Quabbin Reservoir
November 2005
Location	Massachusetts
Coordinates	42°21′33″N 72°18′00″W / 42.35917°N 72.3°W / 42.35917; -72.3Coordinates: 42°21′33″N 72°18′00″W / 42.35917°N 72.3°W / 42.35917; -72.3
Lake type	Reservoir
Basin countries	United States
Max. length	18 mi (28.9 km)
Surface area	38.6 mi² (99.97 km²)
Average depth	51 ft (16 m)
Max. depth	150 ft (46 m)
Water volume	412,000,000,000 US gal (1.56 km3)
Shore length1	181 mi (189.9 km)
Surface elevation	522 ft (159 m)
Settlements	Belchertown
1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure.

The Quabbin Reservoir is the largest inland body of water in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and was built between 1930 and 1939. Today along with the Wachusett Reservoir, it is the primary water supply for Boston, some 65 miles (105 km) to the east, as well as 40 other communities in Greater Boston. It also supplies water to three towns west of the reservoir and acts as backup supply for three others.^[1] It has an aggregate capacity of 412 billion US gallons (1.56 km³) and an area of 38.6 square miles (99.9 km²). Quabbin Reservoir water flows to the Wachusett Reservoir using the Quabbin Aqueduct. The Quabbin watershed is managed by the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation, while the water supply system is operated by the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority. The Winsor Dam and the Goodnough Dike form the reservoir from impoundments of the three branches of the Swift River. The Quabbin Reservoir is part of the Chicopee River Watershed, which in turn feeds the Connecticut River.

History[link]

Demand for water exceeds local supplies[link]

Metropolitan Boston's demands for fresh water began to outstrip its local supplies in the early part of the nineteenth century. Many possible sources of water were explored, including groundwater and rivers, but none were considered adequate in quantity and cleanliness to meet the needs of the rapidly growing city. After several years of controversy, the Massachusetts General Court (the official name of the state legislature) authorized the construction of the Cochituate Aqueduct to bring water to Boston from Lake Cochituate in Wayland and Natick.

This established three important policies, which remain in force today:

1. Public, rather than private, ownership of the public water supply system.
2. Use of upland reservoirs, with gravity-fed rather than pumped supply systems.
3. Watershed protection, rather than filtration, as the primary mechanism of ensuring wholesome supplies.

By 1875, with demand again on the verge of exceeding supply, the Boston Water Board was established to take over the operations of the Cochituate Water Board, construct five new reservoirs on the Sudbury River in Framingham, Massachusetts, and a new Sudbury Aqueduct to deliver that water to the city.

Recommendation for establishment and related construction[link]

In 1895, the Massachusetts Board of Health issued a report analyzing population and water-use trends, and recommended the creation of a Metropolitan Water District, serving several suburban communities in addition to Boston, and the construction of two new reservoirs: one on the Nashua River northeast of Worcester, and one in the Swift River Valley.

The General Court acted to establish the Metropolitan Water District, including 26 communities within ten miles (16 km) of the Massachusetts State House, later in 1895. The Wachusett Reservoir was completed in 1908. The Board of Health study had anticipated that Swift River water would be required by 1915, but this prediction had proven overly pessimistic. The introduction of mandatory water metering in Water District communities, and other efforts to reduce waste and inefficient uses, made it possible to delay construction of new water sources until the 1930s.

Frank E. Winsor was chief engineer for the Metropolitan Water District from 1926 until his death in 1939. He was closely involved in the design and construction of Winsor Dam, Goodnough Dike and the Quabbin Reservoir. Winsor Dam is named for him.^[2] He had previously been chief engineer for the building of the Scituate Reservoir in Rhode Island.

A 1922 study officially endorsed the Swift River Valley as the next extension of the water system and created the Metropolitan District Commission (MDC), now the Massachusetts Water Resource Authority (MWRA), to oversee the construction and maintain the system after its completion. In 1926, construction began on the first stage of the project, a tunnel connecting Wachusett Reservoir with the Ware River. This is called the Ware River Diversion. During the 1930s, this tunnel was extended to the Swift River. The complete tunnel is now known as the Quabbin Aqueduct.

Opposition[link]

Although the project was enthusiastically supported by lawmakers in the Boston area, it was bitterly opposed by residents of the affected towns, who took their case all the way to the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, but lost.^{[citation needed]} The state of Connecticut sued Massachusetts, claiming waters that were rightfully meant to flow into the Connecticut River and subsequently through their state, were being illegally diverted. The lawsuit was unsuccessful, but Massachusetts was still bound by discharge minimums set under the regulatory authority of the Secretary of War over navigable waters.^[3]

Reservoir formed[link]

Before the reservoir’s construction, there was a hill in Enfield called Quabbin Hill and a lake in Greenwich called Quabbin Lake. Named for a Native American chief called Nani-Quaben, meaning place of many waters, these became the basis for naming the new reservoir. The Quabbin was formed by inundating the Swift River Valley, a drainage basin lying entirely within the state, by damming the river and a col, through which Beaver Brook would have otherwise provided another outlet for its water. When construction began in 1936 the Swift River was redirected from its riverbed through a diversion tunnel. On August 14, 1939, that tunnel was sealed with rock. Over the next seven years the waters of the Quabbin Reservoir slowly rose behind the newly completed Winsor Dam, an earth-filled structure 2,640 feet (800 m) long, rising 170 feet (52 m) above the riverbed, and the slightly smaller Goodnough Dike. The water gradually submerged the roads that had linked the towns. It swallowed all but the peaks of about sixty hills and mountains, transforming Prescott Ridge into Prescott Peninsula.

During the time in which the reservoir was forming, the eventual bed of the reservoir was used as the Quabbin Reservoir Precision Bombing and Gunnery Range. The range was used by planes from both Hanscom Army Air Field and Westover Army Air Field.

Towns disincorporated[link]

The Quabbin's creation required the flooding, and thus the disincorporation, in April 1938, of four towns: Dana (located in Worcester County), Enfield, Greenwich, and Prescott (all located in Hampshire County). The land remaining from the disincorporated towns was added to surrounding municipalities, including Belchertown, Pelham, New Salem, Petersham, Hardwick and Ware. One additional town on the reservoir is Shutesbury, in Franklin County. Because of New Salem's annexation of the Prescott Peninsula, a large wedge of land shifted from Hampshire County to Franklin County. Today, the majority of the reservoir lies in either New Salem or Petersham.

In addition, thirty-six miles of the Boston and Albany Railroad's Athol Branch were abandoned (originally the Springfield, Athol and Northeastern Railroad). Route 21, formerly reaching Athol, was truncated to the south side of the reservoir, and new roads—now US 202 and Route 32A—were built on each side.

When the buildings in the towns flooded by the reservoir were destroyed, the cellars were left intact. Old roads that once led to the flooded towns can be followed to the water's edge. Not all elements of the towns were flooded, however. Town memorials and cemeteries in the four towns were moved to Quabbin Park Cemetery, located on Route 9 in Ware, just off the Quabbin's lands. Many other public buildings were moved to other locations. For example, the Prescott First Congregational Church was moved to South Hadley. ^[4]

Three student housing facilities at Hampshire College in Amherst are named after the discontinued towns of Greenwich, Prescott, and Enfield. In addition, Hampshire College named another facility on its campus Dana House after the other discontinued town of Dana.

Four residence halls at nearby the Eagle Hill School are also named for the four towns - Greenwich, Prescott, Dana and Enfield.

Chicopee Valley Aqueduct[link]

In 1947, the Massachusetts Legislature authorized the construction of the Chicopee Valley Aqueduct to deliver Quabbin water to three communities in Western Massachusetts: Chicopee, South Hadley, and Wilbraham. In 1951, with the Quabbin-Wachusett system sufficient to meet foreseeable needs, the Cochituate Aqueduct was abandoned, and the Framingham reservoir system was placed on emergency stand-by.

Present day[link]

Because of state restrictions, most areas around the reservoir are accessible only by foot, through fifty-five surrounding gates. Few people ever go into the deep woods, and it has become a wildlife area. Bald eagles, moose, deer, coyotes, black bears, foxes, and bobcats share the habitat, among others. Large portions of Dana are on higher ground, and its remains, predominantly cellar holes, as well as the former town green (where a historic stone marker was placed) can be visited. Much of Prescott is also above water, on what is now known as the Prescott Peninsula, but it cannot be visited because of state restrictions, although there is an annual tour of the town conducted by the Swift River Valley Historical Society. A few houses and roads exist which were once part of North Prescott (now New Salem), and there is a town line marker just north of the gates, indicating the former town line for Prescott. Cellar holes have been filled near the center of what was once Prescott to accommodate the Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory operated by the University of Massachusetts Amherst.

Recreation[link]

Fishing is allowed in designated areas in the northern portions of the reservoir. There is a visitor center south of the reservoir, as well as an observation tower, and Enfield Lookout. This area is accessible by car from the south using State Route 9. The reservation is a popular spot for hiking and other outdoor activities. This area was formerly part of the town of Enfield, which was annexed by Belchertown.

Popular culture[link]

The novel Someday by Jackie French Koller (Orchard, 2002, ISBN 0-439-29317-0) is based on the eviction (1938) of the remaining residents of Enfield.

The novel Stillwater by former Massachusetts governor William F. Weld (Harvest Books, 2003, ISBN 0-15-602723-2) depicts the flooding of the Swift River Valley and the creation of the reservoir through the eyes of the novel's 15-year-old protagonist, Jamieson Kooby.

The children's picture book Letting Swift River Go by Jane Yolen is about the creating of the reservoir through the eyes of a young girl who lives in one of the towns "drowned" to provide water for Boston.

The reservoir is featured as a prominent plot element and set in the 2003 movie Dreamcatcher, based on the Stephen King novel.

Mark Erelli wrote a song, "The Farewell Ball", which was released on the 2004 album Hillbilly Pilgrim. It tells the story of the last night of Enfield.

H.P. Lovecraft, an American science fiction and horror writer, wrote "Dunwich Horror" and "The Color Out of Space", two short stories which took place in the valley before it was flooded for the reservoir.^[5]

The fortyfifth issue of the comic series Tales of TMNT Vol. 2 entitled "Rocks" by Jim Lawson the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle Donatello recites a tale of the Quabbin River flood and are attacked by monsters that draw heavily from Lovecraft stories.

The novel The Forms of Water by Andrea Barrett (Pocket Books, 1993, ISBN 0-671-79521-X) describes the uprooting of valley dwellers during a flood to create a reservoir. Although Barrett adopts the fictitious name Paradise Valley, it is clear that she is referring to the Swift River Valley. Barrett uses the name Stillwater Reservoir as her fictional equivalent for the Quabbin Reservoir.

Western Massachusetts based Pioneer Valley Roller Derby (http://pioneervalleyrollerderby.com/), the first co-ed roller derby league in the country, named one of their women's home teams the Quabbin Missile Crisis.

The poem "Quabbin Reservoir" by J.R. Greene expresses some of the emotions behind the circumstances of creation of the Quabbin.

See also[link]

• Quabbin Valley

Notes[link]

Further reading[link]

• Tougias, Michael. Quabbin: A History and Explorer's Guide. Yarmouth Port, Massachusetts: On Cape Publications, 2002. OCLC 50812740.

External links[link]

• Map showing the towns buried under Quabbin as they looked in 1903 with original house locations and current reservoir water level
• Interactive Map Interactive version of the 1903 map above (showing the towns buried under Quabbin as they looked in 1903 with original house locations and current reservoir water level)
• The Quabbin, a WBUR documentary about the creation of the Quabbin Reservoir and the people who were displaced.
• Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation, Quabbin Reservoir, accessed on 2005-10-20
• Massachusetts Water Resources Authority, Water System History, accessed on 2005-10-20
• A History of the Development of the Metropolitan District Commission Water Supply System
• Court order and statement of facts about MWRA facilities, addresses conditions far from Quabbin source 1999-5-13
• Technical Information on Winsor Dam
• History of providing water for Greater Boston
• The Swift River Valley Historical Society

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2012)

"11:59" is the 117th episode of Star Trek: Voyager, the 23rd episode of the fifth season. As of November 13, 2009 the episode had an average rating of 61% on the official Star Trek website^[1] and 67% on the Internet Movie Database.^[2]

Plot[link]

Neelix becomes interested in Earth history, spurring research about an ancestor of Captain Janeway named Shannon O'Donnell who was alive at the turn of the 21st century who she believed single-handidly fought to complete the Millenium Gate tower project at the turn of the 20th century, and would later be part of NASA's missions to Mars. Neelix, prompted by Janeway, proceeds to track down further information on Shannon.

Neelix discovers that Janeway's information was incorrect: Shannon was a traveler that happened to have her car break down in the small town where the Millennium gate was to be built. The intent has caused most of the business in town to leave, save for a bookstore owned by Henry Janeway, who refuses to sell the store to make way for the project. Shannon joins Henry in the opposition, and learns that if Henry refuses to sell, the project would have to be moved to a new location. The two also develop a bond during this time. As it turns out, Shannon had been hired by the company to try to convince Henry to leave before the 11:59 deadline on New Year's Eve. When Henry discovers this, he asks her to leave, but as she drives away, she turns around, and trying another approach to convincing Henry to sell. He eventually relents at the very last minute, selling his bookstore to allow the tower to go forward.

When Janeway learns the truth about Shannon, who was never a NASA astronaut, she becomes despondent, as Shannon was her childhood hero to convince her to join Starfleet. However, Neelix has provided a surprise: a gathering of the senior crew to celebrate their ancestors, and presenting Janeway with a photograph of the elderly Shannon, after she had married Henry and raised their extended family together. Janeway realizes that the revelation about Shannon shouldn't impact what she's done with her own life.

Note[link]

• Reference is made to the Y2K glitch which failed to turn out a light bulb. This episode was filmed and aired in 1999, and the prediction was nearly correct, as only a few minor incidents were associated with Y2K.^{[original research?]}

References[link]

External links[link]

• 11:59 at the Internet Movie Database
• "11:59" at TV.com
• 11:59 at Memory Alpha (a Star Trek wiki)
• 11:59 at StarTrek.com