A patient having his blood pressure taken by a physician.

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A patient is any recipient of health care services. The patient is most often ill or injured and in need of treatment by a physician, advanced practice registered nurse, veterinarian, or other health care provider.

The word patient originally meant 'one who suffers'. This English noun comes from the Latin word patiens, the present participle of the deponent verb, patior, meaning 'I am suffering,' and akin to the Greek verb πάσχειν (= paskhein, to suffer) and its cognate noun πάθος (= pathos).

Outpatients and inpatients[link]

An outpatient (or out-patient) is a patient who is not hospitalized for 24 hours or more but who visits a hospital, clinic, or associated facility for diagnosis or treatment. Treatment provided in this fashion is called ambulatory care. Outpatient surgery eliminates inpatient hospital admission, reduces the amount of medication prescribed, and uses the physician's time more efficiently. More procedures are now being performed in a surgeon's office, termed office-based surgery, rather than in a hospital-based operating room. Outpatient surgery is suited best for healthy patients undergoing minor or intermediate procedures (limited urologic, ophthalmologic, or ear, nose, and throat procedures and procedures involving the extremities).

An inpatient (or in-patient), on the other hand, is "admitted" to the hospital and stays overnight or for an indeterminate time, usually several days or weeks (though some cases, such as coma patients, have been in hospitals for years). Treatment provided in this fashion is called inpatient care. The admission to the hospital involves the production of an admission note. The leaving of the hospital is officially termed discharge, and involves a corresponding discharge note.

Misdiagnosis is the leading cause of medical error in outpatient facilities. Ever since the National Institute of Medicine’s groundbreaking 1999 report, “To Err is Human,” found up to 98,000 hospital patients die from preventable medical errors in the U.S. each year, government and private sector efforts have focused on inpatient safety.^[1] While patient safety efforts have focused on inpatient hospital settings for more than a decade, medical errors are even more likely to happen in a doctor’s office or outpatient clinic or center.

Alternative terminology[link]

Due to concerns such as dignity, human rights and political correctness, the term "patient" is not always used to refer to a person receiving health care. Other terms that are sometimes used include health consumer, health care consumer or client. However, such terminology may be offensive to those receiving public health care as it implies a business relationship. (In at least some countries, it is illegal to practice business within any public hospital.) In veterinary medicine, the client is the owner or guardian of the patient. These may be used by governmental agencies, insurance companies, patient groups, or health care facilities. Individuals who use or have used psychiatric services may alternatively refer to themselves as consumers, users, or survivors.

In nursing homes and assisted living facilities, the term resident is generally used in lieu of patient,^[2] but it is not uncommon for staff members at such a facility to use the term patient in reference to residents. Similarly, those receiving home health care are called clients.

Patient satisfaction[link]

Patients' satisfaction with an encounter with health care service is mainly dependent on the duration and efficiency of care, and how empathetic and communicable the health care providers are.^[3] It is favored by a good doctor-patient relationship. Also, patients that are well informed of the necessary procedures in a clinical encounter, and the time it is expected to take, are generally more satisfied even if there is a longer waiting time.^[3]

See also[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Patients

References[link]

External links[link]

• Jadad AR, Rizo CA, Enkin MW (June 2003). "I am a good patient, believe it or not". BMJ 326 (7402): 1293–5. DOI:10.1136/bmj.326.7402.1293. PMC 1126181. PMID 12805157. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1126181. 
  a peer-reviewed article published in the British Medical Journal's (BMJ) first issue dedicated to patients in its 160 year history
• Sokol DK (21 February 2004). "How (not) to be a good patient"]. BMJ 328 (7437): 471. DOI:10.1136/bmj.328.7437.471. http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/328/7437/471. 
  review article with views on the meaning of the words "good doctor" vs. "good patient"
• Mary Shomons respone to the Time Magazine article "When the Patient is a Googler"

Twin Shadow
Twin Shadow at Paradise, Boston, October 6 2011
Background information
Birth name	George Lewis Jr.
Origin	New York City, USA
Genres	New Wave[1]
Labels	Terrible Records / 4AD
Website	twinshadow.net

Twin Shadow is the stage name of American musician George Lewis Jr.

History[link]

Lewis was born in the Dominican Republic and raised in Florida. Around 2000, he moved to Boston and started the band Mad Man Films alongside Joseph Ciampini (drums) (of Hooray For Earth), and Zak Longo (bass) of Before Lazers. Mad Man Films released two records independently. Around 2006, Lewis relocated to Brooklyn, NY and adopted the Twin Shadow moniker.^[2] In 2010 he released his debut album Forget, produced by Chris Taylor of Grizzly Bear. The album has been described as "steeped in 1980s new wave",^[1] "building from streaks of haunting synth textures",^[3] having "sophisticated melodies", "R&B intimacy", and "poetic lyrics",^[4] and "hazily new wave-tinged pop".^[5] Twin Shadow was the Rolling Stone 'Band of the Week' on October 7, 2010.

Twin Shadow played Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in April 2011, Sasquatch Music Festival in May 2011, San Miguel Primavera Sound in May 2011 and both Pitchfork Music Festival and Bonnaroo Music and Arts Festival in June 2011. He supported Florence and the Machine at certain performances during their 2011 U.S. Tour.

Discography[link]

Studio albums[link]

• Forget (2010)
• Confess (July 2012)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• Twin Shadow on Myspace
• Twin Shadow on Twitter
• Twin Shadow at 4AD Records

This article on an individual musician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Portrait by Roger Ramirez

Richard Davies deBronkart Jr (born February 18, 1950), widely known as e-Patient Dave, is a cancer patient and blogger who, in 2009, became a noted activist for healthcare transformation through participatory medicine and personal health data rights.

Disease and treatment[link]

In January 2007, a routine shoulder x-ray incidentally disclosed a shadow in the lung, which turned out to be metastasized kidney cancer (stage IV, grade 4 renal cell carcinoma). His median survival time at diagnosis was 24 weeks. A member of online communities since CompuServe in 1989, he responded by seeking online resources in addition to receiving treatment at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.^[1]

Use of technology during illness[link]

A frequently cited aspect^[2][3][4] of deBronkart's case is the multiple ways he used the Internet.

• He joined an expert patient community at the Association of Cancer Online Resources (ACOR).
• He sought information about his disease on web sites.
• Sharing access to his medical record in the hospital computer system, he sought advice from medically knowledgeable family and friends.
• He started an online journal and support community on CaringBridge.^[5]

Treatment and recovery[link]

His kidney was removed laparoscopically and he was treated in a clinical trial of high-dose interleukin-2 (HDIL-2), ending 7/23/07, which was effective in reducing the cancer, although his femur ultimately broke from damage caused by the disease. Visible lesions on follow-up CT scans have continued to shrink for two years, and are presumed dead.^[1]

Discovering the e-Patient movement[link]

Before and during his illness he had been writing journals and blog posts about his experiences. On the hospital's blog he signed himself "Patient Dave"; upon recovery from near-death he started a blog "The New Life of Patient Dave." In January 2008 he learned of the so-called "e-Patient White Paper", which described how patients are using the Internet to participate actively in their care. He recognized it as a match for his own actions during his illness and renamed himself "e-Patient Dave," and his blog The New Life of e-Patient Dave.

He became the most active blogger on e-patients.net, a blog founded by the late Dr. Tom Ferguson, which he now manages. In February 2009 Ferguson's e-Patient Scholars Working Group elected him founding co-chair (with his physician, Dr. Danny Sands) of the Society for Participatory Medicine.^[6] At conferences and meetings he is a frequent speaker about the "e-Patient" movement, also referred to as "patient engagement" and "participatory medicine."

Advocate for personal health records[link]

deBronkart at the Medicine 2.0 Conference

Early in 2009 deBronkart decided^[7] to activate his hospital's option to transfer his personal health data into Google Health, Google's personal health record (PHR) system. As described in a 3300 word blog post,^[8] the transferred data contained much erroneous information: a false medication warning, exaggerated diagnoses, and conditions he'd never had. In addition, the system failed to transfer existing information such as laboratory results, radiology reports and allergies.

The post was picked up on many blogs, and on April 13, 2009 was covered on the front page of The Boston Globe.^[9]

The central problem was that the hospital transferred insurance billing codes, not clinical data. The Globe said billing codes "sometimes reflect imprecise information plugged into codes required by insurers. ... some doctors fear that inaccurate information from billing data could lead to improper treatment."^[9]

The timing of the discovery was accidentally important because, at that time, national political negotiations were underway to promote the adoption of computerized medical record systems. Referring to the 2009 ARRA economic stimulus package, the Globe said:

"Ideally insurance claims could provide a trove of data that could greatly accelerate the Obama administration's effort to computerize all medical records within five years. The stimulus package contained $17 billion to help computerize doctors' records. But transferring existing information from paper or outdated computers could take years and hundreds of millions of dollars to complete.

Insurance data, by contrast, is already computerized and far easier and cheaper to download. But it is also prone to inaccuracies, partly because of the clunky diagnostic coding language used for medical billing, or because doctors sometimes label a test with the disease they hope to rule out, medical technology specialists say.

"Claims data is notoriously inaccurate and notoriously incomplete with respect to an expression of the problems a person has," said Dr. David Kibbe, a senior technology adviser to the American Academy of Family Physicians.^[9]

Within days the hospital announced it would no longer use billing data as a proxy for clinically valid information.^[10]

The following week deBronkart, Google, and the hospital were scheduled to speak at a major industry conference "Health 2.0 Meets Ix,"^[11] and the PHR story became one of the main topics. By end of month over 11,000 articles and blog posts on the subject had appeared.^[12]

Participating in the definition of "Meaningful Use"[link]

In the audience for that conference were several Washington policy people. In May and June deBronkart participated in several Washington, D. C. policy meetings^[13] about defining a critical term in the ARRA legislation, "meaningful use."

The legislation stipulated financial incentives for physicians who install electronic medical systems and put them to "meaningful use," but left the definition of that term for committees to decide. deBronkart felt strongly that patients should be able to access their own medical data, check it for errors, question it, and take it with them to another care provider if they wanted. The first definition of meaningful use did not contain that provision; the final one did.

Video and slides of his talk at the June 2 meeting of the National eHealth Collaborative (NeHC) are available online. Nine of the 12 NeHC board members served on the committees defining meaningful use.^[14]

In winter 2010 he was invited to Washington to represent the patient viewpoint at two meetings of workgroups in the Meaningful Use process.

Nationally known spokesman[link]

In May 2009, citing "a bumpy and public transition of his medical records," the Boston Globe called him "a recognized online champion of 'participatory medicine'."^[15]

deBronkart became a frequent speaker at healthcare industry conferences. He was the first patient to deliver the opening keynote at a Medicine 2.0 conference,^[16] and spoke at many others throughout 2009.^[13]

In July, the annual Best Hospitals issue of US News & World Report cited him in its article "Getting Medical Advice on the Web from Other Patients."^[17]

In September 2009 he delivered the opening keynote (photo above) at the Medicine 2.0 Congress in Toronto.^[16] The same month he was featured in the cover story "Patient of the Future"^[4] in Health Leaders magazine. Three months later the magazine named him and his physician, Dr. Danny Sands, as two of the annual "20 People Who Make Healthcare Better".^[6]

That keynote was titled "Gimme My Damn Data."^[18] On January 2010 CNN's Empowered Patient feature^[19] quoted him and alluded to the speech's title in its headline, "Patients demand: 'Give us our damned data.'"

Addresses in early 2010 expanded his audience.

• In January he addressed a Device Interoperability workshop at the FDA on software development issues, patients' desire for better tools, and the business ecosystem aspects of device development.
• In May 2010 the Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement^[20] and Institute for Healthcare Improvement^[21] invited him to speak on "What e-Patients Want from Doctors, Hospitals and Health Plans in a Time of Change." The speech received an average audience rating of 4.9 on a 5 point scale.
• Also in May he delivered a keynote at the World Congress on IT in Amsterdam, in the eHealth track, and represented the patient voice in the track's closing panel.
• On May 22 he and Regina Holliday made a presentation called "Consumers in the Trenches" at the Medical Library Association 2010 Annual Meeting and Exhibition in Washington, DC.^[22].
• In June, at the annual meeting of AHRQ's health IT contractors, his keynote was titled "Over My Dead Body: Why Reliable Systems Matter to Patients." The title alluded to a supposed remark by a health IT vendor executive, who was rumored to have said that system usability would become a Meaningful Use criterion "over my dead body." deBronkart's assertion was that poor usability harms clinicians' ability to use systems reliably, which can lead to patient harm.

Healthcare Quality Improvement[link]

In March 2010 his hospital invited his participation as a voice of the patient in their annual Lean quality improvement workshop. A series of blog posts described the experience.^[23]

Author[link]

He is the author of "Laugh, Sing, and Eat Like a Pig:^[24] How an empowered patient beat Stage IV cancer (and what healthcare can learn from it)," published in 2010 by Changing Outlook Press. The title comes from the positive approach he chose to confronting his disease: Laugh (as Norman Cousins did when facing a fatal condition in the 1960s), Sing (his doctor advised him *not* to drop out of his chorus), and Eat Like a Pig (his doctor ordered a diet to increase his caloric intake).

Personal[link]

After a career in high tech marketing outside Boston, these events led to healthcare transformation and policy issues taking an increasingly large part of his time. In summer 2009 he opened a consulting practice, ePatientDave.com,^[25] and went full-time in healthcare in February 2010. He lives in Nashua, New Hampshire.

External links[link]

• ACOR
• deBronkart's journal at CaringBridge
• e-Patients: How They Can Help Us Heal Healthcare - the ePatient whitepaper
• The New Life of e-Patient Dave
• e-patients.net
• Society for Participatory Medicine
• video and slides of deBronkart's National eHealth Collaborative presentation
• Medicine 2.0
• ePatientDave.com
• [The e-Health Perspectives of e-Patient Dave (The 'Capital I' Innovation Interview Part 1)]
• [The e-Health Perspectives of e-Patient Dave (The 'Capital I' Innovation Interview Part 2)]

References[link]