Tetanus Bacteria
Classification and external resources
Muscular spasms (specifically opisthotonos) in a patient suffering from tetanus. Painting by Sir Charles Bell, 1809.
ICD-10	A33-A35
ICD-9	037, 771.3
DiseasesDB	2829
MedlinePlus	000615
eMedicine	emerg/574
MeSH	D013742

Tetanus (from Ancient Greek: τέτανος tetanos "taut", and τείνειν teinein "to stretch")^[1] is a medical condition characterized by a prolonged contraction of skeletal muscle fibers. The primary symptoms are caused by tetanospasmin, a neurotoxin produced by the Gram-positive, rod-shaped, obligate anaerobic bacterium Clostridium tetani. Infection generally occurs through wound contamination and often involves a cut or deep puncture wound. As the infection progresses, muscle spasms develop in the jaw (thus the name "lockjaw") and elsewhere in the body.^[2] Infection can be prevented by proper immunization and by post-exposure prophylaxis.^[3]

Signs and symptoms[link]

Tetanus often begins with mild spasms in the jaw muscles (lockjaw). The spasms can also affect the chest, neck, back, and abdominal muscles. Back muscle spasms often cause arching, called opisthotonos. Sometimes the spasms affect muscles that help with breathing, which can lead to breathing problems. Prolonged muscular action causes sudden, powerful, and painful contractions of muscle groups. This is called tetany. These episodes can cause fractures and muscle tears. Other symptoms include drooling, excessive sweating, fever, hand or foot spasms, irritability, swallowing difficulty, uncontrolled urination or defecation.

An infant suffering from neonatal tetanus.

Tetanus affects skeletal muscle, a type of striated muscle used in voluntary movement. The other type of striated muscle, cardiac or heart muscle, cannot be tetanized because of its intrinsic electrical properties. Mortality rates reported vary from 48% to 73%. In recent years,^[when?] approximately 11% of reported tetanus cases have been fatal. The highest mortality rates are in unvaccinated people and people over 60 years of age.^[3]

The incubation period of tetanus may be up to several months but is usually about eight days.^[4][5] In general, the further the injury site is from the central nervous system, the longer the incubation period. The shorter the incubation period, the more severe the symptoms.^[6] In neonatal tetanus, symptoms usually appear from 4 to 14 days after birth, averaging about 7 days. On the basis of clinical findings, four different forms of tetanus have been described.^[3]

Generalized tetanus is the most common type of tetanus, representing about 80% of cases. The generalized form usually presents with a descending pattern. The first sign is trismus, or lockjaw, and the facial spasms called risus sardonicus, followed by stiffness of the neck, difficulty in swallowing, and rigidity of pectoral and calf muscles. Other symptoms include elevated temperature, sweating, elevated blood pressure, and episodic rapid heart rate. Spasms may occur frequently and last for several minutes with the body shaped into a characteristic form called opisthotonos. Spasms continue for up to 4 weeks, and complete recovery may take months.

Neonatal tetanus is a form of generalized tetanus that occurs in newborns. Infants who have not acquired passive immunity because the mother has never been immunized are at risk. It usually occurs through infection of the unhealed umbilical stump, particularly when the stump is cut with a non-sterile instrument. Neonatal tetanus is common in many developing countries and is responsible for about 14% (215,000) of all neonatal deaths, but is very rare in developed countries.^[7]

Local tetanus is an uncommon form of the disease, in which patients have persistent contraction of muscles in the same anatomic area as the injury. The contractions may persist for many weeks before gradually subsiding. Local tetanus is generally milder; only about 1% of cases are fatal, but it may precede the onset of generalized tetanus.

Cephalic tetanus is a rare form^[8] of the disease, occasionally occurring with otitis media (ear infections) in which C. tetani is present in the flora of the middle ear, or following injuries to the head. There is involvement of the cranial nerves, especially in the facial area.

Cause[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

It is caused by the tetanus bacterium Clostridium tetani. Tetanus is often associated with rust, especially rusty nails, but this concept is somewhat misleading. Objects that accumulate rust are often found outdoors, or in places that harbor anaerobic bacteria, but the rust itself does not cause tetanus nor does it contain more C. tetani bacteria. The rough surface of rusty metal merely provides a prime habitat for a C. tetani endospore to reside, and the nail affords a means to puncture skin and deliver endospore into the wound. An endospore is a non-metabolizing survival structure that begins to metabolize and cause infection once in an adequate environment. Because C. tetani is an anaerobic bacterium, it and its endospores survive well in an environment that lacks oxygen. Hence, stepping on a nail (rusty or not) may result in a tetanus infection, as the low-oxygen (anaerobic) environment is provided by the same object that causes a puncture wound, delivering endospores to a suitable environment for growth.

Diagnosis[link]

There are currently^[when?] no blood tests that can be used to diagnose tetanus. The diagnosis is based on the presentation of tetanus symptoms and does not depend upon isolation of the bacteria, which is recovered from the wound in only 30% of cases and can be isolated from patients without tetanus. Laboratory identification of C. tetani can be demonstrated only by production of tetanospasmin in mice.^[3]

The "spatula test" is a clinical test for tetanus that involves touching the posterior pharyngeal wall with a sterile, soft-tipped instrument, and observing the effect. A positive test result is the involuntary contraction of the jaw (biting down on the "spatula"), and a negative test result would normally be a gag reflex attempting to expel the foreign object. A short report in The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene states that, in a patient research study, the spatula test had a high specificity (zero false-positive test results) and a high sensitivity (94% of infected patients produced a positive test result).^[9]

Prevention[link]

Unlike many infectious diseases, recovery from naturally acquired tetanus does not usually result in immunity to tetanus. This is due to the extreme potency of the tetanospasmin toxin; even a lethal dose of tetanospasmin is insufficient to provoke an immune response.

Tetanus can be prevented by vaccination with tetanus toxoid.^[10] The CDC recommends that adults receive a booster vaccine every ten years,^[11] and standard care practice in many places is to give the booster to any patient with a puncture wound who is uncertain of when he or she was last vaccinated, or if he or she has had fewer than three lifetime doses of the vaccine. The booster may not prevent a potentially fatal case of tetanus from the current wound, however, as it can take up to two weeks for tetanus antibodies to form.^[12] In children under the age of seven, the tetanus vaccine is often administered as a combined vaccine, DPT/DTaP vaccine, which also includes vaccines against diphtheria and pertussis. For adults and children over seven, the Td vaccine (tetanus and diphtheria) or Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis) is commonly used.^[10]

The WHO certifies countries as having eliminated maternal or neonatal tetanus. Certification requires at least two years of rates < 1 case per 1000 live borns. In 1998 in Uganda, 3,433 tetanus cases were recorded in new-born babies; of these, 2,403 died. After a major public health effort Uganda in 2011 was certified as having eliminated tetanus.^[13]

Mild tetanus[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

Mild cases of tetanus can be treated with:

• tetanus immunoglobulin IV or IM
• metronidazole IV for 10 days
• diazepam

Severe tetanus[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

Severe cases will require admission to intensive care. In addition to the measures listed above for mild tetanus:

• human tetanus immunoglobulin injected intrathecally (increases clinical improvement from 4% to 35%)
• tracheotomy and mechanical ventilation for 3 to 4 weeks
• magnesium, as an intravenous (IV) infusion, to prevent muscle spasm
• diazepam as a continuous IV infusion
• the autonomic effects of tetanus can be difficult to manage (alternating hyper- and hypotension hyperpyrexia/hypothermia) and may require IV labetalol, magnesium, clonidine, or nifedipine.

Drugs such as diazepam or other muscle relaxants can be given to control the muscle spasms. In extreme cases it may be necessary to paralyze the patient with curare-like drugs and use a mechanical ventilator.

In order to survive a tetanus infection, the maintenance of an airway and proper nutrition are required. An intake of 3500-4000 calories, and at least 150 g of protein per day, is often given in liquid form through a tube directly into the stomach (percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy), or through a drip into a vein (parenteral nutrition). This high-caloric diet maintenance is required because of the increased metabolic strain brought on by the increased muscle activity. Full recovery takes 4 to 6 weeks because the body must regenerate destroyed nerve axon terminals.

Epidemiology[link]

Disability-adjusted life year for tetanus per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004.

  no data

  ≤10

  10-25

  25-50

  50-75

  75-100

  100-125

  125-150

  150-200

  200-250

  250-500

  500-750

  ≥750

Tetanus cases reported worldwide (1990-2004). Ranging from strongly prevalent (in dark red) to very few cases (in light yellow) (grey, no data).

Tetanus is an international health problem, as C. tetani spores are ubiquitous. The disease occurs almost exclusively in persons unvaccinated or inadequately immunized.^[2] Tetanus occurs worldwide but is more common in hot, damp climates with soil rich in organic matter. This is particularly true with manure-treated soils, as the spores are widely distributed in the intestines and feces of many non-human animals such as horses, sheep, cattle, dogs, cats, rats, guinea pigs, and chickens. Spores can be introduced into the body through puncture wounds. In agricultural areas, a significant number of human adults may harbor the organism. The spores can also be found on skin surfaces and in contaminated heroin.^[3] Heroin users, particularly those that inject the drug, appear to be at high risk for tetanus.

Tetanus – in particular, the neonatal form – remains a significant public health problem in non-industrialized countries. The World Health Organization estimates that 59,000 newborns worldwide died in 2008 as a result of neonatal tetanus.^[14] In the United States, 50-100 people become infected with tetanus each year.^[3] Nearly all of the cases in the United States occur in unimmunized individuals or individuals who have allowed their inoculations to lapse.^[3]

Tetanus is the only vaccine-preventable disease that is infectious but is not contagious.^[3]

History[link]

Tetanus was well known to ancient people who recognized the relationship between wounds and fatal muscle spasms.^[15] In 1884, Arthur Nicolaier isolated the strychnine-like toxin of tetanus from free-living, anaerobic soil bacteria. The etiology of the disease was further elucidated in 1884 by Antonio Carle and Giorgio Rattone, who demonstrated the transmissibility of tetanus for the first time. They produced tetanus in rabbits by injecting pus from a patient with fatal tetanus into their sciatic nerves. In 1889, C. tetani was isolated from a human victim by Kitasato Shibasaburō, who later showed that the organism could produce disease when injected into animals, and that the toxin could be neutralized by specific antibodies. In 1897, Edmond Nocard showed that tetanus antitoxin induced passive immunity in humans, and could be used for prophylaxis and treatment. Tetanus toxoid vaccine was developed by P. Descombey in 1924, and was widely used to prevent tetanus induced by battle wounds during World War II.^[3]

Notable victims[link]

• Tom Butler – English footballer; contracted after suffering a badly broken arm.
• George Hogg – English adventurer who rescued war orphans in China; died in 1945 from an infection resulting from a foot injury.
• Joe Hill Louis – Memphis blues musician; died in 1957 as a result of an infected wound to his thumb.
• George Montagu – English ornithologist; contracted tetanus when he stepped on a nail.
• Joe Powell – English footballer; contracted following amputation of a badly broken arm.
• John A. Roebling – civil engineer and architect famous for his bridge designs, particularly the Brooklyn Bridge; contracted tetanus following amputation of his foot due to an injury caused by a ferry when it crashed into a wharf.
• George Crockett Strong – Union brigadier general in the American Civil War; from wounds sustained in the assault against Fort Wagner on Morris Island, South Carolina.
• Fred Thomson – silent film actor; stepped on a nail.
• John Thoreau (brother of Henry David Thoreau); nicked himself with a razor while shaving.
• Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly; wounded by a cannon ball in the Battle of Rain.
• Traveller – General Robert E. Lee's favorite horse; stepped on a nail.

See also[link]

• Tetanized state
• Tetanospasmin

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Tetanus

• Tetanus Symptoms
• Tetanus Information from Medline Plus
• Tetanus Surveillance -- United States, 1998-2000 (Data and Analysis)

Media[link]

• Video: Generalized tetanus in a 70-year-old woman (Neurology)
• Video: Tetanus in dogs

Jörg Hoffmann and Franziska van Almsick (11 years old) at the East Germany Spartakiad of 1989

Medal record
Women's swimming
Competitor for  Germany
Olympic Games
Silver	1992 Barcelona	200 m freestyle
Silver	1992 Barcelona	4×100 m medley
Silver	1996 Atlanta	200 m freestyle
Silver	1996 Atlanta	4×200 m freestyle
Bronze	1992 Barcelona	100 m freestyle
Bronze	1992 Barcelona	4×100 m freestyle
Bronze	1996 Atlanta	4×100 m freestyle
Bronze	2000 Sydney [1]	4×200 m freestyle
Bronze	2004 Athens [2]	4×100 m medley
Bronze	2004 Athens	4×200 m freestyle
World Championships - Long Course
Gold	1994 Rome	200 m freestyle
Gold	1998 Perth	4×200 m freestyle
Silver	1994 Rome	4×200 m freestyle
Silver	1998 Perth	4×100 m freestyle
Bronze	1994 Rome	100 m freestyle
Bronze	1994 Rome	4×100 m freestyle
European Championships (LC)
Gold	1993 Sheffield	50 m freestyle
Gold	1993 Sheffield	100 m freestyle
Gold	1993 Sheffield	200 m freestyle
Gold	1993 Sheffield	4×100 m freestyle
Gold	1993 Sheffield	4×200 m freestyle
Gold	1993 Sheffield	4×100 m medley
Gold	1995 Vienna	100 m freestyle
Gold	1995 Vienna	400 m freestyle
Gold	1995 Vienna	4×100 m freestyle
Gold	1995 Vienna	4×200 m freestyle
Gold	1995 Vienna	4×100 m medley
Gold	1999 Istanbul	4×100 m freestyle
Gold	1999 Istanbul	4×200 m freestyle
Gold	2002 Berlin	100 m freestyle
Gold	2002 Berlin	200 m freestyle
Gold	2002 Berlin	4×100 m freestyle
Gold	2002 Berlin	4×200 m freestyle
Gold	2002 Berlin	4×100 m medley
Silver	1993 Sheffield	100 m butterfly
Silver	1995 Vienna	50 m freestyle
Silver	1999 Istanbul	4×100 m medley
European Championships (SC)
Gold	1992 Espoo	50 m freestyle
Gold	1992 Espoo	4x50 m freestyle
Gold	1992 Espoo	4x50 m medley
Gold	1998 Sheffield	4x50 m medley
Silver	1998 Sheffield	200 m freestyle

Franziska van Almsick (born 5 April 1978 in East Berlin, Germany) is a German swimmer. She won her first Olympic medals in 1992 at the Barcelona Olympic Games aged fourteen.

Her career begun at the SC Dynamo Berlin.^[3] Over her career, Van Almsick won ten Olympic medals, none of them gold. She ended her career at the Athens Olympic Games in 2004.

In 1993, she was named by Swimming World magazine as the Female World Swimmer of the Year. Her son Don Hugo was born on 7 January 2007.

See also[link]

• List of German records in swimming
• World record progression 50 metres freestyle
• List of multiple Olympic medalists at a single Games

References[link]

External links[link]

• Franziska's official site

Records
Preceded by Heike Friedrich	Women's 200 metre freestyle world record holder (long Course) 6 September 1994 – 27 March 2007	Succeeded by Federica Pellegrini
Awards
Preceded by Heike Henkel	German Sportswoman of the Year 1993	Succeeded by Katja Seizinger
Preceded by Katja Seizinger	German Sportswoman of the Year 1995	Succeeded by Katja Seizinger
Preceded by Hannah Stockbauer	German Sportswoman of the Year 2002	Succeeded by Hannah Stockbauer
Preceded by Krisztina Egerszegi	World Swimmer of the Year 1993	Succeeded by Samantha Riley
Preceded by Krisztina Egerszegi	European Swimmer of the Year 1993 – 1994	Succeeded by Krisztina Egerszegi
Preceded by Inge de Bruijn	European Swimmer of the Year 2002	Succeeded by Hannah Stockbauer

This article about a swimming Olympic medalist for Germany is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Sneha Khanwalkar is a female Indian music director in Bollywood, the fourth ever in the industry after Jaddan Bai (mother of Nargis Dutt), Saraswati Devi and Usha Khanna.^[1] She is most known for her score for the film, Oye Lucky! Lucky Oye! (2008), which won the National Film Award for the Best Popular Film.^[1][2]

Early life and education[link]

Born and brought up in Indore, where her mother's family was entrenched in the Gwalior gharana of Hindustani classical music, thus she learned music as a child, and she and her sister used to sing at family occasions.

During her HSC vacations, she did an animation course and art direction course. In 2001, her family moved to Mumbai, with an aim of her joining an engineering college, but instead she started working in animation followed by art direction before deciding on music direction as a career, after rediscovering her childhood passion for music.^[1]

Career[link]

In 2004, she scored the movie The Hope, which competed at the Internationales Filmfest Emden in Germany.^[3] Meanwhile she also did the title track for Ruchi Narain's film, KAL - Yesterday and Tomorrow (2005), though her big break came when she composed music for the 2007 movie Go, produced by Ram Gopal Varma, and also got to compose a song for Sarkar Raj (2008).^[4]

In 2008, she won accolades for her score for the film, Oye Lucky! Lucky Oye! for which she travelled through rural North India, especially Haryana, where she visited the Raagini music festival, while researching for films music, eventually she created a hit soundtrack, embellished with Haryanvi musical influences.^[1][5]

She is also currently the host of a popular MTV series called Sound Trippin^[6] in which she travels to places like Punjab, Varanasi, Yellapur (Karnataka) and Goa across India, collecting local sounds both ambient and everyday singers to local musicians, and creating a final piece of music that resonates the feel and the sounds from that location. ^[7][8] The show is shot by Babble Fish Productions^[9]

Filmography[link]

• Kal: Yesterday and Tomorrow [Title song] (2005)
• Go (2007)
• Supermen of Malegaon [Documentary] (2008)
• Oye Lucky! Lucky Oye! (2008)
• Love Sex aur Dhokha (2010)
• Bheja fry 2 (2011)
• Gangs of Wasseypur (2012)
• Sound Trippin (2012)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Sneha Khanwalkar at the Internet Movie Database