution and US video distribution to Lionsgate.
Some of Bob Hope's films originally released by Paramount (including The Seven Little Foys and The Lemon Drop Kid) were owned by Hope himself; the copyrights were later transferred to Columbia Pictures Television. Distribution rights are split between Sony Pictures Entertainment and FremantleMedia, both successors-in-interest to a joint venture called Colex Enterprises, which had consisted of respective predecessor companies CPT and LBS Communications. Hope's other films, My Favorite Brunette and Road to Bali, are in the public domain, but CPT has the original elements.
A number of films produced by independent companies and merely distributed by Paramount would also end up with other companies.
- Psycho, a Paramount release, was produced independently by Alfred Hitchcock's Shamley Productions. Hitchcock later sold Shamley to MCA in 1964, passing ownership of Psycho to Universal Pictures.
- The 1971 film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory was produced by Wolper Productions. Warner Bros. acquired the rights to the film from the film's financer The Quaker Oats Company in 1977 (around the same time they bought out Wolper itself), after Paramount no longer had any interest to own the distribution rights to the film due to the initial box office failure of Willy Wonka.
- The movie Seven Days in May now lies with Warner Bros., successor-in-interest to the film's production company, Seven Arts Productions. Some other Seven Arts projects released by Paramount in the mid-to-late 1960s also reverted to Warner while a few others, such as Assault on a Queen have been retained by Paramount.
- The De Laurentiis Entertainment Group library was initially distributed by Paramount in Canada, these films are also in the StudioCanal catalog, with MGM, Anchor Bay, and Fox each distributing some titles in North America).
- Paramount also no longer owns North American rights to Meatballs. US intellecutal property rights are owned by Lionsgate, as successor-in-interest to Canadian-financed films by producers John Dunning & Andre Link and their company Cinepix; Lionsgate has in turn licensed DVD rights to Sony Pictures Home Entertainment. Paramount still controls international rights, and picked up remake rights when Lionsgate put the project in turnaround.
- Lionsgate now controls most rights to the 1987 Vietnam War film Hamburger Hill through an equity investment Vestron Video made with its production outfit RKO Pictures, though Paramount retains TV and Internet rights.
- In 1947, the studio acquired Frank Capra's production company, Liberty Films, which produced only 2 films in the 1940s: It's a Wonderful Life, released originally by RKO Radio Pictures, and State of the Union, released originally by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (the latter made under Paramount ownership). Liberty Films was closed in April 1951 and the former film was sold to U.M.&M. T.V. Corp. and later NTA and is back under Paramount distribution, on behalf of Republic Pictures; EMKA/NBCUniversal owns the latter presently.
- In 2004, Paramount bought all worldwide distribution rights to the original 1975 version of The Stepford Wives (also released by Columbia), in connection with the release of the remake.
- The company owns DVD rights to many films produced by Full Moon Entertainment, due to a deal made with the company years before. Paramount also owns DVD rights to several films released by Miramax Films prior to that firm's acquisition by Disney in 1993, also a result of a deal.
- Paramount owns the film libraries of many other companies that were absorbed into Republic (see the Republic Pictures and Spelling Entertainment articles for more info), again with DVD rights licensed to Lionsgate;
- After its initial release, Paramount bought the worldwide distribution rights to Francis Ford Coppola's 1979 Vietnam War epic Apocalypse Now (on behalf of Coppola's company American Zoetrope). To fund the release of the "redux" version, Paramount and Coppola sold the international rights (to both the original and "redux" versions) to a joint venture of Miramax Films and StudioCanal. As a result, various other companies control the international distribution rights to Apocalypse Now (in some countries, each version has a different distrbutor). American Zoetrope has recently signed a distribution deal with Lionsgate. Lionsgate released the film on Blu-Ray on October 19, 2010.[35] After Miramax was sold, StudioCanal assumed some of its rights outside the US as well.
Paramount, through several transactions, acquired underlying TV and digital distribution rights to many films controlled by other companies for domestic theatrical and DVD distribution and/or other international rights.
- Through the merger with Viacom, they gained U.S. rights to the majority of the Cannon Films library (except Lifeforce, where some of said rights are owned by Sony via its initial US theatrical distribution by TriStar, once posting it on the website Crackle), owned for other media by MGM (who also posted Lifeforce on Hulu).
- Notably, this allowed Paramount to have some involvement in the Superman franchise for the first time since selling off the Fleischer/Famous cartoons. They gained television rights to the fourth Superman film as part of the Cannon library, as well as Superman III and Supergirl – both of which were produced by the Salkinds. The latter two titles are now owned by WB for all media, but Superman IV is still part of Paramount's library for over-the-air TV and digital rights (though WB did handle these rights for a three-year license 2006–09);
- The Viacom merger also gave Paramount the TV rights to the pre-1984 New World Pictures library, under license from Roger Corman, the company's founder;
- Paramount has also acquired (through Trifecta Entertanment & Media) the US TV and digital rights to most of the Carolco Pictures catalog, under license from StudioCanal, as a result of acquiring Spelling Entertainment Group, whose Worldvision Enterprises division had been distributing the Carolco library. Notable titles include the first three Rambo films, Basic Instinct, Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Angel Heart, Total Recall, L.A. Story, and The Doors;
- Paramount has TV and digital rights to some films in the Nelson Entertainment catalog, also as a result of the Viacom merger,[36] including the Bill & Ted films – all other rights, including Nelson's later films and the copyright to Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey, reside with MGM (several other Nelson films are owned by Paramount for TV and digital distribution through the Spelling merger, as Worldvision at one point had rights to some Nelson films as well);
- Paramount also has TV/digital rights to Dead Man Walking, originally from PolyGram Filmed Entertainment; MGM owns other ancillary rights.
These are just few examples of what Paramount controls only for TV and digital distribution. Television rights to Paramount's library, included properties owned outright, and those only for certain media, are currently held on Paramount's behalf by Trifecta Entertainment & Media (Trifecta had inherited this library from CBS Television Distribution in 2009).
In 2006, as mentioned earlier, Paramount became the parent of DreamWorks SKG. Soros Strategic Partners and Dune Entertainment II soon afterwards acquired controlling interest in the live-action films released through September 16, 2005, the latest film in this package was Just Like Heaven. The remaining live-action films through March 2006 remained under direct Paramount control.
However, Paramount does own distribution (and other ancillary) rights to the Soros/Dune films.
Even as DreamWorks switches distribution of live-action films that are not part of existing franchises to Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, Paramount will continue to own the films released before the merger, and the films that Paramount themselves distributed (including sequel rights; such films as Little Fockers will be distributed by Paramount and DreamWorks, since it is a sequel to an existing DreamWorks film – in this case, Meet the Parents and Meet the Fockers, though Paramount will only own international rights to this title, whereas Universal Studios will handle domestic distribution[37]).
As for the DreamWorks Animation library, it is likely that Paramount only owns distribution rights at present. The current contract is up after 2012. It is not known whether Paramount will continue its relationship with DreamWorks Animation after that point, especially with the above announcement by Paramount of their plans for their own inhouse animation department, but until then, DWA's films are part of Paramount's library.
Independent company Hollywood Classics now represents Paramount in the theatrical distribution of all the films produced by the various motion picture divisions of CBS over the years, as a result of the Viacom/CBS merger.
Paramount (via CBS DVD) has outright video distribution to the aforementioned CBS library with few exceptions-for example, the original Twilight Zone DVDs are handled by Image Entertainment. Until 2009, the video rights to My Fair Lady were with original theatrical distributor Warner Bros., under license from CBS (the video license to that film has now reverted to CBS DVD under Paramount).
The CBS-produced/owned films, unlike other films in Paramount's library, are still distributed by CBS Television Distribution on TV, and not by Trifecta Entertainment & Media, because CBS (or a subdivision) is the copyright holder for these films.
In early 2008, Paramount partnered with Los Angeles-based developer FanRocket to make short scenes taken from its film library available to users on Facebook. The application, called VooZoo, allows users to send movie clips to other Facebook users and to post clips on their profile pages.[38] Paramount engineered a similar deal with Makena Technologies to allow users of vMTV and There.com to view and send movie clips.[39]
Artist Dario Campanile standing in front of the artwork he created for Paramount Studios for their 75th Anniversary logo-redesign. The painting was used as the source for subsequent logo animation. The original is on display at Paramount Studios.
File:Paramount Logo.jpg
The Paramount logo used from Paramount's 90th anniversay in 2002 until late 2011. (This variation, introduced in 2010, has the "New Viacom" byline.)
The distinctively pyramidal Paramount mountain has been the company's logo since its inception and is the oldest surviving Hollywood film logo. The logo appeared at the start of many cartoons. In the sound era, the logo was accompanied by a fanfare called Paramount on Parade after the film of the same name, released in 1930. The words to the fanfare, originally sung in the 1930 film, were "Proud of the crowd that will never be loud, it's Paramount on Parade."
Legend has it that the mountain is based on a doodle made by W. W. Hodkinson during a meeting with Adolph Zukor. It is said to be based on the memories of his childhood in Utah. Some claim that Utah's Ben Lomond is the mountain Hodkinson doodled, and that Peru's Artesonraju[40] is the mountain in the live-action logo, while others claim that the Italian side of Monviso inspired the logo. Some editions of the logo bear a striking resemblance to the Pfeifferhorn,[41] another Wasatch Range peak.
The motion picture logo has gone through many changes over the years:
- The logo began as a somewhat indistinct charcoal rendering of the mountain ringed with superimposed stars. The logo originally had twenty-four stars, as a tribute to the then current system of contracts for actors, since Paramount had twenty-four stars signed at the time.
- In movies of the late 1920s and early '30s, the number of stars encircling the mountain sometimes varied. As an example, twenty-five stars are seen in the logo displayed at the end of the Marx Brothers The Cocoanuts (1929), and twenty-three are visible at the beginning of Horse Feathers (1932).
- In 1952, the logo was redesigned as a matte painting created by Jan Domela.
- A newer, more realistic-looking logo debuted in 1953 for Paramount films made in 3D. It was later reworked in 1954 for Paramount films made in widescreen process VistaVision. The text "VistaVision – Motion Picture High Fidelity" was often imposed over the Paramount logo briefly before dissolving into the title sequence. In 1968, the disclaimer "A Paramount Picture/Release" was shortened to "Paramount", and the byline "A Gulf+Western Company" appeared on the bottom. The logo was given yet another modification in 1974, with the number of stars being reduced to 22, and the Paramount text and Gulf+Western byline appearing in different fonts.
- A stylized version of the mountain was featured in Cecil B. DeMille's The Ten Commandments. The mountain retained its conical shape but with a red granite tone and a more angular summit under a red clouded sky to suggest the appearance of Mount Sinai for this single motion picture. Its circle of stars faded in with the announcement: "Paramount Presents – A Cecil B. DeMille Production."
- In 1975, the logo was simplified in a shade of blue, adopting the modified design of the 1968 print logo, which was in use for many decades afterward.
- The studio introduced a new logo in 1986 in preparation for their 75th anniversary, with a computer-generated lake and stars. This version of the Paramount logo was designed by Dario Campanile and animated by Apogee, Inc; for this logo, the stars would move across the screen into the arc shape instead of it being superimposed over the mountain as it was before. When Gulf + Western became Paramount Communications, and continuing until 2002, the Paramount logo would appear first followed by the underline and the byline beneath it. An enhanced version of this logo debuted in 1999.
- For the company's 90th anniversary, in 2002, a completely new version of the logo was introduced in which shooting stars would fall from a night sky to form the arc while the Paramount logo would fly into place between them. The Viacom byline was changed five years after the company's 2005 split.
- In December 2011, in celebration of the company's 100th anniversary, a new logo[42][43][44] was animated by Devastudios, Inc.[45] The new logo includes a surrounding mountain range and the sun shining in the background. Michael Giacchino composed the logo's new fanfare. The first film to introduce the 100th anniversary logo was Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol, only with a different fanfare. The logo will include the "100 Years" disclaimer until the beginning of 2013.[46]
Those wishing to visit Paramount can take daily studio tours. The tours operate Monday through Friday. Reservations are required, and can be made by calling the studio. Most of the buildings are named for historical Paramount executives or the many great artists that worked at Paramount over the years. Many of the legendary stars' dressing rooms are still standing today, converted into working offices. The stages where Samson and Delilah, Sunset Blvd., White Christmas, Rear Window, Sabrina, Breakfast at Tiffany's, and many other classic films were shot are still in use today. The studio's massive remaining backlot set, "New York Street", features numerous blocks of facades that depict a number of New York locales: "Washington Square", (where The Heiress, starring Olivia de Havilland, was shot) "Harlem", "Financial District", and others.
- ^ During this period, two companies named Viacom have owned Paramount. The original Viacom owned the studio until 2006, when the new Viacom (spun off from the old one, which was renamed CBS Corporation) assumed ownership of Paramount, along with MTV Networks and BET Networks.
- ^ "Motion Picture Association of America - About Us". MPAA. http://www.mpaa.org/about. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
- ^ Wu, Tim, The Master Switch : The Rise and Fall of Information Empires, New York : Alfred A. Knopf, 2010. ISBN 978-0-307-26993-5. Sections are on the film industry's early days and the then independent film studios such as Paramount.
- ^ "1926: THE NEW STUDIO | Paramount Pictures". Paramount.com. http://www.paramount.com/node/7664. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
- ^ "Filmsite.org". Filmsite.org. http://www.filmsite.org/shed.html. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
- ^ "Filmsite.org". Filmsite.org. http://www.filmsite.org/imno.html. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
- ^ "Mae-West.org". Mae-West.org. http://www.mae-west.org/old/mw.bio.html. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
- ^ GeoCities.com6[dead link]
- ^ 07:23 pm. "Forums.GoldenAgeCartoons.com". Forums.GoldenAgeCartoons.com. http://forums.goldenagecartoons.com/showthread.php?t=2907. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
- ^ Maltin, Leonard (1980, rev. 1987). Of Mice and Magic. New York: Plume. p. 311.
- ^ "Cobbles.com". Cobbles.com. http://www.cobbles.com/simpp_archive/united-detroit_paramount-history.htm. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
- ^ Spadoni, M. (June 2003). DuMont: America's First "Fourth Network". Television Heaven. Retrieved on December 28, 2006.
- ^ McDowell, W. (March 30, 2001). Remembering the DuMont Network: A Case Study Approach. College of Mass Communication and Media Arts. Southern Illinois University. Retrieved on December 28, 2006.
- ^ "Filmsite.org". Filmsite.org. http://www.filmsite.org/tenc.html. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
- ^ Evans, Robert (2006). The kid stays in the picture (1st New Millennium printing. ed.). Beverly Hills, Calif.: Phoenix Books. pp. xii. ISBN 1-59777-525-8.
- ^ Dick, Bernard F. (2001). Engulfed : the death of Paramount Pictures and the birth of corporate Hollywood. Lexington, Ky.: Univ. Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-2202-3.
- ^ "BSNpubs.com". BSNpubs.com. October 12, 2006. http://www.bsnpubs.com/dot/paramount.html. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
- ^ Delugach, Al (06 May 1989). "Viacom, Gulf & Western Discuss Merger". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/1989-05-06/business/fi-2144_1_five-television-and-eight-western-deal-sumner-m-redstone. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
- ^ Gregg Kilday (June 3, 2004). "HollywoodReporter.com". HollywoodReporter.com. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1000523764. Retrieved January 7, 2010. [dead link]
- ^ Susman, Gary (November 2, 2004). "EW.com". EW.com. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,750351,00.html. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
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- ^ "BoxOfficeMojo.com". BoxOfficeMojo.com. March 15, 1998. http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=titanic.htm. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
- ^ Meehan, Eileen R. (2005). Why TV is not our fault: television programming, viewers, and who's really in control. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 93. ISBN 0-7425-2486-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=SEtw4yGRjwUC&lpg=PA93&dq=%22star%20trek%22%20%22the%20franchise%22%20paramount&pg=PA93#v=onepage&q=%22star%20trek%22%20%22the%20franchise%22%20paramount&f=false.
- ^ Poe, Stephen Edward (1998). A Vision of the Future. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-671-53481-5.
- ^ Hoynes, David Croteau, William (2006). "3" (in English). The business of media : corporate media and the public interest (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge. p. 85. ISBN 1-4129-1315-2.
- ^ a b "Digital Cinema Initiatives (DCI) November 20, 2008 ERRATA TO DCI DIGITAL CINEMA SYSTEM SPECIFICATION, VERSION 1.2". Dcimovies.com. http://www.dcimovies.com/. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
- ^ Michael Cieply (October 6, 2008). "DreamWorks Executives Sever Ties With Paramount to Form a New Company". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/06/business/media/06dreamworks.html?ref=business.
- ^ "Paramount Unveiling Micro-Budget Arm: Insurge Pictures". Dreadcentral.com. 2010-03-11. http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/36354/paramount-unveiling-micro-budget-arm-insurge-pictures. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
- ^ "Hollywood Studio to Back Micro-Budget Movies". Indiewire.com. http://www.indiewire.com/article/hollywood_studio_boosts_micro-budget_movies/. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
- ^ "Paramount Pictures Announces Micro-Budget Unit Insurge Pictures". Bloody-disgusting.com. http://www.bloody-disgusting.com/news/19432. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
- ^ Aly Semigran (July 6, 2011). "Riding high off the success of 'Rango,' Paramount Pictures to launch in-house animation division". Entertainment Weekly. http://insidemovies.ew.com/2011/07/06/paramount-pictures-animation/.
- ^ Brown, Gene (1984). The New York Times Encyclopedia of Film: 1958-1963. New York City, NY, USA: Times Books.
- ^ Copyright renewal registration for Becket (December 7, 1992). United States Copyright Office.
- ^ Catalog of Copyright Entries, Third Series: Motion Pictures – July–December 1957, page 91. The Library of Congress, 1958.
- ^ "Apocalypse Now – DVDActive/News". Dvdactive.com. http://www.dvdactive.com/news/releases/apocalypse-now2.html. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
- ^ "Showtime Networks, Nelson Entertainment and Viacom in exclusive deal", PR Newswire, March 2, 1989
- ^ "Box Office Mojo". Box Office Mojo. http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=meetthefockerssequel.htm. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
- ^ Nakashima, Ryan (March 11, 2008). "Facebook app lets users send movie clips". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/tech/products/2008-03-11-3376706485_x.htm. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
- ^ Lang, Derrik J. (April 3, 2008). "Paramount to open virtual movie vault". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/2008-04-03-2435038588_x.htm. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
- ^ "Artesonraju – Climbing, Hiking & Mountaineering". SummitPost. http://www.summitpost.org/mountain/rock/150268/artesonraju.html. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
- ^ "Wasatch Alpine Classic". Summit Post. http://www.summitpost.org/trip-report/466312/wasatch-alpine-classic-north-ridge-pfeifferhorn-photo-trip-report-november-2008.html. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
- ^ "Paramount Unveils New Logo As Part Of 100th Anniversary Celebration" Deadline.com (December 14, 2011).
- ^ "Hollywood Reporter – Paramount Pictures Release 100th Anniversary Logo". Hollywoodreporter.com. 2011-12-14. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/mission-impossible-ghost-protocol-paramount-anniversary-logo-273798. Retrieved 2012-03-31.
- ^ "Press Release – Paramount Pictures Unveils New Logo In Celebration of the Studio's 100th Anniversary". Paramount.com. http://www.paramount.com/news/press-releases/paramount-pictures-unveils-new-logo-in-celebration-of-the-studio%27s-100th-anniversary. Retrieved 2012-03-31.
- ^ "Devastudios – Paramount Pictures". Devastudios.com. http://www.devastudios.com/. Retrieved 2012-03-31.
- ^ "Paramount 100 Years Logo Animation". Youtube.com. 2011-12-21. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JWb9v8OB8HA. Retrieved 2012-03-31.
- Berg, A. Scott. Goldwyn. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1989.
- DeMille, Cecil B. Autobiography. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1959.
- Dick, Bernard F. Engulfed: the death of Paramount Pictures and the birth of corporate Hollywood. Lexington, Kentucky: University of Press Kentucky Scholary, 2001.
- Eames, John Douglas, with additional text by Robert Abele. The Paramount Story: The Complete History of the Studio and Its Films. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002.
- Evans, Robert. The Kid Stays in the Picture. New York: Hyperion Press, 1994.
- Gabler, Neal. An Empire of Their Own: How the Jews Invented Hollywood. New York: Crown Publishers, 1988.
- Lasky, Jesse L. with Don Weldon, I Blow My Own Horn. Garden City NY: Doubleday, 1957.
- Mordden, Ethan. The Hollywood Studios. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1988.
- Schatz, Thomas. The Genius of the System. New York: Pantheon, 1988.
- Sklar, Robert. Movie-Made America. New York: Vintage, 1989.
- Zukor, Adolph, with Dale Kramer. The Public Is Never Wrong: The Autobiography of Adolph Zukor. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1953.
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$1.2 billion (2011)
