James Bevel
Born	October 19, 1936 Itta Bena, Mississippi
Died	December 19, 2008(2008-12-19) (aged 72) Springfield, Virginia

James L. Bevel (October 19, 1936 – December 19, 2008) was an American minister and leader of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement who, as the Director of Direct Action and Director of Nonviolent Education of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) initiated, strategized, directed, and developed SCLC's three major successes of the era:^[1] the 1963 Birmingham Children's Crusade, the 1965 Selma Voting Rights Movement, and the 1966 Chicago Open Housing Movement.^[2] James Bevel also called for and initially organized the 1963 March on Washington^[3] and initiated and strategized the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches, SCLC's two main public gatherings of the era. For his work in the 1960s he has been referred to as the "Father of Voting Rights",^[4][5] the "Strategist and Architect of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement",^[6][7] and as half of the Bevel/King team that formulated and communicated the actions, issues, and dialogues which created the historical changes of the era.^[8][9]

Prior to his time with SCLC, Bevel worked in the Nashville Student Movement, where he participated in the 1960 Nashville Sit-In movement, directed the 1961 Open Theater Movement, chose the riders for the 1961 Nashville Student Movement continuation of the Freedom Rides, and initiated and directed the Mississippi Voting Rights Movement. Later, in 1967, he took a leave from SCLC to direct the Anti-Vietnam War Movement, and in 1995 co-initiated the Day of Atonement/Million Man March.

Having been accused of incest by one of his daughters and denying the charge, Bevel was convicted of unlawful fornication in April 2008 and sentenced to 15 years in prison. After serving seven months, he was freed on bail to appeal, and died of pancreatic cancer in December 2008. He was buried in a 17-foot canoe in a small country cemetery in Eutaw, Alabama. Bevel was married four times and had 16 children.^{[citation needed]}

Early life and education[link]

Born in Itta Bena, Mississippi, Bevel grew up and worked on a plantation, received schooling in Mississippi and Cleveland, Ohio, and served in the Navy for a time. He attended the American Baptist Theological Seminary in Nashville, Tennessee from 1957 to 1961,^[10] and while attending college re-read Leo Tolstoy's The Kingdom of God is Within You (he had first read it while in the Navy and which directly led to his decision to leave the military). Bevel also read several of Mohandas Gandhi's books and newspapers while taking workshops on Gandhian nonviolence taught by Rev. James Lawson. Bevel also attended workshops at the Highlander Folk School taught by its founder, Myles Horton.

Nashville Student Movement, SNCC involvement in Selma[link]

In 1960, with several of James Lawson's and Myles Horton's other students — Bernard Lafayette, John Lewis, Diane Nash and others — Bevel participated in the 1960 Nashville Sit-In Movement, which desegregated the city's lunch counters. After the success of this early movement action, James Bevel strategized and directed the 1961 Nashville Open Theater Movement, and then coordinating the Nashville students continuation of the 1961 Freedom Rides, organized and led by Nash.

While in jail in Mississippi at the end of the Freedom Rides, Bevel and Lafayette initiated the Mississippi Voting Rights Movement, and they, Nash, and others stayed in Mississippi to work on what soon became known as the Mississippi Freedom Movement. Earlier, the Nashville students and others developed the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), and Bevel, Nash, Lafayette, and Lafayette's wife, Colia Lidell, opened a project in Selma, Alabama, to assist the work of local organizers like Amelia Boynton.

1962 Bevel/King Agreement[link]

In 1962, after several successful years working on and organizing within the Nashville Student Movement, James Bevel was invited to meet with Martin Luther King, Jr. in Atlanta.^[9][11] At that meeting, which had been suggested by James Lawson,^[9] Bevel and King agreed to work together, on an equal basis, on projects under the auspices of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) which would end segregation, obtain voting rights, and assure quality education for all American children.^[9][11] They agreed to not stop until these steps occurred, and also to ask for funding for SCLC only if the group was involved in organizing a movement.^[9][11]

Bevel soon became SCLC's Director of Direct Action and Director of Nonviolent Education, and King remained SCLC's chairman and spokesperson.

1963 Birmingham Children's Crusade and its planned March on Washington[link]

In 1963, after SCLC agreed to assist one of its founders, Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth, and others in their work on a movement in Birmingham, Alabama, James Bevel came up with the idea of using children in the campaign. He spent weeks strategizing, organizing and educating Birmingham's elementary and high school students in the philosophy and techniques of nonviolence, and then directed them to meet at and march from Birmingham's 16th Street Baptist Church to Birmingham's City Hall to talk to its Mayor about segregation in the city. This action culminated in international public outrage over the cities use of fire hoses and dogs to stop the children from marching to City Hall.

During the Birmingham Children's Crusade, President John F. Kennedy asked King to stop involving children in the campaign. King told Bevel to not use the students anymore, but instead, Bevel told King he would not stop the action,^[3] went directly to the children, and asked them to prepare to take to the highways on a march to Washington to question Kennedy about correcting the problem of segregation in America.^[3] The Kennedy administration, hearing of this plan, asked SCLC's leaders what they would want to see in a comprehensive civil rights bill, which was then written-up and agreed to by SCLC's leadership, thus ending the need for the children of Birmingham to march the highways to Washington.

Shortly thereafter, in August 1963, SCLC participated in what has become known as the March on Washington, an event organized by labor leader A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin, who had been the original planners (with A. J. Muste) of the 1941 March on Washington. Just as the "threat" of the children marching along the highway from Birmingham to Washington led directly to the 1964 Civil Rights Act, the threat of the 1941 march led President Franklin Roosevelt to sign the Fair Employment Act, and neither march was actually held.

The Alabama Project and the 1965 Selma Voting Rights Movement[link]

James Bevel's plan for a march from Selma to Montgomery resulted in "Bloody Sunday". The next march was successfully completed without obstruction.

Weeks after the March On Washington, in September 1963, a bomb at the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham killed four young girls attending Sunday School. Bevel responded by proposing the Alabama Voting Rights Project, co-wrote the project proposal with his then wife, Diane Nash, and the two soon moved to Alabama and began to implement the project along with Birmingham student activist James Orange. Starting in late 1963 Bevel, Nash and Orange organized the voting rights movement in Alabama until, in late 1964, SCLC and Dr. King (SCLC's Board and King had opposed and did not work on the Alabama Project) came to Selma to work alongside their Alabama Voting Rights Project,^[12] and SNCC's Voting Rights Project (headed at that time by Reverend Prathia Hall and Worth Long - Bernard Lafayette had been its first chairman). The Bevel/Nash Alabama Project and its SNCC counterpart then became collectively known as the Selma Voting Rights Movement.

The Selma Voting Rights Movement officially began in early January, 1965, grew, and had some successes. Then, on February 16, 1965, a young man, Jimmie Lee Jackson, went with his mother and grandfather to participate in a nighttime march led by Reverend C. T. Vivian to free James Orange, who was being held in jail in Marion, Alabama. After the street lights were turned off Jackson was shot in the stomach while defending his mother from an attack by the Alabama State Troopers, and he died a few days later.

When Bevel heard of Jackson's death he called for a march from Selma to Montgomery to talk to Governor George Wallace about the attack in which Jackson was shot.^[9] During the first march a large group of marchers — including SNCC Chairman John Lewis and Amelia Boynton — were bludgeoned and tear-gassed on the Edmund Pettus Bridge on what then became known as "Bloody Sunday". After a court order by Judge Frank Johnson cleared the way for the march, hundreds of religious, labor and civic leaders, and many celebrities and citizens alike, walked the 54 miles from Selma to Montgomery. Before this final march occurred, President Lyndon Johnson had gone on national television to address a joint session of Congress and demanded that it pass a comprehensive Voting Rights Act.

Because of the unprecedented success of the 1963-1965 Alabama Project, in 1965 SCLC gave its highest honor—the Rosa Parks Award—to James Bevel and Diane Nash.

The 1966 Chicago Open Housing Movement and the Anti-Vietnam War Movement[link]

In 1966, Bevel chose Chicago as the site of SCLC's long-awaited Northern Campaign.^[13] There he at first worked on "ending" slums, and created tenent unions, and then, choosing the main theme of the action—from previous discussions and agreements with Dr. King and from the ideas and work of American Friends Service Committee activist Bill Moyer--strategized, organized, and directed the Chicago Open Housing Movement. This movement ended within a Summit Conference which included Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley.

As the Chicago movement neared its conclusion A.J. Muste, David Dellinger, representatives of North Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh, and others asked Rev. Bevel to take over the directorship of the Spring Mobilization Committee Against the War in Vietnam.^[14] After researching the war, and after getting Dr. King's agreement to work with him on this project, Bevel agreed to lead the antiwar effort. He renamed the organization the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, brought many diverse groups into the movement, and strategized and organized the April 15, 1967 march from Central Park to the United Nations Building. It became the largest demonstration in American history to that date. During his speech to the crowd that day, Bevel called for a larger march in Washington D.C., a plan which evolved into the October 1967 March on the Pentagon.

Bevel, who witnessed King's assassination on April 4, 1968, reminded SCLC's executive board and staff that evening that Dr. King had left "marching orders" that if anything should happen to him Rev. Ralph Abernathy should take his place as SCLC's Chairman.^[15] Bevel opposed SCLC's next action, the 1969 Poor People's Campaign, but in order to handle any problems which may have occurred he took on the role of its Director of Nonviolent Education.

1984 Congressional bid[link]

Bevel ran as the Republican candidate for Illinois' 7th Congressional District in 1984.

Moon and LaRouche involvements[link]

In 1989 Bevel, together with Ralph Abernathy, organized the National Committee Against Religious Bigotry and Racism, a group backed by the Unification Church of Sun Myung Moon.^[16][17] Bevel denounced the deprogramming of a Moon follower as reminiscent of the "pre-civil rights mentality" and called for the protection of religious rights.^[18] In 1987 Bevel had taken part in a public protest against the Chicago Tribune because of that newspaper's use of the word "Moonies" when referring to Unification Church members. Bevel handed out fliers at the protest which said: "Are the Moonies our new niggers?"^[19]

Bevel moved to Omaha, Nebraska, in November 1990 as the leader of the "Citizens Fact-Finding Commission to Investigate Human Rights Violations of Children in Nebraska", a group organized by the Schiller Institute.^[20] The group, associated with economist and conspiracy theorist Lyndon LaRouche, distributed petitions seeking to reopen the state legislature's two-year investigation into the Franklin child prostitution ring allegations. Bevel never submitted the collected petitions and left the state the following summer.^[21] In 1992, Bevel ran as the vice presidential candidate on LaRouche's ticket while that perennial candidate was serving a prison sentence for mail fraud and tax evasion.^[22] He engaged in LaRouche seminars on issues like "Is the Anti Defamation League the new KKK?"^[23] When he introduced LaRouche to a convention of the National African American Leadership Summit in 1996, both men were booed off the stage and a fight broke out between LaRouche supporters and black nationalists.^[24]

1995 Day of Atonement/Million Man March[link]

Louis Farakhan credits Bevel with helping to formulate the 1995 Day of Atonement/Million Man March in Washington, D.C.^[25] Its main sponsor was the Nation of Islam.^[26]

Criminal charges[link]

In May 2007, Bevel was arrested in Alabama on charges of incest committed sometime between October 1992 and October 1994 in Loudoun County, Virginia; Bevel was living in Leesburg, Virginia at the time and working with LaRouche's group, whose international headquarters was a few blocks from Bevel's apartment.

The accuser, one of his daughters, was 13–15 years old at the time, and lived with him in the Leesburg apartment. Three of his other daughters have also alleged that Bevel sexually abused them, although not with intercourse. Charged with one-count of unlawful fornication in Virginia, which has no statute of limitations for incest, Bevel pleaded innocent and continued to deny the main accusation. His four-day trial in April, 2008, included "testimony about Bevel's philosophies for eradicating lust, and parents' duties to sexually orient their children". During the trial, the accusing daughter testified that she was repeatedly molested beginning when she was six years old.^[27][28][29]

During the trial, prosecutors used as key evidence against Bevel a 2005 police-sting telephone call recorded by the Leesburg, Virginia police without his knowledge.^[30] During that 90-minute call, Bevel's daughter asked him why he had sex with her the one time in 1993, and she asked him why he wanted her to use a vaginal douche afterward.^[30] Bevel's response to his daughter was that he had no interest in getting her pregnant.^[30] Bevel's statement was used against him during the trial after he denied committing the sexual act.^[30]

On April 10, 2008, after a three-hour deliberation, the jury found Bevel guilty, his bond was revoked, and he was taken into custody.^[31] The judge sentenced him on October 15, 2008, to 15 years in prison and fined him $50,000. After the verdict, Bevel claimed that the charges were part of a conspiracy to destroy his reputation, and said that he might appeal. He received an appeal bond on November 4, 2008 and was released from jail three days later, six weeks before his death from pancreatic cancer, at age 72, in a hospice home in Springfield, Virginia manned by his wife Erica and his daughter Sherri.^{[citation needed]}

Bevel's attorney requested that the Court of Appeals of Virginia abate the conviction (effectively clearing Bevel's name) on account of his death. The Court of Appeals remanded the case to the trial court to determine whether there was good cause not to abate the conviction. The trial court found that abating the conviction would deny the victim the closure that she sought and denied the motion to abate. The Court of Appeals affirmed this judgment. Bevel's attorney appealed the denial of the abatement motion to the Supreme Court of Virginia. In an opinion issued November 4, 2011, the Supreme Court held that abatement of criminal convictions was not available in Virginia under the circumstances of Bevel's case and, because the executor of Bevel's estate had not sought to prosecute the appeal, the Court affirmed the conviction.^[32]

See also[link]

• List of civil rights leaders
• Timeline of the African-American Civil Rights Movement

Notes[link]

References[link]

• "James L. Bevel, The Strategist of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement", a 1984 paper by Randy Kryn, published with a 1988 addendum by Kryn in Prof. David Garrow's "We Shall Overcome Volume II" (Carlson Publishing Company 1989)
• "Revision of 1960s Civil Rights Movement History" by Randy Kryn, May, 2000
• "Movement Revision Research Summary Regarding James Bevel", by Randy Kryn, October, 2005, published and put on the internet by Middlebury College.
• "Advocate of the People's Rights: James Luther Bevel, The Right To Vote Movement", compiled by Helen L. Edmond, 2007 (Lulu.com)

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: James Bevel

• James Bevel's website
• 2005 Research paper on James Bevel by Randy Kryn referenced on the page
• The History Makers: Rev. James Bevel
• James Bevel profile The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute
• James Bevel and the Right To Vote Movement
• Statements by Rev. James L. Bevel, The Freedom Rides (see request for download at bottom of page). From the Helen L. Bevel Archives.
• Rev. James Bevel speaks about Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s commitment in Birmingham, AL, From the Helen L. Bevel Archives

v t e Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Family Kasturba Harilal Manilal Ramdas Devdas Samaldas Arun Rajmohan Tushar Gopalkrishna Influences Ahimsa Ashram Bhagavad Gita Henry David Thoreau Civil disobedience Fasting Hinduism Jainism John Ruskin Leo Tolstoy The Kingdom of God Is Within You The Masque of Anarchy Pacifism Sermon on the Mount Shrimad Rajchandra Unto This Last Vegetarianism Life Civil rights movement in South Africa Bardoli Satyagraha Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha Non-cooperation Chauri Chaura Purna Swaraj Salt Satyagraha Vaikom Satyagraha Poona Pact Quit India Assassination Philosophy Gandhism Economics Sarvodaya Satyagraha The Story of My Experiments with Truth Swadeshi Swaraj Associates Vinoba Bhave Vallabhbhai Patel Acharya Kripalani Mirabehn C. F. Andrews Narhari Parikh Ravi Shankar Vyas Mohanlal Pandya Mahadev Desai Abbas Tyabji Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Dada Dharmadhikari J. C. Kumarappa Hermann Kallenbach Legacy Artistic depictions Gandhigiri Gandhi Peace Prize Gujarat Vidyapith Jamia Millia Islamia Kashi Vidyapeeth Memorial Hospital Seven Blunders of the World Influenced James Bevel Steve Biko 14th Dalai Lama Maria Lacerda de Moura James Lawson Martin Luther King, Jr. Nelson Mandela Aung San Suu Kyi Lanza del Vasto Memorials Physical Gandhi Smriti Kanyakumari Martin Luther King, Jr., National Historic Site National Gandhi Museum Pietermaritzburg Rajghat Observances Gandhi Jayanti International Day of Non-Violence Season for Nonviolence Category Commons Wikiquotes

v t e LaRouche movement History Lyndon LaRouche Views of Lyndon LaRouche LaRouche criminal trials Lyndon LaRouche U.S. Presidential campaigns Organizations Bürgerrechtsbewegung Solidarität Citizens Electoral Council European Workers Party Executive Intelligence Review LaRouche movement National Caucus of Labor Committees Schiller Institute Worldwide LaRouche Youth Movement Defunct California Proposition 64 (1986) Fusion Energy Foundation North American Labour Party Party for the Commonwealth of Canada U.S. Labor Party Members Robert Beltran James Bevel Michael Billington Amelia Boynton Robinson Norbert Brainin Anton Chaitkin Jacques Cheminade Billy Davis Sergey Glazyev Janice Hart Hulan Jack Kenneth Kronberg Stanislav Menshikov Theo Mitchell Robert James Moon Kesha Rogers Nataliya Vitrenko William Warfield Frederick Wills Helga Zepp-LaRouche Critics Chip Berlet Daniel Patrick Moynihan John Rees Mike Royko People separated from the movement Nicholas F. Benton Robert Dreyfuss F. William Engdahl Laurent Murawiec Webster Tarpley Related persons Jeremiah Duggan J. Gordon Edwards (entomologist and mountaineer) Daniel Estulin Erik R. Fleming Roy Frankhouser Victor Gunnarsson Zbigniew Jaworowski Gordon M. Johnson Karen Kwiatkowski Eric Lerner Friedwardt Winterberg Book:LaRouche movement Politics portal Wiktionary Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikisource Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiversity

James Earl Ray
Mug shot of Ray taken in 1955
Born	(1928-03-10)March 10, 1928 Alton, Illinois, US
Died	April 23, 1998(1998-04-23) (aged 70) Nashville, Tennessee
Conviction(s)	Murder, prison escape, armed robbery, burglary
Penalty	99 years imprisonment (one year was added after his re-capture for a total of 100 years)
Status	deceased
Spouse	Anna Sandhu (divorced)
Parents	James Gerald Ray

James Earl Ray (March 10, 1928 – April 23, 1998) was an American criminal convicted of the assassination of civil rights and anti-war activist Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

Ray was convicted on March 10, 1969, after entering a guilty plea to forgo a jury trial. Had he been found guilty by jury trial, he would have been eligible for the death penalty.^[1] He was sentenced to 99 years in prison. He later recanted his confession and tried unsuccessfully to gain a new trial. He died in prison of hepatitis C.