Ronda
—  Municipality  —
Coat of arms
Ronda Location in Andalusia
Ronda Location in Spain
Coordinates: 36°44′14″N 5°9′53″W / 36.73722°N 5.16472°W / 36.73722; -5.16472Coordinates: 36°44′14″N 5°9′53″W / 36.73722°N 5.16472°W / 36.73722; -5.16472
Country	Spain
Autonomous community	Andalusia
Province	Málaga
Comarca	Serranía de Ronda
Government
• Alcalde	Antonio María Marín Lara (PSOE)
Area
• Total	481.31 km2 (185.83 sq mi)
Elevation	723 m (2,372 ft)
Population (2009)
• Total	36,827
• Density	77/km2 (200/sq mi)
Demonym	Rondeños
Time zone	CET (UTC+1)
• Summer (DST)	CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code	29400
Dialing code	95287, 95219
Website	Official website

View in Ronda looking toward the Church of Santa Maria la Mayor

The Puente Nuevo bridge in Ronda

The view from Ronda

Ronda (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈronda]) is a city in the Spanish province of Málaga. It is located about 100 kilometres (62 mi) west of the city of Málaga, within the autonomous community of Andalusia. Its population is approximately 35,000 inhabitants.

History[link]

Around the city are remains of prehistoric settlements dating to the Neolithic Age, including the rock paintings of Cueva de la Pileta. Ronda was however first settled by the early Celts, who, in the 6th century BC, called it Arunda. Later Phoenician settlers established themselves nearby to found Acinipo, known locally as Ronda la Vieja, Arunda or Old Ronda. The current Ronda is however of Roman origins,^[1] having been founded as a fortified post in the Second Punic War, by Scipio Africanus. Ronda received the title of city at the time of Julius Caesar.

In the 5th century AD Ronda was conquered by the Suebi, led by Rechila, being reconquered in the following century by the Eastern Roman Empire, under whose rule Acinipo was abandoned. Later the Visigoth king Leovigild captured the city. Ronda was part of the Visigoth reign until 713, when it fell to the Arabs, who named it Izn-Rand Onda ("city of the castle") and made it the capital of the Takurunna province.

It was the hometown of the polymath Abbas Ibn Firnas (810–887), an inventor, engineer, aviator, physician, Arabic poet, and Andalusian musician.

After the disintegration of the caliphate of Córdoba, Ronda became the capital of a small kingdom ruled by the Berber Banu Ifran, the taifa of Ronda. During this period Ronda received most of its Islamic architectural heritage. In 1065 Ronda was conquered by the taifa of Seville led by Abbad II al-Mu'tadid. Both the poet Salih ben Sharif al-Rundi (1204–1285) and the Sufi scholar Ibn Abbad al-Rundi (1333–1390) were born in Ronda.

The Islamic domination of Ronda ended in 1485, when it was conquered by the Marquis of Cádiz after a brief siege. Subsequently, mostly of the city's old edifices were renewed or adapted to Christian roles, while numerous others were built in newly-created quarters such as the Mercadillo and the San Francisco ones. The Real Maestranza de Caballería de Ronda was founded in the town in 1572, with military finalities.

The Spanish Inquisitions affected the Muslims living in Spain greatly. Shortly after 1492, when the last outpost of Muslim presence in the Iberian peninsula, Granada, was conquered, the Spanish decreed that all Muslims and Jews must either vacate the peninsula without their belongings or convert to Christianity. Many people overtly converted to keep their possessions, while secretly practiced their religion. Muslims who converted only overtly were called Moriscos. Moriscos were required to wear upon their caps and turbans a blue crescent, which brought upon them taunts and violence of a fanatical population. Traveling without a permit meant a death sentence. This systematic suppression forced the Muslims to seek refuge in mountainous regions of southern Andalucian cities such as Ronda.

On May 25, 1566 Philip II decreed that the use of the Arabic language (written or spoken) to be illegal, doors to home to remain open on Fridays to verify that no Muslim Friday prayers are conducted, and heavy taxation on Moriscos trades. This led to several rebellions, one being that of Ronda under the leadership of Al-Fihrey. After a ferocious battle, Al-Fihrey's insurgent army was able to defeat the Spanish army sent to suppress them under the leadership of Alfonso de Aguilar. So violent the retribution was, that no Spanish soldier captured was spared his life, including Alfonso himself. This prompted Phillip II to order the mass slaughter of all Moriscos in Ronda. Those few who survived were sold into slavery.

In the early 19th century, the Napoleonic invasion and the subsequent Peninsular War caused much suffering in Ronda, whose inhabitants were reduced from 15,600 to 5,000 in three years. Ronda's area became the base first of guerrilla warriors, then of numerous bandits, whose deeds inspired artists such as Washington Irving, Prosper Mérimée and Gustave Doré. In the 19th century the economy of Ronda was mainly based on agricultural activities. In 1918 the city was the seat of the Assembly of Ronda, in which the Andalusian flag, coat of arms and anthem were designed.

Ronda's Romero family--from the grandfather, Francisco, who was born in 1698, through his son Juan, to Juan's famous son, Pedro, who died in 1839--played a principal role in the development of modern Spanish bullfighting. With the family responsible for such innovations as the use of the cape, or muleta, and a sword especially designed for the kill, Pedro in particular transformed bullfighting into "an art and a skill in its own right, and not simply ... a clownishly macho preamble to the bull's slaughter."^[2]

Ronda was heavily affected by the Spanish Civil War, after which much of the population emigrated elsewhere. The famous scene in Chapter 10 of Hemingway's "For Whom the Bell Tolls", describing the 1936 execution of Fascist sympathisers in a (fictional) village who are thrown off a cliff, is considered to be modeled on actual events at the time in Ronda.^[3]

Geography[link]

Ronda is situated in a very mountainous area about 750 m above mean sea level. The Guadalevín River runs through the city, dividing it in two and carving out the steep, 100 plus meters deep El Tajo canyon upon which the city perches. The Spanish Fir (Abies pinsapo) is endemic to the mountains surrounding Ronda.

Main sights[link]

Three bridges, Puente Romano ("Roman Bridge", also known as the Puente San Miguel), Puente Viejo ("Old Bridge", also known as the Puente Árabe or "Arab Bridge") and Puente Nuevo ("New Bridge"), span the canyon. The term "nuevo" is a bit of a misnomer, as the building of this bridge commenced in 1751 and took until 1793 to complete. The Puente Nuevo is the tallest of the bridges, towering 120 metres (390 ft) above the canyon floor, and all three serve as some of the city's most impressive features.

The ‘Corrida Goyesca’ is a unique and historical bullfight that takes place once a year in Ronda in the Plaza de toros de Ronda, the oldest bullfighting ring in Spain.^[4] It was built in 1784 in the Neoclassical style by the architect José Martin de Aldehuela, who also designed the Puente Nuevo.

The partially intact Baños árabes ("Arab baths") are found below the city and date back to the 13th and 14th centuries.

The former town hall, which sits next to the Puente Nuevo, is the site of a parador, and has a view of the Tajo canyon.

Cultural influence[link]

American artists Ernest Hemingway and Orson Welles spent many summers in Ronda as part-time residents of Ronda's old town quarter called La Ciudad. Both wrote about Ronda's beauty and famous bull-fighting traditions. Their collective accounts have contributed to Ronda's popularity over time.

In the first decades of the 20th century the famous German poet Rainer Maria Rilke spent extended periods in Ronda. There he kept a permanent room at the Hotel Reina Victoria (built in 1906) where his room remains to this day as he left it, a mini-museum of Rilkeana. According to the hotel's publicity, Rilke wrote (though probably not in Spanish) "He buscado por todas partes la ciudad soñada, y al fin la he encontrado en Ronda" and "No hay nada más inesperado en España que esta ciudad salvaje y montañera" ("I have sought everywhere the city of my dreams, and I have finally found it in Ronda" and "There is nothing that is more startling in Spain than this wild and mountainous city.")

Hemingway's novel For Whom the Bell Tolls describes the execution of Nationalist sympathizers early in the Spanish Civil War. The Republicans murder the Nationalists by throwing them from cliffs in an Andalusian village, and Hemingway allegedly based the account on killings that took place in Ronda at the cliffs of El Tajo. Ernest Hemingway wrote many of his novels here as well, such as Fiesta.^[4]

Orson Welles said he was inspired by his frequent trips to Spain and Ronda (e.g. Welles' unfinished film about Don Quixote). After Welles died in 1985, his ashes were buried in a well, located on the rural property of his friend, the retired bullfighter Antonio Ordoñez.

English writer George Eliot's book Daniel Deronda ("Daniel of Ronda") tells the story of Spanish Jew brought up as an Englishman. There have been some speculation that Eliot's ancestors may have lived in Ronda prior to the expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492.

In the fashion world Italian designer Giorgio Armani was pleased to announce that he specially designed the bullfighting costume, called ‘Goyesco’ for famed bullfighter and testimonial Cayetano Rivera Ordóñez, on the occasion of the ‘Corrida Goyesca’, that took place on September 6, 2009 in Ronda. Cayetano’s suit of lights was in the Goyaesque style, comprises a jacket, trousers and cloack in techno satin in a shade of Armani greige. The three pieces are embroidered with sequins, small glitter stones and thread, all matching the colour of the background fabric.^[4][5]

Transportation[link]

Ronda is accessible via highways and by rail from Algeciras and from Córdoba.

The single track railway between Ronda and Algeciras was built between 1890 and 1892 by the Gibraltar Railway Company. It enabled the British military officers to escape the summer heat of Gibraltar. The railway was built by James Morrison, an engineer, in partnership with, Sir Alexander Henderson, a financier. The station at Ronda was opened in 1892.

Sister cities[link]

• Cuenca, Spain
• Chefchaouen, Morocco ^[6]
• Castiglion Fiorentino, Italy
• Ontinyent, Spain

References[link]

External links[link]

• Ronda Tourist Board
• Ronda images

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ronda

v t e Cities and port cities in Andalusia Capitals of provinces Almería Cádiz Córdoba Granada Huelva Jaén Málaga Seville Port cities Algeciras Almuñécar Benalmádena Chipiona El Puerto de Santa María Fuengirola Marbella Moguer Motril Nerja San Fernando Sanlúcar de Barrameda Torremolinos Other cities Antequera Aracena Baeza Cazorla Dos Hermanas Grazalema Guadix Jerez de la Frontera Linares Ronda Rota Santiponce Úbeda

Medal record
Women's Judo
Competitor for the  United States
Olympic Games
Bronze	2008 Beijing	70kg
World Championships
Silver	2007 Rio de Janeiro	Middleweight
Pan American Games
Gold	2007 Rio de Janeiro	70kg
Pan American Judo Championships
Gold	2004	63kg
Gold	2005 Caguas	63kg
Silver	2006 Buenos Aires	63kg

Ronda Rousey (born February 1, 1987) is an American judoka and mixed martial artist and the current Strikeforce Women's Bantamweight Champion. She has finished all of her opponents by armbar in the first round. She formerly trained at the Olympic Training Center in Wakefield, Massachusetts under guidance of Jimmy Pedro and is now part of Team Hayastan in Santa Monica, California.

Rousey trains under Gokor Chivichyan and Edmond Tarverdyan of the Glendale Fighting Club in Glendale, CA.^[1] Rousey also trains with Leo Frincu and Gene Lebell, along with Team Hayastan fighters such as Manny Gamburyan, Karen Darabedyan, Sako Chivitchian and Sevak Magakian. She is managed by Darin Harvey of Fight Tribe MMA.^[2]

Rousey is currently the #1-ranked pound-for-pound female MMA fighter in the world by MMARising.com,^[3] and is ranked #1 at 135 pounds and #2 at 145 pounds according to the Unified Women's MMA Rankings.^[4]

Olympic judo career[link]

At just 17, Rousey qualified for the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, becoming the youngest judo player in the entire Games. Also in 2004, Rousey won a gold medal at the 2004 World Junior Judo Championships in Budapest, Hungary.

In April 2006, she became the first U.S. female athlete in nearly 10 years to win an A-Level tournament as she went 5-0 to claim gold at the Birmingham World Cup in Great Britain. Later that year, the 19-year-old won the bronze medal at the Junior World Championships, becoming the first U.S. athlete ever to win two Junior World medals.

In February 2007, Rousey moved up to 70 kg where she is currently ranked as one of the top three women in the world. She won the silver medal at the 2007 World Judo Championships in the middleweight division and the bronze medal at the 2007 Pan Am Games.

In August 2008, Rousey competed at the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, China. She lost her quarterfinal to the Dutch ex-world champion Edith Bosch but qualified for a Bronze medal match through the repechage bracket. Rousey defeated Annett Boehm by Yuko to win a bronze medal (note: Judo offers two bronze medals per weight class). With the victory, Rousey became the first American to win an Olympic medal in women's judo since its inception as an Olympic sport in 1992.^[5]

Mixed martial arts career[link]

Rousey made her mixed martial arts debut as an amateur on August 6, 2010. She defeated Hayden Munoz by submission due to an armbar in 23 seconds.^[6]

She entered the quarterfinals of the Tuff-N-Uff 145 lbs women's tournament on November 12, 2010 and submitted promotional veteran Autumn Richardson with an armbar in 57 seconds.^[7]

Rousey faced Taylor Stratford in the Tuff-N-Uff tournament semi-finals on January 7, 2011 and won by technical submission due to an armbar in 24 seconds. She then announced plans to turn pro and was replaced in the tournament.^[8]

Rousey made her professional mixed martial arts debut on March 27, 2011 at King of the Cage: Turning Point. She submitted Ediane Gomes with an armbar in 25 seconds.^[6][9]

Rousey faced kickboxing champion Charmaine Tweet in an MMA bout at Hard Knocks Fighting Championship: School of Hard Knocks 12 on June 17, 2011 in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.^[10] She submitted Tweet with an armbar in 49 seconds.^[11]

Verbal attacks[link]

Rousey is notable for introducing trash talking to Women's MMA. In many interviews Rousey has used harsh vocabulary and openly downplayed her opponents. Rousey doesn't deny the accusations and is not apologetic for something she explains is a way to generate more publicity for the sport.^[12][13]

Strikeforce[link]

Rousey was scheduled to make her Strikeforce debut against Sarah D'Alelio on July 30, 2011 at Strikeforce: Fedor vs. Henderson in Hoffman Estates, Illinois.^[14] The fight was pushed back and eventually took place on the Strikeforce Challengers 18 main card on August 12, 2011 in Las Vegas, Nevada.^[15] Rousey defeated D'Alelio by technical submission due to an armbar early in the first round. The victory was controversial as referee Steve Mazzagatti only stopped the fight because D’Alelio appeared to make a brief sound. According to instructions given to fighters before they compete, this is typically deemed to be a verbal submission. Mazzagatti initially did nothing, but after Rousey looked at him and stated that D’Alelio had submitted, he stopped the fight. D'Alelio admitted after the fight that she let out a verbal indication of pain.^[16]

Rousey faced Julia Budd at Strikeforce Challengers 20 on November 18, 2011 in Las Vegas.^[17] She won via submission due to an armbar in the first round, dislocating Budd's elbow in the process. Following the fight, she announced plans to move down to 135 pounds to challenge Miesha Tate, the Strikeforce Women's Bantamweight Champion at the time.^[18]

Rousey challenged Tate for her Strikeforce title on March 3, 2012 in Columbus, Ohio. She defeated Tate by submission due to an armbar in the first round, again dislocating her opponent's elbow, to become the new Strikeforce women's bantamweight champion.^[19]

Personal life[link]

Rousey was formerly a vegan.^[20] Her mother, Ann Maria Rousey DeMars, also had a decorated Judo career and was the first American to win a World Judo Championship with her victory in 1984.

Championships and accomplishments[link]

Mixed martial arts[link]

• Strikeforce
  • Strikeforce Women's Bantamweight Championship (One time; current)

• Tuff-N-Uff
  • Tuff-N-Uff Amateur Women's Featherweight Tournament Semifinalist

• Women's MMA Awards
  • 2011 Female Fighter of the Year
  • 2011 Female Featherweight of the Year
  • 2011 Female Newcomer of the Year

• Inside MMA
  • 2011 Female Fighter of the Year Bazzie Award

• MiddleEasy
  • 2011 No-Tap Submission of the Year vs. Julia Budd on November 18

• Fight Matrix
  • 2011 Female Rookie of the Year

Judo[link]

• International Olympic Committee
  • 2008 Summer Olympics Senior Bronze Medalist

• International Judo Federation
  • 2008 World Cup Senior Gold Medalist
  • 2008 Belgian Ladies Open Senior Bronze Medalist
  • 2007 Jigoro Kano Cup Senior Silver Medalist
  • 2007 Finnish Open Senior Gold Medalist
  • 2007 World Judo Championships Senior Silver Medalist
  • 2007 German Open Senior Bronze Medalist
  • 2007 Pan American Games Senior Gold Medalist
  • 2007 Pan American Championships Senior Bronze Medalist
  • 2007 World Cup Senior Gold Medalist
  • 2007 British Open Senior Gold Medalist
  • 2006 Finnish Open Senior Bronze Medalist
  • 2006 Swedish Open Senior Gold Medalist
  • 2006 World Judo Championships Junior Bronze Medalist
  • 2006 Rendez-Vous Senior Gold Medalist
  • 2006 Pan American Championships Senior Silver Medalist
  • 2006 World Cup Senior Gold Medalist
  • 2006 Belgian Ladies Open Senior Gold Medalist
  • 2005 Ontario Open Senior Gold Medalist
  • 2005 Rendez-Vous Senior Gold Medalist
  • 2005 Pan American Championships Senior Gold Medalist
  • 2004 Ontario Open Senior Gold Medalist
  • 2004 Ontario Open Junior Gold Medalist
  • 2004 World Judo Championships Junior Gold Medalist
  • 2004 Rendez-Vous Senior Bronze Medalist
  • 2004 Pan American Championships Senior Gold Medalist
  • 2003 Rendez-Vous Senior Gold Medalist
  • 2001 Coupe Canada Senior Cup Gold Medalist

• USA Judo
  • USA Senior National Championship (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010)
  • USA Senior Olympic Team Trials Winner (2004, 2008)
  • 2007 US Open Senior Gold Medalist
  • 2006 US Open Senior Gold Medalist
  • 2006 USA Fall Classic Senior Gold Medalist
  • 2006 US Open Junior Gold Medalist
  • 2005 US Open Senior Gold Medalist
  • 2005 US Open Junior Silver Medalist
  • 2004 US Open Senior Bronze Medalist
  • 2003 US Open Senior Silver Medalist
  • 2003 USA Fall Classic Senior Gold Medalist
  • 2002 US Open Junior Gold Medalist

Mixed martial arts record[link]

Amateur record[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official Website
• Olympic profile at sports-reference.com
• USA judo - Ronda Rousey bio
• Video clips with Ronda on judovision.org
• Interview with Ronda Rousey at JudoInfo.com
• See Ronda in The HyeFighters Show!

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (November 2010)

Maria Bethânia
Bethania, performing in Hamburg, 1972
Background information
Birth name	Maria Bethânia Vianna Telles Veloso
Born	(1946-06-18) 18 June 1946 (age 66) Santo Amaro da Purificação Bahia, Brazil
Genres	Bossa nova Música Popular Brasileira Samba
Occupations	Musician
Instruments	Vocalist
Years active	1960s–present
Labels	RCA Records Wrasse Records(Europe)
Associated acts	Gilberto Gil Caetano Veloso Nara Leão
Website	Maria Bethânia.com.br/

Maria Bethânia Vianna Telles Veloso (born 18 June 1946 in Santo Amaro da Purificação, Bahia Brazil), better known as Maria Bethânia (Portuguese pronunciation: [maˈɾiɐ beˈtɐ̃niɐ]), is a singer and sister of Caetano Veloso. She started her career in Rio de Janeiro in 1964 with the show "Opinião" ("Opinion"). Due to its popularity, and the popularity of her 1965 single "Carcará", the singer became a star in Brazil, with performances all over the country. She has released over 30 albums to date.

Biography[link]

In her childhood, Bethânia had aspirations to become an actress. However, her mother was a musician, so music was prevalent in the Veloso household.^[1] Though Bethânia was born in Santo Amaro da Purifição, her family moved to Salvador, Bahia when she was 13 years old. The move allowed her to experience the bohemian, intellectual circles of the city as well as to visit theaters. When she was 16, her brother Caetano Veloso invited her to sing in a film for which he was producing the soundtrack, but she refused. However, the film's director, Álvaro Guimarães, liked her voice and invited the young musician to perform in a 1963 performance of a Nélson Rodrigues musical. She began performing again with her brother, as well as Gilberto Gil, Gal Costa, and Tom Zé, at the opening of the Vila Velha Theater in the next year.^[1] During one of these performances, the bossa nova musician Nara Leão offered her an opportunity to take her place in a series of performances titled "Opinião".^[2] She released her first single, a protest song named "Carcará", in 1965, the same year as her brother released his first recording.^[3]

After releasing "Carcará" Bethânia returned from Rio de Janeiro, where she had gone to attend college, to Bahia. This was to only be a brief visit, as around that time she was performing at nightclubs and other venues throughout Brazil. This song also got her an offer from an RCA Records representative to record for the company. However Bethânia continually changed record labels throughout the 1970s. In 1973 Bethânia released Drama, Luz Da Noite, in which she performed traditional Brazilian songs, as well as incorporating literary elements.^[4] In 1977 Bethânia went on tour and released a gold-certified album, both with the name of Pássaro da Manhã. She released Álibi a year later which was also gold-certified with over a million copies sold.^[1] Around the end of the 1970s, Bethânia became more artistically conservative, moving away from the Tropicalismo music her frequent collaborators, including Caetano Veloso and Gilberto Gil, had been playing.^[3] During the 1980s and '90s Bethânia continued to record and perform, with 1993's As Canções Que Você Fez Para Mim becoming the year's most successful album in Brazil.

In 2005, Música Popular Brasileira supergroup of the same name. It was recorded June 24 of that year at Anhembi Stadium in São Paulo.^[5] Its members were Gilberto Gil, Caetano Veloso, Maria Bethânia and Gal Costa, four of the biggest names in the history of the Music of Brazil. The band was the subject of a 1977 documentary directed by Jom Tob Azulay. In 1994, they performed a tribute concert to Mangueira school of samba.^[6]

French filmmaker Georges Gachot completed a documentary film "Musica é perfume" about her which was worldwide distributed. In 2008 she recorded an album with the Cuban singer Omara Portuondo which was followed by a Live DVD^[1]

Maria Bethania in 2011 received permission from the Ministry of Culture of Brazil to make a poetry blog budgeted for $ 1.3 million Reais. [1]

Discography[link]

2012   "Oasis de Bethania"

• 2009: Encanteria
• 2009: Tua
• 2008: Omara Portuondo e Maria Bethânia [Biscoito Fino]
• 2008: Dentro do mar e Rio (2 CD Live)
• 2007: Favourites
• 2006: Mar de Sophia
• 2006: Pirata
• 2005: Tempo Tempo Tempo Tempo (DVD)
• 2005: Que falta você me faz
• 2003: Brasileirinho
• 2003: Maricotinha Ao Vivo (DVD)
• 2002: Maricotinha Ao Vivo
• 2001: Maricotinha
• 2001: Cânticos, Preces e Súplicas à Senhora dos Jardins do Céu
• 1999: Diamante Verdadeiro (live)
• 1999: A Força que nunca seca
• 1997: Imitação da Vida (live)
• 1996: Âmbar
• 1994: "Maria Bethania ao Vivo " Gravado no Canecão - RJ
• 1993: As canções que você fez pra mim
• 1992: Olho d'Água
• 1989: Memórias da Pele
• 1988: Maria
• 1987: Dezembros
• 1984: A Beira e O Mar
• 1983: Ciclo
• 1982: Nossos Momentos (live)
• 1981: Alteza
• 1980: Talismã
• 1979: Mel
• 1978: Álibi
• 1978: Maria Bethânia e Caetano Veloso Ao Vivo
• 1977: Pássaro da Manhã
• 1976: Doces Bárbaros (live)
• 1976: Pássaro Proibido
• 1975: Chico Buarque e Maria Bethâni (live)
• 1974: A cena muda (live)
• 1973: Drama 3º ato (live)
• 1972: Drama
• 1972: Quando o Carnaval Chegar (soundtrack)
• 1971: Rosa dos Ventos
• 1971: A Tua Presença
• 1971: Vinícius + Bethânia + Toquinho (live)
• 1970: Maria Bethânia Ao Vivo
• 1969: Maria Bethânia
• 1968: Recital na Boite Barroco (live)
• 1967: Edu e Bethânia (with Edu Lobo)
• 1966: Maria Bethânia canta Noel Rosa
• 1965: Maria Bethânia
• 1965: Carcara / De Manha

Filmography[link]

• 2008: Doces barbaros Original 60 DVD
• 2008: Maria Bethania Omara Portuondo Live
• 2007: Maria Bethânia
• 2007: Pedrinha de Aruanda 2 DVD Set
• 2006: Outros Doces Barbaros feat. Gal Costa,Caetano Veloso (DVD)
• 2005: "Maria Bethânia: Música é Perfume" by Georges Gachot

Latin American music portal

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official site.(Registration required) (Portuguese)

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Big Bear
Cree headman
Chief Mistahi-maskwa, 1885
Born	c. 1825
Died	17 January 1888
Place of death	Poundmaker Indian Reserve, Cut Knife, Saskatchewan, Canada

Big Bear or Mistahi-maskwa (c.1825 – 17 January 1888^[1]) was a Cree leader notable for his involvement in the North-West Rebellion and his subsequent imprisonment.

Early life and leadership[link]

Big Bear was born in the Canadian Northwest, probably near Fort Carlton.^[1] Although he may have been Saulteaux, he was raised among the Plains Cree bands who wintered along the North Saskatchewan River.^[1]

By 1863, according to Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) records, Big Bear was leading a large number of Cree near Fort Carlton, but soon moved to the area near Fort Pitt where he lived with a much smaller group.^[1]

He participated in the 1870 Battle of the Belly River, and would later find conflict again in 1873, this time with Métis leader Gabriel Dumont. Canadian government records indicate that as of 1874, Big Bear led 65 lodges (approximately 520 people).^[1]

Conflict with the Canadian government[link]

In the 1870s, the newly created Canadian government began to investigate signing treaties with the Indigenous peoples of the Great Plains, and sent gifts to encourage friendship. While some leaders accepted the gifts, Big Bear was not interested, declaring "when we set a fox-trap we scatter pieces of meat all round, but when the fox gets into the trap we knock him on the head; We want no bait; let your chiefs come like men and talk to us."^[1]

When representatives of Canadian government came to negotiate a series of numbered treaties for the return of land to the native peoples, Big Bear, one of the chief negotiators during Treaty 6, refused to sign, believing that the treaty was unfair and biased towards Canadian settlers. He campaigned against the Canadian government, preaching to other Native bands that the treaties were unfair.

Big Bear initially attempted to make alliances with other Natives, so that when the treaties were signed, they could all take their reserve land next to each other, effectively creating a First Nations country within Canadian borders. When the Canadian government heard of this plan, they immediately disallowed it, even though the treaties had previously stated that the Natives could take the reserve land wherever they wished. To further his cause, Big Bear even formed an uneasy alliance with his longtime rival, Crowfoot, Chief of the Blackfoot people.

Despite his opposition to the treaty and his mistrust of the governments intentions and methods, the dwindling of the buffalo herds ultimately prevented his people from continuing to rely on this traditional food source and pushed the Cree to the point of starvation in less than a decade. This desperate circumstance compelled Big Bear to finally accept Treaty 6 in order to obtain minimal food supplies for his people from the Canadian government.

A letter from General Fred Middleton to Big Bear, urging him to surrender

When the Métis initiated the North-West Rebellion of 1885 under Louis Riel and Gabriel Dumont, Big Bear and his supporters played a minimal role in the overall uprising, but warriors from among Big Bear's people under the command of Wandering Spirit killed nine white men at Frog Lake in an incident that became known as the Frog Lake Massacre. Although Big Bear himself personally attempted to prevent the killings and subsequently expressed regret for the actions of the younger Cree warriors, the events at Frog Lake alarmed the Dominion Government. When 6,000 troops were sent to Batoche, Saskatchewan to smash the Métis resistance, the Canadian government used the Frog Lake Massacre as a reason to put down the Cree as well. Despite evidence of Big Bear's efforts to actually prevent the killings at Frog Lake, he was convicted for participation in the rebellion with a request from the jury for mercy. In 1885 the sixty year old chief was sentenced to three years in Stony Mountain Penitentiary, but was released from prison before serving his complete sentence as a result of failing health, and died shortly afterward.

References[link]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2009)

Literature[link]

• Hugh A. Dempsey, Big Bear : The End of Freedom, Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 1984. ISBN 0-88894-506-X
• Blair Stonechild and Bill Waiser. Loyal Till Death: Indians and the North-West Rebellion (1997)
• Rudy Wiebe, The Temptations of Big Bear, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1995. ISBN 0-7710-3454-7

External links[link]

• Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
• "Chief Big Bear". Cree Indian Leader. Find a Grave. Dec 07, 2003. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=8160613. Retrieved Aug 18, 2011. 

Kim Kardashian
Kim Kardashian Fragrance Launch, Glendale, CA on February 22, 2011
Born	Kimberly Noel Kardashian (1980-10-21) October 21, 1980 (age 31) Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Nationality	American
Ethnicity	Armenian, Dutch, Scottish
Occupation	Businesswoman, socialite, television personality, model, actress
Years active	2007–present
Height	5 ft 2.5 in (1.59 m)
Television	Keeping Up with the Kardashians Kourtney and Kim Take New York
Spouse	Damon Thomas (m. 2000–2004) «start: (2000)–end+1: (2005)»"Marriage: Damon Thomas to Kim Kardashian" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Kim_Kardashian) Kris Humphries (m. 2011) «start: (2011)»"Marriage: Kris Humphries to Kim Kardashian" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Kim_Kardashian) (separated)
Parents	Robert Kardashian (father) Kris Jenner (mother) Bruce Jenner (stepfather)
Relatives	Kourtney Kardashian (sister) Khloé Kardashian (sister) Robert Kardashian Jr. (brother) Kylie Jenner (half-sister) Kendall Jenner (half-sister)
Website
kimkardashian.celebuzz.com

Kimberly Noel "Kim" Kardashian^[1] (born October 21, 1980^[2]) is an American socialite, celebutante, television personality, model, actress and businesswoman. She is known for starring in Keeping Up with the Kardashians, the E! reality series that she shares with her family, and its spin-offs including Kourtney and Kim Take New York.^[3]

Prior to the development of her career as a reality television star, Kardashian gained notoriety as the subject of a sex tape that subsequently resulted in a court awarding her $5 million. She has been involved in the production of several lines of clothing and fragrances. In 2010, she was the highest earning reality star, with estimated earnings of $6 million, and is one of the most highly documented and followed celebrities in the world in popular media.

In August 2011, Kardashian married basketball player Kris Humphries in a widely publicized ceremony. In October 2011, Kardashian filed for divorce, 72 days after the wedding.

Biography[link]

Early life[link]

Kardashian was born in Los Angeles, California, the daughter of attorney Robert Kardashian and his wife Kris Kardashian (née Houghton). Her father was a third generation Armenian American, and her mother is of Dutch and Scottish descent.^[4] Kardashian has two sisters, Kourtney and Khloé, and one brother, Robert. She has stepbrothers Burton Jenner, Brandon Jenner, and reality TV star Brody Jenner, step-sister Casey Jenner, and half-sisters Kendall Jenner and Kylie Jenner.^[5] She attended Marymount High School.^[6]

In 2000, Kardashian married music producer Damon Thomas; their relationship ended in divorce in 2004. Subsequently she dated R&B singer Ray J, NFL star Reggie Bush^[7] and Dallas Cowboys wide receiver Miles Austin.^[8] She also dated model Gabriel Aubry.^[9]

2003–07: Controversy and reality television[link]

In February 2007, a home sex video that she made with singer Ray J in 2003^[10] was leaked.^[11] Vivid Entertainment bought the rights for $1 million and released the film as Kim Kardashian: Superstar on February 21.^[11] Kardashian sued Vivid for ownership of the tape. In late April 2007, Kardashian dropped the suit and settled with Vivid Entertainment for $5 million.^[12]

Kardashian was a friend of Paris Hilton, who introduced her to the socialite scene.^[13] Her first acting role was in the television series Beyond the Break. In October 2007, along with her two sisters, mother, brother, half-sisters, and stepfather she starred in the E! television series, Keeping Up with the Kardashians. As of October 2011, the series has aired 69 episodes over six seasons.

2007–2010: Modeling and retail[link]

Kardashian in Santa Monica, California on May 13, 2009 at Maxim's 10th Annual Hot 100 Celebration

Kardashian co-owns a clothing boutique called D-A-S-H with her sisters Kourtney and Khloé.^[14] In December 2007, Kardashian posed nude for Playboy.^[15] In February 2008, Bongo Jeans announced that she would be their face model.^[16] She has also modeled for Carl's Jr., Sugar Factory lollipops, and various other products.^[17][18]

Kardashian starred in the 2008 disaster film spoof Disaster Movie as Lisa,^[19] and appeared in the How I Met Your Mother episode "Benefits". She also appeared on the Season 3 premiere of the series 90210 with her sisters Khloé and Kourtney; they all played themselves.^[20] Kardashian was a guest hostess of WrestleMania XXIV and appeared as a guest judge during Cycle 13 of America's Next Top Model.^[21] On December 16, 2009, Kardashian made a guest star appearance on CBS's CSI: NY with Vanessa Minnillo.^[22][19] In 2009 she had a cameo as club bouncer in the 2009 porn film spoof Deep in the Valley^[19]

Kardashian was one of 13 participants on the seventh season of Dancing with the Stars.^[23][19] She was partnered with Mark Ballas and was the third contestant voted off the show on September 30, 2008, finishing in 11th place overall.^[24] Sanford Siegal, the creator of the Cookie Diet, sued Kardashian, claiming she defamed him on Twitter. According to Siegal, Kardashian tweeted in October 2009 that he was "falsely promoting" that she was on the cookie diet. Siegal filed a claim in a Florida state court claiming the statements are false and defamatory. He also alleges that Kardashian was on QuickTrim's payroll when she posted the tweet. Kardashian's tweet appears to stem from an article on CookieDiet.com, that named Kardashian as one of many celebrities who saw positive results on the diet. Kardashian sent a cease-and-desist order to Siegal, demanding the link be removed.^[25]

Kardashian released her own fragrance product in 2010.^[26] In March 2009, Kardashian launched an endorsement with ShoeDazzle shopping,^[27] of which she is the co-founder and chief fashion stylist.^[17] The following month on April 9, 2009, Kardashian released a workout DVD series, Fit In Your Jeans By Friday, with trainers Jennifer Galardi and Patrick Goudeau.^[14][28] In September 2009, Fusion Beauty and Seven Bar Foundation launched "Kiss Away Poverty", with Kardashian as the face of the campaign. For every LipFusion lipgloss sold, $1 went to the Foundation to fund women entrepreneurs in the US.^[29]

She has also been featured in numerous international editions of FHM, including the cover of the April 2010 Australian edition and the UK March 2011 edition.^[30] Famous Cupcakes, a Los Angeles bakery, created a vanilla cupcake mix for Kardashian. The cupcake flavor is called Va-Va-Va-Nilla.^[17] Kardashian has also created jewelry along with her sisters, Khloé and Kourtney. They produced a collection for Virgins, Saints, and Angels in 2010.^[31]

Again with her sisters, Kardashian has released various clothing lines. One called K-Dash was to be sold on QVC in 2010,^[32] and in the same year they produced a range for Bebe.^[33][34][35] As of August 2011 they are creating another for Sears, called the Kardashian Kollection.^[36] In addition, Kardashian and her sisters created a sunless tanner called Kardashian Glamour Tan in 2010.^[37] On July 1, 2010, the New York City branch of Madame Tussauds revealed a wax figure of Kardashian.^[38]

2010–present: Marriage and other ventures[link]

Kardashian is the producer of The Spin Crowd, a reality television show about Command PR, a New York City public relations firm, run by Jonathan Cheban and Simon Huck. The show follows them as they settle into their new offices in Los Angeles. Kardashian is friends with both, specifically Cheban, and frequently appears on her reality shows. She also appeared at the 2010 MTV VMAs on September 12, 2010.^[39] She also appeared in and was the subject and judge of a task on the ninth episode of Season 10 of The Apprentice in 2010; the two teams had to create an in-store display for her new perfume line, to be sold at Perfumania.^[40][41] Kim, Kourtney, and Khloé wrote an autobiography entitled Kardashian Konfidential, which was released in stores on November 23, 2010.^[42]

Kardashian at the Style Your Slim event.

In April 2010, Kardashian sparked controversy over the way she held a cat for a photograph.^[43] The same year, animal rights organization PETA criticized Kardashian for repeatedly wearing fur coats, and named her as one of the five worst people or organizations of 2010 when it came to animal welfare.^[44] In June 2010, The Guardian commented on her ability to attract payments of up to US$10,000 from sponsors for each tweet that she broadcasts.^[45]

In December 2010, Kardashian filmed a music video for a song titled "Jam (Turn It Up)". The video was directed by Hype Williams; Kanye West makes a cameo in the video.^[46] Kardashian premiered the song during a New Year's Eve party at TAO Las Vegas on December 31, 2010.^[47] The song was produced by The-Dream and Tricky Stewart. When asked if an album is in the works, Kardashian replied: "There's no album in the works or anything – just one song we did for Kourtney and Kim Take New York, and a video Hype Williams directed, half of the proceeds we're giving away to a cancer foundation, because The-Dream's and one of my parents passed away from cancer. It's just all having fun – with a good cause".^[48] Jim Farber, writing for the Daily News, called the song a "dead-brained piece of generic dance music, without a single distinguishing feature," and suggested that the single made Kardashian the "worst singer in the reality TV universe."^[49]

Kardashian's 2010 earnings were the highest among Hollywood-based reality stars, being estimated at $6 million.^[50]

Kardashian has supported the recognition of the Armenian Genocide on numerous occasions and has encouraged Barack Obama and the United States government to consider its acknowledgement. On April 21, 2011, a few days before the 96th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide, she wrote about the issue on her blog in an effort to put it under spotlight and also sent a tweet to her fans urging its recognition.^[51]