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People who earn their living by collecting and sorting garbage and selling them for recycling, Payatas in Manila, Philippines.

Waste (also known as rubbish, trash, refuse, garbage, junk, and litter) is unwanted or useless materials.

Waste is linked to people development. Litter refers to waste disposed of improperly.

Definitions[link]

[edit] Environment Programme According to the Basel Convention:

"Wastes are materials that are not prime products (that is products produced for the market) for which the generator has no further use in terms of his/her own purposes of production, transformation or consumption, and of which he/she wants to dispose. Wastes may be generated during the extraction of raw materials, the processing of raw materials into intermediate and final products, the consumption of final products, and other human activities. Residuals recycled or reused at the place of generation are excluded."^[1]

Vegetable waste being dumped in a market in Hyderabad

Under the Waste Framework Directive (European Directive 75/442/EC as amended), the European Union defines waste as an object the holder discards, intends to discard or is required to discard.

Types[link]

There are many waste types defined by modern systems of waste management, notably including:

Agobox; Bio-medical Waste

• Municipal Waste includes Household waste, Commercial waste, and Demolition waste
• Hazardous Waste includes Industrial waste
• Bio-medical Waste includes Clinical waste
• Special Hazardous waste includes Radioactive waste, explosives waste, and Electronic waste (e-waste)

Reporting[link]

There are many issues that surround reporting waste. It is most commonly measured by size or weight, and there is a stark difference between the two. For example, organic waste is much heavier when it is wet, and plastic or glass bottles can have different weights but be the same size.^[2] On a global scale it is difficult to report waste because countries have different definitions of waste and what falls into waste categories, as well as different ways of reporting. Based on incomplete reports from its parties, the Basel Convention estimated 338 million tonnes of waste was generated in 2001.^[3] For the same year, OECD estimated 4 billion tonnes from its member countries.^[4] Despite these inconsistencies, waste reporting is still useful on a small and large scale to determine key causes and locations, and to find ways of preventing, minimizing, recovering, treating, and disposing waste.

Costs[link]

Environmental costs[link]

Waste attracts rodents and insects which harbour gastrointestinal parasites, yellow fever, worms, the plague and other conditions for humans. Exposure to hazardous wastes, particularly when they are burned, can cause various other diseases including cancers. Waste can contaminate surface water, groundwater, soil, and air which causes more problems for humans, other species, and ecosystems.^[5] Waste treatment and disposal produces significant green house gas (GHG) emissions, notably methane, which are contributing significantly to global climate change.^[3]

Social costs[link]

Waste management is a significant environmental justice issue. Many of the environmental burdens cited above are more often borne by marginalized groups, such as racial minorities, women, and residents of developing nations. NIMBY (not-in-my-back-yard) is a popular term used to describe the opposition of residents to a proposal for a new development close to them.^[6] However, the need for expansion and siting of waste treatment and disposal facilities is increasing worldwide. There is now a growing market in the transboundary movement of waste, and although most waste that flows between countries goes between developed nations, a significant amount of waste is moved from developed to developing nations.^[7]

Economic costs[link]

The economic costs of managing waste are high, and are often paid for by municipal governments.^[8] Money can often be saved with more efficiently designed collection routes, modifying vehicles, and with public education. Environmental policies such as pay as you throw can reduce the cost of management and reduce waste quantities. Waste recovery (that is, recycling, reuse) can curve economic costs because it avoids extracting raw materials and often cuts transportation costs.^[9] The location of waste treatment and disposal facilities often has an impact on property values due to noise, dust, pollution, unsightliness, and negative stigma. The informal waste sector consists mostly of waste pickers who scavenge for metals, glass, plastic, textiles, and other materials and then trade them for a profit. This sector can significantly alter or reduce waste in a particular system, but other negative economic effects come with the disease, poverty, exploitation, and abuse of its workers.^[10]

Education and awareness[link]

Education and awareness in the area of waste and waste management is increasingly important from a global perspective of resource management. The Talloires Declaration is a declaration for sustainability concerned about the unprecedented scale and speed of environmental pollution and degradation, and the depletion of natural resources. Local, regional, and global air pollution; accumulation and distribution of toxic wastes; destruction and depletion of forests, soil, and water; depletion of the ozone layer and emission of "green house" gases threaten the survival of humans and thousands of other living species, the integrity of the earth and its biodiversity, the security of nations, and the heritage of future generations. Several universities have implemented the Talloires Declaration by establishing environmental management and waste management programs, e.g. the waste management universityproject. University and vocational education are promoted by various organizations, e.g. WAMITAB and Chartered Institution of Wastes Management.

See also[link]

Environment portal

	Book: Pollution
Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print.

• Environmental dumping
• Fly-tipping
• Life cycle assessment
• List of waste types
• Litter
• Recycling
• Waste by country
• Waste collection
• Waste collection vehicle
• Waste converter
• Waste management

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Waste

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Waste

Look up waste or wastefulness in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Waste at the Open Directory Project
• Resource Productivity and Waste at the OECD

Ryan Dempster
Dempster with the Cubs in July 2007
Chicago Cubs – No. 46
Starting pitcher
Born: (1977-05-03) May 3, 1977 (age 35) Sechelt, British Columbia
Bats: Right	Throws: Right
MLB debut
May 23, 1998 for the Florida Marlins
Career statistics (through May 30, 2012)
Win-Loss record	112-119
Earned run average	4.37
Strikeouts	1,819
Saves	87
Teams
Florida Marlins (1998–2002) Cincinnati Reds (2002–2003) Chicago Cubs (2004–present)
Career highlights and awards
2× All-Star selection (2000, 2008) DHL Delivery Man of the Month

Ryan Scott Dempster (born May 3, 1977, in Sechelt, British Columbia) is a Canadian Major League Baseball starting pitcher for the Chicago Cubs. Dempster bats and throws right-handed. He has been both a starter and a reliever in his career.

Professional career[link]

Texas Rangers[link]

He was drafted by the Texas Rangers in the 3rd round of the 1995 MLB Draft and began his career with the Gulf Coast Rangers. He subsequently played for the Hudson Valley Renegades, the Kane County Cougars and the Charleston RiverDogs.

Florida Marlins[link]

Dempster was traded to the Florida Marlins on August 8, 1996 (with Rick Helling) for John Burkett. He made his major league debut for the Marlins, working two innings of relief, on May 23, 1998 against the Pittsburgh Pirates. He allowed three earned runs on two hits in that game. He made his first start June 1 against the Chicago Cubs, but only lasted 1 1/3 innings as he was shelled for five runs while allowing 4 hits (including 2 home runs) and walking 3, to record his first career loss. After falling to 0-3 he got his first Major League win on June 28 against the Boston Red Sox, when he allowed only 1 run in 7 innings. He was 1-5 with a 7.08 ERA in 14 appearances (11 starts) that season. He started 25 games in 1999 and finished 7-8 with a 4.71 ERA.

In 2000, Dempster was 13-10 with a 3.66 ERA in 33 starts, including 2 complete games and 1 shutout. On May 7, 2000, he tossed a one-hitter against the New York Mets.^[1] He was selected to the 2000 Major League Baseball All-Star Game. His stats slipped a bit in 2001 as he went 15-12 with a 4.94 ERA in 34 starts. In 2002 he made 18 starts for the Marlins and was 5-8 with a 4.79 ERA.

Cincinnati Reds[link]

The Marlins traded Dempster to the Cincinnati Reds on July 11, 2002 for Juan Encarnacion, Wilton Guerrero and Ryan Snare. In 15 starts the second half of the season, he was 5-5 with a 6.19 ERA.

In the 2003 season, he made 20 starts (and 2 relief appearances) and was 3-7 with a 6.54 ERA. In August 2003, he underwent Tommy John surgery on his right elbow and missed the rest of the season.

Chicago Cubs[link]

After his release by the Reds, he signed as a free agent with the Chicago Cubs on January 21, 2004. After rehabbing from his surgery, he joined the Cubs on August 1 and appeared in 23 games, all out of the bullpen. He picked up his first career save on September 15, 2004 against the Pittsburgh Pirates.

In 2005, after starting 6 games, Dempster was named the closer for the Cubs, replacing LaTroy Hawkins.

He collected 33 saves in 35 opportunities, the best save percentage in the league; in both blown saves, he collected the win. He is the only Cub and one of just three players ever to both start a game and collect 30 saves in the same season. On October 1, 2005, the Cubs signed him through 2008 in a US$15.5 million contract extension.^[2][3]

He emerged as one of the team's most consistent relievers in 2007. At one point, Lou Pinella, the Cubs' manager, was considering promoting Dempster to a starting pitcher.^[4] However, the idea was short lived, as a struggling bullpen forced Dempster to remain as closer. He recorded 16 saves in 18 opportunities before missing two weeks of playtime on account of an injured oblique muscle.^[3]

During 2008 spring training, Dempster's performance earned him a promotion to the third spot on the starting rotation, with the closer job going to Kerry Wood. On April 3, 2008, he earned his first win as a home starter since a 2002 win with the Marlins against the Cubs.^[5] On May 15, 2008, Dempster recorded a career high 12 strikeouts in a game. He pitched 8¹⁄₃rd innings, and gave up only 6 hits. On July 8, 2008 he became the first Cubs pitcher in 31 seasons to start 10–0 at home.^[6] Dempster finished the season with 17–6 record, with 2.96 ERA and 183 strikeouts in 201 and 2/3 innings. Dempster threw sliders 32.9% of the time in 2008, more than any other NL starting pitcher.[2]

Dempster opened the Cubs 2008 postseason campaign against the Los Angeles Dodgers on September 26, 2008.^[7] Dempster accumulated a high pitch count early and, after he was unable to get outs with 0–2 counts twice, he surrendered a grand slam to James Loney and was pulled in favor of Sean Marshall.

He led the majors in sacrifice hits, with 19.[3]

Following the 2008 season, Dempster re-signed with the Cubs for four years and a reported $52 million.^[8]

In May 2009 MLB indicated that the Commissioner's Office would review Dempster's up-and-in pitch to Milwaukee Brewers slugger Ryan Braun. Cubs manager Lou Piniella commented, "You've got to tie Braun up from time to time. If you don't, he's going to feast on you."^[9] After reviewing the tapes, however, Major League Baseball found no wrongdoing on Dempster's part, and decided not to take any action against him.[4]

Dempster finished the season with a 3.65 ERA and a record of 11–9 in 31 starts.^[10]

In 2010 he was 15-12 with a 3.85 ERA in 34 starts and in 2011 he was 10-14 with a 4.80 ERA in 34 starts.

Pitching style[link]

Dempster throws five pitches with some regularity: a four-seam fastball and two-seam fastball averaging about 90 mph, a cut fastball in the high 80s, a slider in the mid 80s, and a splitter in the low 80s. Dempster favors his slider over his splitter when throwing to right-handed hitters.^[11]

Personal life[link]

Dempster is widely known for his laid-back attitude, constantly joking with fans and teammates, and is said to be a positive contribution to a team's clubhouse. Dempster's fun and easy-going personality was especially evident when, in comments to an Arizona newspaper in March 2007, Dempster stated that if his career as a closer began to tumble, he would pursue ninja training.^[12]

Ryan’s earlier charitable endeavors include assisting the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation and Garth Brooks’ Teammates for Kids. In 2000, he hosted children from the S.O.S. Children’s Village at each of his home starts and donated $10 for every strikeout ($2090) to the KIDS THAT CARE Pediatric and Cancer Fund, established to build a pediatric bone marrow transplant unit in Miami. In 2006, Ryan and his wife, Jenny, established “Dempster’s Dugout”, a charitable ticket program that benefits local social service agencies that assist low-income children. Through this program, Ryan and Jenny host over 500 children a year at select Cubs games. The program not only allows the kids the opportunity to see their home team play but includes behind-the-scenes extras such as an escorted tour of the field, a bird’s eye view of batting practice and a chance to meet Ryan. The kids are also given “Cubs Dollars” for food and souvenirs. All this adds up to a very special day for some deserving youth.

Over the years Ryan has received many honors for his charitable deeds. In 2000 he received the James “Tip” O’Neill Award, presented annually by the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum to the Canadian baseball player judged to have excelled in individual achievement and team contribution while adhering to the highest ideals of baseball. “The Sporting News” named him one of the 99 “Good Guys” in professional sports in 2001. Following the 2001 season, he was also presented with the “All Heart” Award by the Florida chapter of the Baseball Writers’ Association of America—given to the Florida Marlins Player who best exemplifies the team’s commitment to the South Florida community by making a positive impact and by serving as a role model for others. Ryan was the Chicago Cubs nominee for the Roberto Clemente award in 2006, 2008 and 2011, which is given annually to the major league baseball player who combines outstanding skills on the field with devoted work in the community. Ryan was honored at the 2010 Comcast SportsNet Sports Awards for his achievements on and off the field.

Ryan continues his ongoing charitable efforts through his foundation, the Ryan and Jenny Dempster Family Foundation, established in 2009 In early June 2009, Dempster released a statement explaining that his daughter, Riley Dempster, had DiGeorge Syndrome, also known as Velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS), 22q11 deletion syndrome, and Shprintzen syndrome (after Dr. Robert Shprintzen who identified it in 1978). About 1 baby in 1800 is born with this genetic deletion which ubiquitously affects swallowing, breathing, and speech. Dempster did this because he wanted to help raise awareness of this genetic disease. When asked if she would lead a normal life, he replied, "Yeah, she will. There can be (problems), but so far all the signs are good. There’s a lot of work to do. They say there are 186 symptoms you can have. You just check off ones as you go along" After roughly 2 months in the hospital, Riley was able to go home in early June.^[13]

Awards and honors[link]

• National League All-Star (2000) (2008)
• Named one of the 99 "Good Guys" in professional sports by The Sporting News.
• Tip O'Neill Award (2000)
• Played in the NHL All-Star Celebrity Challenge on January 30, 2002.

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ryan Dempster

• Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball-Reference, or Fangraphs, or The Baseball Cube, or Baseball-Reference (Minors)
• Yahoo! Sports: Ryan Dempster
• Interview in The Heckler