South Australia is a state of Australia in the southern central part of the country. It covers some of the most arid parts of the continent; with a total land area of , it is the fourth largest of Australia's six states and two territories.

South Australia shares borders with all of the mainland states and the Northern Territory. It is bordered to the west by :Western Australia, to the north by the Northern Territory, to the north-east by Queensland, to the east by New South Wales, to the south-east by Victoria, and to the south by the Great Australian Bight and the Indian Ocean. With over 1.6 million people, the state comprises less than 8% of the Australian population and ranks fifth in population among the states and territories. The majority of its people reside in the state capital, Adelaide, with most of the remainder settled in fertile areas along the south-eastern coast and River Murray. The state's origins are unique in Australia as a freely settled, planned British province, rather than as a convict settlement. Official settlement began on 28 December 1836, when the colony was proclaimed at The Old Gum Tree by Governor John Hindmarsh.

The first settlement to be established was Kingscote, Kangaroo Island, on 26 July 1836, five months before Adelaide was founded. The guiding principle behind settlement was that of ''systematic colonisation'', a theory espoused by Edward Gibbon Wakefield that was later employed by the New Zealand Company. The aim was to establish the province as a centre of civilisation for free immigrants, promising civil liberties and religious tolerance. Although its history is marked by economic hardship, South Australia has remained politically innovative and culturally vibrant. Today, the state is known as a state of festivals and of fine wine. The state's economy centres on the agricultural, manufacturing and mining industries and has an increasingly significant finance sector as well.

History

Evidence for human activity in South Australia dates back as far as 20,000 years ago with flint mining activity and rock art in the Koonalda Cave on the Nullarbor Plain. In addition wooden spears and tools were made in an area now covered in peat bog in the South East. Kangaroo Island was inhabited long before the island was cut off by rising sea levels.

The first recorded European sighting of the South Australian coast was in 1627 when the Dutch ship the ''Gulden Zeepaert'', captained by Francois Thijssen, examined the coastline. Thijssen named his discovery "Pieter Nuyts Land", after the highest ranking individual on board.

The coastline of South Australia was first mapped by Matthew Flinders and Nicolas Baudin in 1802.

The land which now forms the state of South Australia was claimed for Britain in 1788 as part of the colony of New South Wales. Although the new colony included almost two thirds of the continent, early settlements were all on the eastern coast and only a few intrepid explorers ventured this far west. It took more than forty years before any serious proposal to establish settlements in the south-western portion of New South Wales were put forward. In 1834, the British Parliament passed the South Australia Act 1834 (''Foundation Act''), which enabled the province of South Australia to be established. The act stated that would be allotted to the colony and it would be convict-free. In contrast to the rest of Australia, ''terra nullius'' did not apply to the new province. The Letters of Patent attached to the Act acknowledged Aboriginal ownership and stated that no actions could be undertaken that would ''affect the rights of any Aboriginal natives of the said province to the actual occupation and enjoyment in their own persons or in the persons of their descendants of any land therein now actually occupied or enjoyed by such natives''. Although the patent guaranteed land rights under force of law for the indigenous inhabitants it was ignored by the South Australian Company authorities and squatters.

Settlement of seven vessels and 636 people was temporarily made at Kingscote on Kangaroo Island, until the official site of the colony was selected where Adelaide is currently located. The first immigrants arrived at Holdfast Bay (near the present day Glenelg) in November 1836, and the colony was proclaimed on 28 December 1836, now known as Proclamation Day. South Australia is the only Australian state to be settled entirely by free settlers.

The plan for the colony was that it would be the ideal embodiment of the best qualities of British society, that is, no religious discrimination or unemployment and, as it was believed that this would also result in very little crime, no provision was made for a gaol. In early 1838 the colonists became concerned after it was reported that convicts who had escaped from the eastern states may make their way to South Australia. The South Australia Police was formed later that year to protect the community and enforce government regulations and the first gaol, a two roomed hut, was opened on 1 January 1839.

The current flag of South Australia was adopted on 13 January 1904, and is a British blue ensign defaced with the state badge. The badge is described as a Piping Shrike with wings outstretched on a yellow disc. The state badge is believed to have been designed by Robert Craig of Adelaide's School of Design.

South Australia granted restricted women's suffrage in 1861, and in 1895 became the second place in the world to grant universal suffrage (after New Zealand), and the first where women had the dual rights to vote and to stand for election.

Geography

The terrain consists largely of arid and semi-arid rangelands, with several low mountain ranges. The most important (but not tallest) is the Mount Lofty-Flinders Ranges system, which extends north about from Cape Jervis to the northern end of Lake Torrens. The highest point in the state is not in those ranges; Mount Woodroffe () is in the Musgrave Ranges in the extreme northwest of the state. The south-western portion of the state consists of the sparsely inhabited Nullarbor Plain, fronted by the cliffs of the Great Australian Bight. Features of the coast include Spencer Gulf and the Eyre and Yorke Peninsulas that surround it.

The principal industries and exports of South Australia are wheat, wine and wool. More than half of Australia's wines are produced in the South Australian wine regions which principally include: Barossa Valley, Clare Valley, McLaren Vale, Coonawarra, the Riverland and the Adelaide Hills. ''See South Australian wine.''

South Australia has boundaries with every other Australian state and territory except the Australian Capital Territory and Tasmania. The area now known as the Northern Territory was annexed to South Australia in 1863, however it was handed over to the federal government in 1911 and became a separate territory.

According to Australian maps, South Australia's south coast is flanked by the Southern Ocean, but official international consensus defines the Southern Ocean as extending north from the pole only to 60°S or 55°S, at least 17 degrees of latitude further south than the most southern point of South Australia. Thus the south coast is officially adjacent to the south-most portion of the Indian Ocean. ''See Southern Ocean: Existence and definitions''

Climate

The southern part of the state has a Mediterranean climate. South Australia's main temperature range is in January and in July. Daily temperatures in parts of the state in January and February can be up to .

The highest maximum temperature was recorded as at Oodnadatta on 2 January 1960, which is also the highest official temperature recorded in Australia. The lowest minimum temperature was at Yongala on 20 July 1976.

Economy

South Australia's average annual employment for 2009-10 was 800,600 persons, 18% higher than for 2000-01. For the corresponding period, national average annual employment rose by 22%.

South Australia's largest employment sector is health care and social assistance, surpassing manufacturing in SA as the largest employer since 2006-07. In 2009-10, manufacturing in SA had average annual employment of 83,700 persons compared with 103,300 for health care and social assistance. Health care and social assistance represented nearly 13% of the state average annual employment.

The retail trade is the second largest employer in SA (2009-10), with 91,900 jobs, and 12 per cent of the state workforce.

The manufacturing industry plays an important role in South Australia's economy, generating 11.7% of the state's Gross State Product (GSP) and playing a large part in exports. The manufacturing industry consists of automotive (44% of total Australian production, 2006) and component manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, defence technology (2.1% of GSP, 2002–03) and electronic systems (3.0% of GSP in 2006). South Australia's economy relies on exports more than any other state in Australia.

State export earnings stand at A$10 billion worth per year and grew by 8.8% from 2002 to 2003. Production of South Australian food and drink (including agriculture, horticulture, aquaculture, fisheries and manufacturing) is a $10 billion industry.

South Australia's economic growth has lagged behind the rest of Australia for some time (2.1% from 2002 to 2003), but performance seems to be improving. South Australia's credit rating was upgraded to AAA+, having lost it in the State Bank collapse. South Australia's Gross State Product was A$48.9 billion starting 2004, making it A$32,996 per capita. Exports for 2006 were valued at $9.0bn with imports at $6.2bn. Private Residential Building Approvals experienced 80% growth over the year of 2006.

South Australia's economy includes the following major industries: meat and meat preparations, wheat, wine, wool and sheepskins, machinery, metal and metal manufactures, fish and crustaceans, road vehicles and parts, and petroleum products. Other industries, such as education and defence technology, are of growing importance.

South Australia receives the least amount of federal funding for its local road network of all states on a per capita and a per kilometre basis.

Olympic Dam

South Australia possesses the world's single largest known deposit of uranium, at the Olympic Dam mine. Olympic Dam contains 40% of the world's known uranium reserves. The Olympic Dam mine is also the world's fourth-largest remaining copper deposit, and the world's fifth largest gold deposit.

Government

South Australia is a constitutional monarchy with the Queen of Australia as Sovereign, and the Governor of South Australia as her representative. It is a state of the Commonwealth of Australia. Its bicameral parliament consists of a House of Assembly (lower house) and a Legislative Council (upper house), with legislative elections held every four years. The current Premier of South Australia is Mike Rann, a member of the Australian Labor Party.

Initially, the Governor of South Australia held almost total power, derived from the Letters Patent of the Imperial Government to create the colony. He was only accountable to the British Colonial Office, and thus democracy did not exist in the colony. A new body was created to advise the governor on the administration of South Australia in 1843 called the Legislative Council. It consisted of three representatives of the British Government and four colonists appointed by the governor. The governor retained total executive power.

In 1851, the Imperial Parliament enacted the Australian Colonies Government Act which allowed for the election of representatives to each of the colonial legislatures and the drafting of a Constitution to properly create representative and responsible Government in South Australia. Later that year, wealthy male colonists were allowed to vote for 16 members on a new 24 seat Legislative Council. Eight members continued to be appointed by the governor.

The main responsibility of this body was to draft a Constitution for South Australia. The body drafted the most democratic constitution ever seen in the British Empire and provided for manhood suffrage. It created the bicameral Parliament of South Australia. For the first time in the colony, the executive was elected by the people and the colony used the Westminster system, where the government is the party or coalition that exerts a majority in the House of Assembly. In 1894, South Australia was the first Australian colony to allow women to vote and it had the first Parliament in the world to allow women to be elected as members. Catherine Helen Spence was the first woman in Australia to be a candidate for political office when she nominated to be one of South Australia's delegates to the constitutional conventions that drafted the Constitution. South Australia became an original state of the Commonwealth of Australia on 1 January 1901.

Demographics

Population

A majority of the state's population lives within Adelaide's metropolitan area which had an estimated population of 1,158,259 in 2007 (70.3% of the state). Other significant population centres include Mount Barker (approx. 29 149), Mount Gambier (approx. 23,494), Whyalla (21,122), Murray Bridge (18,364), Port Augusta (13,257), Port Pirie (13,206), Port Lincoln (13,044), and Victor Harbor (10,380).

Education

Primary and secondary

On 1 January 2009, the school leaving age was raised to 17 (having previously been 15 and then 16). Education is compulsory for all children until age 17, unless they are working or undergoing other training. The majority of students stay on to complete their South Australian Certificate of Education (SACE). School education is the responsibility of the South Australian government, but the public and private education systems are funded jointly by it and the Commonwealth Government.

The South Australian Government provides, to schools on a per student basis, 89 percent of the total Government funding while the Commonwealth contributes 11 percent. Since the early 1970s it has been an ongoing controversy that 68 percent of Commonwealth funding (increasing to 75% by 2008) goes to private schools that are attended by 32% of the states students. Private schools often refute this by saying that they receive less State Government funding than public schools and in 2004 the main private school funding came from the Australian government, not the state government.

Tertiary

There are three public and three private universities in South Australia. The three public universities are The University of Adelaide (established 1874), The Flinders University of South Australia (est. 1966), and The University of South Australia (est. 1991). The three private universities are Carnegie Mellon University - Australia (est. 2006), University College London's School of Energy and Resources (Australia), and Cranfield University. All six have their main campus in the Adelaide metropolitan area: Adelaide and UniSA on North Terrace in the city; CMU, UCL and Cranfield are co-located on Victoria Square in the city, and Flinders at Bedford Park.

Public universities

The public universities also have other campuses in the metropolitan area, around the state, inter-state, and overseas.

Metropolitan campuses include: :Adelaide: The Waite at Urrbrae; Research Park at Thebarton; and The National Wine Centre in the Adelaide Park Lands. :UniSA: Magill Campus (Magill); Mawson Lakes Campus (Mawson Lakes); and Parafield (Parafield).

Rural and regional campuses include: :Flinders: The Flinders University Rural Clinical Schools at Mount Gambier, Goolwa and Renmark; and The Lincoln Marine Science Centre at Port Lincoln. :Adelaide: Roseworthy Campus near Roseworthy. :UniSA: Campuses at Mount Gambier and Whyalla.

Interstate campuses include: :Flinders: The university maintains a number of external teaching south-west Victoria and the Northern Territory.

Overseas campuses include: :Adelaide: Singapore Campus.

Private universities

Carnegie Mellon University's Heinz College Australia and ETC-Australia (Entertainment Technology Center – Australia Global Initiative) ''(sic – American spelling)'' both have campuses in Adelaide. The Heinz College, in Victoria Square, was established in 2006, and is the first American university to open a campus in Australia. ETC-Australia is located on Light Square.

CMU-Australia is co-located with the University College London's School of Energy and Resources (Australia), and world-class research and policy institutes, including Cranfield University (UK), partner the Torrens Resilience Institute and The Australian Centre for Social Innovation.

TAFE

Tertiary vocational education is provided by TAFE South Australia colleges throughout the state.

Sport

Australian rules football

Australian rules football is the most popular spectator sport in South Australia, with South Australians having the highest attendance rate in Australia. The state also has the highest participation rate of people taking part in Australian rules football, with over 2.2% of the population aged 18 years participating in the sport.

South Australia fields two teams in the Australian Football League national competition: the Adelaide Crows and Port Adelaide Power. In 2006, The Adelaide Crows had a membership base of 50,000, higher than any of the other 15 teams in the competition.

The South Australian National Football League, which owns the dedicated Australian Football stadium AAMI Stadium, is a popular local league comprising nine teams.

The South Australian Amateur Football League comprises sixty-eight member clubs playing over one hundred and ten matches per week across ten Senior divisions and three Junior Divisions. The SAAFL is one of Australia's largest and strongest Australian rules football associations.

Cricket

Cricket is the most popular summer sport in South Australia and attracts big crowds. South Australia has a cricket team, the Southern Redbacks, who play at Adelaide Oval in the Adelaide Park Lands during the summer; they won their first title since 1996 in the summer of 2011. The Redbacks currently have three players who hold a contract with Cricket Australia. Many international matches have been played at the Adelaide Oval. It was one of the host cities of 1992 Cricket World Cup.

Association football

South Australia's Association Football (soccer) team in the A-League is Adelaide United F.C. The club's home ground is Hindmarsh Stadium.

The club was founded in 2003 and was premier in the inaugural 2005–06 A-League season, finishing 7 points clear of the rest of the competition, before finishing 3rd in the finals. Adelaide United was also a Grand Finalist in the 2006–07 and 2008–09 seasons. Adelaide has the best winning record of all clubs in the A-League; Adelaide is the only A-League club to be present at the Asian Champions League more than once, making it the most successful Australian club in Asia.

Basketball

Basketball also has a big following in South Australia, with the Adelaide 36ers playing out of an 8,070 seat stadium in Findon. The 36ers have won four championships in the last 20 years in the National Basketball League (Australia). Mount Gambier also has only one national sporting side which is the Mount Gambier Pioneers. The Pioneers play at the Icehouse (Mount Gambier Basketball Stadium) which seats over 1,000 people and is also home to the Mount Gambier Basketball Association. The Pioneers have had one championship side which was rated second in the top 5 sides to have ever played in the league. In 2011 the club will enter its 24th season, with a roster of 9 senior players and 7 development squad players.

Motor sport

Australia’s premier motor sport series, the V8 Supercar Championship Series, has visited South Australia each year since its inception in 1999. South Australia’s V8 Supercar event, the Clipsal 500 Adelaide, is staged on the Adelaide Street Circuit, a temporary track laid out through the streets and parklands to the east of the Adelaide CBD. Attendance for the 2010 event totalled 277,800. An earlier version of the Adelaide Street Circuit played host to the Australian Grand Prix, a round of the FIA Formula One World Championship, each year from 1985 to 1995.

Mallala Motor Sport Park, a permanent circuit located near the town of Mallala, 58 km north of Adelaide, caters for both state and national level motor sport throughout the year.

Other sports

Fifty-nine percent of South Australian children take part in organised sports. For boys, soccer has the highest participation rate (22%), followed by swimming (16%). For girls netball is most popular (18%), also followed by swimming (16%).

Places

{| valign=top style="font-size:95%;"|- |width=200 valign=top| Regions:

Adelaide Hills

Barossa Valley

Clare Valley

Eyre Peninsula

Fleurieu Peninsula

Flinders Ranges

Kangaroo Island

Limestone Coast

Nullarbor Plain

Riverland

Yorke Peninsula

Rivers:

Cooper Creek

Marne River

Murray River

Onkaparinga River

Port River

River Torrens

|width=200 valign=top| Lakes:

Lake Albert

Lake Alexandrina

Lake Eyre

Lake Frome

Lake Gairdner

Lake Torrens

Blue Lake

Islands:

Flinders Island

Granite Island

Hindmarsh Island

Kangaroo Island

Neptune Island

Nuyts Archipelago

Pearson Isles

Torrens Island

Troubridge Island

|width=200 valign=top| Main highways:

Barrier Highway

Barossa Valley Highway

Dukes Highway

Eyre Highway

Flinders Highway

Lincoln Highway

Main North Road

Mallee Highway

Northern Expressway

Princes Highway

Riddoch Highway

Stuart Highway

Sturt Highway

South Eastern Freeway

Southern Expressway

|}

See also

Adelaide

Country Fire Service

Proclamation Day: 28 December 1836

South Australian Ambulance Service

South Australian English

Food and drink:

Farmers Union Iced Coffee

Pie floater

South Australian food and drink

South Australian wine

Lists:

List of cities and towns in South Australia

List of highways in South Australia

List of people from Adelaide

Local Government Areas of South Australia

List of films shot in Adelaide

References

Dorothy Jauncey, Bardi Grubs and Frog Cakes – South Australian Words, Oxford University Press (2004) ISBN 0-19-551770-9

Footnotes

External links

sa.gov.au

Official Insignia and Emblems Page

South Australian Tourism Commission – Travel Guides, Accommodation, Tours, Online Booking, Maps etc

South Australia's Climate Change Strategy (2007)

The Encyclopædia of South Australian Culture Locals reflect on South Australian culture.

Ground Truth – towards an Environmental History of South Australia Community resources

Category:States and territories of Australia Category:States and territories established in 1836

af:Suid-Australië ar:جنوب أستراليا zh-min-nan:Lâm Australia be:Штат Паўднёвая Аўстралія be-x-old:Паўднёвая Аўстралія br:Aostralia ar Su bg:Южна Австралия ca:Austràlia Meridional cs:Jižní Austrálie co:South Australia cy:De Awstralia da:South Australia de:South Australia et:Lõuna-Austraalia el:Νότια Αυστραλία es:Australia Meridional eo:Suda Aŭstralio eu:Hegoaldeko Australia fa:استرالیای جنوبی hif:South Australia fr:Australie-Méridionale ga:Deisceart na hAstráile gv:Yn Austrail Yiass gd:Astràilia-a-Deas gl:Australia Meridional ko:사우스오스트레일리아 주 hi:दक्षिण ऑस्ट्रेलिया hr:Južna Australija id:Australia Selatan os:Хуссар Австрали is:Suður-Ástralía it:Australia Meridionale he:אוסטרליה הדרומית pam:South Australia ka:სამხრეთი ავსტრალია kw:Soth Ostrali sw:Australia Kusini la:Australia Australis lv:Dienvidaustrālija lb:Südaustralien lt:Pietų Australija lij:Australia do Sud mk:Јужна Австралија mr:साउथ ऑस्ट्रेलिया ms:Australia Selatan mn:Өмнөд Австрали my:တောင်ဩစ‌တြေးလီးယားပြည်နယ် nl:Zuid-Australië ja:南オーストラリア州 pih:Sowth Ostrielya no:Sør-Australia nn:Sør-Australia oc:Austràlia Meridionala pnb:ساؤتھ آسٹریلیا pl:Australia Południowa pt:Austrália Meridional ro:Australia de Sud rm:Australia Meridiunala ru:Южная Австралия stq:South Australia scn:South Australia simple:South Australia sk:Južná Austrália sl:Južna Avstralija sr:Јужна Аустралија fi:Etelä-Australia sv:South Australia tl:Timog Australya ta:தெற்கு ஆஸ்திரேலியா th:รัฐเซาท์ออสเตรเลีย tr:Güney Avustralya uk:Південна Австралія vi:Nam Úc (tiểu bang) war:South Australia zh:南澳大利亚州

Coordinates	45°30′″N73°40′″N
Group	Australian people ''Australians''
Population	23,400,000
Popplace	000}}

|region1 = |pop1 = 135,000+ |region2 = |pop2 = 96,900 |region3 = |pop3 = 89,210 |region4 = |pop4 = 78,927 |region5 = |pop5 = 62,700 |region6 = |pop6 = 51,900 |region7 = |pop7 = 42,000 |region8 = |pop8 = 30,000 |region9 = |pop9 = 25,000 |region10 = |pop10 = 23,305 |region11 = |pop11 = 18,000 |region12 = |pop12 = 11,369 |region13 = |pop13 = 9,376 |region14 = |pop14 = 7,491 |region15 = |pop15 = 6,322 |region16 = |pop16 = 5,706|langs }} Australian people, or simply Australians, are the citizens of Australia. Australia is a multi-ethnic nation, and therefore the term "Australian" is not a racial identifier. Aside from the Indigenous Australian population, nearly all Australians or their ancestors immigrated within the past 230 years. Colloquial names used to refer to Australians include Aussies, and Antipodeans.

The mainstream Australian culture (occasionally defined as the Anglo-Celtic culture), is a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of Western European migrants beginning with the early settlers from England, Scotland, and Ireland. The populations of Sydney, Melbourne and the other major cities are different from the demographics of rural Australia as a result of the differing migration patterns.

Australian people can refer to:

The citizens of Australia, as defined by Australian nationality law

People whose ancestors lived in Australia

Indigenous Australians

Australian diaspora

There is an estimated 1 million Australians (approximately 5% of the population) residing outside Australia. Hundreds of thousands of young Australians traditionally spend time living in Europe, especially in the United Kingdom, but most return to Australia. The Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement facilitates open migration to and from New Zealand. Key factors affecting the Australian Diaspora are rise of a global labour market, more accessible and economical international transport, and increasingly sophisticated communication technologies along with a growing interest in broader global community.

Population

The current Australian population is estimated at 000}} ( ). This does not include an estimated 1 million Australians living overseas (see above), but it includes the estimated 24% of Australians born overseas (in various nations, but predominantly the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Italy, China, Vietnam, India, the Philippines, and Greece).

Historical

The data in the table is sourced from the Australian Bureau of Statistics Note that population estimates in the table below do not include the Aboriginal population before 1961. Estimates of Aboriginal population prior to European settlement range from 300,000 to one million, with archaeological finds indicating a sustainable population of around 750,000.

style="width:50px;" colspan="4" align="center" Pre-Federation style="width:50px;" Year Population >style="width:90px;"| Population 859 332,328 4,588 1,050,828 10,263 1,539,552 25,859 2,092,164 58,197 2,981,677 151,868 3,664,715

style="width:90px;" style="width:50px;" Year Population || % change Year Population % change Year Population % change 3,788,123 - 7,109,898 4.9 14,923,260 6.3 4,059,083 7.2 7,465,157 5.0 16,018,350 7.3 4,489,545 10.6 8,421,775 12.8 17,284,036 12.8 4,943,173 10.1 9,425,563 11.9 18,310,714 5.9 5,455,136 10.4 10,548,267 11.9 19,413,240 6.0 6,056,360 11.0 11,599,498 10.0 20,848,760 7.4 6,526,485 7.8 13,067,265 12.7 6,778,372 3.4 14,033,083 7.4

Ancestry

For generations, the vast majority of both colonial-era settlers and post-Federation immigrants came from the United Kingdom and Ireland, although the gold rushes also drew migrants from other countries. Since the end of World War II, Australia's population more than doubled, spurred by large-scale European immigration during the immediate post-war decades. At this time, the White Australia Policy discouraged non-European immigration.

Abolition of the White Australia Policy in the mid-1970s led to a significant increase in non-European immigration, mostly from Asia and the Middle East. About 90% of Australia's population is of European descent. Over 8% of the population is of Asian descent (predominantly Chinese, Vietnamese, Filipino and Indian). The total indigenous population is estimated to be about 520,000 individuals, including people of mixed descent. The population of Queensland also includes descendants of South Sea Islanders brought over for indentured servitude in the 19th century.

In the 2006 Australian Census residents were asked to describe their ancestry, in which up to two could be nominated. Proportionate to the Australian resident population, the most commonly nominated ancestries were:

Australian (31.13%)

English (29.65%)

Irish (9.08%)

Scottish (7.16%)

Italian (4.29%)

German (4.09%)

Chinese (3.37%)

Greek (1.84%)

Dutch (1.56%)

Libyan (1.17%)

Lebanese (0.92%)

Armenian (0.82%)

New Zealand (0.81%)

Filipino (0.81%)

Maltese (0.77%)

Croatian (0.59%)

Australian Aboriginal (0.58%)

Welsh (0.57%)

French (0.5%)

Serbian (0.48%)

Banyumasan (0.47%)

Spanish (0.42%)

Macedonian (0.42%)

South African (0.4%)

Sinhalese (0.37%)

Hungarian (0.3%)

Russian (0.3%)

Turkish (0.3%)

American (0.28%)

At the 2006 Census 455,026 people (or 2.3% of the total Australian population) reported they were of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander origin.

Languages

English, a West Germanic language, is the ''de facto'' national language of Australia and is spoken by the majority of the population, regardless of other languages spoken. Most Australians speak Australian English, however Australian Aboriginal English and Torres Strait English, along with various creoles and pidgins, are spoken by some Indigenous Australians. Australia is home to a great number of unique but endangered Indigenous Australian languages, as well as Australian Aboriginal sign languages. Australia's hearing-impaired community primarily uses Auslan, a member of the BANZSL language family.

The diverse backgrounds of Australians lead to a great number of community languages being spoken: {|class="wikitable" width="100%" |- !width="30%"|Language||width="50px"|Speakers||width="30%"|Language||width="50px"|Speakers||width="30%"|Language||width="50px"|Speakers |- |English only||15,581,333||Indigenous Australian languages||55,705||Samoan||28,525 |- |Italian||316,895||Korean||54,623||Portuguese||25,779 |- |Greek||252,226||Turkish||53,857||Khmer||24,715 |- |Arabic||243,662||Serbian||52,534||Banyumasan||23,164 |- |Mandarin||220,600||French||43,216||Persian||22,841 |- |Vietnamese||194,863||Indonesian||42,036||Hungarian||21,565 |- |Spanish||98,001||Maltese||36,514||Hindi||20,223 |- |Filipino (Tagalog)||92,331||Russian||36,502||Urdu||19,288 |- |German||75,634||Dutch||36,183||Afrikaans||16,806 |- |Cantonese||70,011||Japanese||35,111||Bengali||15,743 |- |Macedonian||67,835||Tamil||32,700||Punjabi||13,164 |- |Croatian||63,612||Sinhalese||29,055 || colspan="2" rowspan="2"|  |- |Polish||53,389||Assyrian||23,526 |- |}

Religion

{|class="wikitable" align="left" |- |Christianity||63.9%||Islam||1.7% |- |''No religion''||18.7%||Judaism||0.4% |- |''No response''||11.2%||Other||2% |- |Buddhism||2.1%||colspan="2"|Source: ABS |} {|class="wikitable" align="right" |- |colspan="2"|Christianity (as % of total) |- |Roman Catholicism||25.8% |- |Anglicanism||18.7% |- |''Other denomination''||19.4% |- |colspan="2"|Source: ABS |} Australians have various religions and spiritual beliefs. The Australian Bureau of Statistics gathers information on religious belief in the national census. As in many Western countries, the level of active participation in church worship is lower than would be indicated by the proportion of the population identifying themselves as Christian; weekly attendance at church services is about 1.5 million, or about 7.5% of the population.

Nationality

Australians share Australian nationality, which is governed by Australian nationality law. Since there is no national identification card, commonly accepted proofs of Australian citizenship are the Australian passport, an Australian birth certificate (prior to 1986, when jus soli was abolished), or an Australian citizenship certificate. Australia permits dual citizenship with no restriction.

References

See also

Category:Ethnic groups in Oceania

cy:Awstraliaid ko:오스트레일리아인 pl:Australijczycy pt:Australianos uk:Австралійці

South Australian English is the collective name given to the varieties of English spoken in the Australian State of South Australia. As with the other regional varieties within Australian English, these have distinctive vocabularies. To a lesser degree there are also some differences in phonology (pronunciation).

The Australian Broadcasting Corporation and the Macquarie Dictionary state that there are three localised, regional varieties of English in South Australia: ''Adelaide English'', ''Eyre and Yorke Peninsula English'' and ''Northern South Australia English''. While there are many commonalities, each has its own variations in vocabulary.

Vocabulary

While some of the words attributed to South Australians are used elsewhere in Australia, many genuine regional words are used throughout the state. Some of these are German in origin, reflecting the origins of many early settlers. Such was the concentration of German speakers in and around the Barossa Valley, it has been suggested they spoke their own dialect of German, known as "Barossa German". The influence of South Australia's German heritage is evidenced by the adoption into the dialect of certain German or German-influenced vocabulary. One such local word with German origins is "butcher", the name given to a 200 ml (7 fl.oz.) beer glass, which is believed to be derived from the German ''becher'', meaning a cup or mug.

Another uniquely South Australian word is "stobie pole", which is the pole used to support power and telephone lines. It was invented in South Australia by James Stobie in 1924.

Cornish miners represented another significant wave of early immigrants, and they contributed Cornish language words, such as ''wheal'' (mine), which is preserved in many place names.

South Australian dialects also preserve other British English usages which do not occur elsewhere in Australia: for example, farmers use ''reap'' and ''reaping'', as well as "harvest" and "harvesting".

Phonology

Trap-bath Split

In Australian English, pronunciations vary regionally according to the type of vowel that occurs before the sounds nd, ns, nt, nce, nch, and mple, and the pronunciation of the suffix "-mand". In words like "chance", "plant", "branch", "sample" and "demand", the vast majority of Australians use the short vowel from the word "cat". In South Australia however there is a high proportion of people who use the broad vowel from the word "cart" in these words. For example, a survey of pronunciation in different cities found that 86% of those surveyed in Adelaide pronounced graph with an , whereas 100% of those surveyed in Hobart and 70% of those surveyed in Melbourne used .

Because of the prevalence of the South Australian long a, the South Australian accent appears to be closer to Cultivated Australian English than other state dialects.

"L" Vocalisation

The tendency for some sounds to become vowels ( vocalisation) is more common in South Australia than other states. "Hurled", for example, in South Australia has a vocalised , leading to the pronunciation "herwd", whereas in other states the is pronounced as a consonant. The "l" is vocalised; for example, "milk" sounds like "miuwk" and "hill" sounds like "hiw". A back allophone of

See also

Australian English

Regional variation in Australian English

Australian words

Australian English phonology

Other regional varieties:

*Western Australian English

References

External links

"Dorothy Jauncey, 2004, "South Australia—'Kind of Different'?"

Category:Australian English Category:Culture of South Australia Category:South Australia

Australian English (AusE, AuE, AusEng, en-AU) is the name given to the group of dialects spoken in Australia that form a major variety of the English language.

Despite being given no official status in the constitution, English is Australia's de facto official language and is the first language of, and used exclusively by a large majority of the population.

Australian English was distinctly recognisable as different from British English shortly after the founding of the colony of New South Wales in 1788. It arose from the intermingling of children of early settlers from a great variety of mutually intelligible dialectal regions of the British Isles and quickly developed into major variety of English.

Origins

The earliest form of Australian English was first spoken by the children of the colonists born into the colony of New South Wales. This very first generation of children created a new dialect that was to become the language of the nation. The Australian-born children in the new colony were exposed to a wide range of different dialects from all over the British Isles, in particular from Ireland and South East England, with a large proportion of Cockneys.

The native-born children of the colony created the new dialect from factors present in the speech they heard around them, and provided an avenue for the expression of peer solidarity. Even when new settlers arrived, this new dialect was strong enough to deflect the influence of other patterns of speech.

A large part of the convict body were the Irish, with at least 25% directly from Ireland, and others indirectly via Britain. There were other significant populations of convicts from non-English speaking areas of Britain, such as the Scottish Highlands and Wales.

Records from the early 19th century survive to this day describing the distinct dialect that had surfaced in the colonies since first settlement in 1788, with Peter Miller Cunningham's 1827 book ''Two Years in New South Wales'', describing the distinctive accent and vocabulary of the native born colonists, different to that of their parents and with a strong Cockney influence.

Influences

The first of the Australian gold rushes, in the 1850s, began a large wave of immigration, with approximately two per cent of the population of the United Kingdom emigrating to the colonies of New South Wales and Victoria.

This great influx of immigrants caused the integration of numerous new patterns into the local speech. By this time several words of Irish origin had been adopted into the language, some of which are also common elsewhere in the Irish diaspora, such as ''tucker'' for "food", "provisions" (Irish ''tacar''), as well as one or two native English words whose meanings have changed under Irish influence, such as ''paddock'' for "field", cf. Irish ''páirc'', which has exactly the same meaning as the Australian ''paddock''.

Some elements of Aboriginal languages and Torres Strait Island languages have been adopted by Australian English—mainly as names for places, flora and fauna (for example dingo) and local culture. Many such are localised, and do not form part of general Australian use, while others, such as ''kangaroo'', ''boomerang'', ''budgerigar'', ''wallaby'' and so on have become international. Other examples are ''cooee'' and ''hard yakka''. The former is used as a high-pitched call, for attracting attention, (pronounced ) which travels long distances. ''Cooee'' is also a notional distance: ''if he's within cooee, we'll spot him''. ''Hard yakka'' means ''hard work'' and is derived from ''yakka'', from the Yagara/Jagara language once spoken in the Brisbane region.

Also from there is the word ''bung'', from the Sydney pidgin English (and ultimately from the Sydney Aboriginal language), and originally meaning "dead", and now meaning "broken" or "caused to be less than perfect". Many towns or suburbs of Australia have also been influenced or named after Aboriginal words. The most well known example is the capital, Canberra named after a local language word meaning "meeting place".

Among the changes brought by the 19th century gold rushes was the introduction of words, spellings, terms and usages from North American English. The words imported included some later considered to be typically Australian, such as ''dirt'' and ''digger'' and ''bonzer''. The influx of American military personnel in World War II brought further American influence; seen in the enduring persistence of ''okay'', ''you guys'' and ''gee''. The American influence on North Queensland during and after World War II led to the localised adoption of terms such as ''bronco'' for the native ''brumby'' meaning wild horse, and ''cowboy'' for the native ''drover'' for a cattle or sheep herder.

Since the advent of film, however, the American influence on language in Australia has mostly come from popular culture and media. Where British and American vocabulary differs, Australians will in some cases favour an Australian usage (such as capsicum (for US bell pepper, UK chilli pepper), in some cases favour an American usage (such as eggplant for UK aubergine), and in some cases favour a British usage (such as mobile phone for US cell phone).

==Sociocultural variation== Three main varieties of Australian English are spoken according to linguists: ''broad'', ''general'' and ''cultivated''. They are part of a continuum, reflecting variations in accent. They can, but do not always reflect the social class, education and urban or rural background of the speaker.

Broad Australian

Broad Australian English is recognisable and familiar to English speakers around the world and is prevalent nationwide, but is especially strong in rural areas. Examples of people with this accent are Steve Irwin, Paul Hogan and Julia Gillard. In Australia, this dialect is sometimes called ''Strine'' (or "Strayan"), a shortening of the word ''Australian'', and a speaker of the dialect may be referred to as an Ocker or Bogan.

Tests indicated that the Broad speakers demonstrated a greater tendency for syllable assimilation and consonant elision, were more likely to use weak consonants or restricted intonation (narrow pitch range), were more likely to speak slowly (drawl), and further, showed a greater tendency to exhibit pervasive nasality.

General Australian

The most common of Australian accents is known as General Australian English, and is used as a standard language for the purposes of television news broadcasts and advertising. This accent is especially prominent in urban Australia and it predominates in modern Australian films and television programmes and is used by, for example, Hugh Jackman, John Howard and Eric Bana.

Cultivated Australian

Cultivated Australian English has some similarities to Received Pronunciation, and has become less common, with speakers generally being of a mature age. Cultivated Australian English has in the past been thought to indicate high social class or education, and is spoken by Kevin Rudd, Alexander Downer,Malcolm Fraser, Malcolm Turnbull,Geraldine Doogue and Kylie Minogue.

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander English

Australian Aboriginal English refers to a dialect of Australian English used by a large proportion of Indigenous Australians. It is made up of a range of forms which developed differently in different parts of Australia, and are said to vary along a continuum, from forms close to Standard Australian English to more non-standard forms. There are distinctive features of accent, grammar, words and meanings, as well as language use. The dialect is not to be confused with Australian Kriol language, which is not mutually intelligible with Australian English but in fact a separate language spoken by over 30,000 people. On the Torres Strait Islands, a distinctive dialect known as Torres Strait English, the furthest extent of which is Torres Strait Creole, is spoken.

Ethnocultural varieties

The ethnocultural dialects are diverse accents in Australian English that are spoken by the minority groups, which are of non-English speaking background. A massive immigration from Asia and the Middle East has made a large increase in diversity and the will for people to show their cultural identity within the Australian context. These ethnoculutral varieties contain features of General Australian English as adopted by the children of immigrants blended with some non-English language features, such as the Afro-Asiatic and Asian languages.

Phonological features

Australian English is a non-rhotic accent that is highly distinctive from other varieties of English. It shares most similarity with other Southern Hemisphere accents, in particular New Zealand English. Like most dialects of English it is distinguished primarily by its vowel phonology.

*The vowels of Australian English can be divided into two categories: long and short vowels. The short vowels, consisting only of monophthongs, are similar to the lax vowels in British and North American English.

The long vowels, consisting of both monophthongs and diphthongs, mostly correspond to its tense vowels and centring diphthongs. Unlike most varieties of English, it has a phonemic length distinction: that compresses, shortens or removes these features.

*The Australian English vowels /ɪ/, /e/,/æ/,/ɜː/,/ə/, and /oː/ are noticeably closer (higher tongue position) than their RP (British Received Pronunciation) equivalents. The centring diphthongs are accordingly also closer in AE than RP.

;Monophthongs A long sound is found in the adjectives ''bad'', ''mad'', ''glad'' and ''sad'', before the sound (for example, ''hag'', ''rag'', ''bag'') and also in content words before and in the same syllable (for example, ''ham'', ''tan'', ''plant'').

In some speakers, especially those with the Broad accent, the vowel in words like ''dad'', ''back'' and ''lag'' will be shifted toward [ɛ].

*In some varieties of Australian English, bad (with long [æː]) and lad (with short [æ]) do not rhyme (see bad-lad split).

*For many speakers, the /æː/ sound is flatter than the British /æː/.

There is æ-tensing before a nasal consonant—The nasal sounds create changes in preceding vowels because air can flow into the nose during the vowel. Nasal consonants can also affect the articulation of a vowel. So for several speakers, the /æː/ vowel in words like "jam", "man", "dam" and "hand" will will be shifted towards ''''.

The sound, an open unrounded vowel, is used in words like ''car'', ''bath'', ''ask'', ''father'' and ''pass''. So the words like ''trap'' and ''bath'' wouldn't have the same vowel (see Trap-bath split).

However, words like ''chance'', ''plant'', ''branch'', ''sample'' (words containing the suffix ''-mand'', ''-ant'', ''-anch'', ''-ance'') mostly have an /æ/ vowel as in ''cat'' but there are some speakers who use the vowel in ''cart'' (/aː/) for these words, particularly in South Australia, which had a different settlement chronology and type than other parts of the country. Comparatively, most of the British accents use the back /ɑː/ sound.

The sound, which is a high-mid front unrounded vowel, is predominantly used in words like, ''dress'', ''pet'', ''bed'' and ''head''. Comparatively, in most of American and British English, an [ɛ] sound is used instead, which is a low-mid front vowel.

The sound, used in ''tin'', ''bit'' and ''sit'', tends to be tenser than in other varieties of English, and may sometimes sound like it's shifted to /i/ in the foreign ear. Thus, words like ''pin'' and ''kin'' will sound almost similar to ''peen'' and ''keen'' in the foreign ear. The final vowel in words like “happy” and “city”, which is typically /i/, is elongated to an /i:/ sound, so both will sound like ''happee'' and ''citee'', respectively. Some of these aforementioned features are present in Chicano English.

;Diphthongs:

For many speakers, the vowel in words like "town" and "now" is [æʊ].

The vowel in words like "neat" and "feet" is [ei] sound where, for example, "neat" will be [neiʔ].

The vowel in "fate" is [æɪ] for several speakers, so words like that will sound like [fæɪʔ].

The vowel in "high" may be [ɑɪ] for those with the Broad accent, so "buy" might sound like "boy" in the foreign ear. This is a direct influence from the Cockney accent. Some of these features aforementioned are also present in the New York accent.

;Non-rhoticity Australian accent is R-less; in other words, the sound does not appear at the end of a syllable or immediately before a consonant. A final -er is pronounced as lowered [ɐ] in most speakers, or [ə] for some. So the words ''butter'' , ''here'' and ''park'' will not contain the sound.

;Intervocalic alveolar flapping Intervocalic and undergoes voicing and flapping to the alveolar tap after the stressed syllable and before unstressed vowels (as in ''butter'', ''party'') and syllabic , though not before syllabic (''bottle'' vs ''button'' ), as well as at the end of a word or morpheme before any vowel (''what else'', ''whatever''). There will be a homophony if some words are flapped, for example, ''metal'' and ''petal'' will sound like ''medal'' and ''pedal''. In formal speech is retained. When ''coating'' becomes ''coatin' '', the t remains voiceless, thus . The cluster [nt] can also be flapped/tapped. As a result, in quick speech, words like ''winner'' and ''winter'' can become homophonous. This is a quality that Australian English shares most notably with North American English.

;Linking and intrusive R or epenthetic The sound can occur when a word that has a final “r” in the spelling comes before another word that starts with a vowel. For example, in “car alarm” the sound can occur in “car” because here it comes before another word beginning with a vowel. The words “far”, “far more” and “farm” do not contain an but “far out” will contain the linking sound because the next word starts with a vowel sound. An intrusive may be inserted before a vowel in words that do not have “r” in the spelling. For example, "drawing" will sound like "draw-ring", "saw it" will sound like "sore it", "the tuner is" and "the tuna is" will both be /ðə tjʉːnərɪz/. For some speakers, a subtle epethentic may be added after the əʉ (M.-D. /oʊ/) sound in words like "no" [nəʉr], "hello" [həˈləʊr], "don't" [dəʊ-rnt] and "low" [ləʊr].

;Yod-coalescence Yod-coalescence occurs in , and into , and , producing standard pronunciations such as for ''tune'', for Sri Lanka and for ''draw''. The sound occurs in Australian English at the beginning of words like "yellow" and "yes" and it also occurs in words like "new" and "tube". An affricate also occurs in "dune", where it will be pronounced exactly like "June". In the case of , this palatalisation can lead to additional homophony where ''dew'', ''due'', and ''Jew'' come to be pronounced identically.

;High rising intonation Australian English speakers commonly use a form of upward inflection in their speech that is not associated with asking questions. In English, upward inflection (a rise in the pitch of the voice at the end of a sentence) typically signals a question. However, some speakers also use upward inflection as a way of including their conversational partner in the dialogue. This is also common in Californian English.

Regional differences

Australian English is relatively homogenous when compared to British and American English. There is however some regional variation between the states, particularly in regards to South Australia, Victoria and Western Australia.

Different word usage

Most regional differences come down to word usage. For example, ''swimmers'' (New South Wales) are known as ''togs'' in Queensland and ''bathers'' in Victoria and South Australia. Distinctive grammatical patterns also exist such as the use of the interrogative ''eh?'' and the position of the word ''but'' at the end of a sentence in Queensland ("But I don't like him" becomes "I don't like him but").

Trap-bath split

In Australian English, pronunciations vary regionally according to the type of vowel that occurs before the sounds nd, ns, nt, nce, nch, and mple, and the pronunciation of the suffix "-mand". In words like "chance", "plant", "graph", "branch", "sample" and "demand", the vast majority of Australians use the short vowel from the word "cat". In South Australia however there is a high proportion of people who use the broad vowel from the word "cart" in these words. For some speakers, particularly in Victoria, the "a" vowel in "castle" and "rascal" rhymes with "hassle" rather than non-rhotic "parcel". Also, some may use a short "a" vowel in "bat" for words like "grasp", "gasp", "plaque" and "rasp".

Centring diphthongs

Centring diphthongs, which are the vowels that occur in words like ''near'', ''square'' and ''cure''. In the Eastern states, these may be realised either as diphthongs (e.g. [fiə] or [fiʌ] 'fear'), or as monophthongs (e.g. [fiː]). This does not usually occur in Western Australia, where the diphthongs are typically realised fully. For example, those in the eastern states will tend to pronounce "fear" and "sheer" without any jaw movement, while the westerners would pronounce them like "fia" and "shia", respectively.

"L" vocalisation

When the consonant "l" occurs at the ends of words before pauses and before consonants it sometimes sounds like a vowel sound rather than a consonant. This is because /l/ is made with two different articulations. One of the articulations is like a vowel articulation and the other is more like a typical consonant articulation. When /l/ occurs at the ends of words before pauses and before other consonants, the consonantal articulation can be obscured by the vowel articulation. This makes the /l/ sound like "oo".

The tendency for some ''/l/'' sounds to become vowels (''/l/'' L-vocalization) is more common in South Australia than other states. "Milk", for example, in South Australia has a vocalised , leading to the pronunciation "miwk", whereas in other states the is pronounced as a consonant.

Salary-celery merger

In Victoria, many speakers pronounce the "a" and "e" vowels in a way that is distinct from speakers in other states. For many younger speakers from Victoria, the first vowel in "celery" and "salary" are the same, so that both words sound like "salary". These speakers will also tend to say "halicopter" instead of "helicopter". For many older Victorian speakers, the words "celery" and "salary" also sound the same but instead both sound like "celery". These speakers will also pronounce words such as "alps" as "elps".

Pool, school variation

The vowel in words like "pool", "school" and "fool" varies regionally. People who live in Victoria, New South Wales and to a lesser extent Queensland will tend to say "pool" and "school" like "pewl" and "skewl", respectively, while the rest of the Australian population pronounces them with a more rounded vowel.

Vocabulary

Australian English has many words and idioms which are unique to the dialect and have been written on extensively, with the Macquarie Dictionary, widely regarded as the national standard, incorporating numerous Australian terms.

Internationally well-known examples of Australian terminology include ''outback'', meaning a remote, sparsely populated area, ''The Bush'', meaning either a native forest or a country area in general, and ''g'day'', a greeting. ''Dinkum'', or ''fair dinkum'' means "true", or "is that true?", among other things, depending on context and inflection. The derivative ''dinky-di'' means 'true' or devoted: a 'dinky-di Aussie' is a 'true Australian'.

Australian poetry, such as The Man from Snowy River, and folk songs, such as ''Waltzing Matilda'', contain many historical Australian words and phrases that are understood by Australians even though some are not in common usage today.

Australian English, in common with several British English dialects (for example, Cockney, Scouse, Glaswegian and Geordie) use the word ''mate''. Many words used by Australians were at one time used in England but have since fallen out of usage or changed in meaning.

For example, ''creek'' in Australia, as in North America, means a stream or small river, whereas in the UK it means a small watercourse flowing into the sea; ''paddock'' in Australia means field, whereas in the UK it means a small enclosure for livestock; ''bush'' or ''scrub'' in Australia, as in North America, means a wooded area, whereas in England they are commonly used only in proper names (such as Shepherd's Bush and Wormwood Scrubs).

Litotes, such as "not bad", "not much" and "you're not wrong", are also used, as are Diminutives, which are commonly used and are often used to indicate familiarity. Some common examples are ''arvo'' (afternoon), ''barbie'' (barbecue), ''smoko'' (morning tea), ''Aussie'' (Australian) and ''pressie'' (gift). This may also be done with people's names to create nicknames (other English speaking countries create similar diminutives). For example, "Gazza" from Gary.

In informal speech, incomplete comparisons are sometimes used, such as "sweet as". "Full", "fully" or "heaps" may precede a word to act as an intensifier. This is more common in regional Australia and South Australia. The suffix "-ly" is sometimes omitted in broader Australian English. For instance "real good" in lieu of "really good."

==Spelling and grammar== As in most English speaking countries, there is no official governmental regulator or overseer of correct spelling and grammar. The ''Macquarie Dictionary'' is used by universities and style guides as a standard for Australian English spelling.

Australian spelling generally follows conventions of British spelling. As in British spelling, the 'u' is retained in words such as ''honour'' and ''favour'' and the -ise ending is used in words such as ''organise'' and ''realise'', although the older -ize also exists, but is far less common. Words listed by the Macquarie Dictionary as currently spelled differently to the received British spellings include "program" as opposed to "programme" and "jail" as opposed to "gaol". Single quotation marks are preferred, and the DD/MM/YYYY date format is used.

Different spellings have existed throughout Australia's history. A pamphlet entitled ''The So-Called "American Spelling"'', published in Sydney some time in the 19th century, argued that "there is no valid etymological reason for the preservation of the ''u'' in such words as ''honor'', ''labor'', etc."

The pamphlet also claimed that "the tendency of people in Australasia is to excise the u, and one of the Sydney morning papers habitually does this, while the other generally follows the older form."

This influence can be seen in the spelling of the Australian Labor Party, spelt without a 'u', with the atypical American spelling that was more common at the time of its formation in 1912. For a short time during the late 20th Century, Harry Lindgren's 1969 spelling reform proposal (''Spelling Reform 1'' or ''SR1'') was popular in Australia and was adopted by the Australian government. SR1 calls for the short sound (as in ''bet'') to be spelt with E (for example ''friend→frend, head→hed''). Many general interest paperbacks were printed in SR1.

See also

Australian English phonology

Australian English vocabulary

Australian Aboriginal English

Australian Kriol language

Strine

IPA chart for English dialects

References

Mitchell, Alexander G., 1995, ''The Story of Australian English'', Sydney: Dictionary Research Centre.

External links

Australian National Dictionary Centre

*Ozwords—free newsletter from the Australian National Dictionary Centre, which includes articles on Australian English

The Australian National Dictionary Online

Australian Word Map at the ABC—documents regionalisms

R. Mannell, F. Cox and J. Harrington (2009), An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University

Macquarie Dictionary

Aussie English for beginners—the origins, meanings and a quiz to test your knowledge at the National Museum of Australia.

Category:English dialects Category:English language Category:Sociolinguistics

ar:إنجليزية أسترالية an:Anglés australiano de:Australisches Englisch es:Inglés australiano fa:انگلیسی استرالیایی fr:Anglais australien id:Bahasa Inggris Australia it:Strine he:אנגלית אוסטרלית nl:Australisch-Engels ja:オーストラリア英語 pl:Australijska odmiana języka angielskiego pt:Inglês australiano ru:Австралийский вариант английского языка simple:Australian English fi:Australianenglanti sv:Australisk engelska ta:ஆஸ்திரேலிய ஆங்கிலம் uk:Австралійська англійська zh:澳大利亚英语

Johnny Collins (10 May 1938 - 6 July 2009) was a folk singer based in London, England, specializing in traditional maritime music.

Biography

Collins was born in Norfolk, England and adopted by a railway worker and a music teacher living in Norwich. He joined the British Army in 1956, where he learned to play the guitar in jazz and folk clubs while posted in London. He was posted to Singapore in 1959 where he began performing in bars and cabarets in his off hours, and was posted to Hong Kong in 1965 where he began performing large concerts with other folk performers in the British and U.S. military.

He also performed on television and radio (including the "Voice of America in East Asia") and played venues like the Hong Kong Hilton. In 1967 he was posted again to Singapore where he began his own folk club at the ''Anophel Inn''. Tom Lewis and Pam Ayres performed there, among others. He was demobilized ("demobbed") in 1968, and he began to perform full-time.

In 1983 he and Jim Mageean, performing as a duo, won the Intervision Song Contest in Rostock, in East Germany. Later, in 1987, they were invited by the East German government to perform at a sea shanty festival in Berlin commemorating the city's founding.

Although slowed down by health problems, Collins continued to tour and perform worldwide up to the time of his death. including in the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Poland and France as well as making frequent appearances in his native country at Cutty Sark Tall Ships Races, and maritime festivals at Hull, Lancaster, Bristol, Dundee, Maldon, Portsmouth, Gosport, Greenwich and Chatham.

Death

He died on 6 July 2009 in Gdańsk, Poland, aged 71.

Partial discography

''Traveller's Rest'' (1973)

''Johnny's Private Army'' (1975)

''Make the Rafters Roar'' (1979) with Jim Mageean

''Free and Easy'' (1982)

''Live at Herga!'' (1982) with Jim Mageean

''Strontrace'' (1983) with Jim Mageean

''Pedlar of Songs'' (1993)

''Coming of Age'' (1996)

''Shanties and Sea Songs'' (1996)

''Now & Then'' (2000)

''Good Times'' (2008) with Graeme Knights and Jim Mageean

References

External links

Johnny Collins' official website

feature article by Mike Raven in ''Living Tradition'' magazine - Issue 27, June/July 1998

YouTube video of Johnny Collins performing song by Shelley Posen, ''No More Fish, No Fishermen''

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=me8Ainpyoac) Last Concert - Zejman Club - Gdansk, Poland 5.07.2009]

Category:1938 births Category:2009 deaths Category:English folk singers Category:Maritime music Category:People from London

nl:Johnny Collins