Anders Behring Breivik (Norwegian pronunciation: ['andəʂ 'beːɾiŋ 'bɾæɪʋiːk][5]; born 13 February 1979)[1] is a Norwegian accused mass murderer,[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] terrorist and the confessed perpetrator[14][15] of the 2011 attacks in Norway. On 22 July 2011, Breivik bombed the government buildings in Oslo, which resulted in eight deaths. He then carried out a mass shooting at a camp of the Workers' Youth League (AUF) of the Labour Party on the island of Utøya where he killed 69 people, mostly teenagers.[16][17][18]
Two pairs of court-appointed psychiatrists have examined Breivik prior to his 2012 trial. In the first report Breivik was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia.[19] A second evaluation was commissioned following widespread criticism of the first report.[20] One week before the start of his trial the second psychiatric evaluation was published with the conclusion that Breivik was not psychotic during the attacks and he was not psychotic during their evaluation;[21] rather he is an extreme narcissist.[22] The trial of Anders Behring Breivik began on 16 April 2012 and is scheduled to last 10 weeks. The main issue to be decided in the trial is whether he can be given a prison sentence or, if the court finds him legally insane, he will be involuntarily sectioned to a psychiatric facility, possibly indefinitely. Contrary to popular belief, Norway's forensic psychiatric process means a psychiatric diagnosis could for Breivik mean more - rather than less - time in prison, even if he were successfully treated.[23]
Breivik's far-right[24] militant ideology is described in a compendium of texts, titled 2083 – A European Declaration of Independence and distributed electronically by Breivik on the day of the attacks.[24][25][26][27] In it he lays out his worldview, which includes support for cultural conservatism, ultranationalism, right-wing populism, Islamophobia,[28] Zionism,[24] anti-feminism,[29][30] and White nationalism.[31] It also expresses support for paramilitaries such as the Scorpions.[32] It regards Islam and cultural Marxism as the enemy, and argues for the violent annihilation of "Eurabia" and multiculturalism, and the deportation of all Muslims from Europe (culminating in the year 2083)[33] to preserve European Christendom.[24][34][35][36] Breivik wrote that his main motive for committing the atrocities on 22 July was to market this manifesto.[37]
Anders Behring Breivik grew up on the west side of Oslo. He lived partly with his mother in
Skøyen.
Breivik was born in Oslo on 13 February 1979,[4] the son of Wenche Behring, a nurse, and Jens David Breivik, a civil economist, who worked as a diplomat for the Norwegian Embassy in London and later Paris.[38] He spent the first year of his life in London until his parents divorced when he was one year old. His father, who later married a diplomat, fought for his custody but failed. When Breivik was four, two reports were filed expressing concern about his mental health, concluding that Anders ought to be removed from parental care.[39] One psychologist in one of the reports made a note of the boy's peculiar smile, suggesting it wasn't anchored in his emotions but was rather a deliberate response to his environment.[40] Breivik lived with his mother and his half sister in the west-end of Oslo and regularly visited his father and stepmother in France, until they divorced when he was 12. His mother also remarried, to a Norwegian Army officer.[39] His family name is Breivik, while Behring, his mother's maiden name, is his middle name and not part of the family name. His family name comes from Breivika in Hadsel, and literally means "broad vik."
Anders Breivik has criticised both of his parents for supporting the policies of the Norwegian Labour Party, and his mother for being, in his opinion, a moderate feminist. He wrote about his upbringing: "I do not approve of the super-liberal, matriarchal upbringing as it completely lacked discipline and has contributed to feminising me to a certain degree."
Breivik attended Smestad Grammar School, Ris Junior High, Hartvig Nissen High School and Oslo Commerce School.[41] A former classmate has recalled that he was an intelligent student who often took care of people who were bullied.[42] Breivik chose to be confirmed into the Lutheran Church of Norway at the age of 15.[3][43]
When he reached adolescence, Breivik's behaviour was described as having become rebellious. In his early teen years he was a prolific graffiti artist, part of the hip hop community in Oslo West. He took his graffiti a lot more seriously than his comrades and he was caught by the police on several occasions; however, Child Protective Services were only notified once. He was also fined on two occasions.[44] According to Breivik's mother, after he was caught spraying graffiti on walls and fined, his father stopped contact with him at age 16, in 1995.[45][44] They have not been in contact since then.[46] The opposite view is claimed by Breivik's father, that it was his son who broke off contact with him and that he would always have welcomed Anders despite his destructive activities.[47] At this age he also lost contact with his closest friends, when he was expelled from the gang.[48]
Breivik attended Smestad Primary School and Ris middle school in the west of Oslo, and Hartvig Nissens school and Oslo Commerce School (1995–1998). A classmate said that Breivik was perceived as an intelligent person, physically stronger than others of the same age; he took care of people who were bullied.[49]
Since adolescence, Breivik had spent much time on weight training, and started using anabolic steroids. He cared a lot about his own looks and about appearing big and strong. In his early twenties he underwent cosmetic surgery, according to friends, in the chin, nose and forehead, and was very satisfied with the result.[50]
Breivik was exempt from conscription to military service in the Norwegian Army and has no military training.[51] The Norwegian Defence Security Department, which conducts the vetting process, say he was deemed "unfit for service" at the mandatory conscript assessment.[52] In 1997, at age 18, he lost 2 million kr. ($369,556[53]) in the stock market.[54]
After the age of 21, Breivik was in the customer service department of an unnamed company, working with "people from all countries" and being "kind to everyone".[55] A former co-worker has described him as an "exceptional colleague",[56] while a close friend of his stated that he usually had a big ego and would be easily irritated by those of Middle Eastern or South Asian origin.[57]
Breivik's manifesto included writings detailing he used to play video games such as Modern Warfare 2 and World of Warcraft to relax and for "training-simulation"[58] He further told a court in April 2012 that he trained for shooting using a holographic device while playing Call of Duty. He claimed it helped him gain target acquisition.[59]
Breivik claims that he started a nine-year-plan to finance the attacks in 2002 (at age 23), founding his own computer programming business while working at the customer service company. He claims that his company grew to six employees and "several offshore bank accounts", and that he made his first million kroner at the age of 24.[60] The company was later declared bankrupt and Breivik was reported for several breaches of the law.[61] He then moved back to his mother's home, according to himself to save money. The first set of psychiatrists who evaluated him said in their report his mental health deteriorated at this stage and he went into a state of withdrawal and isolation.[62] His declared assets in 2007 were about NOK 630,000. (US$116,410[53]), according to Norwegian tax authority figures.[55] He claims that by 2008 he had about NOK two million (US$$369,556[53]) and nine credit cards giving him access to €26,000 in credit.[60]
In May 2009 he founded a farming company under the name "Breivik Geofarm",[63] described as a farming sole proprietorship set up to cultivate vegetables, melons, roots and tubers.[64]
Also in 2009 he visited Prague in an attempt to buy illegal weapons. He was unable to obtain a weapon there, and Breivik decided to obtain weapons through legal channels in Norway instead.[65] He obtained one semi-automatic 9mm Glock 17 pistol legally by demonstrating his membership in a pistol club in the police application for a gun license, and the semi-automatic Ruger Mini-14 rifle by possessing a hunting license.[66]
Breivik had no declared income in 2009 and his assets amounted to 390,000 kroner ($72,063[53]), according to Norwegian tax authority figures.[55] He states that in January 2010 his funds were "depleting gradually". On 23 June 2011, a month before the attacks, he paid the outstanding amount on his nine credit cards in order to have access to funds while he continued his preparations.[60]
In late June or early July 2011, he moved to a rural area south of Åsta in Åmot, Hedmark county, about 140 km (87 mi) northeast of Oslo,[67] the site of his farm. As he admits in his manifesto he used the company as a cover to legally obtain large amounts of artificial fertiliser and other chemicals for the manufacturing of explosives.[67] A farming supplier sold Breivik's company six tonnes of fertiliser in May.[68] The newspaper Verdens Gang reported that after Breivik bought a small quantity of an explosive primer from an online shop in Poland, his name was among 60 passed to the Police Security Service (PST) by Norwegian Customs as having used the store to buy products. Speaking to the newspaper, Jon Fitje of PST said the information they found gave no indication of anything suspicious. In his manifesto Breivik described his first experiments with explosives, and details a successful test detonation at a remote location on 13 June 2011.[69] He sets the cost of the preparations for the attacks at € 317,000 – "130,000 out of pocket and 187,500 euros in lost revenue over three years." [sic][55]
Breivik's farmer neighbour described him as looking like a "city dweller, who wore expensive shirts and who knew nothing about rural ways". Breivik had also covered up the windows of his house. The owner of a local bar, who once worked as a profiler of passengers' body language at Oslo airport, said there was nothing unusual about Breivik, who was an occasional customer at the bar.[70]
Oslo city centre, shortly after Breivik's
ANFO car bomb detonated
On 22 July 2011, Breivik bombed government buildings in Oslo, which resulted in eight deaths.
Within hours after the explosion he arrived at Utøya island, the site of a Labour Party youth camp, posing as a police officer and then opened fire on the unarmed adolescents present, reportedly killing 69.[18][71][72] The youngest victim was Sharidyn Svebakk-Bøhn of Drammen,[73] who was 14 years old.[74] Another victim was Trond Berntsen, the step-brother of Crown Princess Mette-Marit (the son of Princess Mette-Marit’s late stepfather).[75]
Breivik confessed and stated that the purpose of the attack was to save Norway and Western Europe from a Muslim takeover, and that the Labour Party had to "pay the price" for "letting down Norway and the Norwegian people".[76]
When an armed police SWAT unit from Oslo arrived on the island and confronted him, he surrendered without resistance.[77] After his arrest, he was held by armed police on the island, and interrogated throughout the night, before being moved to a holding cell in Oslo. On the way to his first jail meeting, Breivik's police escort was met with an angry crowd, some of whom shouted "burn in hell" or "traitor", while some used stronger words.[72][76][78]
On 25 July 2011 Breivik was charged with violating paragraph 147a of the Norwegian criminal code,[79][80] "destabilising or destroying basic functions of society" and "creating serious fear in the population",[81] both acts of terrorism under Norwegian law, and ordered held for eight weeks, the first four in solitary confinement, pending further court proceedings.[17][79] The custody has been extended in subsequent hearings.[82] The indictment was ready in early March. The Director of Public Prosecutions had initially decided to censor the document to the public, leaving out the names of the victims as well as details about their slayings. Due to many reactions this decision was reversed shortly prior to its release.[83] On 30 March Borgarting Court of Appeal announced that it had scheduled the expected appeal case for 15 January 2013. It will be conducted in the same specially constructed court room where the initial criminal case will be tried.[84]
Anders Behring Breivik has been remanded at Ila Prison since his arrest. There he has at his disposal three prison cells. One where he can rest, sleep and watch DVD movies or television, a second is set up for him to use a PC without Internet connection, and in a third cell there is gym equipment that he can use. Only selected prison staff with special qualifications are allowed to work around him, and the prison management aims to not let his presence as a high-security prisoner affect any of the other inmates.[85] Subsequent to the January 2012 lifting of letters and visitors censorship for Breivik he has received a number of inquiries from private individuals,[86] and he has devoted time to writing back to like-minded people. According to one of his attorneys Breivik is curious to learn whether his manifesto has begun to take root in society. Breivik's attorneys in consultation with Breivik are considering to have some of his interlocutors called to witness during the trial.[87] Several media, both Norwegian and international, have requested interviews with Breivik. The first such was canceled by the prison administration following a background check of the journalist in question. A second interview has been agreed to by Breivik, and the prison has requested a background check to be done by the police in the country where the journalist is from. No information has been given about the media organizations in question.[88]
Breivik underwent his first examination by court-appointed forensic psychiatrists in the autumn of 2011. The psychiatrists diagnosed him with paranoid schizophrenia, concluding that he had developed the disorder over time and was psychotic both when he carried out the attacks and during the observation. He was also diagnosed with abuse of non-dependence-producing substances antecedent of 22 July. The psychiatrists consequently found Breivik to be criminally insane.[89][90]
According to the report, Breivik displayed inappropriate and blunted affect and a severe lack of empathy. He spoke incoherently in neologisms and had acted compulsively based on a universe of bizarre, grandiose and delusional thoughts. Breivik alluded himself as the future regent of Norway, master of life and death, while calling himself "inordinately loving" and "Europe's most perfect knight since WWII". He was convinced that he was a warrior in a "low intensity civil war" and had been chosen to save his people. To the psychiatrists, Breivik described plans to carry out further "executions of categories A, B and C traitors" by the thousands, themselves included, and to organise Norwegians in reservations for the purpose of selective breeding. Breivik believed himself to be the "knight Justiciar grand master" of a Templar organisation. He was deemed to be suicidal and homicidal by the psychiatrists.[89]
According to his defence attorney, Breivik initially expressed surprise and felt insulted by the conclusions in the report. He later stated that "this provides new opportunities".[91][clarification needed]
The outcome of Breivik's first competency evaluation was fiercely debated in Norway by mental health experts, over the court-appointed psychiatrists' opinion and the country's definition of criminal insanity.[92][93] An extended panel of experts from the Norwegian Board of Forensic Medicine reviewed the submitted report and approved it "with no significant remarks".[94] News in the meantime emerged that the psychiatric medical staff in charge of treating prisoners at Ila Detention and Security Prison did not make any observations that suggested he suffered from either psychosis, depression or was suicidal. According to senior psychiatrist Randi Rosenqvist, who was commissioned by the prison to examine Breivik, he rather appeared to have personality disorders.[93][95][96] Counsels representing families and victims filed requests that the court order a second opinion, while the prosecuting authority and Breivik's lawyer initially did not want new experts to be appointed. On 13 January 2012, after much public pressure, the Oslo District Court ordered a second expert panel to evaluate Breivik's mental state.[97] He initially refused to cooperate with new psychiatrists.[98] He later changed his mind and in late February a new period of psychiatric observation, this time using different methods than the first period, was begun.
If the original diagnosis is upheld by the court it means that Anders Behring Breivik cannot be sentenced to prison. The prosecution may instead request that he be detained in a psychiatric hospital.[99] Medical advice will then determine whether or not the courts decide to release him at some later point. If considered a perpetual danger to society, Breivik can be kept in confinement for life.[100] Shortly after the second period of psychiatric observation prior to the trial was begun the prosecution stated that they expected that Breivik would be declared legally insane.[101][102] However, on 10 April 2012 the second psychiatric evaluation was published with the conclusion that Breivik was not psychotic during the attacks and he was not psychotic during their evaluation.[21] Instead, they diagnosed a narcissistic personality disorder.[22] Breivik expressed hope at being declared sane in a letter sent to several Norwegian newspapers shortly before his trial, writing about the prospect of being sent to a psychiatric ward he stated: "I must admit this is the worst thing that could have happened to me as it is the ultimate humiliation. To send a political activist to a mental hospital is more sadistic and evil than to kill him! It is a fate worse than death."[103]
The criminal trial of Breivik began on 16 April 2012 in Oslo Courthouse under the jurisdiction of Oslo District Court. The appointed prosecutors are Inga Bejer Engh and Svein Holden with Geir Lippestad serving as Breivik's lead counsel for the defence. The trial is estimated to take 10 weeks with the fixing of the sentence to be received by Breivik no later than 20 July if pleaded guilty.[104][clarification needed]
Janne Kristiansen, Chief of the Norwegian Police Security Service (PST), has stated that Breivik "deliberately desisted from violent exhortations on the net [and] has more or less been a moderate, and has neither been part of any extremist network."[105] He is reported to have written many posts on the Islam-critical[106] website document.no.[107] He also attended a meeting of "Documents venner" (Friends of Document), affiliated with the website, in the fall of 2009.[108] Due to the media attention on his Internet activity following the 2011 attacks, document.no compiled a complete list of comments made by Breivik on its website between September 2009 and June 2010.[109][110][111]
In his writings Breivik displays admiration for the English Defence League (EDL), expressing an interest in starting a similar organisation in Norway, and writing that he had advised them to pursue a strategy of provoking overreaction from "Jihad Youth/Extreme-Marxists" which in turn might draw more people to join the organisation.[34][112] On 25 July 2011 British Prime Minister David Cameron announced a review of Britain's own security following the attacks.[113] EDL issued a statement on 24 July 2011 condemning the attacks, saying that "No form of terrorism can ever be justified and the taking of innocent lives can never be justified".[114] Some editorialists criticised the EDL and other anti-Muslim groups in this context.[115][116][117] The Norwegian newspaper Dagens Næringsliv writes that Breivik sought to start a Norwegian version of the Tea Party movement in cooperation with the owners of document.no, but that they, after expressing initial interest, ultimately turned down his proposal because he did not have the contacts he promised.[118] He also expressed his admiration of the Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin (Putinism), finding him "a fair and resolute leader worthy of respect", though he was "unsure at this point whether he has the potential to be our best friend or our worst enemy." Putin's spokesperson Dmitri Peskov has denounced Breivik's actions as the "delirium of a madman".[119]
Six hours before the attacks, Breivik posted a YouTube video urging conservatives to "embrace martyrdom" and showing himself wearing a thermal sports top and pointing a Ruger Mini-14.[120] He also posted a picture of himself as a Knight Templar officer in a uniform festooned with gold braid and multiple medals.[121] In the video he put an animation depicting Islam as a trojan horse in Europe.[122] Analysts describe it as promoting physical violence towards Muslims and Marxists who reside in Europe.[123]
The music in the video comes from the Age of Conan: Hyborian Adventures soundtrack and is sung by Norwegian singer Helene Bøksle. Breivik writes of Bøksle's voice that it is the perfect sound to listen to when one commits acts of martyrdom. During his trial he also testified that he uses this music, particularly the song "Ere the World Crumbles" when he meditates, as he did in preparation for his terrorist acts on 22 July 2011. The lyrics of the music is in the Old Norwegian language and comes from the Völuspá, the first and best known poem of the Poetic Edda. Bøksle said in a press release in the week following the attacks that she distanced herself from Breivik's use of the music. The music's composer, Knut Avenstroup Haugen, has done the same.[124][125]
Breivik has been linked to a document entitled 2083: A European Declaration of Independence,[126] which is 1,518 pages and bearing the name "Andrew Berwick".[127][128] Breivik admitted in court that it was mostly other people's writings he had cut-and-pasted from the web.[129] The file was e-mailed to 1,003 addresses about 90 minutes before the bomb blast in Oslo.[126][130] The document describes two years of preparation of unspecified attacks, supposedly planned for autumn 2011, involving a rented Volkswagen Crafter van (small enough to not require a truck driving license) loaded with 1160 kg of ammonium nitrate/fuel oil explosive(ANFO), a Ruger Mini-14 semi-automatic rifle ("the most 'army like' rifle allowed in Norway"), a Glock 34 pistol, personal armor including a shield, caltrops, and police insignias. It also reports that Breivik spent thousands of hours on gathering email addresses from Facebook for distribution of the document, and that he rented a farm as a cover for a fake farming company buying fertilizer (3 tons for producing explosives and 3 tons of a harmless kind to avoid suspicion) and as a lab. It describes burying a crate with the armor etc. in July 2010 in the woods, and collecting it on 4 July 2011, and abandoning his plan to replace it with survival gear because he did not have a second pistol.
The introductory chapter of the manifesto defining "Cultural Marxism" is a copy of Political Correctness: A Short History of an Ideology by the Free Congress Foundation.[131][132][133] Major parts of the compendium are attributed to the pseudonymous Norwegian blogger Fjordman.[134] The text also copies sections of the Unabomber manifesto, without giving credit, while exchanging the words "leftists" for "cultural Marxists" and "black people" for "muslims".[135] The New York Times described American influences in the writings, noting that the compendium mentions the anti-Islamist American Robert Spencer 64 times and cites Spencer's works at great length.[136] The work of Bat Ye'or[137] is cited dozens of times.[138] Neoconservative blogger Pamela Geller,[139] Neo-pagan writer Koenraad Elst[140] and Daniel Pipes are also mentioned as sources of inspiration.[141] The manifesto further contains quotes from Thomas Jefferson and George Orwell,[142] as well as from Jeremy Clarkson's Sunday Times column and Melanie Phillips' Daily Mail column.[143] The publication speaks in admiration of Ayaan Hirsi Ali, Geert Wilders, Bruce Bawer, Srđa Trifković,[144] and Henryk M. Broder.[145] The compendium advocates a restoration of patriarchy which it claims would save European culture.[146][147]
In his writings Breivik states that he wants to see European policies on multiculturalism and immigration more similar to those of Japan and South Korea,[148] which he said are "not far from cultural conservatism and nationalism at its best".[149] He expressed his admiration for the "monoculturalism" of Japan and for the two nations' refusal to accept refugees.[150][151] The Jerusalem Post describes his support for Israel as a “far-right Zionism”. He calls all “nationalists” to join in the struggle against “cultural Marxists/multiculturalists.”[24]
Norwegian computer security analysts are in the process of researching what appear to be hidden codes in Breivik's manifesto, including references to the GPS coordinates of several major sites throughout Europe.[152]
Benjamin R. Teitelbaum, PhD student at Brown University, said that parts of the manifesto suggest that Breivik was concerned about race, not only about Western culture or Christianity.[31]
Thomas Hegghammer of the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment has described the ideologies of Breivik as "not fitting the established categories of right-wing ideology, like white supremacism, ultranationalism or Christian fundamentalism", but more akin to macro-nationalism and a "new doctrine of civilisational war".[153] Norwegian social scientist Lars Gule characterized Breivik as a "national conservative, not a Nazi".[154]
In one section of the manifesto entitled "Battlefield Wikipedia" Breivik explains the importance of using Wikipedia as a venue for disseminating views and information to the general public.[155] According to the leader of the Norwegian chapter of the Wikimedia Foundation an account has been identified which they believe was used by Breivik.[156]
In the pre-trial hearing, February 2012, Breivik read a prepared statement demanding to be released and treated as a hero for his "pre-emptive attack against traitors" accused of planning cultural genocide. He said, "They are committing, or planning to commit, cultural destruction, of which deconstruction of the Norwegian ethnic group and deconstruction of Norwegian culture. This is the same as ethnic cleansing."[157]
Breivik believes in the conspiracy theory of
Eurabia, a future Europe dominated by Muslims.
Following his apprehension, Breivik was characterized by analysts as being a right-wing extremist with anti-Muslim views and a hatred of Islam,[158][159] who considered himself as a knight dedicated to stemming the tide of Muslim immigration into Europe.[160][161]
He was at first described by many in the media as a Christian fundamentalist, Christian terrorist, nationalist and right-wing extremist.[13][36][72][162][163][164] He claims that the European Union is a project to create "Eurabia"[165][166][167] and describes the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia as being authorised by "criminal western European and American leaders".[168] The Jerusalem Post describes him as pro-Israel and strongly opposed to Islam, and asserts that his manifesto includes "extreme screed of Islamophobia" and "far-right Zionism".[24]
Breivik blames feminism for allowing the erosion of the fabric of European society.[169] The manifesto urges the Hindu nationalists to drive Muslims out of India.[170] He demands the gradual deportation of all Muslims from Europe through repatriation.[171]
In 2009, he wrote "Today's Protestant church is a joke. Priests in jeans who march for Palestine and churches that look like minimalist shopping centres. I am a supporter of an indirect collective conversion of the Protestant church back to the Catholic."[172] On his Facebook profile, Breivik described himself as a Christian,[34] though he is critical of the Catholic and Protestant churches, objecting to their "current suicidal path". Before the attacks, he stated an intention to attend Frogner Church in a final "Martyr's mass".[173]
The manifesto states its author is "100 percent Christian",[3] but he is not "excessively religious"[3] and considers himself a "cultural Christian" and a "modern-day crusader".[2][3] His manifesto states "I'm not going to pretend I'm a very religious person, as that would be a lie", calls religion a crutch and a source for drawing mental strength, and says "I've always been very pragmatic and influenced by my secular surroundings and environment"; regarding the term "cultural Christian" which he says means preserving European culture, he notes "It is enough that you are a Christian-agnostic or a Christian-atheist (an atheist who wants to preserve at least the basics of the European Christian cultural legacy...)"[164][2] Furthermore, Breivik stated that "myself and many more like me do not necessarily have a personal relationship with Jesus Christ and God."[2][174] Nevertheless, he stated that he planned to pray to God seeking for his help during his attacks.[175]
Breivik condemns Pope Benedict XVI for his dialogue with Islam: "Pope Benedict has abandoned Christianity and all Christian Europeans and is to be considered a cowardly, incompetent, corrupt and illegitimate Pope." It will thus be necessary, writes Breivik, to overthrow the Protestant and Catholic hierarchies, after which a "Great Christian Congress" would set up a new European Church.[176] He has also condemned Christian missionary activity in India as it would lead to the "total destruction of the Hindu faith and culture", and he expresses support for the Hindutva movement against Indian Communist movements.[177]
American Christian press has also highlighted that Breivik appears to have addressed followers of the Neopagan religion of Odinism in his writ. In regards to them, he says, "even Odinists can fight with us or by our side as brothers" in the Knights Templar organization of which Breivik claims to be a founding member. He later says to reject Odinism, saying that the Thor's Hammer cannot unify the people of Europe, but that the Christian cross will.[178]
Deputy police chief Roger Andresen initially told reporters that information on Breivik's websites was "so to speak, Christian fundamentalist".[72][179][180][181] Subsequently, others have disputed Andresen's characterisation of Breivik as a Christian fundamentalist.[176][182] Rev. Olav Fykse Tveit, head of the World Council of Churches and himself Norwegian, accused Breivik of blasphemy for citing Christianity as a justification in his murderous attack.[2][183]
Breivik was an active member of an Oslo shooting club between 2005 and 2007, and since 2010. According to the club, which has banned him for life after the attacks, Breivik had taken part in 13 organised training sessions and one competition since June 2010.[184] The club states that it does not evaluate the members' suitability regarding possession of weapons.[185]
At the time of the attacks Breivik was a member of the Lodge of St. Olaf at the Three Columns in Oslo[186] and had displayed photographs of himself in partial Masonic regalia on his Facebook profile.[187][188] In interviews after the attacks, his lodge stated they had only minimal contact with him, and that when made aware of Breivik's membership, Grand Master of the Norwegian Order of Freemasons, Ivar A. Skaar issued an edict immediately excluding him from the fraternity based upon the acts he carried out and the values that appear to have motivated them.[189][190] According to the Lodge records, Breivik took part in a total of four meetings between his initiation in February 2007 and his exclusion from the order – one each to receive the first, second and third degree, and one other meeting.[191] The Grand Master of the Norwegian Order of Freemasonry points out that while he was a member of the Order his actions show that Breivik is in no way a Mason.[191] His manifesto said that he took three degrees of Freemasonry and commended them as "keepers of cultural heritage" while also criticising it for being “not in any way political.”[192] The Norwegian Order of Freemasons said that during the four and a half years he was a member he only took part in four meetings and held no offices or functions within the Lodge.[193]
Breivik became a member of the conservative-liberal Progress Party (FrP) in 1999. He paid his membership dues for the last time in 2004, and was removed from the membership lists in 2006. He then actively withdrew from the party in 2007.
During his time in the Progress Party, he held two positions in the Progress Party's youth organisation FpU: he was the chair of the local Vest Oslo branch from January to October 2002, and a member of the board of the same branch from October 2002 till November 2004.[194][195][196] The chaiman of the Progress Party Youth Organisation (main organisation) believed that Breivik left the party after his view became more extreme. The Progress Party has reduction of immigration to Norway as a part of its political platform.
After the attack, the Progress Party immediately distanced itself from both Breivik's actions and his ideas.[197]
Breivik claimed he had contact with the English Defence League (EDL).[115] He allegedly had extensive links with senior EDL members[198] and wrote that he attended an EDL demonstration in Bradford.[199] On 26 July 2011, EDL leader Tommy Robinson denounced Breivik and his attacks and has denied any official links with him.[114]
On 31 July 2011, Interpol asked Maltese police to investigate Paul Ray, a former EDL member who blogs under the name "Lionheart". Ray conceded that he may have been an inspiration for Breivik, but deplored his actions.[200][201]
In an online discussion on the Norwegian website Document.no on 6 December 2009, Breivik proposes to establish a Norwegian version of the EDL. Breivik saw this as the only way to stop left-wing radical groups like Blitz and SOS Rasisme from "harassing" Norwegian cultural conservatives.[202] Following the establishment of the Norwegian Defence League (NDL) in 2010, Breivik indeed became a member of this organization under the pseudonym "Sigurd Jorsalfar".[203] Former head of the NDL, Lena Andreassen, claims that Breivik was ejected from the organization when she took over as leader in March 2011 because he was too extreme.[204] The NDL had held a rally in Oslo in April 2011, but it failed to gather more than a dozen supporters.[205]
In his manifesto and during interrogation, Breivik claimed membership in an "international Christian military order", which he calls the new Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Solomonici (PCCTS, Knights Templar).[206] According to Breivik, the order was established as an "anti-Jihad crusader-organisation" that "fights" against "Islamic suppression" in London in April 2002 by nine men: two Englishmen, a Frenchman, a German, a Dutchman, a Greek, a Russian, a Norwegian (apparently Breivik), and a Serb (supposedly the initiator, not present, but represented by Breivik). The compendium gives a "2008 estimate" that there are between 15 and 80 "Justiciar Knights" in Western Europe, and an unknown number of civilian members, and Breivik expects the order to take political and military control of Western Europe.[207]
Breivik gives his own code name in the organization as Sigurd and that of his assigned "mentor" as Richard, after the twelfth-century crusaders and kings Sigurd Jorsalfar of Norway and Richard the Lionheart of England.[208] He calls himself a one-man cell of this organization, and claims that the group has several other cells in Western countries, including two more in Norway.[81] On 2 August 2011 Breivik offered to provide information about these cells, but on unrealistic preconditions.[209]
After an intense investigation assisted internationally by several security agencies, the Norwegian police have not found a single piece of evidence that a PCCTS network existed, or that the alleged 2002 London meeting ever took place. The police now view Breivik's claim as a figment of imagination in light of his schizophrenia diagnosis, and are increasingly confident that he had no accessories. The perpetrator still insists he belongs to an order and that his one-man cell was "activated" by another clandestine cell.[210]
Breivik has identified himself in a multitude of social media services as an admirer of, among others, the Freedom Party of Austria,[211][212] Hindu nationalism (Hindutva),[213] the right-wing Swiss People's Party,[214] Winston Churchill,[215] Max Manus,[179][215] Robert Spencer,[216] former Japanese Prime Minister Taro Aso,[151] Patrick Buchanan,[146] Ayaan Hirsi Ali,[217] Radovan Karadžić,[218] Srđa Trifković,[219] and Dutch politician Geert Wilders, whose political party he described on the website of the periodical Minerva as one among the few that could "truly claim to be conservative parties in their whole culture." Wilders, however, quickly distanced himself from Breivik and denounced him as "violent and sick".[220] On Twitter, he paraphrased philosopher John Stuart Mill: "One person with a belief is equal to the force of 100,000 who have only interests".[67][221]
According to Belarusian opposition figure Mikhail Reshetnikov[citation needed], Anders Breivik underwent paramilitary training in a camp organized by retired KGB colonel Valery Lunev. According to Reshetnikov, Breivik visited Belarus three times and had lasting connections with the country. According to official data, however, Breivik visited Belarus only once, as a tourist in 2005.[222] Norwegian prosecuting authorities claim that Breivik went to Belarus to meet a woman he had met on a dating website. This woman later visited him in Oslo.[223]
Breivik has frequently praised the writings of blogger Fjordman.[224] He used Fjordman's thinking to justify his actions, citing him 111 times in the manifesto.[225] He also endorsed the writings of Australian historian Keith Windschuttle in the manifesto 2083, as well as former Australian Prime Minister John Howard and Treasurer Peter Costello.[226] He expressed admiration for historical military leaders such as Charles Martel, Richard Lionheart, El Cid, Vlad III the Impaler, Jacques de Molay, Nicholas I of Russia, and John III Sobieski.[227] In his manifest he copies 25 pages verbatim from an ideological text by Evans Kohlmann and published by an institute led by Magnus Ranstorp.[228]
After studying several terrorist groups, including IRA, ETA and others, Breivik suggests far-right militants should adopt al Qaida's methods, learn from their success, and avoid their mistakes.[229][230]
In January 2012 the Danish theatre Café Teatret announced that it was staging a play based on the manifesto. The play, named Manifesto 2083 was planned to be performed over three weeks in August 2012. Relatives of the victims of Breivik's actions as well as Danish politicians have criticized the plans of the theatre.[231] In February 2012 the Norwegian Dramatikkens Hus announced it too will be staging the Danish play based on 2083: A European Declaration of Independence.[232] However, three weeks into Breivik's criminal trial the producer of the play, Christian Lollike, announced that the play has been postponed indefinitely. Lollike cited the ongoing trial as the reason for the decision in that much of what was intended to be discussed in the play has been illuminated through the trial proceedings: "Of course, if we feel that we have nothing interesting to say in relation to this case we will drop the performance."[233]
Another play was premiered in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, on March 22. The play Breivik meets Wilders (Dutch: Breivik ontmoet Wilders) depicts a fictional meeting between Anders Behring Breivik and Dutch far-right lawmaker Geert Wilders at London's Heathrow airport in March 2010.[234] The play, running at Amsterdam's De Balie theatre is written by playwright Theodor Holman who one week ahead of the premiere had stated "I feel a kinship with Anders Breivik."[235] Other plays are currently under development in Sweden and the UK.[236]
The German neo-Nazi clothing brand Thor Steinar opened a store in Chemnitz with the name Brevik in February 2012. Although this is the name of a Norwegian town, its similarity to Breivik's name in conjunction with his far-right politics led to public outcry.[237][238]
Russian nu metal band Slot included a song titled "Breivik show" (Russian: Брейвик-шоу) on their album F5.[239]
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- ^ "Hasspredigten gegen den Islam und ihre Folgen für den Westen". Die Presse. 28 July 2011. http://diepresse.com/home/meinung/gastkommentar/682117/Hasspredigten-gegen-den-Islam-und-ihre-Folgen-fuer-den-Westen. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
- ^ ": Fall Breivik setzt Rechtspopulisten unter Druck". WAZ – Der Westen. 27 July 2011. http://www.derwesten.de/nachrichten/politik/Fall-Breivik-setzt-Rechtspopulisten-unter-Druck-id4912896.html. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
- ^ "Norway killer Breivik's common cause with Hindu nationalists". Express India (Express News Service). 27 July 2011. http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Norway-killer-Breiviks-common-cause-with-Hindu-nationalists/822839/.
- ^ "Eine Nordische Liga mit den Schweizern". Basler Zeitung. 24 July 2011. http://bazonline.ch/ausland/terror-in-norwegen/Eine-Nordische-Liga-mit-den-Schweizern/story/11782322?dossier_id=996. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
- ^ a b Poza, Pedro (23 July 2011). "El presunto autor, un noruego nacionalista vinculado a la extrema derecha" (in Spanish). El Mundo (ES). http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2011/07/23/internacional/1311378740.html. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
- ^ Shane, Scott (24 July 2011). "Killings in Norway Spotlight Anti-Muslim Thought in U.S". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/25/us/25debate.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
- ^ "In his rage against Muslims, Norway's killer was no loner | Seumas Milne | Comment is free". The Guardian (London). 28 September 2007. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/jul/28/rage-muslims-no-loner-breivik. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ^ Barlovac, Bojana (25 July 2011). "NATO Attack on Serbia Set Off Norwegian Bomber". Balkan Insight. http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/nato-bombing-of-serbia-set-off-norwegian-bomber.
- ^ "Srpski pisac "inspiracija" Brejviku". B92. 12 August 2011. http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2011&mm=08&dd=12&nav_category=206&nav_id=531402.
- ^ Peter Cluskey (25 July 2011). "Wilders describes suspect as 'violent and sick'". The Irish Times. http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2011/0725/1224301315318.html. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
- ^ "Utøya-skytteren flyttet nylig til Hedmark" (in Norwegian). Norway: Ostlendingen.no. 23 July 2011. http://www.ostlendingen.no/nyheter/utoya-skytteren-flyttet-nylig-til-hedmark-1.6379846. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
- ^ Lankevich, Denis (28 July 2011). "Он был типичным североевропейским туристом" (in Russian). Gazeta.ru. http://www.gazeta.ru/social/2011/07/28/3714077.shtml.
- ^ "Breivik var på konejakt i Hviterussland" (in Norwegian). Norway: NRK.no. 4 January 2012. http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7940088. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
- ^ 4 August 2011 (4 August 2011). "Breivik police question 'Fjordman', 4 August 2011". Newsinenglish.no. http://www.newsinenglish.no/2011/08/04/breivik-police-question-fjordman/. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ^ Herrmann, Gunnar (6 August 2011). "Vorbild für einen Mörder ("Model for a murderer")". Süddeutsche Zeitung. http://www.sueddeutsche.de/digital/blogger-fjordman-deckt-seine-identitaet-auf-vorbild-fuer-einen-moerder-1.1128759. Retrieved 6 August 2011. "Diese Gedankengänge hatte Breivik übernommen, um seinen Massenmord zu rechtfertigen. 111-mal zitiert er Fjordman in seinem Manifest. ("Breivik has used this thinking to justify his mass murder. In his manifesto, he cites Fjordmann 111 times.")"
- ^ Laura Westbrook (11 February 2006). "Mass killer Anders Behring Breivik's NZ link". Stuff.co.nz. http://www.stuff.co.nz/world/europe/5349226/Mass-killer-Anders-Behring-Breiviks-NZ-link. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
- ^ "Atentante in Norvegia: Atacatorul il admira pe Vlad Tepes" (in Romanian). Ziare.com. 24 July 2011. http://www.ziare.com/international/atentat-norvegia/atentante-in-norvegia-atacatorul-il-admira-pe-vlad-tepes-1109742.
- ^ "Flat granskning av Breiviks bakgrund" ("Lenient scrutiny of Breivik's background") by Mattias Gardell, Fria Tidningen, 24 August 2011.
- ^ Gronnevet, Julia (20 April 2012). "Norwegian gunman describes hunting down teenagers". AP. http://news.yahoo.com/norwegian-gunman-describes-hunting-down-teenagers-202213270.html.
- ^ "Mener han er tilregnelig". ANB-NTB. 20 April 2012. http://www.an.no/Innenriks/terrorsaken/article6021713.ece.
- ^ Trueman, Matt (24 January 2012). "Danish theatre adapts Anders Behring Breivik manifesto". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/stage/2012/jan/24/danish-theatre-anders-behring-breivik-manifesto?newsfeed=true. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
- ^ Trueman, Matt (22 February 2012). "Anders Behring Breivik play to be staged in Oslo". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/stage/2012/feb/22/anders-behring-breivik-play-oslo?newsfeed=true. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
- ^ Steen, Thea (7 May 2012). "Kontroversielt Breivik-stykke utsatt på ubestemt tid [Controversial Breivik play postponed indefinitely]" (in Norwegian). Dagbladet. http://www.dagbladet.no/2012/05/07/kultur/teater/anders_behring_breivik/scene/christian_lollike/21484339/. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
- ^ Delaunay, Nicolas (22 March 2012). "Norway gunman 'meets' Dutch right-wing MP on stage". The Daily Star (Beirut, Lebanon). http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/International/2012/Mar-22/167600-norway-gunman-meets-dutch-right-wing-mp-on-stage.ashx. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
- ^ Chesal, Robert (23 March 2012). "Breivik and Wilders meet on stage". Radio Netherlands Worldwide. http://www.rnw.nl/english/article/breivik-and-wilders-meet-stage. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
- ^ Smith, Lyndsey (21 February 2012). "Breivik terror-play to Oslo". The Foreigner (Oslo, Norway). http://theforeigner.no/pages/news/breivik-terror-play-to-oslo/. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
- ^ "Furore over German 'Brevik' clothing shop in Chemnitz". BBC News. 6 March 2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17275627. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
- ^ "Neo-Nazi clothes brand opens 'Brevik' shop". thelocal.de. 6 March 2012. http://www.thelocal.de/society/20120306-41173.html. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
- ^ Андрей Ронди (22 February 2012). "«Слот» – F5". http://www.newsmusic.ru/news_2_24184.htm. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
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| Accused |
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Breivik, Anders Behring |
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self-admitted perpetrator of 2011 Norway attacks |
| Date of birth |
13 February 1979 |
| Place of birth |
Oslo, Norway |
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