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Mark 84 Bomb
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Vietnam War
The Vietnam War was a Cold War military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to 15 May 1975 when the Mayaguez Incident concluded and two weeks after the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. The 'Mayaguez incident' involving the Khmer Rouge government in Cambodia on 12–15 May 1975, marked the last official battle of the United States (U.S.) involvement in the Vietnam War. This war followed the First Indochina War and was fought between North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, supported by the United States and other anti-communist nations.
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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- BLU-116
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- Minol (explosive)
- Paveway
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GBU-15 Glide Bomb
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:23
- Published: 28 Mar 2009
- Uploaded: 05 Nov 2011
- Author: jaglavaksoldier
Guided Bomb Unit 15 is an unpowered, glide weapon used to destroy high-value enemy targets. It was designed for use with F-15E Strike Eagle, F-111 'Aardvark' and F-4 Phantom II aircraft, but the United States Air Force is currently only deploying it from the F-15E. The GBU-15 has long-range maritime anti-ship capability with the B-52 Stratofortress. Rockwell International is the prime contractor for this weapon system. The weapon consists of modular components that are attached to either a general purpose Mark 84 bomb or a penetrating-warhead BLU-109 bomb. Each weapon has five components -- a forward guidance section, warhead adapter section, control module, airfoil components, and a weapon data link. The guidance section is attached to the nose of the weapon and contains either a television guidance system for daytime or an imaging infrared system for night or limited, adverse weather operations. A data link in the tail section sends guidance updates to the control aircraft that enables the weapon systems operator to guide the bomb by remote control to its target. An external electrical conduit extends the length of the warhead which attaches the guidance adapter and control unit. The conduit carries electrical signals between the guidance and control sections. The umbilical receptacle passes guidance and control data between cockpit control systems of the launching aircraft and the weapon prior to launch. The rear control section consists of four wings that are in an "X <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/GBU-15_Glide_Bomb
Thunders at High Mark 2010 fire power demo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:50
- Published: 12 Aug 2011
- Uploaded: 31 Jan 2012
- Author: PAFwallpapersChannel
Four Thunders from No.26 MR Sqn bombing at Thal range, during fire power demo of High Mark2010 Exercise. S/L Nauman and S/L Hussain dropped 500lbs two MK-82 bombs each, where as S/L Azkaar and W/C Khalid dropped one 2000lbs MK-84 each. All six bombs claimed direct hits! www.PAFwallpapers.com
http://wn.com/Thunders_at_High_Mark_2010_fire_power_demo
ArmA 2 - B-52 "Buff" dropping 84 Mk-82s
B-52 "Buff" dropping 84 Mark-82s during the night over Isle Duala. Game: ArmA 2 (v1.05) Map: Isle Duala Addon: Boeing B-52H Stratofortress "BUFF" by Gnat Sound: Default Game Sound
http://wn.com/ArmA_2__B-52_Buff_dropping_84_Mk-82s
FSX F16 Fighting Falcon 'Intercept'
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:54
- Published: 23 Apr 2011
- Uploaded: 08 Feb 2012
- Author: flatron306
Aerosoft F16 Fighting falcon Intercepts an enemy aircraft. Tecnical Data Lockheed Martin F16C Block 30: General characteristics Crew: 1 Length: 49 ft 5 in (15.06 m) Wingspan: 32 ft 8 in (9.96 m) Height: 16 ft (4.88 m) Wing area: 300 ft² (27.87 m²) Airfoil: NACA 64A204 root and tip Empty weight: 18900 lb (8570 kg) Loaded weight: 26500 lb (12000 kg) Max takeoff weight: 42300 lb (19200 kg) Powerplant: 1 × F110-GE-100 afterburning turbofan Dry thrust: 17155 lbf (76.3 kN) Thrust with afterburner: 28600 lbf (127 kN) Performance Maximum speed: At sea level: Mach 1.2 (915 mph, 1470 km/h)[41] At altitude: Mach 2+[96] (1500 mph, 2410 km/h[1]) clean configuration Combat radius: 340 mi (295 nm, 550 km) on a hi-lo-hi mission with six 1000 lb (450 kg) bombs Ferry range: 2280 NM (2620 mi, 4220 km) with drop tanks Service ceiling: 60000+ ft (18000+ m) Rate of climb: 50000 ft/min (254 m/s) Wing loading: 88.3 lb/ft² (431 kg/m²) Thrust/weight: 1.095 Armament Guns: 1× 20 mm (0.787 in) M61 Vulcan 6-barreled gatling cannon, 511 rounds Hardpoints: 2× wing-tip Air-to-air missile launch rails, 6× under-wing & 3× under-fuselage pylon stations holding up to 17000 lb (7700 kg) of payload Rockets: 4× LAU-61/LAU-68 rocket pods (each with 19× /7× Hydra 70 mm rockets, respectively) or 4× LAU-5003 rocket pods (each with 19× CRV7 70 mm rockets) or 4× LAU-10 rocket pods (each with 4× Zuni 127 mm rockets) Missiles: Air-to-air missiles: 2× AIM-7 Sparrow or 6× AIM-9 Sidewinder or 6× IRIS-T or 6× AIM-120 <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/FSX_F16_Fighting_Falcon_'Intercept'
GBU-15 Glide Bomb
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:24
- Published: 24 Sep 2008
- Uploaded: 10 Dec 2011
- Author: jaglavaksoldier
GBU-15 is an unpowered, glide weapon used to destroy high-value enemy targets. It was designed for use with F-15E Strike Eagle, F-111 'Aardvark' and F-4 Phantom II aircraft, but the United States Air Force is currently only deploying it from the F-15E. The GBU-15 has long-range maritime anti-ship capability with the B-52 Stratofortress. Rockwell International is the prime contractor for this weapon system. The weapon consists of modular components that are attached to either a general purpose Mark 84 bomb or a penetrating-warhead BLU-109 bomb. Each weapon has five components -- a forward guidance section, warhead adapter section, control module, airfoil components, and a weapon data link.
http://wn.com/GBU-15_Glide_Bomb
f-35 vertical flight test
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:57
- Published: 30 Jan 2011
- Uploaded: 09 Nov 2011
- Author: Mjbrutus1991
General characteristics Crew: 1 Length: 51.4 ft (15.67 m) Wingspan: 35 ft[N 5] (10.7 m) Height: 14.2 ft[N 6] (4.33 m) Wing area: 460 ft²[88] (42.7 m²) Empty weight: 29300 lb (13300 kg) Loaded weight: 49540 lb[52][N 7][219] (22470 kg) Max takeoff weight: 70000 lb[N 8] (31800 kg) Powerplant: 1× Pratt & Whitney F135 afterburning turbofan Dry thrust: 28000 lbf[220][N 9] (125 kN) Thrust with afterburner: 43000 lbf[220][221] (191 kN) Internal fuel capacity: 18480 lb (8382 kg)[N 10] Performance Maximum speed: Mach 1.6+[83] (1200 mph, 1930 km/h) Range: 1200 nmi (2220 km) on internal fuel Combat radius: over 590 nmi[N 11] (1090 km) on internal fuel[222] Service ceiling: 60000 ft[223] (18288 m) Rate of climb: classified (not publicly available) Wing loading: 91.4 lb/ft² (446 kg/m²) Thrust/weight: With full fuel: 0.87 With 50% fuel: 1.07 g-Limits: 9 g[N 12] Armament Guns: 1 × General Dynamics GAU-22/A Equalizer 25 mm (0.984 in) 4-barreled gatling cannon, internally mounted with 180 rounds[N 13][83] Hardpoints: 6 × external pylons on wings with a capacity of 15000 lb (6800 kg)[83][88] and 2 × internal bays with 2 pylons each[88] for a total weapons payload of 18000 lb (8100 kg)[53] and provisions to carry combinations of: Missiles: AIM-120 AMRAAM AIM-132 ASRAAM AIM-9X Sidewinder IRIS-T JDRADM (after 2020)[224] AGM-154 JSOW AGM-158 JASSM[94] Bombs: Mark 84, Mark 83 and Mark 82 GP bombs Mk.20 Rockeye II cluster bomb Wind Corrected Munitions Dispenser capable Paveway-series laser-guided <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/f-35_vertical_flight_test
No.11 Sqn F-16s during HighMark 2010 firepower demo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:10
- Published: 12 Aug 2011
- Uploaded: 13 Oct 2011
- Author: PAFwallpapersChannel
No.11 Sqn F-16s dropping 2000lbs Mk-84 bombs at High Mark 2010 firepower demo. All four bombs claimed direct hit! www.PAFwallpapers.com
http://wn.com/No11_Sqn_F-16s_during_HighMark_2010_firepower_demo
F-16 Fighting Falcon
The General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon is a multirole jet fighter aircraft originally developed by General Dynamics for the United States Air Force. Designed as a lightweight day fighter, it evolved into a successful all-weather multirole aircraft. Over 4400 aircraft have been built since production was approved in 1976. Though no longer being purchased by the US Air Force, improved versions are still being built for export customers. In 1993, General Dynamics sold its aircraft manufacturing business to the Lockheed Corporation, which in turn became part of Lockheed Martin after a 1995 merger with Martin Marietta. The Fighting Falcon is a dogfighter with numerous innovations including a frameless bubble canopy for better visibility, side-mounted control stick to ease control while maneuvering, a seat reclined 30 degrees to reduce the effect of g-forces on the pilot, and the first use of a relaxed static stability/fly-by-wire flight control system that makes it a highly nimble aircraft. The F-16 has an internal M61 Vulcan cannon and has 11 hardpoints for mounting weapons, and other mission equipment. Although the F-16's official name is "Fighting Falcon", it is known to its pilots as the "Viper", due to it resembling a viper snake and after the Battlestar Galactica Colonial Viper starfighter. In addition to USAF active, reserve, and air national guard units, the aircraft is used by the USAF aerial demonstration team, the US Air Force Thunderbirds, and as an adversary <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/F-16_Fighting_Falcon
F2F Air Loadout Selector System (ALSS) for ARMA 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:32
- Published: 20 Feb 2012
- Uploaded: 21 Feb 2012
- Author: TheFirst2Fight
The F2F Air Loadout Selector System is a script which enables a variety of bomb and missile loadouts for the AV-8B Harrier II. - Script Created by [F2F] SkyNet Come fly with us! Join TheFirst2Fight at www.TheFirst2Fight.com ! ------------------------------- ALSS FEATURES ------------------------------- Weapon Loadouts: 1) Air Superiority - Air-to-air equipped in order to provide air dominance over a battlefield. 2) Air Interdiction - An array of direct and indirect ordinance packages which will deter or delay enemy advancement. i) GPS/INS Package (JDAM) ii) LASER Package (Paveway) iii) GP Light Package (Mark 81 - 250lb) iv) GP Medium Package (Mark 82 - 500lb) v) GP Heavy Package (Mark 84 - 2000lb) 3) Close Air Support - Precision ordinance including laser guided bomb units and air-to-ground missiles specifically tailored for direct close air support sorties. 4) Combat Air Patrol - A balanced loadout enabling direct and indirect air-to-ground and air-to-air capabilities. Additional Features: 1) Clear Weapon Stations - Will remove all bombs, missiles, and cannon munitions from the aircraft. 2) Exit F2F ALSS - Collapses all open loadout menus.
http://wn.com/F2F_Air_Loadout_Selector_System_ALSS_for_ARMA_2
United States Air Force Atomic Bomb Delivery Aircraft
0800051 - Armed Forces Special Weapons Project Presents United States Air Force Atomic Bomb Delivery Aircraft (Piloted) - 1950-1957 - 17:30 - Black&White and Color - This video highlights the United States Air Force's nuclear capable aircraft available in the early 1950s. Featured aircraft included the strategic bombers B-29, B-50, B-36, B-47 and B-52, while the tactical aircraft were the B-45, B-57, F-86, and F-84. The video depicts a Mark-6 , or "60-inch nuclear bomb" in a nuclear test. The Mark 7 tactical nuclear weapon, or "30-inch nuclear bomb," is shown being loaded and tested by the newest delivery method, the Low Altitude Bombing System (LABS). With LABS, a tactical aircraft flies toward an "initial point," then commences a "4G" climb, and releases the bomb at a designated point in the climb. By the time the bomb detonates, the aircraft is a safe distance away. The video shows that the Air Force had a wide choice of aircraft, bombs, and delivery methods, and could use them to protect the welfare and security of the country. -From DOE NNSA/NSO Historical Test Films www.nv.doe.gov
http://wn.com/United_States_Air_Force_Atomic_Bomb_Delivery_Aircraft
Declassified US Nuclear Test Film #51
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 16:12
- Published: 06 Nov 2007
- Uploaded: 19 Nov 2011
- Author: talkingsticktv
0800051 - Armed Forces Special Weapons Project Presents United States Air Force Atomic Bomb Delivery Aircraft (Piloted) - 1950-1957 - 17:30 - Black&White and Color - This video highlights the United States Air Forces nuclear capable aircraft available in the early 1950s. Featured aircraft included the strategic bombers B-29, B-50, B-36, B-47 and B-52, while the tactical aircraft were the B-45, B-57, F-86, and F-84. The video depicts a Mark-6 , or "60-inch nuclear bomb" in a nuclear test. The Mark 7 tactical nuclear weapon, or "30-inch nuclear bomb," is shown being loaded and tested by the newest delivery method, the Low Altitude Bombing System (LABS). With LABS, a tactical aircraft flies toward an "initial point," then commences a "4G" climb, and releases the bomb at a designated point in the climb. By the time the bomb detonates, the aircraft is a safe distance away. The video shows that the Air Force had a wide choice of aircraft, bombs, and delivery methods, and could use them to protect the welfare and security of the country.
http://wn.com/Declassified_US_Nuclear_Test_Film_#51
IL2: F-84G ThunderJet with Mark 7 nuclear bomb
A more dynamic variant of toss bombing, called over-the-shoulder bombing, or the LABS (Low Altitude Bombing System) maneuver (known to pilots as the "idiot's loop"), is a particular kind of loft bombing where the bomb is released past the vertical so it is tossed back towards the target. This tactic was first made public on 7 May 1957 at Eglin AFB, when a B--47 entered its bombing run at low altitude, pulled up sharply (3.5 g) into a half loop, releasing its bomb under computer control at a predetermined point in its climb, then executed a half roll, completing a maneuver similar to an Immelmann turn or Half Cuban Eight. The bomb continued upward for some time in a high arc before falling on a target which was a considerable distance from its point of release. In the meantime, the maneuver had allowed the bomber to change direction and distance itself from the target.
http://wn.com/IL2_F-84G_ThunderJet_with_Mark_7_nuclear_bomb
Mk 82 Snakeye Bomb Drop
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:10
- Published: 22 Aug 2008
- Uploaded: 12 Jan 2012
- Author: jaglavaksoldier
500lb Snakeye retarded GP bomb release from an USAF F-111
http://wn.com/Mk_82_Snakeye_Bomb_Drop
DCS: A-10C Mk82 Air High Drag Iron Bomb 420 Feet
Here I am testing the release of the MK82 Airs at low altitude using CCIP and pickling the target in the middle of the line. Wings are not quite level but that's OK. middle vehicle is the correct release point, not the lead vehicle when stationary. The computed release is accurate but the jet takes fragmentation damage (I assume) The Mk82 has a blast radius of about 200 feet. I don't know if the Ural truck drivers have guns, maybe they shot me with hand guns!
http://wn.com/DCS_A-10C_Mk82_Air_High_Drag_Iron_Bomb_420_Feet
2Minute Report - Live Load - Kunsan
The Airmen from the 389th Loaded 84 live MK-82 bombs over the course of the week.
http://wn.com/2Minute_Report__Live_Load__Kunsan
Republic F-84 Thunderjet
airboyd.tv Republic F-84G Thunderjet F-84G From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http Single-seat fighter-bomber capable of delivering the Mark 7 nuclear bomb using the LABS, J35-A-29 engine, autopilot, capable of in-flight refueling using both the boom (receptacle in left wing leading edge) and drogue (probe fitted to wingtip fuel tanks), introduced the multi-framed canopy which was later retrofitted to earlier straight-winged F-84s. A total of 3025 were built (1936 for NATO under MDAP).
http://wn.com/Republic_F-84_Thunderjet
Fixen the Lincoln Pt. 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:30
- Published: 14 Mar 2010
- Uploaded: 24 Aug 2010
- Author: HotrodMercury84
Fixen the lincoln part 2, But still a no go.... Will it run in part 3?? stay tooned and find out
http://wn.com/Fixen_the_Lincoln_Pt_2
Alien Autopsy from ROSWELL The Naked Truth Revealed
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:17
- Published: 24 Feb 2010
- Uploaded: 20 Feb 2012
- Author: easterfilmsdotcom
Alien Autopsy scene from the award winning documentary, "Roswell: The Naked Truth Revealed" from easterfilms.com as described by Mr. Glenn Dennis. Mr. Dennis was the Mortician at Ballard Funeral Home in Roswell, New Mexico in 1947. Mr. Dennis had received a call from the RAAF Mortuary Officer asking how to keep dead tissue from decomposing, and if the funeral home had child sized hermetically sealed coffins.
http://wn.com/Alien_Autopsy_from_ROSWELL_The_Naked_Truth_Revealed
Mac Brazel discovers Crash Debris Field from ROSWELL The Naked Truth Revealed
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:00
- Published: 28 Feb 2010
- Uploaded: 27 Aug 2010
- Author: easterfilmsdotcom
ROSWELL: The Naked Truth Revealed is an award winning documentary film from easterfilms.com. Winner of the Gold Special Jury Award at the WorldFest Houston Film Independent Competition. In July, 1947 Rancher Mac Brazel discovers a crash debris field on his ranch in Corona, New Mexico..
http://wn.com/Mac_Brazel_discovers_Crash_Debris_Field_from_ROSWELL_The_Naked_Truth_Revealed
The Thunders.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:51
- Published: 11 Oct 2011
- Uploaded: 28 Dec 2011
- Author: rockerforlove
The Republic F-84 Thunderjet was an American turbojet fighter-bomber aircraft. Originating as a 1944 United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) proposal for a "day fighter", the F-84 flew in 1946. Although it entered service in 1947, the Thunderjet was plagued by so many structural and engine problems that a 1948 Air Force review declared it unable to execute any aspect of its intended mission and considered cancelling the program. The aircraft was not considered fully operational until the 1949 F-84D model and the design matured only with the definitive F-84G introduced in 1951. In 1954, the straight-wing Thunderjet was joined by the swept-wing F-84F Thunderstreak fighter and RF-84F Thunderflash photo reconnaissance aircraft. The Thunderjet became the Air Force's primary strike aircraft during the Korean War, flying 86408 missions and destroying 60% of all ground targets in the war as well as eight Soviet-built MiG fighters. Over half of the 7524 F-84s produced served with NATO nations, and it was the first aircraft to fly with the US Air Force Thunderbirds demonstration team. The USAF Strategic Air Command had F-84 Thunderjets in service from 1948 through 1957. The F-84 was the first production fighter aircraft to utilize in-flight refueling and the first fighter capable of carrying a nuclear weapon, ie the Mark 7 nuclear bomb. Modified F-84s were used in several unusual projects, including the FICON and Tom-Tom dockings to the B-29 Superfortress and B-36 bomber motherships <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/The_Thunders
Super Mario Galaxy walkthrough 84-85: Revenge of the Topman Tribe, Dreadnought's Garbage Dump
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:40
- Published: 11 Aug 2009
- Uploaded: 25 Dec 2011
- Author: Doghealer66
Revenge of the Topman Tribe Dreadnought Galaxy's 3rd star Difficulty rating: 3/10 Dreadnought's Garbage Dump Dreadnought Galaxy's secret star Difficulty rating: 8/10 Next: Melty Molten Galaxy's The Sinking Lava Spire Any of you that may be wondering what's up with all the changing text colors...I'm trying to make an effort to make my text readable. In this effort, I've tried to choose colors that most contrast with the images their placed on. The colors themselves have no intended meaning.
http://wn.com/Super_Mario_Galaxy_walkthrough_84-85_Revenge_of_the_Topman_Tribe,_Dreadnought's_Garbage_Dump
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| Coordinates | 28°1′0″N153°24′0″N |
|---|---|
| Name | Mark 84 General Purpose (GP) Bomb |
| Origin | United States |
| Type | Low-drag general purpose bomb |
| Is explosive | yes |
| Unit cost | $3,100 |
| Variants | |
| Weight | 2039 lb (925 kg) |
| Length | 129 in (3280 mm) |
| Diameter | 18 in (458 mm) |
| Crew | |
| Filling | Tritonal, Minol or Composition H6 |
| Filling weight | 945 lb (429 kg) |
| Yield | }} |
The Mark 84 is an American general-purpose bomb, it is also the largest of the Mark 80 series of weapons. Entering service during the Vietnam War, it became a commonly used US heavy unguided bomb (due to the amount of High-explosive content packed inside) to be dropped, second only to the BLU-82 "Daisy Cutter" then in service and presently third only to the GBU-43/B Massive Ordnance Air Blast bomb (MOAB) currently in service. Pilots flying the F-117 Nighthawk over Iraq during the first gulf war nicknamed it the "Hammer" (albeit fitted with the GBU-24 Paveway III kit for use specially by the ''Nighthawks''), for its considerable destructive power and blast radius.
Development and deployment
The Mark 84 has a nominal weight of , but its actual weight varies depending on its fin, fuze options, and retardation configuration, from . It is a streamlined steel casing filled with of Tritonal high explosive.
The Mark 84 is capable of forming a crater wide and deep. It can penetrate up to of metal or of concrete, depending on the height from which it is dropped, and causes lethal fragmentation to a radius of .
Many Mark 84s have been retrofitted with stabilizing and retarding devices to provide precision guidance capabilities. They serve as the warhead of a variety of precision-guided munitions, including the GBU-10 and GBU-24 Paveway laser-guided bombs, GBU-15 electro-optical bomb, GBU-31 JDAM and Quickstrike sea mines.
According to a test report conducted by the United States Navy's Weapon System Explosives Safety Review Board (WSESRB) established in the wake of the 1967 USS Forrestal fire, the cooking off time for a Mk 84 is approximately 8 minutes 40 seconds.
See also
References
;Notes
External links
Category:Cold War aerial bombs of the United States Category:Aerial bombs of the United States
cs:Mark 84 es:Mark 84 it:Mk 84 he:פצצת סימן 84 hu:Mk 84 pl:Bomba Mark 84 pt:Mark 84 ru:Mark 84 fi:Mk 84 tr:MK-84 uk:Mark 84 vi:MK 84This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
A landfill site (also known as tip, dump or rubbish dump and historically as a midden), is a site for the disposal of waste materials by burial and is the oldest form of waste treatment. Historically, landfills have been the most common methods of organized waste disposal and remain so in many places around the world.
Landfills may include internal waste disposal sites (where a producer of waste carries out their own waste disposal at the place of production) as well as sites used by many producers. Many landfills are also used for waste management purposes, such as the temporary storage, consolidation and transfer, or processing of waste material (sorting, treatment, or recycling).
A landfill also may refer to ground that has been filled in with rocks instead of waste materials, so that it can be used for a specific purpose, such as for building houses. Unless they are stabilized, these areas may experience severe shaking or liquefaction of the ground in a large earthquake.
Operations
Typically, in non hazardous waste landfills, in order to meet predefined specifications, techniques are applied by which the wastes are: #Confined to as small an area as possible. #Compacted to reduce their volume. #Covered (usually daily) with layers of soil.During landfill operations the waste collection vehicles are weighed at a weighbridge on arrival and their load is inspected for wastes that do not accord with the landfill’s waste acceptance criteria. Afterward, the waste collection vehicles use the existing road network on their way to the tipping face or working front where they unload their load. After loads are deposited, compactors or dozers are used to spread and compact the waste on the working face. Before leaving the landfill boundaries, the waste collection vehicles pass through the wheel cleaning facility. If necessary, they return to the weighbridge in order to be weighed without their load. Through the weighing process, the daily incoming waste tonnage can be calculated and listed in databases. In addition to trucks, some landfills may be equipped to handle railroad containers. The use of 'rail-haul' permits landfills to be located at more remote sites, without the problems associated with many truck trips.
Typically, in the working face, the compacted waste is covered with soil daily. Alternative waste-cover materials are several sprayed-on foam products and temporary blankets. Blankets can be lifted into place with tracked excavators and then removed the following day prior to waste placement. Chipped wood and chemically 'fixed' bio-solids may also be used as an alternate daily cover. The space that is occupied daily by the compacted waste and the cover material is called a daily cell. Waste compaction is critical to extending the life of the landfill. Factors such as waste compressibility, waste layer thickness and the number of passes of the compactor over the waste affect the waste densities.
Impacts
A large number of adverse impacts may occur from landfill operations. These impacts can vary: fatal accidents (e.g., scavengers buried under waste piles); infrastructure damage (e.g., damage to access roads by heavy vehicles); pollution of the local environment (such as contamination of groundwater and/or aquifers by leakage or sinkholes and residual soil contamination during landfill usage, as well as after landfill closure); offgassing of methane generated by decaying organic wastes (methane is a greenhouse gas many times more potent than carbon dioxide, and can itself be a danger to inhabitants of an area); harbouring of disease vectors such as rats and flies, particularly from improperly operated landfills, which are common in developing countries; injuries to wildlife; and simple nuisance problems (e.g., dust, odour, vermin, or noise pollution).Most modern landfills in industrialized countries are operated with controls to attempt to manage problems such as these. Analysis of common landfill operational problems are available.
Some local authorities have found it difficult to locate new landfills. Communities may charge a fee or levy in order to discourage waste and/or recover the costs of site operations. Many landfills are publicly funded, but some are commercial businesses, operated for profit.
Landfill gas
Gases are produced in landfills due to the anaerobic digestion by microbes on any organic matter. This gas can be collected and flared off or used to generate electricity in a gas fired power plant. Landfill gas monitoring can be carried out to alert for the presence of a build-up of gasses to a harmful level. This gas is often referred to as Trash Air.
Regional practice
European Union
European Landfill Directive
New Zealand
United Kingdom
Landfilling practices in the UK have had to change in recent years to meet the challenges of the European Landfill Directive. The UK now imposes landfill tax upon biodegradable waste which is put into landfills. In addition to this the Landfill Allowance Trading Scheme has been established for local authorities to trade landfill quotas in England. A different system operates in Wales where authorities are not able to 'trade' between themselves, but have allowances known as the Landfill Allowance Scheme.
In 2003, there were 254 licensed landfills in Scotland.
United States
In the U.S., landfills are regulated by the state's environmental agency that establishes minimum guidelines; however, none of these standards may fall below those set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); such as was the case with the Fresh Kills Landfill in Staten Island, which is claimed by many to be the world's largest landfill. The landfill has since been closed and is being transformed into a park.
Reclaiming materials
Landfills can be regarded as a viable and abundant source of materials and energy. In the developing world, this is widely understood and one may thus often find waste pickers scavenging for still usable materials. In a commercial context, landfills sites have also been discovered by companies and many have begun harvesting materials and energy . Well known examples are gas recovery facilities. Other commercial facilities include fossil fuel power plants and waste incinerators which have built-in material recovery. This material recovery is possible through the use of filters (electro filter, active carbon and potassium filter, quench, HCL-washer, SO2-washer, bottom ash-grating, etc.). An example of these is the AEB Waste Fired Power Plant. The AEB waste incinerator is hereby able to recover a large part of the burned waste in source materials. According to Marcel van Berlo (who helped build the plant), the processed waste contained higher percentages of source materials than any mine in the world. He also added that when the plant was compared to a Chilean copper mine, the waste fired plant could recover more copper. However, because of the high concentration of gases and the unpredictability of the landfill contents, which often include sharp objects, landfill excavation is generally considered dangerous. Furthermore, the quality of materials residing within landfills tends to degrade and such materials are thought to be not worth the risks required to recover them.
Alternatives
The alternatives to landfills are waste reduction and recycling strategies. Secondary to not creating waste, there are various alternatives to landfills. In the late 20th century, alternative methods of waste disposal to landfill and incineration have begun to gain acceptance. Anaerobic digestion, composting, mechanical biological treatment, pyrolysis and plasma arc gasification have all began to establish themselves in the market.
In recent years, some countries, such as Germany, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Switzerland, have banned the disposal of untreated waste in landfills. In these countries, only the ashes from incineration or the stabilized output of mechanical biological treatment plants may still be deposited.
See also
References
Further reading
External links
ar:مركز ردم النفايات ay:T'una uchaña bn:আবর্জনাভূমি bs:Deponija ca:Abocador cs:Skládka da:Losseplads de:Deponie el:Χώρος Υγειονομικής Ταφής Απορριμμάτων es:Vertedero (basura) eo:Rubodeponejo fa:خاکچال fr:Décharge (déchet) hr:Odlagalište otpada id:Tempat pembuangan akhir is:Landfylling it:Discarica di rifiuti he:מטמנה lv:Izgāztuve lt:Sąvartynas nl:Vuilnishoop ja:最終処分場 no:Deponi oc:Descarga pl:Składowisko odpadów pt:Aterro sanitário ru:Свалка simple:Landfill sl:Smetišče sr:Депонија sh:Deponija fi:Kaatopaikka sv:Soptipp uk:Звалище zh-yue:垃圾堆填區 zh:堆填
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