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Year 18 (XVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Caesar (or, less frequently, year 771 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 18 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Events[link]

By place[link]

Roman Empire[link]

• Emperor Tiberius and Germanicus are Roman Consuls.
• A vexillatio (sub-unit) of Legio III Augusta is destroyed by an ambush in Africa.
• The German chieftain Arminius destroys the kingdom of the Marcomanni.

Syria[link]

• Winter – Germanicus Caesar arrived in Syria, as new commander in chief for the Roman East.
• Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, governor of Syria, ignored the order of Germanicus to send Syrian-based legions, including Legio VI Ferrata and Legio X Fretensis, to Armenia to back him in his planned coronation of Artaxias III.

Parthia[link]

• Germanicus conclude a peace treaty with Artabanus II of Parthia, in which he is recognized as king and friend of Rome.

China[link]

• After a flooding of the Yellow River farmers are forced to rebel. Emperor Wang Mang reacts by sending an army (some 100,000 men) against the agrarian rebels. The rebel leaders, concerned that during battle it would become impossible to tell friend from foe, order that their men color their eyebrows red – and this is where the name Chimei ("The Red Eyebrows") comes from.

India[link]

• In India, the Indo-Parthians control Taxila.

Births[link]

Deaths[link]

• Ovid, Roman poet (or 17)
• Yang Xiong, Chinese philosopher, poet, and author (b. 53 BC)

References[link]

This article contains instructions, advice, or how-to content. The purpose of Wikipedia is to present facts, not to train. Please help improve this article either by rewriting the how-to content or by moving it to Wikiversity or Wikibooks. (July 2011)

Text file created with gedit and viewed with a hex editor
Besides the text objects there are only EOL markers
with the hexadecimal value 0A.

In computing, a newline,^[1] also known as a line break or end-of-line (EOL) marker, is a special character or sequence of characters signifying the end of a line of text. The name comes from the fact that the next character after the newline will appear on a new line—that is, on the next line below the text immediately preceding the newline. The actual codes representing a newline vary across operating systems, which can be a problem when exchanging text files between systems with different newline representations.

There is also some confusion whether newlines terminate or separate lines. If a newline is considered a separator, there will be no newline after the last line of a file. The general convention on most systems is to add a newline even after the last line, i.e. to treat newline as a line terminator. Some programs have problems processing the last line of a file if it is not newline terminated. Conversely, programs that expect newline to be used as a separator will interpret a final newline as starting a new (empty) line.

In text intended primarily to be read by humans using software which implements the word wrap feature, a newline character typically only needs to be stored if a line break is required independent of whether the next word would fit on the same line, such as between paragraphs and in vertical lists. See hard return and soft return.

Representations[link]

Software applications and operating systems usually represent a newline with one or two control characters:

• Systems based on ASCII or a compatible character set use either LF (Line feed, '\n', 0x0A, 10 in decimal) or CR (Carriage return, '\r', 0x0D, 13 in decimal) individually, or CR followed by LF (CR+LF, '\r\n', 0x0D0A). These characters are based on printer commands: The line feed indicated that one line of paper should feed out of the printer thus instructed the printer to advance the paper one line, and a carriage return indicated that the printer carriage should return to the beginning of the current line. Some rare systems, such as QNX before version 4, used the ASCII RS (record separator, 0x1E, 30 in decimal) character as the newline character.
  • LF:    Multics, Unix and Unix-like systems (GNU/Linux, Mac OS X, FreeBSD, AIX, Xenix, etc.), BeOS, Amiga, RISC OS and others.
  • CR+LF: Microsoft Windows, DEC TOPS-10, RT-11 and most other early non-Unix and non-IBM OSes, CP/M, MP/M, DOS (MS-DOS, PC-DOS, etc.), Atari TOS, OS/2, Symbian OS, Palm OS
  • LF+CR: Acorn BBC and RISC OS spooled text output.
  • CR:    Commodore 8-bit machines, Acorn BBC, TRS-80, Apple II family, Mac OS up to version 9 and OS-9
  • RS:    QNX pre-POSIX implementation.
• EBCDIC systems—mainly IBM mainframe systems, including z/OS (OS/390) and i5/OS (OS/400)—use NEL (Next Line, 0x15) as the newline character. Note that EBCDIC also has control characters called CR and LF, but the numerical value of LF (0x25) differs from the one used by ASCII (0x0A). Additionally, there are some EBCDIC variants that also use NEL but assign a different numeric code to the character.
• Operating systems for the CDC 6000 series defined a newline as two or more zero-valued six-bit characters at the end of a 60-bit word. Some configurations also defined a zero-valued character as a colon character, with the result that multiple colons could be interpreted as a newline depending on position.
• ZX80 and ZX81, home computers from Sinclair Research Ltd used a specific non-ASCII character set with code NEWLINE (0x76, 118 decimal) as the newline character.
• OpenVMS uses a record-based file system, which stores text files as one record per line. In most file formats, no line terminators are actually stored, but the Record Management Services facility can transparently add a terminator to each line when it is retrieved by an application. The records themselves could contain the same line terminator characters, which could either be considered a feature or a nuisance depending on the application.
• Fixed line length was used by some early mainframe operating systems. In such a system, an implicit end-of-line was assumed every 80 characters, for example. No newline character was stored. If a file was imported from the outside world, lines shorter than the line length had to be padded with spaces, while lines longer than the line length had to be truncated. This mimicked the use of punched cards, on which each line was stored on a separate card, usually with 80 columns on each card. Many of these systems added an carriage control character to the start of the next record, this could indicate if the next record was a continuation of the line started by the previous record, or a new line, or should overprint the previous line (similar to a CR). Often this was a normal printing character such as '#' that thus could not be used as the first character in a line. Some early line printers interpreted these characters directly in the records sent to them.

Most textual Internet protocols (including HTTP, SMTP, FTP, IRC and many others) mandate the use of ASCII CR+LF (0x0D 0x0A) on the protocol level, but recommend that tolerant applications recognize lone LF as well. In practice, there are many applications that erroneously use the C newline character '\n' instead (see section Newline in programming languages below). This leads to problems when trying to communicate with systems adhering to a stricter interpretation of the standards; one such system is the qmail MTA that actively refuses to accept messages from systems that send bare LF instead of the required CR+LF.^[2]

FTP has a feature to transform newlines between CR+LF and LF only when transferring text files. This must not be used on binary files. Usually binary files and text files are recognised by checking their filename extension.

Unicode[link]

The Unicode standard defines a large number of characters that conforming applications should recognize as line terminators:^[3]

 LF:    Line Feed, U+000A
 VT:    Vertical Tab, U+000B
 FF:    Form Feed, U+000C
 CR:    Carriage Return, U+000D
 CR+LF: CR (U+000D) followed by LF (U+000A)
 NEL:   Next Line, U+0085
 LS:    Line Separator, U+2028
 PS:    Paragraph Separator, U+2029

This may seem overly complicated compared to an approach such as converting all line terminators to a single character, for example LF. However, Unicode was designed to preserve all information when converting a text file from any existing encoding to Unicode and back. Therefore, Unicode should contain characters included in existing encodings. NEL is included in ISO-8859-1^{[citation needed]} and EBCDIC (0x15). The approach taken in the Unicode standard allows round-trip transformation to be information-preserving while still enabling applications to recognize all possible types of line terminators.

Recognizing and using the newline codes greater than 0x7F is not often done. They are multiple bytes in UTF-8 and the code for NEL has been used as the ellipsis ('…') character in Windows-1252. For instance:

• YAML^[4] no longer recognizes them as special in order to be compatible with JSON.
• ECMAScript^[5] accepts LS and PS as line breaks, but considers U+0085 (NEL) white space, not a line break.
• Microsoft Windows 2000 does not treat any of NEL, LS or PS as line-break in the default text editor Notepad
• In Linux, a popular editor "gedit" treats LS and PS as newlines but does not for NEL.

History[link]

ASCII was developed simultaneously by the ISO and the ASA, the predecessor organization to ANSI. During the period of 1963–1968, the ISO draft standards supported the use of either CR+LF or LF alone as a newline, while the ASA drafts supported only CR+LF.

The sequence CR+LF was in common use on many early computer systems that had adopted Teletype machines, typically a Teletype Model 33 ASR, as a console device, because this sequence was required to position those printers at the start of a new line. On these systems, text was often routinely composed to be compatible with these printers, since the concept of device drivers hiding such hardware details from the application was not yet well developed; applications had to talk directly to the Teletype machine and follow its conventions.

Most minicomputer systems from DEC used this convention. CP/M used it as well, to print on the same terminals that minicomputers used. From there MS-DOS (1981) adopted CP/M's CR+LF in order to be compatible, and this convention was inherited by Microsoft's later Windows operating system.

The separation of the two functions concealed the fact that the print head could not return from the far right to the beginning of the next line in one-character time. That is why the sequence was always sent with the CR first. In fact, it was often necessary to send extra characters (extraneous CRs or NULs, which are ignored) to give the print head time to move to the left margin. Even many early video displays required multiple character times to scroll the display.

The Multics operating system began development in 1964 and used LF alone as its newline. Multics used a device driver to translate this character to whatever sequence a printer needed (including extra padding characters), and the single byte was much more convenient for programming. The seemingly more obvious choice of CR was not used, as a plain CR provided the useful function of overprinting one line with another, and thus it was useful to not translate it. Unix followed the Multics practice, and later systems followed Unix.

In programming languages[link]

To facilitate the creation of portable programs, programming languages provide some abstractions to deal with the different types of newline sequences used in different environments.

The C programming language provides the escape sequences '\n' (newline) and '\r' (carriage return). However, these are not required to be equivalent to the ASCII LF and CR control characters. The C standard only guarantees two things:

1. Each of these escape sequences maps to a unique implementation-defined number that can be stored in a single char value.
2. When writing a file in text mode, '\n' is transparently translated to the native newline sequence used by the system, which may be longer than one character. When reading in text mode, the native newline sequence is translated back to '\n'. In binary mode, no translation is performed, and the internal representation produced by '\n' is output directly.

On Unix platforms, where C originated, the native newline sequence is ASCII LF (0x0A), so '\n' was simply defined to be that value. With the internal and external representation being identical, the translation performed in text mode is a no-op, and text mode and binary mode behave the same. This has caused many programmers who developed their software on Unix systems simply to ignore the distinction completely, resulting in code that is not portable to different platforms.

The C library function fgets() is best avoided in binary mode because any file not written with the UNIX newline convention will be misread. Also, in text mode, any file not written with the system's native newline sequence (such as a file created on a UNIX system, then copied to a Windows system) will be misread as well.

Another common problem is the use of '\n' when communicating using an Internet protocol that mandates the use of ASCII CR+LF for ending lines. Writing '\n' to a text mode stream works correctly on Windows systems, but produces only LF on Unix, and something completely different on more exotic systems. Using "\r\n" in binary mode is slightly better.

Many languages, such as C++, Perl,^[6] and Haskell provide the same interpretation of '\n' as C.

Java, PHP,^[7] and Python^[8] provide the '\r\n' sequence (for ASCII CR+LF). In contrast to C, these are guaranteed to represent the values U+000A and U+000D, respectively.

The Java I/O libraries do not transparently translate these into platform-dependent newline sequences on input or output. Instead, they provide functions for writing a full line that automatically add the native newline sequence, and functions for reading lines that accept any of CR, LF, or CR+LF as a line terminator (see BufferedReader.readLine()). The System.getProperty() method can be used to retrieve the underlying line separator.

Example:

  String eol = System.getProperty( "line.separator" );
  String lineColor = "Color: Red" + eol;

Python permits "Universal Newline Support" when opening a file for reading, when importing modules, and when executing a file.^[9]

Some languages have created special variables, constants, and subroutines to facilitate newlines during program execution.

Common problems[link]

The different newline conventions often cause text files that have been transferred between systems of different types to be displayed incorrectly. For example, files originating on Unix or Apple Macintosh systems may appear as a single long line on some Windows programs. Conversely, when viewing a file originating from a Windows computer on a Unix system, the extra CR may be displayed as ^M at the end of each line or as a second line break.

The problem can be hard to spot if some programs handle the foreign newlines properly while others do not. For example, a compiler may fail with obscure syntax errors even though the source file looks correct when displayed on the console or in an editor. On a Unix system, the command cat -v myfile.txt will send the file to stdout (normally the terminal) and make the ^M visible, which can be useful for debugging. Modern text editors generally recognize all flavours of CR / LF newlines and allow the user to convert between the different standards. Web browsers are usually also capable of displaying text files and websites which use different types of newlines.

The File Transfer Protocol can automatically convert newlines in files being transferred between systems with different newline representations when the transfer is done in "ASCII mode". However, transferring binary files in this mode usually has disastrous results: Any occurrence of the newline byte sequence—which does not have line terminator semantics in this context, but is just part of a normal sequence of bytes—will be translated to whatever newline representation the other system uses, effectively corrupting the file. FTP clients often employ some heuristics (for example, inspection of filename extensions) to automatically select either binary or ASCII mode, but in the end it is up to the user to make sure his or her files are transferred in the correct mode. If there is any doubt as to the correct mode, binary mode should be used, as then no files will be altered by FTP, though they may display incorrectly.

Conversion utilities[link]

This article contains instructions, advice, or how-to content. The purpose of Wikipedia is to present facts, not to train. Please help improve this article either by rewriting the how-to content or by moving it to Wikiversity or Wikibooks. (June 2010)

Text editors are often used for converting a text file between different newline formats; most modern editors can read and write files using at least the different ASCII CR/LF conventions. The standard Windows editor Notepad is not one of them (although Wordpad and the MS-DOS Editor are).

Editors are often unsuitable for converting larger files. For larger files (on Windows NT/2000/XP) the following command is often used:

TYPE unix_file | FIND "" /V > dos_file

On many Unix systems, the dos2unix (sometimes named fromdos or d2u) and unix2dos (sometimes named todos or u2d) utilities are used to translate between ASCII CR+LF (DOS/Windows) and LF (Unix) newlines. Different versions of these commands vary slightly in their syntax. However, the tr command is available on virtually every Unix-like system and is used to perform arbitrary replacement operations on single characters. A DOS/Windows text file can be converted to Unix format by simply removing all ASCII CR characters with

tr -d '\r' < inputfile > outputfile

or, if the text has only CR newlines, by converting all CR newlines to LF with

tr '\r' '\n' < inputfile > outputfile

The same tasks are sometimes performed with awk, sed, Tr_(Unix) or in Perl if the platform has a Perl interpreter:

awk '{sub("$","\r\n"); printf("%s",$0);}' inputfile > outputfile  # UNIX to DOS  (adding CRs on Linux and BSD based OS that haven't GNU extensions)
awk '{gsub("\r",""); print;}' inputfile > outputfile              # DOS to UNIX  (removing CRs on Linux and BSD based OS that haven't GNU extensions)
sed -e 's/$/\r/' inputfile > outputfile              # UNIX to DOS  (adding CRs on Linux based OS that use GNU extensions)
sed -e 's/\r$//' inputfile > outputfile              # DOS  to UNIX (removing CRs on Linux based OS that use GNU extensions)
cat inputfile | tr -d "\r" > outputfile              # DOS  to UNIX (removing CRs using tr(1). Not Unicode compliant.)
perl -pe 's/\r?\n|\r/\r\n/g' inputfile > outputfile  # Convert to DOS
perl -pe 's/\r?\n|\r/\n/g'   inputfile > outputfile  # Convert to UNIX
perl -pe 's/\r?\n|\r/\r/g'   inputfile > outputfile  # Convert to old Mac

To identify what type of line breaks a text file contains, the file command can be used. Moreover, the editor Vim can be convenient to make a file compatible with the Windows notepad text editor. For example:

[prompt] > file myfile.txt
myfile.txt: ASCII English text
[prompt] > vim myfile.txt
  within vim :set fileformat=dos
             :wq
[prompt] > file myfile.txt
myfile.txt: ASCII English text, with CRLF line terminators

The following grep commands echo the filename (in this case myfile.txt) to the command line if the file is of the specified style:

grep -PL $'\r\n' myfile.txt # show UNIX style file (LF terminated)
grep -Pl $'\r\n' myfile.txt # show DOS style file (CRLF terminated)

For Debian-based systems, these commands are used:

egrep -L $'\r\n' myfile.txt # show UNIX style file (LF terminated)
egrep -l $'\r\n' myfile.txt # show DOS style file (CRLF terminated)

The above grep commands work under Unix systems or in Cygwin under Windows. Note that these commands make some assumptions about the kinds of files that exist on the system (specifically it's assuming only UNIX and DOS-style files—no Mac OS 9-style files).

This technique is often combined with find to list files recursively. For instance, the following command checks all "regular files" (e.g. it will exclude directories, symbolic links, etc.) to find all UNIX-style files in a directory tree, starting from the current directory (.), and saves the results in file unix_files.txt, overwriting it if the file already exists:

find . -type f -exec grep -PL '\r\n' {} \; > unix_files.txt

This example will find C files and convert them to LF style line endings:

find -name '*.[ch]' -exec fromdos {} \;

The file command also detects the type of EOL used:

file myfile.txt
> myfile.txt: ASCII text, with CRLF line terminators

Other tools permit the user to visualise the EOL characters:

od -a myfile.txt
cat -e myfile.txt
hexdump -c myfile.txt

dos2unix, unix2dos, mac2unix, unix2mac, mac2dos, dos2mac can perform conversions. The flip^[10] command is often used.

See also[link]

• ASA carriage control characters
• C0 and C1 control codes
• Page break
• Line starve

References[link]

External links[link]

• The Unicode reference, see paragraph 5.8 in Chapter 5 of the Unicode 4.0 standard (PDF)
• "The End-of-Line Story"
• The [NEL] Newline Character
• The End of Line Puzzle
• Tofrodos - software for Unix that converts to and from DOS newlines
• ToFroWin: a Windows shell extension that is able to convert multiple files from DOS to UNIX (and vice-versa) line endings right from the context menu.
• "Understanding Newlines" on O'Reilly-Net - an article by Xavier Noria.

Phil Mickelson
Mickelson during the 2008 US Open at Torrey Pines.
Personal information
Full name	Philip Alfred Mickelson
Nickname	Lefty
Born	(1970-06-16) June 16, 1970 (age 42) San Diego, California
Height	6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)
Weight	200 lb (91 kg; 14 st)
Nationality	United States
Residence	Rancho Santa Fe, California
Spouse	Amy
Children	Amanda, Sophia, Evan
Career
College	Arizona State University
Turned professional	1992
Current tour(s)	PGA Tour (joined 1992)
Professional wins	48
Number of wins by tour
PGA Tour	40 (tied 9th all time)
European Tour	7
Challenge Tour	1
Other	5
Best results in Major Championships (Wins: 4)
Masters Tournament	Won: 2004, 2006, 2010
U.S. Open	2nd/T2: 1999, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2009
The Open Championship	T2: 2011
PGA Championship	Won: 2005
Achievements and awards
World Golf Hall of Fame	2012 (member page)
Haskins Award	1990, 1991, 1992

Philip Alfred Mickelson (born June 16, 1970) is an American professional golfer. He has won four major championships and a total of 40 events on the PGA Tour. He has reached a career high world ranking of 2nd in multiple years. He is nicknamed "Lefty" for his left-handed swing, even though he is otherwise right-handed. Mickelson was elected into the World Golf Hall of Fame in November 2011 and was inducted in May 2012.^[1]

Early years[link]

Mickelson was born in San Diego, California, to parents Phil Mickelson Sr. (an airline pilot and former naval aviator)^[2] and Mary Mickelson. He was raised there and in Scottsdale, Arizona. Although right-handed otherwise, he plays golf left-handed, as he learned by watching his right-handed father swing and mirroring it.^[3] Mickelson began golf under his father's instruction before starting school. Phil Sr.'s work schedule as a commercial pilot allowed them to play together several times a week and an extensive practice area in their San Diego backyard allowed young Phil to hone his creative short game.^[2] Mickelson graduated from the University of San Diego High School in 1988.

College golf[link]

Mickelson attended Arizona State University in Tempe on a golf scholarship and graduated in 1992. While at ASU, he became the face of amateur golf in the United States, capturing three NCAA individual championships and three Haskins Awards (1990, 1991, 1992) as the outstanding collegiate golfer. He was the second collegiate golfer to earn first-team All-American honors all four years. In addition in 1990 he became the first left-hander to win the U.S. Amateur title. Perhaps his greatest achievement, however, came in 1991 at age 20 when he won his first PGA Tour event, the Northern Telecom Open, in Tucson. He did so as an amateur, becoming only the sixth player in PGA history to accomplish this feat, and the first since Scott Verplank, who won the 1985 Western Open. No one has since matched this achievement.

PGA Tour pro[link]

Early professional career[link]

Mickelson turned pro in 1992 following his graduation. He was able to bypass the Tour's qualifying process (Q-School) because of his 1991 Tucson win, which earned him a two-year exemption. He continued to win many PGA Tour tournaments, including the Byron Nelson Golf Classic and the World Series of Golf in 1996, the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am in 1998, the Colonial National Invitation in 2000 and the Greater Hartford Open in 2001 and again in 2002. He also won the Buick Invitational in 2000, defeating Tiger Woods and ending his streak of consecutive tournament victories at six. After his win, Mickelson said, "I didn't want to be the bad guy. I wasn't trying to end the streak per se. I was just trying to win the golf tournament."^[4]

Mickelson has been capable of scoring very low for many seasons. He scored a career-low 59 for 18 holes, at the PGA Grand Slam of Golf at Poipu Bay Golf Course in Hawaii, on November 24, 2004.

Mickelson's game has been characterized by his powerful but often inaccurate full swing, but even more so by his excellent short game, and most of all his daring "Phil flop" shot, in which a big swing with a high-lofted wedge against a tight lie flies a ball high into the air for a short distance. His putting has been usually excellent since turning pro.

Despite these accomplishments, for many years Mickelson was often described as the "best golfer never to win a major".^[5] Mickelson often played well in majors: in the five-year span between 1999 and 2003, he had six second-place or third-place finishes, and he holds the record for the most second-place finishes in U.S. Open history with five.

Since early 1993, Mickelson's caddy has been Jim "Bones" Mackay.^[6] Mickelson has a lifetime exemption on the PGA Tour, for being a tour member for over 15 years and having 20 plus tour victories. Mickelson has spent over 650 weeks in the top-10 of the Official World Golf Rankings and has been ranked in the final top 10 every year since 1996. Despite his success, Mickelson has never held the World #1 ranking.^[7][8]

2004–06: First three major wins[link]

Mickelson at the Open Championship (2006).

Mickelson's first major championship win came at the 2004 Masters, where he won with an 18-foot final hole birdie putt, defeating Ernie Els in a Sunday back-nine duel in which the two traded birdies and eagles back and forth. In addition to getting the "majors monkey" off his back, this made him only the third golfer with a left-handed swing to win a major, the others being New Zealander Sir Bob Charles who won the The Open Championship in 1963 and Canadian Mike Weir who won The Masters in 2003. (Like Mickelson, Weir is a right-hander who plays left-handed.)

Just prior to the 2004 Ryder Cup, Mickelson was dropped from his long-standing contract with Titleist/Acushnet Golf, when he took heat for a voicemail message he left for a Callaway Golf executive. In it, he praised their driver and golf ball and thanked them for their help in getting some equipment for his brother. This memo was played to all of their salesmen, and eventually found its way back to Titleist. He was then let out of his multi-year deal with Titleist 16 months early, and signed on with Callaway Golf, his current equipment sponsor. He endured a great deal of ridicule and scrutiny from the press and fellow Ryder Cup members for his equipment change so close to the Ryder Cup matches. He faltered at the 2004 Ryder Cup, going 1-3-0, but refused to blame the sudden change in equipment or his practice methods for his performance.^[9]

The following year, in a Monday final round conclusion forced by weather, Mickelson captured his second career major championship with his victory at the 2005 PGA Championship at Baltusrol. On the 18th hole, Mickelson hit one of his trademark soft pitches from deep greenside rough to within a foot and a half of the cup, and then made his birdie to finish at a 4-under-par total of 276, one shot ahead of Steve Elkington and Thomas Bjørn.

Mickelson captured his third major championship the following spring by winning the 2006 Masters. Mickelson won his second Green Jacket after shooting a 3-under-par final round, winning by two strokes over his nearest rival Tim Clark. This win propelled him to 2nd place in the Official World Golf Rankings (his career best), behind Tiger Woods and ahead of Vijay Singh and Retief Goosen.

Winged Foot[link]

At the 2006 U.S. Open at Winged Foot, Mickelson was part of a wild finish, in which he ended up in a tie for second place at +6 (286), one shot behind champion Geoff Ogilvy. On the 71st hole, Mickelson, with the lead at +3, missed the fairway to the left, and his drive finished inside a garbage can, from which he was granted a free drop; he parred the hole, but his bogey on the previous hole reduced his lead to one shot heading to the final hole. Needing a par for a one-shot victory, he chose to hit driver on the final hole of the tournament, and hit it well left of the fairway (he had only hit two of thirteen fairways previously in the round). The ball bounced off a corporate hospitality tent and settled in an area of trampled-down grass that was enclosed with trees. He decided to go for the green with his second shot, rather than play it safe and pitch out into the fairway. His ball then hit a tree, and did not advance more than 50 yards. His next shot plugged into the left greenside bunker. He was unable to get up and down from there, resulting in a double bogey, and costing him a chance of winning the championship outright or getting into a playoff, and also ending his bid to join Ben Hogan and Tiger Woods as the only players to win three consecutive professional majors (he had won two in a row heading into Winged Foot).

2006–08[link]

Mickelson at 2007 Barclays Singapore Open.

During the third round of the 2006 Ford Championship at Doral, Mickelson gave a spectator $200 after his wayward tee shot at the par-5 10th broke the man's watch.^[10]

Mickelson also has shown other signs of appreciation. In 2007 after hearing the story of retired NFL player, Conrad Dobler, and his family on ESPN explaining their struggles to pay medical bills, Mickelson volunteered to pay tuition for Holli Dobler, Conrad Dobler's daughter, at Miami University in Ohio.^[11]

Frustrated with his driving accuracy, Mickelson made the decision in April 2007 to leave longtime swing coach, Rick Smith. He currently works with Butch Harmon, a former coach of Tiger Woods. On May 13, 2007, Mickelson came from a stroke back on the final round to shoot a three-under 69 to win The Players Championship with an 11-under-par 277. This Mother's Day win was his first without his wife and children present.

In the 2007 U.S. Open at Oakmont, after shooting 11 over par after 2 rounds, Mickelson missed the cut (by a stroke) for the first time in 31 majors, since the 1999 The Open Championship at Carnoustie. He had been hampered by a wrist injury that was incurred while practicing in the thick rough at Oakmont a few weeks before the tournament.

On September 3, 2007, Mickelson won the Deutsche Bank Championship which is the second FedEx Cup playoff event. On the final day, he was paired with Tiger Woods, who ended up finishing two strokes behind Mickelson in a tie for second. It was the first time Mickelson was able to best Woods while paired together on the final day of a tournament. The next day Mickelson announced that he would not be competing in the third FedEx Cup playoff event. The day before his withdrawal, Mickelson said during a television interview that PGA Tour Commissioner, Tim Finchem, had not responded to advice he had given him on undisclosed issues.^[12]

In a Men's Vogue article Mickelson recounted his effort to lose 20 pounds with the help of trainer Sean Cochran. "Once the younger players started to come on tour, he realized that he had to start working out to maintain longevity in his career," Cochran said.^[13] Mickelson's regimen consisted of increasing flexibility and power, eating five smaller meals a day, aerobic training, and carrying his own golf bag.^[14]

Mickelson was inducted into the National Italian-American Sports Hall of Fame in 2008.^[15]

2009[link]

Mickelson won for the first time in 2009 by defending his title at the Northern Trust Open at Riviera Country Club. He finished one stroke ahead of Steve Stricker. It was Mickelson's 35th win on tour; he surpassed Vijay Singh for second place on the current PGA Tour wins list. A month later, he won his 36th title on the tour, and his first World Golf Championship, at the 2009 WGC-CA Championship with a one- stroke win over Nick Watney.

On May 20, 2009, it was announced that Mickelson's wife, Amy, was diagnosed with breast cancer, and Mickelson announced he would suspend his PGA Tour schedule indefinitely. She would begin treatment with major surgery as early as the following two weeks. Mickelson was scheduled to play the HP Byron Nelson Championship May 21–24, and to defend his title May 28–31 at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, but withdrew from both events.^[16] During the final round of the 2009 BMW PGA Championship, fellow golfer and family friend John Daly wore bright pink trousers in support of Mickelson's wife.^[17] Also, the next Saturday, at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, a "Pink Out" event was hosted, and the PGA Tour players all wore pink that day, to support the Mickelson family. On May 31, Mickelson announced that he would return to play on the PGA Tour in June at the St. Jude Classic and the U.S. Open, since he had heard from the doctors treating his wife that her cancer had been detected in an early stage.^[18]

Mickelson shot a final round 70 at the 2009 U.S. Open and recorded his fifth runner-up finish at the U.S. Open, a record. He shared the lead after an eagle at the 13th hole, but fell back with bogeys on 15 and 17; Lucas Glover captured the championship.

On July 6, 2009 it was announced that his mother, Mary Mickelson, was diagnosed with breast cancer and would have surgery at the same hospital where his wife was treated.^[19] After hearing the news of his mother now being diagnosed with breast cancer, Mickelson took another leave of absence from the Tour, missing The Open Championship. On July 28, Mickelson announced he would return to the PGA Tour in August at the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational, the week before the PGA Championship at Hazeltine National Golf Club in Chaska, Minnesota.

In September, Mickelson won The Tour Championship for the second time in his career. He entered the final round four strokes off the lead, but shot a final round 65 to win the event by three strokes over Tiger Woods.^[20] With the win, Mickelson finished the season second behind Woods in the 2009 FedEx Cup standings.^[21]

On November 8, 2009, Mickelson won the WGC-HSBC Champions by one shot over Ernie Els in Shanghai.^[22]

2010: Third Masters win[link]

On April 11, 2010, Mickelson won the 2010 Masters Tournament with a 16-under-par performance, giving him a three-stroke win over Lee Westwood in Augusta, Georgia. The win marked the third Masters victory for Mickelson and his fourth major championship overall.^[23] Critical to Mickelson's win was a dramatic run in the third round on Saturday in which Mickelson, trailing leader Westwood by five strokes as he prepared his approach shot to the 13th green, proceeded to make eagle, then to hole-out for eagle from 141 yards at the next hole, the par 4 14th, then on the next, the par 5 15th, to miss eagle from 81 yards by mere inches. After tapping in for birdie at 15, Mickelson, at -12, led Westwood, at -11, who had bogeyed hole 12 and failed to capitalize on the par 5 13th, settling for par.

Westwood did recapture the one-stroke lead by round's end, but the momentum carried forward for Mickelson into round 4, where he posted a bogey-free 67 to Westwood's 71, and no other pursuer was able to keep pace to the end, though K.J. Choi and Anthony Kim made notable charges. For good measure, Mickelson birdied the final hole and memorably greeted his waiting wife, Amy, with a prolonged hug and kiss.^[24]

For many fans, this finish to the tournament was especially poignant, given Amy's suffering from breast cancer for the preceding year; Mary Mickelson, Phil's mother, was also dealing with cancer. CBS Sports announcer Jim Nantz's call of the final birdie putt, "That's a win for the family," was seen by many as capturing the moment well.^[25][26]

Thanks to the dramatic return of Tiger Woods to competitive play after a scandal-ridden 20-week absence, to his close contention throughout for the lead (he finished tied with Choi for 4th at -11), and to Mickelson and others' memorably exciting play over the weekend, the 2010 Masters showed strong television ratings in the United States, ranking third all-time to Woods's historic wins in 1997 and 2001.^[27] Mickelson's win left him second only to Woods in major championships among his competitive contemporaries, moving him ahead of Ernie Els, Vijay Singh and Pádraig Harrington, with three major championships each and each, like Mickelson, with dozens of worldwide wins.

Mickelson, who was one of the favorites for the U.S. Open at Pebble Beach, shot 74 and 66 on Thursday and Friday to sit a shot off the lead. However, two weekend scores of 73 gave him a T4 finish. During the rest of the 2010 season, Mickelson had multiple opportunities to become the number one player in the Official World Golf Rankings following the travails of Tiger Woods. However, a string of disappointing finishes by Mickelson saw the number one spot eventually go to Englishman Lee Westwood.

In the days leading up to the 2010 PGA Championship at Whistling Straits, Mickelson announced he had been diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis. He added that he had started medical treatment, and had become a vegetarian in hopes of aiding his recovery. He maintains that both his short and long term prognosis are good, that the condition should have no long term effect on his golfing career, and that he currently feels well. He also stated that the arthritis may go into permanent remission after one year of medical treatment. He went on to finish the championship T12, five shots back of victor Martin Kaymer.

2011[link]

Mickelson started his season at the Farmers Insurance Open at Torrey Pines Golf Course. He shot 3 rounds of 67-69-68 and was tied for the 54 hole lead with Bill Haas. Mickelson needed to hole out on the 18th hole for eagle from 74 yards to force a playoff with Bubba Watson. He hit it to 4 feet and Watson won the tournament.

On April 3, 2011, Mickelson won the Shell Houston Open with a 20-under-par, three-stroke win over Scott Verplank. Mickelson rose to No. 3 in the world ranking, while Tiger Woods fell to No. 7. Mickelson had not been ranked above Woods since the week prior to the 1997 Masters Tournament.

At the 2011 Open Championship, Mickelson recorded just his second top-ten finish in 18 tournaments by tying for second with Dustin Johnson. His front nine 30 put him briefly in a tie for the lead with eventual champion Darren Clarke. However, his poor putting caused him to fade from contention toward the end, to finish tied for second.

At the 2011 Deutsche Bank Championship, Mickelson began using a belly putter, an Odyssey Sabertooth with a White Hot XG insert. Mickelson has been receiving advice from 2011 PGA Championship winner Keegan Bradley on technique with a belly putter.

2012[link]

Mickelson switched back to the conventional putter in 2012, where he made his debut at the Humana Challenge finishing tied for 49th at 10-under par and struggled with his game slightly. His poor play continued the following week at the Farmers Insurance Open when he missed the cut after shooting rounds of 77 and 68. His driving was clearly erratic^{[citation needed]} and he was also struggling with his putting, even though he had re-adopted^{[citation needed]} an old technique which brought him huge success^{[citation needed]} on the greens in the past. In the final round of the 2012 AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am Mickelson rallied from 6 back, winning with a final round score of 8-under 64 and a four round total of 269 and beating Tiger Woods by 11 strokes that day.^[28] The win marked his 40th career victory on the PGA Tour.^[29] The following week at Riviera Country Club, Mickelson lost the Northern Trust Open in a three man playoff.^[30] He had held the lead or a share of it from day one until the back nine on Sunday when Bill Haas posted the clubhouse lead at seven under par. Mickelson holed a 27-foot birdie putt on the final regulation hole to force a playoff alongside Haas and Keegan Bradley. Haas however won the playoff with a 40 foot birdie putt on the second playoff hole. The second place finish moved Mickelson back into the world's top 10.^[31]

Mickelson finished tied for third at the 2012 Masters Tournament. After opening the tournament with a two-over-par 74, he shot 68-66 in the next two rounds and ended up one behind the leader Peter Hanson by the Saturday night. Mickelson had a poor start to his fourth round, scoring a triple-bogey when he hit his ball far to the left of the green on the par-3 4th hole, hitting the stand and landing in a bamboo plant. This ended up being Mickelson's only score over par in the whole round, and he ended with a score of eight-under overall. Earlier in the tournament he had received widespread praise for being present to watch Jack Nicklaus, Arnold Palmer and Gary Player hit the ceremonial opening tee-shots, nearly seven hours before Mickelson's own tee time.^[32]

Playing style[link]

As a professional competitor, Mickelson's playing style is described by many as "aggressive" and highly social.^[33][34][35] Sometimes, his strategy towards difficult shots (bad lies, obstructions) tends to be what may be considered risky and a gamble.^[36]

Earnings and endorsements[link]

Although ranked third on the "all-time money list"^[37] of tournament prize money won, Mickelson earns far more from endorsements than from prize money. According to one estimate^[38] of 2011 earnings (comprising salary, winnings, bonuses, endorsements and appearances) Mickelson was then the second-highest paid athlete in the United States, earning income over $62,000,000, $53,000,000 of which came from endorsements. Major companies which Mickelson currently endorses are KPMG, ExxonMobil (Mickelson and wife Amy started a teacher sponsorship fund with the company), Rolex, Barclays, and Callaway Golf. He has been previously sponsored by Titleist, Bearing Point and Ford. After being diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis in 2010, Mickelson was treated with Enbrel and began endorsing the drug.

Amateur wins (7)[link]

• 1981 Junior World Golf Championships (Boys 9-10)
• 1989 NCAA Division I Championship
• 1990 NCAA Division I Championship, U.S. Amateur, Porter Cup
• 1991 Western Amateur
• 1992 NCAA Division I Championship

Professional wins (48)[link]

Mickelson with the trophy for the 2007 Players Championship

PGA Tour wins (40)[link]

No.	Date	Tournament	Winning score	Margin of victory	Runner(s)-up
1	Jan 13, 1991	Northern Telecom Open (as an amateur)	–16 (65-71-65-71=272)	1 stroke	Tom Purtzer, Bob Tway
2	Feb 21, 1993	Buick Invitational of California	–10 (75-69-69-65=278)	7 strokes	Jay Don Blake, Jay Haas, Greg Twiggs
3	Aug 22, 1993	The International	45 pts. (11-7-11-16 = 45)	8 points	Mark Calcavecchia
4	Jan 9, 1994	Mercedes Championships	–12 (70-68-70-68=276)	Playoff	Fred Couples
5	Jan 22, 1995	Northern Telecom Open (2)	–19 (65-66-70-68=269)	1 stroke	Jim Gallagher, Jr., Scott Simpson
6	Jan 14, 1996	Nortel Open (3)	–14 (69-66-71-67=273)	2 strokes	Bob Tway
7	Jan 27, 1996	Phoenix Open	–15 (69-67-66-67=269)	Playoff	Justin Leonard
8	May 15, 1996	GTE Byron Nelson Golf Classic	–15 (67-65-67-66=265)	2 strokes	Craig Parry
9	Aug 25, 1996	NEC World Series of Golf	–6 (70-66-68-70=274)	3 strokes	Billy Mayfair, Steve Stricker, Duffy Waldorf
10	Mar 23, 1997	Bay Hill Invitational	–16 (72-65-70-65=272)	3 strokes	Stuart Appleby
11	Aug 3, 1997	Sprint International (2)	48 pts. (14-13-12-9 = 48)	7 points	Stuart Appleby
12	Jan 11, 1998	Mercedes Championships (2)	–17 (68-67-68-68=271)	1 stroke	Mark O'Meara, Tiger Woods
13	Feb 1, 1998	AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am	–14 (65-70-67=202)	1 stroke	Tom Pernice, Jr.
14	Feb 13, 2000	Buick Invitational (2)	–18 (66-67-67-70=270)	4 strokes	Shigeki Maruyama, Tiger Woods
15	Apr 2, 2000	BellSouth Classic	–11 (67-69-69=205)	Playoff	Gary Nicklaus
16	May 21, 2000	MasterCard Colonial	–12 (67-68-70-63=268)	2 strokes	Stewart Cink, Davis Love III
17	Nov 5, 2000	The Tour Championship	–13 (67-69-65-66=267)	2 strokes	Tiger Woods
18	Feb 11, 2001	Buick Invitational (3)	–19 (68-64-71-66=269)	Playoff	Frank Lickliter, Davis Love III
19	Jul 1, 2001	Canon Greater Hartford Open	–16 (67-68-61-68=264)	1 stroke	Billy Andrade
20	Jan 20, 2002	Bob Hope Chrysler Classic	–30 (64-67-70-65-64=330)	Playoff	David Berganio, Jr.
21	Jun 23, 2002	Canon Greater Hartford Open (2)	–14 (69-67-66-64=264)	1 stroke	Jonathan Kaye, Davis Love III
22	Jan 25, 2004	Bob Hope Chrysler Classic (2)	–30 (68-63-64-67-68=330)	Playoff	Skip Kendall
23	Apr 11, 2004	Masters Tournament	–9 (72-69-69-69=279)	1 stroke	Ernie Els
24	Feb 6, 2005	FBR Open (2)	–17 (73-60-66-68=267)	5 strokes	Scott McCarron, Kevin Na
25	Feb 13, 2005	AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am (2)	–19 (62-67-67-73=269)	4 strokes	Mike Weir
26	Apr 4, 2005	BellSouth Classic (2)	–8 (74-65-69=208)	Playoff	Arjun Atwal, Rich Beem, Brandt Jobe, José María Olazábal
27	Aug 15, 2005	PGA Championship	–4 (67-65-72-72=276)	1 stroke	Thomas Bjørn, Steve Elkington
28	Apr 2, 2006	BellSouth Classic (2)	–28 (63-65-67-65=260)	13 strokes	Zach Johnson, José María Olazábal
29	Apr 9, 2006	Masters Tournament (2)	–7 (70-72-70-69=281)	2 strokes	Tim Clark
30	Feb 11, 2007	AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am (3)	–20 (65-67-70-66=268)	5 strokes	Kevin Sutherland
31	May 13, 2007	The Players Championship	–11 (67-72-69-69=277)	2 strokes	Sergio García
32	Sep 3, 2007	Deutsche Bank Championship	–16 (70-64-68-66=268)	2 strokes	Arron Oberholser, Brett Wetterich, Tiger Woods
33	Feb 17, 2008	Northern Trust Open	–12 (68-64-70-70=272)	2 strokes	Jeff Quinney
34	May 25, 2008	Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial (2)	–14 (65-68-65-68=266)	1 stroke	Tim Clark, Rod Pampling
35	Feb 22, 2009	Northern Trust Open (2)	–15 (63-72-62-72=269)	1 stroke	Steve Stricker
36	Mar 15, 2009	WGC-CA Championship	–19 (65-66-69-69=269)	1 stroke	Nick Watney
37	Sep 27, 2009	The Tour Championship (2)	–9 (73-67-66-65=271)	3 strokes	Tiger Woods
38	Apr 11, 2010	Masters Tournament (3)	–16 (67-71-67-67=272)	3 strokes	Lee Westwood
39	Apr 3, 2011	Shell Houston Open	–20 (70-70-63-65=268)	3 strokes	Chris Kirk, Scott Verplank
40	Feb 12, 2012	AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am (4)	–17 (70-65-70-64=269)	2 strokes	Charlie Wi

PGA Tour playoff record (7–4)

No.	Year	Tournament	Opponent(s)	Result
1	1994	Mercedes Championships	Fred Couples	Won with par on second extra hole
2	1996	Phoenix Open	Justin Leonard	Won with birdie on third extra hole
3	2000	BellSouth Classic	Gary Nicklaus	Won with birdie on first extra hole
4	2000	GTE Byron Nelson Classic	Davis Love III, Jesper Parnevik	Parnevik won with birdie on third extra hole Mickelson eliminated with birdie on second hole
5	2001	Buick Invitational	Frank Lickliter, Davis Love III	Won with double bogey on third extra hole Love eliminated with par on second hole
6	2002	Bob Hope Chrysler Classic	David Berganio, Jr.	Won with birdie on first extra hole
7	2004	Bob Hope Chrysler Classic	Skip Kendall	Won with birdie on first extra hole
8	2005	BellSouth Classic	Arjun Atwal, Rich Beem, Brandt Jobe, José María Olazábal	Won with birdie on fourth extra hole Olazábal eliminated with par on third hole Atwal and Jobe eliminated with par on first hole
9	2007	Nissan Open	Charles Howell III	Lost to par on third extra hole
10	2008	FBR Open	J. B. Holmes	Lost to birdie on first extra hole
11	2012	Northern Trust Open	Keegan Bradley, Bill Haas	Haas won with birdie on second extra hole

European Tour wins (7)[link]

• 2004 Masters Tournament
• 2005 PGA Championship
• 2006 Masters Tournament
• 2008 HSBC Champions (2008 season, 2007 calendar year, co-sanctioned by Asian Tour, Sunshine Tour and PGA Tour of Australasia)
• 2009 WGC-CA Championship, WGC-HSBC Champions (Official event on the European Tour, and co-sanctioned by the PGA Tour, Asian Tour, Sunshine Tour, and PGA Tour of Australasia, but not an official PGA Tour event)
• 2010 Masters Tournament

Note: Majors and WGC-CA Championship are also PGA Tour wins

Challenge Tour wins (1)[link]

• 1993 Tournoi Perrier de Paris

Other wins (5)[link]

• 1997 Wendy's 3-Tour Challenge (with Fred Couples and Tom Lehman)
• 2000 Wendy's 3-Tour Challenge (with Notah Begay III and Rocco Mediate)
• 2001 Tylenol Par-3 Shootout at Treetops Resort
• 2004 TELUS Skins Game, PGA Grand Slam of Golf

Major championships[link]

Wins (4)[link]

Year	Championship	54 Holes	Winning score	Margin	Runner(s)-up
2004	Masters Tournament	Tied for lead	–9 (72-69-69-69=279)	1 stroke	Ernie Els
2005	PGA Championship	Tied for lead	–4 (67-65-72-72=276)	1 stroke	Thomas Bjørn, Steve Elkington
2006	Masters Tournament (2)	1 shot lead	–7 (70-72-70-69=281)	2 strokes	Tim Clark
2010	Masters Tournament (3)	1 shot deficit	–16 (67-71-67-67=272)	3 strokes	Lee Westwood

Results timeline[link]

LA = Low Amateur
DNP = did not play
CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" = tied
Green background for wins. Yellow background for top-10.

World Golf Championships[link]

Wins (2)[link]

Year	Championship	54 Holes	Winning score	Margin of victory	Runner(s)-up
2009	WGC-CA Championship	Tied for lead	–19 (65-66-69-69=269)	1 stroke	Nick Watney
2009	WGC-HSBC Champions	2 shot lead	–17 (69-66-67-69=271)	1 stroke	Ernie Els

Results timeline[link]

¹Cancelled due to 9/11
The HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009 (it is not an official money PGA Tour event). Mickelson won the event in 2007, before it became part of the WGC schedule.
DNP = Did not play
QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play
"T" = tied
NT = No Tournament
Green background for wins. Yellow background for top-10.

PGA Tour career summary[link]

* As of April 8, 2012.

Note: Mickelson won as an amateur in 1991 and therefore did not receive any prize money.

U.S. national team appearances[link]

Amateur

• Walker Cup: 1989, 1991 (winners)
• Eisenhower Trophy: 1990

Professional

• Presidents Cup: 1994 (winners), 1996 (winners), 1998, 2000 (winners), 2003 (tie), 2005 (winners), 2007 (winners), 2009 (winners), 2011 (winners)
• Ryder Cup: 1995, 1997, 1999 (winners), 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008 (winners), 2010
• Alfred Dunhill Cup: 1996 (winners)

Equipment[link]

As of 2/12/2012 according to golfchannel.com

• Driver: Callaway RAZR Fit (9.5 degree)
• Fairway Wood: Callaway Big Bertha Diablo (3 wood)
• Hybrid: Callaway X (19 degrees)
• Irons: Callaway X-Forged (4); Callaway X-Prototype (5); Callaway RAZR X Muscle Back (6-PW)
• Wedges: Callaway X-Series JAWS CC (52, 60, 64)
• Putter: Odyssey White Hot XG PT82 Blade
• Ball: Callaway HEX Black Tour

See also[link]

Biography portal

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