The Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II is a family of single-seat, single-engine, fifth generation multirole fighters under development to perform ground attack, reconnaissance, and air defense missions with stealth capability.[6][7] The F-35 has three main models; the F-35A is a conventional takeoff and landing variant, the F-35B is a short take off and vertical-landing variant, and the F-35C is a carrier-based variant.
The F-35 is descended from the X-35, the product of the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) program. JSF development is being principally funded by the United States, with the United Kingdom and other partner governments providing additional funding. The partner nations are either NATO members or close U.S. allies. It is being designed and built by an aerospace industry team led by Lockheed Martin. The F-35 took its first flight on 15 December 2006.
The United States intends to buy a total of 2,443 aircraft to provide the bulk of its tactical airpower for the US Air Force, Marine Corps and Navy over the coming decades. The United Kingdom, Australia, Italy, Canada, Netherlands, Norway, Turkey, Israel, and Japan all will equip their air and/or naval forces with the F-35,[8][9][10][11][12] although Japan has warned that it may halt their purchase if the unit costs increase, and Canada has indicated it is not fully committed to purchasing the aircraft.[13][14] The United States is projected to spend an estimated US$323 billion for development and procurement on the F-35 program, making it the most expensive defense program ever.[15] The total lifecycle cost for the entire American fleet is estimated to be US$1.51 trillion over its 50-year life, or $618 million per plane.[16] Testifying before a Canadian parliamentary committee in 2011, Rear Admiral Arne Røksund of Norway estimated that his country's 52 F-35 fighter jets will cost $769 million each over their operational lifetime.[17]
The JSF program was designed to replace the United States military F-16, A-10, F/A-18 (excluding newer E/F "Super Hornet" variants) and AV-8B tactical fighter aircraft. To keep development, production, and operating costs down, a common design was planned in three variants that share 80 percent of their parts:
- F-35A, conventional take off and landing (CTOL) variant.
- F-35B, short-take off and vertical-landing (STOVL) variant.
- F-35C, carrier-based CATOBAR (CV) variant.
George Standridge of Lockheed Martin has said that the F-35 will be four times more effective than legacy fighters in air-to-air combat, eight times more effective than legacy fighters in air-to-ground combat, and three times more effective than legacy fighters in reconnaissance and suppression of air defenses – while having better range and requiring less logistics support and having around the same procurement costs (if development costs are ignored) as legacy fighters.[18] Further, the design goals call for the F-35 to be the premier strike aircraft through 2040 and be second only to the F-22 Raptor in air superiority.[19]
While the actual JSF development contract was signed on 16 November 1996, the contract for System Development and Demonstration (SDD) was awarded on 26 October 2001 to Lockheed Martin, whose X-35 beat the Boeing X-32. Although both aircraft met or exceeded requirements, the X-35 design was considered to have less risk and more growth potential.[20] The designation of the new fighter as "F-35" is out-of-sequence with standard DoD aircraft numbering,[21] by which it should have been "F-24". It came as a surprise even to Lockheed, which had been referring to the aircraft in-house by this expected designation.[22]
Based on wind tunnel testing, Lockheed Martin slightly enlarged its X-35 design into the F-35. The forward fuselage is 5 inches (130 mm) longer to make room for avionics. Correspondingly, the horizontal stabilators were moved 2 inches (51 mm) rearward to retain balance and control. The top surface of the fuselage was raised by 1 inch (25 mm) along the center line. Also, it was decided to increase the size of the F-35B STOVL variant's weapons bay to be common with the other two variants.[20] Manufacturing of parts for the first F-35 prototype airframe began in November 2003.[23]
The F-35B STOVL variant was in danger of missing performance requirements in 2004 because it weighed too much; reportedly, by 2,200 lb (1,000 kg) or 8 percent. In response, Lockheed Martin added engine thrust and thinned airframe members; reduced the size of the common weapons bay and vertical stabilizers; re-routed some thrust from the roll-post outlets to the main nozzle; and redesigned the wing-mate joint, portions of the electrical system, and the portion of the aircraft immediately behind the cockpit.[24] Many of the changes were applied to all three variants to maintain high levels of commonality. By September 2004, the weight reduction effort had reduced the aircraft's design weight by 2,700 pounds (1,200 kg).[25]
On 7 July 2006, the US Air Force officially announced the name of the F-35: Lightning II, in honor of Lockheed's World War II-era twin-prop Lockheed P-38 Lightning and the Cold War-era jet, the English Electric Lightning.[26][N 1][28] English Electric Company's aircraft division was a predecessor of F-35 partner BAE Systems. Lightning II was also an early company name for its fighter that was later named the F-22 Raptor.
On 19 December 2008, Lockheed Martin rolled out the first weight-optimized F-35A (designated AF-1). It is the first F-35 to be produced at a full-rate production speed and is structurally identical to the production F-35As that will be delivered starting in 2010.[29]
Lockheed Martin Aeronautics is the prime contractor and performs aircraft final assembly, overall system integration, mission system, and provides forward fuselage, wings and flight controls system. Northrop Grumman provides Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar, electro-optical Distributed Aperture System (DAS), Communications, Navigation, Identification (CNI), center fuselage, weapons bay, and arrestor gear. BAE Systems provides aft fuselage and empennages, horizontal and vertical tails, crew life support and escape systems, Electronic warfare systems, fuel system, and Flight Control Software (FCS1). Alenia will perform final assembly for Italy and, according to an Alenia executive, assembly of all European aircraft with the exception of Turkey and the United Kingdom.[30][31] The F-35 program has seen a great deal of investment in automated production facilities. For example, Handling Specialty produced the wing assembly platforms for Lockheed Martin.[32] In November 2009, Jon Schreiber, head of F-35 international affairs program for the Pentagon, said that the U.S. will not share the software code for the F-35 with its allies.[33]
As of 5 January 2009, six F-35s were complete, including AF-1 and AG-1, and 17 were in production. "Thirteen of the 17 in production are pre-production test aircraft, and all of those will be finished in 2009," said John R. Kent, acting manager of F-35 Lightning II Communications at Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company. "The other four are the first production-model planes, and the first of those will be delivered in 2010 to the U.S. Air Force, and will go to Eglin Air Force Base."[34] On 6 April 2009, US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates proposed speeding up production for the US to buy 2,443 F-35s.[35]
In August 2010, Lockheed Martin announced delays in resolving a "wing-at-mate overlap" production problem, which would slow initial production.[36]
In October 2011 two F-35B VTOL aircraft conducted three weeks of initial sea trials aboard USS Wasp (LHD-1), logging more than 28 hours of flight time including 72 short take-offs and 72 vertical landings.[37]
In 2006, the GAO warned that excessive concurrency in F-35 production and testing might result in expensive refits for several hundred aircraft planned to be produced before completion of tests.[38] In November 2010, the GAO found that "Managing an extensive, still-maturing global network of suppliers adds another layer of complexity to producing aircraft efficiently and on-time" and that "due to the extensive amount of testing still to be completed, the program could be required to make alterations to its production processes, changes to its supplier base, and costly retrofits to produced and fielded aircraft, if problems are discovered."[39] The United States Air Force (USAF) budget data in 2010, along with other sources, projects the F-35 to have a flyaway cost from US$89 million to US$200 million over the planned production of F-35s.[40][41][42] In February 2011, the Pentagon put a price of $207.6 million for each of the 32 aircraft to be acquired in FY2012, rising to $304.15 million ($9,732.8/32) if its share of RDT&E spending is included.[43][44] In 2011, program head Vice Adm. David Venlet confirmed that the concurrency built into the program "was a miscalculation".[45] This was during a contract dispute where the Pentagon insisted that Lockheed Martin help cover the costs of applying fixes found during testing to aircraft already produced.[46] Lockheed Martin objected that the cost sharing posed an uninsurable unbounded risk that the company could not cover, and later responded that the "concurrency costs for F-35 continue to reduce".[47][48] However the Senate Armed Services Committee strongly backed the Pentagon position.[49] In December 2011 Lockheed Martin agreed to a cost sharing agreement.[50] The Aerospace Industries Association trade group warned that such changes would force them to change their behavior and anticipate cost overruns in their future contract bids.[51] As of 2012, problems found in flight testing are expected to continue to lead to elevated levels of engineering changes (to be made to newly produced aircraft and retrofitted onto previously produced aircraft) through 2019.[52]
In 2012, Schwartz decried the "foolishness" of reliance on computer models to settle the final design of the aircraft before flight testing found the issues that needed redesign.[53]
On 21 April 2009, media reports, citing Pentagon sources, said that during 2007 and 2008, computer spies had managed to copy and siphon off several terabytes of data related to the F-35's design and electronics systems, potentially enabling the development of defense systems against the aircraft.[54] However, Lockheed Martin has rejected suggestions that the project has been compromised, saying that it "does not believe any classified information had been stolen".[55] However other sources have suggested that the incident caused a redesign of the aircraft's hardware and software to be more resistant to cyber attack.[56] BAE Systems was reported to be the target of the cyber espionage that may have stolen secrets related to the F-35.[57]
On 9 November 2009, Ashton Carter, under-secretary of defense for acquisition, technology and logistics, acknowledged that the Pentagon "joint estimate team" (JET) had found possible future cost and schedule overruns in the project and that he would be holding meetings to attempt to avoid these.[58] On 1 February 2010, Gates removed the JSF Program Manager, U.S. Marine Corps Major General David Heinz, and withheld $614 million in payments to Lockheed Martin because of program costs and delays.[59][60]
On 11 March 2010, a report from the Government Accountability Office to United States Senate Committee on Armed Services projected the overall unit cost of an F-35A to be $112M in today's money.[61] In 2010, Pentagon officials disclosed that the F-35 program has exceeded its original cost estimates by more than 50 percent.[62] An internal Pentagon report critical of the JSF project states that "affordability is no longer embraced as a core pillar". On 24 March, Gates termed the recent cost overruns and delays as "unacceptable" in a testimony before the U.S. Congress. He characterized previous cost and schedule estimates for the project as "overly rosy". However, Gates insisted the F-35 would become "the backbone of U.S. air combat for the next generation" and informed the Congress that he had expanded the development period by an additional 13 months and budgeted $3 billion more for the testing program while slowing down production.[63] Lockheed Martin expects to reduce government cost estimates by 20%.[64]
In November 2010 as part of a cost-cutting measure, the co-chairs of the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform suggested canceling procurement of the F-35B and halving orders of F-35As and F-35Cs.[65][66][67] At the same time Air Force Magazine reported that "Pentagon officials" are considering canceling the F-35B because its short range means that the bases or ships it operates from will be within range of hostile tactical ballistic missiles.[68] However Lockheed Martin consultant Loren B. Thompson said that this rumor is merely a result of the usual tensions between the US Navy and Marine Corps, and there is no alternative to the F-35B as an AV-8B replacement.[69] He also confirmed that there would be further delays and cost increases in the development process because of technical problems with the aircraft and software, but blamed most of the delays and extra costs on redundant flight tests.[70][71]
The Center for Defense Information estimated that the program would be restructured with an additional year of delay and $5 billion in additional costs.[72] On 5 November 2010, the Block 1 software flew for the first time on BF-4 which included information fusion and initial weapons-release capability.[73] As of the end of 2010, only 15% of the software remains to be written, but this includes the most difficult sections such as data fusion.[74] But in 2011 it was revealed that only 50% of the eight million lines of code had actually been written and that it would take another six years and 110 additional software engineers in order to complete the software for this new schedule.[75]
In January 2011 Defense Secretary Robert Gates expressed the Pentagon's frustration with the skyrocketing costs of the F-35 program when he said "The culture of endless money that has taken hold must be replaced by a culture of restraint." Focusing his attention on the troubled VTOL F-35B Gates ordered "a two-year probation", saying it "should be canceled" if corrections are unsuccessful.[76] However, Gates has stated his support for the program.[77] Some private analysts, such as Richard Aboulafia, of the Teal Group state that the whole F-35 program is becoming a money pit.[76] However, on 20 January 2012 Gates' successor, Leon Panetta, lifted the F-35B's probation, stating "The STOVL variant has made — I believe and all of us believe — sufficient progress."[78]
Former Pentagon manager Paul G. Kaminski has said that the lack of a complete test plan has added five years to the JSF program.[79] As of February 2011, the main flaws with the aircraft are engine "screech", transonic wing roll-off and display flaws in the helmet mounted display.[80]
The current schedule has the delivery of basic combat capability aircraft in late 2015, followed by full capability block three software in late 2016.[81] The $56.4 billion development project for the aircraft should be completed in 2018 when the block five configuration is expected to be delivered, several years late and considerably over budget.[82]
Delays in the F-35 program may lead to a "fighter gap" where America and other countries will lack sufficient jet fighters to cover their requirements.[83] Israel may seek to buy second-hand F-15s to cover its gap,[84] while Australia may also seek to buy more American fighters from the USN to cover their own capability gap in the face of F-35 delays.[85]
Initial Operational Capability (IOC) will be determined by software development rather than by hardware production or pilot training.[86]
In May 2011, the Pentagon's top weapons buyer Ashton Carter said that its new $133 million unit price was not affordable.[87]
In 2011 The Economist warned that the F-35 was in danger of slipping into a "death spiral" where increasing per aircraft costs would lead to cuts in number of aircraft ordered which would lead to further cost increases and further order cuts.[88] Later that year four aircraft were cut from the fifth LRIP order to pay for cost overruns.[89] And in 2012 a further two aircraft were cut.[90] And Lockheed acknowledged that the slowing of purchases would increase the costs.[91] David Van Buren, acquisition chief for the U.S. Air Force, said that Lockheed would need to cut infrastructure to match the reduced market for their aircraft.[92] Lockheed has said that the slowdown in American orders will free up capacity to meet the urgent short term needs of foreign partners for replacement fighters.[93] But Air Force Secretary Michael Donley said that there was no more money available for the project and that future price increases would be matched with cuts in the number of aircraft ordered.[94] Later that month the Pentagon reported that costs had risen another 4.3 percent, partially as a result of production delays.[95] In 2012, the purchase of six out of 31 aircraft was tied to performance metrics of the program.[96]
Also in 2011 a Congressional Joint Strike Fighter Caucus was formed by some of the top recipients of Lockheed Martin contributions.[97]
James Jay Carafano of the Heritage Foundation has suggested that it would be cheaper to build additional F-35s with known defective structures and fix these later than it would be to refit legacy aircraft to remain operational until full production of F-35s with full lifespan rated structural components could be built.[98]
The program delays have affected the program's worldwide supply chain, causing Australian Quickstep Holdings to struggle for capital, in spite of their 20-year contract with Lockheed Martin.[99]
In order to reduce the estimated $1 trillion cost of the F-35 program over its 50-year lifetime, the USAF is considering reducing Lockheed's role in Contractor Logistics Support for the fighter.[100] Lockheed has responded that the trillion dollar estimate relies on future costs beyond its control such as USAF reorganizations and upgrades to the aircraft that have yet to be specified.[101]
In 2012, in order to avoid further redesign delays, the US DoD accepted a reduced combat radius for the F-35A and a longer takeoff run for the F-35B.[102][103] The F-35B's estimated radius has also decreased 15 percent from initial JSF goal.[104] In a meeting in Sydney in March, the United States pledged to eight partner nations that there would be no more program delays.[105]
In 2006 the F-35 was downgraded from "very low observable" to "low observable", a change former RAAF flight test engineer Peter Goon likened to increasing the radar cross section from a marble to a beach ball.[106] A Parliamentary Inquiry asked what was the re-categorization of the terminology in the United States such that the rating was changed from Very Low Observable to Low Observable. The Department of Defence said that the change in categorization by the US was due to a revision in procedures for discussing stealth platforms in a public document. The previous decision to re-categorize in the public domain has now been reversed. Publicly released material now categorizes JSF as Very Low Observable (VLO).[107]
In response to Air Power Australia's criticisms, Australia's Air Vice Marshal Osley said that Air Power Australia (Kopp and Goon) claim that the F35 will not be competitive in 2020 and that Air Power Australia's criticisms mainly centre around F35's aerodynamic performance and stealth capabilities. Air Vice Marshal Osley said that these are inconsistent with years of detailed analysis that has been undertaken by Defence, the JSF program office, Lockheed Martin, the US services and the eight other partner nations. Air Vice Marshal Osley said while aircraft developments such as the Russian PAK-FA or the Chinese J-20, as argued by Airpower Australia, show that threats we could potentially face are becoming increasingly sophisticated, there is nothing new regarding development of these aircraft to change Defence's assessment. He then said that he thinks that the Air Power Australia's analysis is basically flawed through incorrect assumptions and a lack of knowledge of the classified F-35 performance information.[108]
Andrew Krepinevich has questioned the reliance on "short range" aircraft like the F-35 or F-22 to "manage" China in a future conflict and has suggested reducing the number of F-35s ordered in favor of a longer range platform like the Next-Generation Bomber, but Michael Wynne, then United States Secretary of the Air Force rejected this plan of action in 2007.[109][110][111] However in 2011, the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments (CSBA) pointed to the restructuring of the F-35 program and the return of the bomber project as a sign of their effectiveness, while Rebecca Grant said that the restructuring was a "vote of confidence" in the F-35 and "there is no other stealthy, survivable new fighter program out there".[112] Lockheed has also said that the F-35 is designed to launch internally carried bombs at supersonic speed and internal missiles at maximum supersonic speed.[113]
In 2008 it was reported that RAND Corporation conducted simulated war games in which Russian Sukhoi Su-35 fighters defeated the F-35.[114] As a result of these media reports, then Australian defence minister Joel Fitzgibbon requested a formal briefing from the Australian Department of Defence on the simulation. This briefing stated that the reports of the simulation were inaccurate and did not actually compare the F-35's flight performance against other aircraft.[115]
The Pentagon and Lockheed Martin added that these simulations did not address air-to-air combat.[116][117] A Lockheed Martin press-release points to USAF simulations regarding the F-35's air-to-air performance against potential adversaries described as "4th generation" fighters, in which it claims the F-35 is "400 percent" more effective. Major General Charles R. Davis, USAF, the F-35 program executive officer, has stated that the "F-35 enjoys a significant Combat Loss Exchange Ratio advantage over the current and future air-to-air threats, to include Sukhois".[117] The nature of the simulations, and the terms upon which the "400 percent" figure have been derived remains unclear.
In March 2012, Tom Burbage, and Gary Liberson, of Lockheed Martin addressed an Australian Parliamentary Committee about earlier assessments. They stated "Time has moved on since 2008 and we know a lot more about this airplane now than we knew then. ... Our current assessment that we speak of is greater than 6 to 1 relative loss exchange ratio against, in 4 versus 8 engagement scenarios—4 blue F-35s versus 8 advanced red threats in the 2015 to 2020 time frame. And it is very important to note that is without the pilot in the loop and are the lowest number that we talk about, the greater than 6 to 1 is when we include the pilot in the loop [simulator] activities". They said: "we actually have a fifth-gen airplane flying today. The F22 has been in many exercises and is much better than the simulations forecast. We have F35 flying today; it has not been put into that scenario yet, but we have very high quality information on the capability of the sensors and the capability of the airplane, and we have represented the airplane fairly and appropriately in these large-scale campaign models that we are using. But it is not just us—it is our air force; it is your air force; it is all the other participating nations that do this; it is our navy and our marine corps that do these exercises. It is not Lockheed in a closet gleaning up some sort of result." Although the advanced threats are classified they indicated that all the first-tier air forces in the world would not look at analysis against inferior threats.[118]
Regarding the original plan to fit the F-35 with only two air-to-air missiles, Major Richard Koch, chief of USAF Air Combat Command’s advanced air dominance branch is reported to have said that "I wake up in a cold sweat at the thought of the F-35 going in with only two air-dominance weapons."[119] However the Norwegians have been briefed on a plan to equip the F-35 with six AIM-120D missiles by 2019.[120]
Former RAND author John Stillion has written of the F-35A's air-to-air combat performance that it “can’t turn, can’t climb, can’t run”, but Lockheed Martin test pilot Jon Beesley has countered that in an air-to-air configuration the F-35 has almost as much thrust as weight and a flight control system that allows it to be fully maneuverable even at a 50-degree angle of attack.[121]
Andrew Hoehn, Director of RAND Project Air Force, made the following statement: “Recently, articles have appeared in the Australian press with assertions regarding a war game in which analysts from the RAND Corporation were involved. Those reports are not accurate. RAND did not present any analysis at the war game relating to the performance of the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter, nor did the game attempt detailed adjudication of air-to-air combat. Neither the game nor the assessments by RAND in support of the game undertook any comparison of the fighting qualities of particular fighter aircraft.” [122]
Chen Hu, editor-in-chief of World Military Affairs magazine has said that the F-35 is too costly because it attempts to provide the capabilities needed for all three American services in a common airframe.[123] Dutch news program NOVA show interviewed US defense specialist Winslow T. Wheeler and aircraft designer Pierre Sprey who called the F-35 "heavy and sluggish" as well as having a "pitifully small load for all that money", and went on to criticize the value for money of the stealth measures as well as lacking fire safety measures. His final conclusion was that any air force would be better off maintaining its fleets of F-16s and F/A-18s compared to buying into the F-35 program.[124] Lockheed spokesman John Kent has said that the missing fire-suppression systems would have offered "very small" improvements to survivability.[125]
In the context of selling F-35s to Israel to match the F-15s that will be sold to Saudi Arabia, a senior U.S. defense official was quoted as saying that the F-35 will be "the most stealthy, sophisticated and lethal tactical fighter in the sky," and added "Quite simply, the F-15 will be no match for the F-35."[126] After piloting the aircraft, RAF Squadron Leader Steve Long said that, over its existing aircraft, the F-35 will give "the RAF and Navy a quantum leap in airborne capability."[127]
Consultant to Lockheed Martin Loren B. Thompson has said that the "electronic edge F-35 enjoys over every other tactical aircraft in the world may prove to be more important in future missions than maneuverability".[128]
In 2011, Canadian politicians raised the issue of the safety of the F-35's reliance on a single engine (as opposed to a twin-engine configuration, which provides a backup in case of an engine failure). Canada had previous experience with a high-accident rate with the single-engine Lockheed CF-104 Starfighter with many accidents related to engine failures. Defence Minister Peter MacKay, when asked what would happen if the F-35’s single engine fails in the Far North, stated "It won’t".[129]
In November 2011, a Pentagon study team identified the following 13 areas of concern that remained to be addressed in the F-35:[130][131]
- The Helmet mounted display system does not work properly.
- The fuel dump subsystem poses a fire hazard.
- The Integrated Power Package is unreliable and difficult to service.
- The F-35C's arresting hook does not work.
- Classified "survivability issues", which have been speculated to be about stealth.[130]
- The wing buffet is worse than previously reported.
- The airframe is unlikely to last through the required lifespan.
- The flight test program has yet to explore the most challenging areas.
- The software development is behind schedule.
- The aircraft is in danger of going overweight or, for the F-35B, not properly balanced for VTOL operations.
- There are multiple thermal management problems. The air conditioner fails to keep the pilot and controls cool enough, the roll posts on the F-35B overheat, and using the afterburner damages the aircraft.
- The automated logistics information system is partially developed.
- The lightning protection on the F-35 is uncertified, with areas of concern.
In December 2011 the Pentagon and Lockheed came to an agreement to assure funding and delivery for a fifth order of early F-35 aircraft of yet undefined type in spite of general national austerity measures affecting the program.[132]
Michael Auslin of the American Enterprise Institute has questioned the capability of the F-35 to engage modern air defenses, in spite of Russia's own admission that their systems are vulnerable to the F-35.[133][134]
F-35A prototype being towed to its inauguration ceremony on 7 July 2006
F-35B's thrust vectoring nozzle and lift fan
The F-35 appears to be a smaller, slightly more conventional, single-engine sibling of the sleeker, twin-engine Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor, and indeed drew elements from it. The exhaust duct design was inspired by the General Dynamics Model 200 design, which was proposed for a 1972 supersonic VTOL fighter requirement for the Sea Control Ship.[135] For specialized development of the F-35B STOVL variant, Lockheed consulted with the Yakovlev Design Bureau, purchasing design data from their development of the Yakovlev Yak-141 "Freestyle".[136][137] Although several experimental designs have been built and tested since the 1960s including the Navy's unsuccessful Rockwell XFV-12, the F-35B is to be the first operational supersonic, STOVL stealth fighter.[138]
The F-35 has a maximum speed of over Mach 1.6. With a maximum takeoff weight of 60,000 lb (27,000 kg),[N 2][140] the Lightning II is considerably heavier than the lightweight fighters it replaces. In empty and maximum gross weights, it more closely resembles the single-seat, single-engine Republic F-105 Thunderchief, which was the largest single-engine fighter of the Vietnam war era. However the F-35's modern engine delivers over 60 percent more thrust in an aircraft of the same weight so that in thrust to weight and wing loading it is much closer to a comparably equipped F-16.[N 3]
Acquisition deputy to the assistant secretary of the Air Force, Lt. Gen. Mark D. "Shack" Shackelford has said that the F-35 is designed to be America's "premier surface-to-air missile killer and is uniquely equipped for this mission with cutting edge processing power, synthetic aperture radar integration techniques, and advanced target recognition."[142][143]
Some improvements over current-generation fighter aircraft are:
- Durable, low-maintenance stealth technology, using structural fiber mat instead of the high-maintenance coatings of legacy stealth platforms;[144]
- Integrated avionics and sensor fusion that combine information from off- and on-board sensors to increase the pilot's situational awareness and improve target identification and weapon delivery, and to relay information quickly to other command and control (C2) nodes;
- High speed data networking including IEEE 1394b[145] and Fibre Channel.[146]
- The Autonomic Logistics Global Sustainment (ALGS), Autonomic Logistics Information System (ALIS) and Computerized Maintenance Management System (CMMS) help ensure aircraft uptime with minimal maintenance manpower.[147]
- Electrohydrostatic actuators run by a power-by-wire flight-control system.[148]
Lockheed Martin claims the F-35 is intended to have close and long-range air-to-air capability second only to that of the F-22 Raptor.[6] The company has suggested that the F-35 could also replace the USAF's F-15C/D fighters in the air superiority role and the F-15E Strike Eagle in the ground attack role, but it does not have the range or payload of either F-15 model.[149] The F-35A does carry a similar air-to-air armament as the conceptual Boeing F-15SE Silent Eagle when both aircraft are configured for low observable operations and has over 80 percent of the larger aircraft's combat radius.[150]
Lockheed Martin has said that the F-35 has the advantage over the F-22 in basing flexibility and "advanced sensors and information fusion".[151]
The majority of the structural composites in the F-35 are made out of bismaleimide (BMI) and composite epoxy material.[152] However the F-35 will be the first mass produced aircraft to include structural nanocomposites, carbon nanotube reinforced epoxy.[153]
The F-35 program has learned from the corrosion problems that the F-22 had when it was first introduced in 2005. The F-35 uses a gap filler that causes less galvanic corrosion to the skin, is designed with fewer gaps in its skin that require gap filler, and has better drainage.[154]
A United States Navy study found that the F-35 will cost 30 to 40 percent more to maintain than current jet fighters.[155] A Pentagon study found that it may cost $1 trillion to maintain the entire fleet over its lifetime.[156]
The F-35's main engine is the Pratt & Whitney F135. The General Electric/Rolls-Royce F136 was under development as an alternative engine until December 2011 when the manufacturers canceled work on it.[157][158] The F135/F136 engines are not designed to supercruise in the F-35.[159] The STOVL versions of both power plants use the Rolls-Royce LiftSystem, patented by Lockheed Martin and developed and built by Rolls-Royce. This system is more like the Russian Yak-141 and German VJ 101D/E than the preceding generation of STOVL designs,[160] such as the Harrier Jump Jet in which all of the lifting air went through the main fan of the Rolls-Royce Pegasus engine.[161]
The Lift System is composed of a lift fan, drive shaft, two roll posts and a "Three Bearing Swivel Module" (3BSM).[162] The 3BSM is a thrust vectoring nozzle which allows the main engine exhaust to be deflected downward at the tail of the aircraft. The lift fan is near the front of the aircraft and provides a counter-balancing thrust using two counter-rotating blisks.[163] It is powered by the engine's low-pressure (LP) turbine via a drive shaft and gearbox. Roll control during slow flight is achieved by diverting unheated engine bypass air through wing mounted thrust nozzles called Roll Posts.[164][165] Like lift engines, the added lift fan machinery increases payload capacity during vertical flight, but is dead weight during horizontal flight. The cool exhaust of the fan also reduces the amount of hot, high-velocity air that is projected downward during vertical take off, which can damage runways and aircraft carrier decks.[citation needed]
To date, F136 funding has come at the expense of other parts of the program, reducing the number of aircraft built and increasing their costs.[166] The F136 team has claimed that their engine has a greater temperature margin which may prove critical for VTOL operations in hot, high altitude conditions.[167]
Pratt & Whitney is also testing higher thrust versions of the F135, partly in response to GE's claims that the F136 is capable of producing more thrust than the 43,000 lbf (190 kN) supplied by early F135s. The F135 has demonstrated a maximum thrust of over 50,000 lbf (220 kN) during testing.[168] The F-35's Pratt & Whitney F135 is the most powerful engine ever installed in a fighter aircraft.[169]
The F135 is the second (radar) stealthy afterburning jet engine and like the Pratt & Whitney F119 from which it was derived, has suffered from pressure pulsations in the afterburner at low altitude and high speed or "screech". In both cases this problem was fixed during development of the fighter program.[170]
Turbine bearing health in the engine will be monitored with thermoelectric powered wireless sensors.[171]
Weapons bay on a
mock-up of the F-35
The F-35A includes a GAU-22/A, a four-barrel version of the GAU-12 Equalizer 25 mm cannon.[172] The cannon is mounted internally with 182 rounds for the F-35A or in an external pod with 220 rounds for the F-35B and F-35C.[173][174] The gun pod for the B and C variants will have stealth features. This pod could be used for different equipment in the future, such as electronic warfare equipment, reconnaissance equipment, or possibly a rearward-facing radar.[175]
It has two internal weapons bays, and external hardpoints that can mount four underwing pylons and two near wingtip pylons. The two outer hardpoints can only carry pylons for the AIM-9X Sidewinder and AIM-132 ASRAAM short-range air-to-air missiles (AAM).[176] The other pylons can carry the AIM-120 AMRAAM BVR AAM, Storm Shadow air-launched cruise missile, AGM-158 Joint Air to Surface Stand-off Missile (JASSM) cruise missile, and guided bombs. The external pylons can carry missiles, bombs, and fuel tanks at the expense of reduced stealth. [177] An air-to-air load of eight AIM-120s and two AIM-9s is possible using internal and external weapons stations; a configuration of six 2,000 lb (910 kg) bombs, two AIM-120s and two AIM-9s can also be arranged.[178][179]
Internally, up to two 2,000 lb (910 kg) air-to-ground bombs can be carried in A and C models (two 1,000 lb (450 kg) bombs in the B model,[178][180]) along with two smaller weapons, normally expected to be air-to-air missiles. The weapon bays can carry AIM-120 AMRAAM, AIM-132 ASRAAM, the Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) – up to 2,000 lb (910 kg), the Joint Stand off Weapon (JSOW), Brimstone anti-armor missiles, and Cluster Munitions (WCMD).[178] With its payload capability, the F-35 can carry more weapons payload than the legacy fighters it is to replace.[181]
Lockheed Martin states that the weapons load can also be configured as all-air-to-ground or all-air-to-air, and has suggested that a Block 5 version will be able to carry three internal weapons per bay instead of two, replacing the heavy bomb with two smaller weapons such as AIM-120 AMRAAM air-to-air missiles.[114] Upgrades include up to four GBU-39 Small Diameter Bombs (SDB) in each bay (three per bay in F-35B,[182] or four GBU-53/B in each bay for all F-35 variants;[183] The MBDA Meteor air-to-air missile is currently being adapted to fit four internally in the missile spots and may be integrated into the F-35. A modified Meteor design with smaller tailfins for the F-35 was revealed in September 2010.[184] The United Kingdom had originally planned to put up to four AIM-132 ASRAAM internally but this has been changed to carry 2 internal and 2 external ASRAAMs.[185] The external ASRAAMs are planned to be carried on "stealthy" pylons to increase the F-35's radar cross section slightly; the missile allow attacks to slightly beyond visual range without using radar that might alert the target.[176][186]
Norway and Australia are funding a program to adapt the Naval Strike Missile (NSM) to fit the internal bays of the F-35. This will be a multi-role version, named the Joint Strike Missile (JSM), and will be the only cruise missile to fit the internal bays. Studies have shown that the F-35 would be able to carry two of these internally, while four additional missiles could be carried externally. The missile has an expected range in excess of 150 nmi (278 km).[187]
Solid-state lasers were being developed as optional weapons for the F-35 as of 2002.[188][189][190] The F-35 is expected to take on the Wild Weasel mission, but there are no planned anti-radiation missiles for internal stealthy carrage.[191] The B61 nuclear bomb was scheduled for deployment in 2017, but delays in the F-35 program may delay this.[192]
Landing gear door of the F-35, showing its stealthy sawtooth design
The F-35 has been designed to have a low radar cross section primarily due to the shape of the aircraft and the use of stealthy materials used in construction, including fiber-mat.[144] Unlike the previous generation of fighters, the F-35 was designed with a shape for low-observable characteristics.[193]
The Teen Series of fighters (F-15, F-16, F/A-18) were notable for always carrying large external fuel tanks, but in order to avoid negating its stealth characteristics the F-35 must fly most missions without external fuel tanks. Unlike the F-16 and F/A-18, the F-35 lacks leading edge extensions and instead uses stealth-friendly chines for vortex lift in the same fashion as the SR-71 Blackbird.[175] The small bumps just forward of the engine air intakes form part of the diverterless supersonic inlet (DSI) which is a simpler, lighter means to ensure high-quality airflow to the engine over a wide range of conditions. These inlets also crucially improve the aircraft's low-observable characteristics.[194]
In spite of being smaller than the F-22, the F-35 has a larger radar cross section. It is said to be roughly equal to a metal golf ball rather than the F-22's metal marble.[195] The F-22 was designed to be difficult to detect by all types of radars and from all directions.[196] The F-35 on the other hand manifests its lowest radar signature from the frontal aspect because of compromises in design. Its surfaces are shaped to best defeat radars operating in the X and upper S band, which are typically found in fighters, surface-to-air missiles and their tracking radars, although the aircraft would be easier to detect using other radar frequencies.[196] Because the shape of the aircraft is so important to its radar cross section, special care must be taken to maintain the "outer mold line" during production.[197] Ground crews require Repair Verification Radar (RVR) test sets in order to verify the RCS of the aircraft after performing repairs, which was not a concern for previous generations of non-stealth fighters.[198][199]
Low observable aircraft must consider different types of detection and so the F-35 is not only radar stealthy, but it also has infrared and visual signature reduction incorporated.[200][201]
In late 2008 the Air Force revealed that the F-35 would be about twice as loud at takeoff as the McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle and up to four times as loud during landing.[202] As a result, residents near Luke Air Force Base, Arizona and Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, possible home bases for the jet, requested that the Air Force conduct environmental impact studies concerning the F-35's noise levels.[202] The city of Valparaiso, Florida, adjacent to Eglin AFB, threatened in February 2009 to sue the Air Force over the impending arrival of the F-35s, but this lawsuit was settled in March 2010.[203][204][205] Moreover, it was reported in March 2009 that testing by Lockheed Martin and the Royal Australian Air Force revealed that the F-35 was not as loud as first reported, being "only about as noisy as an F-16 fitted with a Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-200 engine" and "quieter than the Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor and the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet."[206] However according to an acoustics study done by Lockheed Martin and the US Air Force, the noise levels of the F-35 are found to be comparable to the F-22 Raptor and F/A-18E/F Super Hornet.[207]
F-35 cockpit and instrument panel mock-up
The F-35 features a full-panel-width "panoramic cockpit display" (PCD) glass cockpit, with dimensions of 20 by 8 inches (50 by 20 centimeters).[208] A cockpit speech-recognition system (Direct Voice Input) provided by Adacel is planned to improve the pilot's ability to operate the aircraft over the current-generation interface. The F-35 will be the first US operational fixed-wing aircraft to use this system, although similar systems have been used in AV-8B and trialled in previous US jets, particularly the F-16 VISTA.[209]
A helmet-mounted display system (HMDS) will be fitted to all models of the F-35. A helmet-mounted cueing system is already in service with the F-15s, F-16s and F/A-18s.[210] While some fighters have offered HMDS along with a head up display (HUD), this will be the first time in several decades that a front line tactical jet fighter has been designed without a HUD.[211] The F-35 is equipped with a right-hand side stick controller in a standard Lockheed Martin HOTAS configuration.[citation needed]
The Martin-Baker US16E ejection seat is used in all F-35 variants.[212] The US16E seat design balances major performance requirements, including safe-terrain-clearance limits, pilot-load limits, and pilot size. It uses a twin-catapult system that is housed in side rails.[213] The General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon has a similar cockpit layout and is being used to train pilots until training F-35s become available.[214]
The F-35 uses a derivative version of the oxygen system that has been implicated in fatal incidents onboard the F-22. But the F-35 does not fly as high or as fast as the F-22; its flight profile is similar to other fighters that use such systems without much trouble.[215][216][217]
Electro-optical target system (EOTS) under the nose of a mockup of the F-35
The F-35's sensor and communications suite is intended to facilitate situational awareness, command-and-control and network-centric warfare capability.[6][218] The main sensor on board the F-35 is its AN/APG-81 AESA-radar, designed by Northrop Grumman Electronic Systems.[219] It is augmented by the Electro-Optical Targeting System (EOTS) mounted under the nose of the aircraft, designed by Lockheed Martin.[220] This gives the same capabilities as the Lockheed Martin Sniper XR while avoiding making the aircraft more easily detectable.[221][222]
Six additional passive infrared sensors are distributed over the aircraft as part of Northrop Grumman's AN/AAQ-37 distributed aperture system (DAS),[30] which acts as a missile warning system, reports missile launch locations, detects and tracks approaching aircraft spherically around the F-35, and replaces traditional night vision goggles for night operations and navigation. All DAS functions are performed simultaneously, in every direction, at all times. The F-35's Electronic Warfare systems are designed by BAE Systems and include Northrop Grumman components.[223] The AN/ASQ-239 (Barracuda) system is an improved version of the AN/ALR-94 EW suite on the F-22. The AN/ASQ-239 provides sensor fusion of RF and IR tracking functions, basic radar warning, multispectral countermeasures for self-defense against threat missiles, situational awareness and electronic surveillance. It uses 10 RF antennae over the leading and trailing edges of the wing leading and trailing edges of the horizontal tail.[224][225]
The communications, navigation and identification (CNI) suite is designed by Northrop Grumman and includes the Multifunction Advanced Data Link (MADL). The F-35 will be the first jet fighter that has sensor fusion that combines both radio frequency and IR tracking for continuous target detection and identification in all directions which is shared via MADL to other platforms without compromising low observability.[139]
The F-35 has been designed with synergy between sensors as a specific requirement, with the "senses" of the aircraft expected to provide a more cohesive picture of the reality around it, and be available in principle for use in any possible way, and any possible combination with one another. All of the sensors feed directly into the main processors to support the entire mission of the aircraft. For example the AN/APG-81 functions not just as a multi-mode radar, but also as part of the aircraft's electronic warfare system.[226]
Unlike previous aircraft, such as the F-22, all software for the F-35 is written in C++ for faster code development. The Integrity DO-178B real-time operating system (RTOS) from Green Hills Software runs on COTS Freescale PowerPC processors.[227] The final Block 3 software for the F-35 is planned to have 8.6 million lines of software code.[228] The scale of the program has led to a software crisis as officials continue to discover that additional software needs to be written.[229] General Norton Schwartz has said that the software is the biggest factor that might delay the USAF's initial operational capability which is now scheduled for April 2016.[230] Michael Gilmore, Director of Operational Test & Evaluation, has written that, "the F-35 mission systems software development and test is tending towards familiar historical patterns of extended development, discovery in flight test, and deferrals to later increments."[231]
The F-35's electronic warfare systems are intended to detect hostile aircraft first, which can then be scanned with the electro-optical system and action taken to engage or evade the opponent before the F-35 is detected.[226] The CATbird avionics testbed for the F-35 program has proved capable of detecting and jamming F-22 radars.[232]
The F-35 was previously considered a platform for the Next Generation Jammer, but attention has shifted to the use of unmanned platforms.[233]
VSI Helmet-mounted display system
The F-35 does not need to be physically pointing at its target for weapons to be successful.[178][234] This is possible because of sensors that can track and target a nearby aircraft from any orientation, provide the information to the pilot through his helmet (and therefore visible no matter which way they are looking), and provide the seeker-head of a missile with sufficient information. Recent missile types provide a much greater ability to pursue a target regardless of the launch orientation, called "High Off-Boresight" capability, although the speed and direction in which the munition is launched affect the effective range of the weapon. Sensors use combined radio frequency and infra red (SAIRST) to continually track nearby aircraft while the pilot's helmet-mounted display system (HMDS) displays and selects targets. The helmet system replaces the display suite-mounted head-up display used in earlier fighters.
The F-35's systems provide the edge in the "observe, orient, decide, and act" OODA loop; stealth and advanced sensors aid in observation (while being difficult to observe), automated target tracking helps in orientation, sensor fusion simplifies decision making, and the aircraft's controls allow the pilot to keep their focus on the targets, rather than the controls of their aircraft.[235][N 4]
The problems with the current Vision Systems International helmet mounted display led Lockheed Martin to issue a draft specification for proposals for an alternative on 1 March 2011.[236] The alternative system will be based on Anvis-9 night vision goggles.[237] It will be supplied by BAE systems.[238] The BAE system does not yet include all the features of the VSI helmet and if successful will have the remaining features incorporated [239] Use of the BAE system would also require a cockpit redesign.[240]
In 2011, Lockheed granted VSI a contract to fix the vibration, jitter, night-vision and sensor display problems in their helmet mounted display. The improved displays are expected to be delivered in third quarter of 2013.[241]
The program's maintenance concept is for any F-35 to be maintained in any F-35 maintenance facility and that all F-35 parts in all bases will be globally tracked and shared as needed.[242]
The aircraft has been designed for ease of maintenance, with 95% of all field replaceable parts "one deep" where nothing else has to be removed to get to the part in question. For instance the ejection seat can be replaced without removing the canopy, the aircraft uses low-maintenance electro-hydrostatic actuators instead of hydraulic systems and an all-composite skin without the fragile coatings found on earlier stealth aircraft.[243]
Criticisms of the F-35 maintenance concept include the decision to not utilize engine cowling doors. The decision was instead to use bulkhead mounted airframe panels secured with fasteners across the bottom of the engine bay. This delays maintenance due to the lengthy removal process of the panels. F-35 maintainers have also noted that the bulkheads block access to several critical engine mounted parts, which means the engine must be removed from the aircraft to access the required parts. Such delays in maintenance practices hinder flight test operations.[citation needed]
The first F-35A (designated AA-1) was rolled out in Fort Worth, Texas on 19 February 2006. The aircraft underwent extensive ground testing at Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth in late 2006. In September 2006 the first engine run of the F135 afterburner turbofan in an airframe and tests were completed; the first time that the F-35 was completely functional on its own power systems.[244] On 15 December 2006, the F-35A completed its maiden flight.[245] A modified Boeing 737–300, the Lockheed CATBird is used as an avionics test bed inside of which are racks holding all of F-35's avionics, as well as a complete F-35 cockpit.[114]
On 31 January 2008 at Fort Worth, Texas, Lt Col James "Flipper" Kromberg of the U.S. Air Force became the first military service pilot to evaluate the F-35, taking the aircraft through a series of maneuvers on its 26th flight. F-35 AA-1, on its 34th test flight, began aerial refueling testing in March 2008.[246] Another milestone was reached on 13 November 2008, when the AA-1 flew at supersonic speeds for the first time, reaching Mach 1.05 at 30,000 ft (9,144 m) making four transitions through the sound barrier, for a total of eight minutes of supersonic flight.[247]
The first F-35B (designated BF-1) made its maiden flight on 11 June 2008. The flight, which featured a conventional takeoff, was piloted by BAE Systems' test pilot Graham Tomlinson. The BF-1 is the second of 19 System Development and Demonstration (SDD) F-35s, and the first to use new weight-optimized design features that will apply to all future F-35s.[248] Testing of the STOVL propulsion system in flight began on 7 January 2010. The STOVL system was used for 14 minutes of the 48 minute test flight while the aircraft slowed from 210 knots (390 km/h) to 180 knots (330 km/h).[249][250] The F-35B's first hover (full stop in mid-air) happened on 17 March 2010, followed by a STOVL landing,[251] and on 18 March 2010 the first vertical landing was performed.[252] During a test flight on 10 June 2010, the F-35B became the second STOVL aircraft to achieve supersonic speeds,[253] the first being its ancestor, the X-35B, which achieved the same feat on 20 July 2001.[254] In January 2011, Lockheed Martin reported it had solved a problem with the aluminum bulkhead used only on the F-35B which had cracked during ground testing.[255]
The first delivered USAF F-35 on its delivery flight to Eglin Air Force Base in July 2011.
Although many of the initial flight test targets have been accomplished, the F-35 testing program completed "just under 100 sorties and about as many hours in 2.5 years" by June 2009 and was falling significantly behind schedule.[256] A 2008 Pentagon Joint Estimate Team (JET I) estimated that the program was two years behind the latest public schedule, and a 2009 Joint Estimate Team (JET II) revised that estimate to predict a 30-month delay.[257] Due to those delays in the testing program, production numbers will be reduced by 122 aircraft through 2015 in order to provide additional funds for development.[258] Those additional funds will add $2.8 billion to the development funds and internal memos suggest that the official timeline will be extended by 13 months (not the 30 months the JET II team predicted the slip would be).[257] The success of the Joint Estimate Team has led Ashton Carter to call for more such teams for other poorly performing Pentagon projects.[259]
In June 2009, the F-35s APG-81 active electronically scanned array radar was integrated in the Northern Edge 2009 large-scale military exercise when it was mounted on the front of a Northrop Grumman test aircraft. The APG-81 test event represented a major milestone in electronic protection testing in an operationally representative environment, accomplished years ahead of normal developmental timelines and providing a significant risk reduction opportunity for the aircraft's key sensor. The test events "validated years of laboratory testing versus a wide array of threat systems, showcasing the extremely robust electronic warfare capabilities of the world's most advanced fighter fire control radar."[260]
Nearly 30 percent of all the test flights have required more than routine maintenance to get the aircraft flyable again.[261] As of March 2010, the F-35 program had used a million more man-hours than predicted and flight testing is expected to result in further design changes.[262] The United States Navy has projected that lifecycle costs over a fleet life of 65 years for all of the American F-35s will be $442 billion higher than the U.S. Air Force has projected.[263] The delay in the F-35 program is expected to lead to a shortfall of around 100 jet fighters in the Navy/Marines team. Given careful management, service life extension of the Marines' legacy F/A-18s, and more burdens placed on Navy fighters, it may be possible to reduce this shortfall.[264]
The F-35C carrier variant's maiden flight took place on 7 June 2010, also at NAS Fort Worth JRB. The 57 minute flight was executed by Lockheed test pilot Jeff "Slim" Knowles, who was the chief test pilot for the F-117 program.[265] A total of 11 U.S. Air Force F-35s are to arrive in Fiscal Year 2011.[266]
On 9 March 2011 all F-35s were grounded after a dual generator failure and oil leak in flight. This was the first significant flight failure since 2007.[267] Seven of the ten test aircraft were cleared to fly four days later. These aircraft have an older model of generators, unlike the kind that failed in flight.[268] The problem was found to be the result of faulty maintenance rather than a design or construction issue.[269]
In June 2011, the F-35's sensors (radar and DAS) were tested in an operational exercise named Northern Edge 2011. Navy Cmdr. Erik Etz, the deputy mission systems integrated product team lead from the F-35 JSF Program Office, said the rigorous testing of both sensors during Northern Edge 2011 served as a significant risk-reduction step for the F-35 JSF program. "By putting these systems in this operationally rigorous environment, we have demonstrated key war fighting capabilities well in advance of scheduled operational testing," Commander Etz added.[260][270][271]
From 3–18 August 2011, the F-35 fleet was grounded. The precautionary grounding was in effect while the Joint Program Office investigated the cause of an electrical system failure on test aircraft, F-35A AF-4 during ground tests. The Honeywell-built integrated power package (IPP) failed during a standard engine test following a maintenance check on 2 August at Edwards Air Force Base.[272][273] The IPP is relatively unheralded, but plays a major role in the F-35's performance. It combines the functions of an environment control unit, engine starter and back-up power generator into a single system. The IPP has been a target for concern during the development phase, even though it has never failed before in more than 1,500 flight hours. The JPO was assessing the impact of the grounding on the schedule for the system development and demonstration phase, but the latest version of the schedule included margin for unexpected problems.[274]
On 10 August 2011, ground operations for the F-35 Program were reinstituted while the investigation was ongoing; government and contractor engineering teams, after reviewing initial data, determined that the fleet could safely resume Development Test ground operations. Preliminary root cause inquiries indicate that a control valve did not function properly, which in turn led to the IPP failure. Monitoring of this valve is the mitigating action required to allow ground operations. The F-35 team is revising ground monitoring procedures to ensure testing involving the IPP takes place safely. While initiating DT ground operations is a "major step" for the F-35 fleet returning to flight, further reviews are required prior to lifting the suspension of flight operations for the 20 F-35s currently in flying status.[274][275][276] On 18 August 2011, the flight ban was lifted for 18 of the 20 fighters. Two aircraft based at Eglin Air Force Base in Florida will remain grounded because they lack the monitoring systems used in developmental test aircraft that can detect any problems in flight.[277]
On 25 October 2011 the F-35A reached its designed top speed of Mach 1.6 for the first time.[278] Further testing demonstrated a speed of Mach 1.61 and 9.9g.[279]
During testing in 2011, all eight landing tests of the F-35C tail hook failed to catch the arresting wire; the hook design is being modified to address the problem.[280]
In 2011, the Director of Operational Test and Evaluation warned that the USAF's plans to start unmonitored flight training that fall "risks the occurrence of a serious mishap".[281] The leaders of the United States Senate Committee on Armed Services have called on Defense Secretary Leon Panetta to address the issue.[282]
The F-35A and F-35B are expected to be cleared for flight training in early 2012.[283] A military flight release for the F-35A was issued on 28 February 2012.[284]
While the United States is the primary customer and financial backer, the United Kingdom, Italy, the Netherlands, Canada, Turkey, Australia, Norway and Denmark have agreed to contribute US$4.375 billion toward the development costs of the program.[285] Total development costs are estimated at more than US$40 billion (underwritten largely by the United States), while the purchase of an estimated 2,400 aircraft is expected to cost an additional US$200 billion.[286] The initial plan was that the nine major partner nations would acquire over 3,100 F-35s through 2035.[287] Sales to partner nations are made through the Pentagon's Foreign Military Sales program.[288]
There are three levels of international participation. The levels generally reflect the financial stake in the program, the amount of technology transfer and subcontracts open for bid by national companies, and the order in which countries can obtain production aircraft. The United Kingdom is the sole "Level 1" partner, contributing US$2.5 billion, which was about 10% of the planned development costs[289] under the 1995 Memorandum of Understanding that brought the UK into the project.[290] Level 2 partners are Italy, which is contributing US$1 billion; and the Netherlands, US$800 million. Level 3 partners are Turkey, US$195 million; Canada, US$160 million; Australia, US$144 million; Norway, US$122 million and Denmark, US$110 million. Israel and Singapore have joined as Security Cooperative Participants (SCP).[291][292][293] Japan announced on 20 December 2011 its intent to purchase 42 F-35s with deliveries beginning in 2016 to replace F-4 Phantom II aircraft. The country wants at least 38 of the F-35s to be assembled in Japan.[10]
By February 2012 many changes had occurred in the F-35 order book. Italy became the first country to announce it was reducing its overall fleet procurement, cutting its buy from 131 to 90 aircraft. Other nations reduced initial purchases or delayed orders, while still intending to purchase the same final numbers. The United States canceled the initial purchase of 13 F-35s and postponed orders for another 179. Britain cut its initial order and delayed a decision on future orders. Australia decided to buy the Boeing Super Hornet as an interim measure until the F-35 is ready. Turkey also cut its initial order of four aircraft to two, but confirmed plans to purchase 100 F-35As.[294] The Netherlands and Norway were considering their options and may cut or delay their orders. All of these changes in procurement resulted in increased prices for the aircraft and thus increased the likelihood of further procurement cuts.[295][296] The Auditor General of Canada Michael Ferguson published a report on 3 April 2012 outlining problems with Canada's procurement of the jet, including misinformation about the final cost of the jet. According to comments Ferguson made 5 April, the government knowingly understated the final price for Canada's 65 jets by $10 billion, igniting heated debate over the purchase.[297] Canada's Conservative government had previously been saying it would not reduce its order, claiming an anticipated $75–80 million unit cost per fighter, and budgeting for cost overruns of ~10%. By 6 April the Canadian procurement was being termed a "scandal" and "fiasco" by the media and now faces a full review to determine whether Canada will buy any F-35s.[298][299][300][301]
Configuration of the three original F-35 variants
The F-35 is being built in three different main versions to suit various combat missions. A fourth variant, the F-35I is an export version for Israel.
The F-35A is the conventional takeoff and landing (CTOL) variant intended for the US Air Force and other air forces. It is the smallest, lightest F-35 version and is the only variant equipped with an internal cannon, the GAU-22/A. This 25 mm cannon is a development of the GAU-12 carried by the USMC's AV-8B Harrier II. It is designed for increased effectiveness against ground targets compared to the 20 mm M61 Vulcan cannon carried by other USAF fighters.
The F-35A is expected to match the F-16 in maneuverability and instantaneous and sustained high-g performance, and outperform it in stealth, payload, range on internal fuel, avionics, operational effectiveness, supportability, and survivability.[302] It is expected to match an F-16 that is carrying the usual external fuel tank in acceleration performance.[303] It also has an internal laser designator and infrared sensors, equivalent to the Sniper XR pod carried by the F-16, but built in to reduce radar cross section.
The A variant is primarily intended to replace the USAF's F-16 Fighting Falcon. It is also to replace the A-10 Thunderbolt II starting in 2028.[304][305]
F-35A with Israeli modifications. A senior Israel air force official stated "the aircraft will be designated F-35I, as there will be unique Israeli features installed in them". The United States will not allow the integration of Israel's own electronic warfare systems into the aircraft’s built-in electronic suite. However, a plug-and-play feature added to the main computer will allow for the use of Israeli electronics in an add-on fashion. Israel will be able to fit its own external jamming pod and plans to install its own air-to-air missiles and guided bombs in the F-35’s internal weapon bays.[306] In July 2011, it was reported that the U.S. had agreed to allow Israel to install their own electronic warfare systems and missiles in their F-35s in the future.[307]
Israel Aerospace Industries has considered playing a role in the development of a proposed two-seat F-35. An IAI executive stated, "There is a known demand for two seats not only from Israel but from other air forces. Advanced aircraft are usually two seats rather than single seats."[308] IAI also plans to produce conformal fuel tanks to extend the range.[309]
The Canadian CF-35 will differ from the American F-35A through the addition of a drag chute and an F-35B/C style refueling probe.[310][311] Norway may also use the drag chute option, as they also have icy runways.[200]
The Pratt & Whitney F135 engine with
lift fan, roll posts, and rear vectoring nozzle, as designed for the F-35B, at the
Paris Air Show, 2007
F-35B vertical landing during its first sea trials aboard
USS Wasp (LHD-1), October 2011.
F-35B short-takeoff from
USS Wasp (LHD-1) during its first sea trials, October 2011.
The F-35B is the short takeoff and vertical landing (STOVL) variant of the aircraft. Similar in size to the A variant, the B sacrifices about a third of the other version's fuel volume to make room for the vertical flight system. Takeoffs and landing with vertical flight systems are by far the riskiest, and in the end, a decisive factor in design. Like the AV-8B Harrier II, the B’s guns will be carried in a ventral pod. Whereas the F-35A is stressed to 9 g, the F-35B is stressed to 7 g.[312][313] The F-35B was unveiled at Lockheed Martin's Fort Worth plant on 18 December 2007,[314] and the first test flight was on 11 June 2008.[315]
Unlike the other variants, because it can land vertically the F-35B has no landing hook. The "STOVL/HOOK" button in the cockpit initiates conversion instead of dropping the hook.[316] The F-35B sends jet thrust directly downwards during vertical takeoffs and landing and the nozzle is being redesigned to spread the output out in an oval rather than a small circle so as to limit damage to asphalt and ship decks.[317] The variant's three-bearing swivel nozzle that directs the full thrust of the afterburning jet engine is moved by a “fueldraulic” actuator, using pressurized jet fuel.[318]
The United States Marine Corps plans to purchase 340 F-35Bs,[86] to replace all current inventories of the F/A-18 Hornet (A, B, C and D-models), and AV-8B Harrier II in the fighter, and attack roles.[319] The Marines are planning to use the F-35B from "unimproved surfaces at austere bases" and are preparing landing spots with "special, high-temperature concrete designed to handle the heat from the JSF".[320][321]
The Royal Air Force and Royal Navy had plans to use the F-35B to replace their Harrier GR9s. One of the Royal Navy requirements for the F-35B design was a Shipborne Rolling and Vertical Landing (SRVL) mode to increase the maximum landing weights for carried weapons via wing lift.[322] This method of landing is slower than arrested landing and could disrupt regular carrier operations.[323] However, in October 2010, the UK announced plans to order to the CATOBAR F-35C variant instead.[324] In May 2012, the UK decided to revert back to purchasing the F-35B because of the cost of equipping the UK's new aircraft carriers for the F-35C.[325][326]
Italian Navy is preparing Grottaglie air station for future operations with the F-35B. The Italian Navy is to receive 22 aircraft between 2014 and 2021, with its Cavour aircraft carrier set to be modified to operate them by 2016.[327]
Commandant of the Marine Corps, General James Amos has said that, in spite of its increasing costs and schedule delays, there is no plan B to substitute for the F-35B.[328] The F-35B is larger than the aircraft it replaces, which required the USS America (LHA-6) to be designed without needed well deck capabilities.[329] In 2011, the USMC and USN signed an agreement that the USMC will purchase 340 F-35B and 80 F-35C while the USN will purchase 260 F-35C. The five squadrons of Marine Corps F-35Cs will be assigned to the Navy carriers while the Marine Corps F-35Bs will be used on Amphibious ships and ashore.[330][331][332]
On 6 January 2011, Gates said that the 2012 budget would call for a two year pause in F-35B production during which the aircraft may be redesigned, or canceled if unsuccessful. Gates stated, "If we cannot fix this variant during this time frame, and get it back on track in terms of performance, cost and schedule, then I believe it should be canceled."[333][334][335] The probation was ended by Defense Secretary Leon Panetta on 20 January 2012 because of progress made over the past year.[336]
Lockheed Martin executive vice president Tom Burbage and former Pentagon director of operational testing Tom Christie have said that most of the delays in the total program have been due to issues with the F-35B, which forced massive redesigns on the other versions.[337]
The USMC intends to declare Initial Operational Capability with about 50 F-35s running interim Block 2B software in the 2014 to 2015 timeframe.[338]
Lockheed Martin vice president Steve O’Bryan has said that most F-35B landings will be purely conventional in order to reduce stress on the vertical lift components.[339] Conventional operations also reduce the risk of self-induced foreign object damage.[340][341]
On 3 October 2011, the F-35B began its initial sea-trials by performing a vertical landing on the deck of the amphibious assault ship USS Wasp.[342]
The USAF will not be replacing the A-10 with the F-35B, because the F-35B will not be able to generate sufficient sorties.[343]
Compared to the F-35A, the F-35C carrier variant features larger wings with foldable wingtip sections, larger wing and tail control surfaces for improved low-speed control, stronger landing gear for the stresses of carrier arrested landings, a twin-wheel nose gear, and a stronger tailhook for use with carrier arrestor cables. The larger wing area allows for decreased landing speed while increasing both range and payload. With twice the range on internal fuel as the F/A-18C Hornet, the F-35C achieves much the same goal as the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet.
The United States Navy will use the F-35C carrier variant. It intends to buy 480 F-35Cs to replace the F/A-18A, B, C, and D Hornets. The F-35C will also serve as a low-observable complement to the Super Hornet.[344] On 27 June 2007, the carrier variant completed its Air System Critical Design Review (CDR). This allows the first two functional prototype F-35C units to be produced.[345] The C variant is expected to be available beginning in 2014.[346] The first F-35C was rolled out on 29 July 2009.[347] The United States Marine Corps will also purchase 80 F-35Cs, enough for five Marine fighter-attack squadrons, for use with Navy carrier air wings in a joint service agreement signed on 14 March 2011.[330][331][332]
In October 2010, the United Kingdom decided to order the F-35C, which will be used by both the Royal Air Force and the Royal Navy.[348] The total number of F-35C aircraft to be procured will not be decided until the 2015 Strategic Defence Review.[349] However, it will be fewer than the 138 originally ordered; reports have suggested a fleet of around 50.[349] The Royal Navy's new Queen Elizabeth class aircraft carriers are large enough to support non-STOVL operations and as a result, at least one carrier will have catapults and arrester cables installed to allow F-35C operations.[324][348] The carrier will typically carry 12 F-35Cs with the ability to deploy up to 36.[348][350] The UK Strategic Defence & Security Review found that the F-35C's greater endurance in the air meant that fewer aircraft would be needed and that the F-35C has a 25 percent lower lifetime cost than the F-35B.[351] In May 2012 it was reported that the UK government had decided to return to buying the shorter-range F-35B model, on the grounds of the escalation in cost of adapting the Queen Elizabeth to fly the F-35C.[352]
On 6 November 2010, the first F-35C arrived at Naval Air Station Patuxent River. At the time, it was determined that the replacement engines for at-sea repair are too large to be transported by current underway replenishment systems.[353] In 2011, the F-35Cs were grounded for six days because of a software error in the code that was intended to keep the wings from folding in mid-flight.[354] On 27 July 2011, the F-35C test aircraft CF-3 completed its first steam catapult launch during a test flight in Naval Air Engineering Station Lakehurst. The TC-13 Mod 2 test steam catapult, representative of current fleet technology, was used. In addition to the catapult launches at varying power levels, the integrated test team is to execute a test plan over three weeks to include dual-aircraft jet blast deflector testing and catapult launches using a degraded catapult configuration to measure the effects of steam ingestion on the aircraft.[355]
On 13 August 2011, the F-35 integrated test force completed jet blast deflector (JBD) testing at the Lakehurst facility, with a round of two-aircraft testing. F-35C test aircraft CF-1 along with an F/A-18E tested a combined JBD cooling panel configuration to assess the integration of F-35s in aircraft carrier launch operations. “We completed all of our JBD test points efficiently,” said Andrew Maack, government chief test engineer. “It was a great collaborative effort by all parties.” The government and industry team completed tests that measured temperatures, pressures, sound levels, velocities, and other environmental data. The combined JBD model is to enable carrier deck crews to operate all air wing aircraft, now including the F-35C, as operational tempo requires. Future carrier suitability testing is scheduled throughout 2011, including ongoing catapult testing and the start of arrestment testing in preparation for initial ship trials in 2013.[356] On 18 Nov 2011, the US Navy used its new Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) to catapult an F-35C into the air for the first time.[357]
The first of 15 pre-production F-35s
F-35B cutaway with LiftFan
Data from Lockheed Martin specifications,[140][358][359] F-35 Program brief,[178] F-35 JSF Statistics[173] F-35 Program Status,[360]
General characteristics
Performance
Armament
Avionics
Differences between variants
|
F-35A
CTOL |
F-35B
STOVL |
F-35C
CATOBAR |
| Length |
51.4 ft (15.7 m) |
51.3 ft (15.6 m) |
51.5 ft (15.7 m) |
| Wingspan |
35 ft (10.7 m) |
35 ft (10.7 m) |
43 ft (13.1 m) |
| Wing Area |
460 ft² (42.7 m²) |
460 ft² (42.7 m²) |
668 ft² (62.1 m²) |
| Empty weight |
29,300 lb (13,300 kg) |
32,300 lb (14,700 kg) |
34,800 lb (15,800 kg) |
| Internal fuel |
18,250 lb (8,280 kg) |
13,500 lb (6,125 kg) |
19,750 lb (8,860 kg) |
| Max takeoff weight |
70,000 lb class (31,800 kg) |
60,000 lb class (27,300 kg) |
70,000 lb class (31,800 kg) |
| Range |
1,200 nmi (2,220 km) |
900 nmi (1,670 km) |
1,400 nmi (2,520 km) |
Combat radius on
internal fuel[371] |
584 nmi (1082 km) |
469 nmi (869 km) |
615 nmi (1141 km) |
Thrust/weight
• full fuel:
• 50% fuel: |
0.87
1.07 |
0.90
1.04 |
0.75
0.91 |
- Related development
- Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
- Related lists
- ^ Quote: "The F-35 Lightning II will carry on the legacy of two of the greatest and most capable fighter aircraft of all time. Just as the P-38 and the British Lightning were at the top of their class during their day, the F-35 will redefine multi-role fighter capability in the 21st century." Ralph D. Heath, president of Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Co.[27]
- ^ Quote: "The F-35A, with an air-to-air mission takeoff weight of 49,540 lb.[139]
- ^ "Republic F-105D; one Pratt & Whitney J75-P-19W turbojet of 24,500/10,000 lb thrust; T/Wg 0.50; Wg/S 127.2."[141]
- ^ Quote: "Brigadier Davis was more forthright in his comments to media in Canberra, saying the ‘Raptor’ lacks some of the key sensors and the enhanced man-machine interface of the F-35."[235]
- ^ C is 51.5 ft (15.7 m)
- ^ B is the same, C: 14.9 ft (4.54 m)
- ^ F-35B: 47,996 lb (21,771 kg); F-35C: 57,094 lb (25,896 kg)
- ^ C is same, B: 60,000 lb (27,000 kg)
- ^ F-35B: vertical thrust 39,700 lbf (176 kN)
- ^ F-35B: 14,003 lb (6,352 kg); F-35C: 20,085 lb (9,110 kg)
- ^ F-35B: 7.5 g, F-35C: 7.5 g
- ^ F-35B and F-35C have cannon in an external pod with 220 rounds
- ^ "US Air Force sees delay in operational use of F-35." Reuters. March 12, 2012.
- ^ King, Samuel Jr. "First F-35 arrives at Eglin." U.S. Air Force, 15 July 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
- ^ Houghton, Kimberley. "BAE Systems gets chunk of jet contract." Union Leader, 5 January 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2012.
- ^ "FY 2013 Budget Estimates", p. 01–1. U.S. Air Force, February 2012.
- ^ a b "Department Of The Navy Fiscal Year (FY) 2013 Budget Estimates, Aircraft Procurement Vol. I, BA 1–4.", pp. 1-29, 1-43, Department of the Navy, February 2012. Retrieved: 13 March 2012.
- ^ a b c "F-35 Capabilities."[dead link] Lockheed Martin, 2009. Retrieved: 9 February 2009.
- ^ "Knesset Finance Committee approves F-35 deal." Globes (Israel). Retrieved: 29 November 2010.
- ^ Dudley, Richard. "Program Partners Confirm Support for F-35 Joint Strike Fighter." Defence Update, 5 March 2012. Retrieved: 18 March 2012.
- ^ "Israel plans for second F-35 squadron." United Press International, 27 February 2012. Retrieved: 18 March 2012.
- ^ a b "US Lockheed Martin F-35 chosen as Japan fighter jet." BBC News, 20 December 2011. Retrieved: 20 December 2011.
- ^ Fukue, Natsuko. "U.S.-made F-35 is chosen for ASDF". Japan Times, 21 December 2011, p. 1.
- ^ Wall, Robert, "Lockheed Dismisses Korea F-35 Schedule Issue." Aviation Week. February 21, 2012.
- ^ Campion-Smith, Bruce. "Canada may not buy F-35 fighter jets, Ottawa admits." The Star, 13 March 2012. Retrieved: 23 March 2012.
- ^ "The F-35: Not just costly but obsolete; To aviation nerds, the Joint Strike Fighter is looking more and more like an ugly mutt." Macleans, 13 April 2012. Retrieved: 26 April 2012.
- ^ "Pentagon's F-35 Fighter Under Fire in Congress." PBS. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ Shalal-Esa, Andrea. "Government sees lifetime cost of F-35 fighter at $1.51 trillion." Reuters, 2 April 2012.
- ^ "41st Parliament, 1st Session, Standing Committee on National Defence." Parliament of Canada, 24 November 2011. Retrieved: 15 December 2011.
- ^ "Lockheed Martin F22 and F35 5th Gen Revolution In Military Aviation" Space Daily, 22 February 2006.
- ^ "F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) Lightning II." Global Security. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
- ^ a b Keijsper 2007, p. 119.
- ^ Polmar 2005, p. 398.
- ^ "Designation Systems." Designation Systems. Retrieved 23 November 2009.
- ^ Keijsper 2007, pp. 122, 124.
- ^ Fulghum, David A. and Robert Wall. "USAF Plans for Fighters Change." Aviation Week and Space Technology, 19 September 2004. Retrieved: 12 September 2011.
- ^ Keijsper 2007, p. 124.
- ^ "'Lightning II' moniker given to Joint Strike Fighter." Air Force Link, United States Air Force, 7 June 2006. Retrieved 1 December 2008.
- ^ "Lockheed Martin Joint Strike Fighter Officially Named 'Lightning II'." Lockheed Martin press release, 7 July 2006. Retrieved: 28 May 2009.
- ^ "F-35 Joint Strike Fighter was officially named Lightning II."[dead link] Lockheed Martin, 7 July 2006.
- ^ Kent, John R. and Joseph W. Stout. "Weight-Optimized F-35 Test Fleet Adds Conventional Take off And Landing Variant."[dead link] Lockheed Martin, 23 December 2008. Retrieved: 23 November 2009.
- ^ a b "F-35 Distributed Aperture System (EO DAS)." Northrop Grumman. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
- ^ "Italy Wins JSF Final Assembly: U.K. Presses Maintenance, Support." Aviationnow.com. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
- ^ "Handling Specialty Turn Key Capabilities." handling.com. Retrieved: 16 November 2010.
- ^ Wolf, Jim. "Exclusive: US to withhold F-35 fighter software codes." reuters.com, 24 November 2009. Retrieved: 12 September 2011.
- ^ Moore, Mona. "F-35 production on target." Northwest Florida Daily News, 5 January 2009, Volume 62, Number 341, p. A1.
- ^ Gearan, Anne. "Defense Secretary Gates proposes weapons cuts." Seattle Times, 7 April 2009.
- ^ Trimble, Stephen. "Fix for F-35 final assembly problem pushed back." Flight Global, 16 August 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
- ^ F-35B completes first sea trials on USS Wasp
- ^ GAO-06-356, "DOD Plans to Enter Production before Testing Demonstrates Acceptable Performance." GAO, March 2006.
- ^ "Defense Acquisitions: Assessments of Selected Weapon Programs." Gao.gov, 29 August 2008. Retrieved: 4 December 2011.
- ^ "FY 2011 Budget Estimates." U.S. Air Force, February 2010, pp. 1–47.
- ^ "The F-35I Looks Pregnant." strategypage.com. Retrieved: 21 October 2010.
- ^ McPhedran, Ian. "Stealth fighters cheap at $140m." Herald Sun, 25 August 2010. Retrieved: 21 October 2010.
- ^ "U.S. Program Acquisition Costs by Weapon System." 'defense-aerospace.com'. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
- ^ "United States Department of Defense Fiscal Year 2012 Budget Request: Program Acquisition Costs by Weapon System." Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)/CFO. Retrieved: 6 April 2011.
- ^ Whittle, Richard. "JSF's Build And Test Was 'Miscalculation,' Adm. Venlet Says; Production Must Slow." Aol Defense, 1 December 2011.
- ^ Cox, Bob. "Pentagon takes a harder line with Lockheed Martin over F-35." Star-Telegram, 26 October 2011.
- ^ Thompson, Loren. "Why Pentagon Weapon 'Efficiencies' Are Often An Illusion." Forbes Magazine, 1 November 2011.
- ^ Katz, Yaakov. "Will Iran influence pick for next IAF commander?" The Jerusalem Post, 4 December 2011.
- ^ DiMascio, Jen. "McCain Backs Hard-Line Pentagon F-35 Stance." Aviation Week, 18 November 2011.
- ^ Clark, Colin. "McCain Slams JSF, Calls Program 'Scandal And A Tragedy;' Contract Talks Advance." Aol Defense, 5 December 2011.
- ^ "US defence firms blast Pentagon on contract changes: companies warn of layoffs, higher costs." Reuters, 12 December 2011.
- ^ "GAO-12-525T: Restructuring Added Resources and Reduced Risk, but Concurrency Is Still a Major Concern." GAO. March 20, 2012.
- ^ Weisgerber, Marcus. "DoD Anticipates Better Price on Next F-35 Batch." Defense News. March 8, 2012.
- ^ Gorman, Siobhan. "Computer Spies Breach Fighter-Jet Project." The Wall Street Journal, 21 April 2009. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
- ^ Cullen, Simon. "Jet maker denies F-35 security breach." Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 22 April 2009. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
- ^ "China's Role In JSF's Spiraling Costs." Aviation Week, 8 February 2012.
- ^ "Security experts admit China stole secret fighter jet plans." The Australian. March 12, 2012.
- ^ Bennett, John T. "Plan Afoot to Halt F-35 Cost Hikes, Delays." defensenews.com, 9 November 2009. Retrieved: 23 November 2009.
- ^ Clark, Colin. "Gates Fires JSF Program Manager." dodbuzz.com, 1 February 2010. Retrieved: 21 March 2010.
- ^ "Gates Criticizes F-35 Progress, Fires Top Officer." PLANYC 2030, 2011. Retrieved: 24 June 2011.
- ^ "JSF faces US Senate grilling." australianaviation.com.au, 12 March 2010.
- ^ Shalal-Esa, Andrea and Tim Dobbyn, ed. "Price of F35 fighter soars." Reuters. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
- ^ Thompson, Mark. "The Costly F-35: The Saga of America's Next Fighter Jet." ' 'Time, 25 March 2010. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
- ^ "Lockheed F-35 to beat Pentagon estimate by 20 pct." Reuters., 1 June 2010. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
- ^ Clark, Colin. "Prez Panel Wants $100B DoD Cut; Freeze Pay, Kill F-35B, EFV." DoDBuzz, 10 November 2010. Retrieved: 16 November 2010.
- ^ $200 billion in illustrative savings point 47 National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform, 10 November 2010. Retrieved: 16 November 2010.
- ^ "Lockheed F – 35 Fighter In Deficit Panel's Sights." nytimes.com, 10 November 2010. Retrieved: 11 November 2010.
- ^ Tirpak, John A. "Shorting the F-35." Air Force Association, 15 November 2010.
- ^ Thompson, Loren B. "Rumor Of Marine F-35 Termination Talks Is Wrong." Lexington Institute, 15 November 2010.
- ^ Cox, Bob. "More cost increases, delays predicted for F-35."[dead link] Star-Telegram, 1 November 2010.
- ^ Thompson, Loren. "Pentagon Factional Disputes Are A Key Driver Of F-35 Cost Increases." Lexington Institute, 1 November 2010. Retrieved: 5 November 2010.
- ^ Trimble, Stephen. "Lockheed's F-35 faces second restructuring this year." Flight International, 3 November 2010.
- ^ "Lockheed Martin F-35 Begins Flying Block 1 Software."[dead link] Lockheed Martin, 15 November 2010.
- ^ Hoyle, Craig. "Can Lockheed deliver on the Joint Strike Fighter dream? " Flight International, 14 December 2010.
- ^ Warwick, Graham and Amy Butler. "F-35 Replan Adds Time, Resources For Testing." Aviation Week, 8 February 2011.
- ^ a b Rabechault, Mathieu. "F-35 looking more like white elephant."[dead link] Yahoo News, 13 January 2011.
- ^ Gates, Robert. "Speech to Air Force Academy." defense.gov, 4 March 2011. Retrieved: 8 March 2011.
- ^ Panetta Lifts F-35B Probation Jan 20, 2012
- ^ Fulghum, David A. "Repairing the F-35 Program." Aviation Week, 10 February 2011.
- ^ Majumdar, Dave. "Joint Strike Fighter acing tests, pilots report." AirForce Times, 26 February 2011.
- ^ Pfeffer, Anshel. "In bid for air superiority, Israel may wait for better jets."[dead link] Haaretz Newspaper, 9 March 2011.
- ^ "Program Restructuring Should Improve Outcomes, but Progress Is Still Lagging Overall." star-telegram.com, 15 March 2011.
- ^ Trimble, Stephen. "USAF rules out new F-15s and F-16s to narrow ‘fighter gap’." Flight International, 4 June 2010.
- ^ "Israel eyes used F-15s to fill for F-35s." UPI, 18 April 2011,
- ^ "Australia may buy more Super Hornets amid F-35 delays: report." Reuters, 13 May 2011.
- ^ a b Majumdar, Dave. "F-35 Tests Proceed, Revealing F/A-18-Like Performance." Defense News, 16 May 2011.
- ^ "Lockheed Addressing F-35 ‘Development Risks,’ Congress Told." Bloomberg News, 19 May 2011.
- ^ "The last manned fighter." The Economist, 14 July 2011.
- ^ Capaccio, Tony. "Pentagon Cuts Four Lockheed Jets From Next Order, Pentagon Says." Bloomberg, 26 October 2011.
- ^ Lerman, David. "Pentagon Budget for 2013 Calls for Two Fewer of Lockheed’s F-35 Fighters." Bloomberg News. 13 February 2012.
- ^ Gibbs, Walter. "U.S. slowdown on F-35 jet buy to raise cost: Lockheed." Reuters. 14 February 2012.
- ^ "Pentagon, Lockheed see price of F-35 going up." Reuters. February 14, 2012.
- ^ "Japan tells U.S. it may halt F-35 purchase if prices rise."[dead link]Mainichi Japan. February 23, 2012.
- ^ Shalal-Esa, Andrea. "'No more money' for F-35 cost overruns: Pentagon." Reuters. March 20, 2012.
- ^ Shalal-Esa, Andrea. "Pentagon says F-35 fighter delayed, costs rise 4.3 percent." Reuters. March 29, 2012.
- ^ Cox, Bob. "Pentagon to tie F-35 orders more closely to development and testing progress." Star Telegram, 8 May 2012.
- ^ Farnam, T.W. "Lawmakers fight to keep F-35 funded." Washington Post, 25 November 2011.
- ^ Carafano, James. "What to do about Obama's pound-foolish Air Force." Washington Examiner, 26 December 2011.
- ^ Williams, Peter. "Quickstep finds cash harder to come by." The West Australian, January 4, 2012.
- ^ Butler, Amy. "USAF Reducing Possible JSF Basing Locations." Aviation Week. March 2, 2012.
- ^ "Lockheed Martin Statement on 2011 SAR Report." LockMart. March 31, 2012.
- ^ Weisgerber, Marcus. "Schwartz defends reduced F-35 combat radius." AirForce Times. 6 March 2012.
- ^ "Pentagon agrees to F-35A combat radius reduction". Flight International, 8 March 2012.
- ^ "JSFail? Not When the Pentagon Grades the F-35 on a Curve". DefPro.News. 7 March 2012.
- ^ Regan, James. "U.S. seeks to ease concerns over F-35 delays, costs." Reuters. March 15, 2012.
- ^ "Not so stealthy: the $15b fighters." The Sydney Morning Herald 14 March 2006.
- ^ Department of Defence, Inquiry into Australian Defence Force Regional Air Superiority
- ^ "ParlInfo - Parliamentary Joint Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade : 16/03/2012 : Department of Defence annual report 2010–11". Parlinfo.aph.gov.au. http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;db=COMMITTEES;id=committees%2Fcommjnt%2F2dbe833f-6e45-4a8a-b615-8745dd6f148e%2F0001;query=Id%3A%22committees%2Fcommjnt%2F2dbe833f-6e45-4a8a-b615-8745dd6f148e%2F0000%22. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
- ^ Kosiak, Steve and Barry Watts. "US Fighter Modernization Plans: Near-term Choices." CSBA. Retrieved: 3 July 2010.
- ^ Wolf, Jim. "Air Force chief links F-35 fighter jet to China." Reuters, 19 September 2007. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
- ^ Krepinevich, Andrew. "Testimony by Andrew Krepinevich, Executive Director, before the Senate Armed Services AirLand Subcommittee." CSBA, 10 March 1999.
- ^ Reed, John. "The Reactions to Gates’ Spending Plans." DoD Buzz, 7 January 2010.
- ^ "F-35B Goes Supersonic." Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company, 10 June 2010.
- ^ a b c Lake 2010, pp. 37–45.
- ^ "Fighter criticism 'unfair' and 'misrepresented'." ABC News, 25 September 2008. Retrieved 30 October 2008.
- ^ Trimble, Stephen. "US defence policy – and F-35 – under attack." Flight International, Reed Business Information, 15 October 2008.
- ^ a b Kent, John R. "Setting the Record Straight On F-35"[dead link]. Lockheed Martin, 19 September 2008.
- ^ "ParlInfo - Parliamentary Joint Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade : 20/03/2012 : Department of Defence annual report 2010–11". Parlinfo.aph.gov.au. http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;db=COMMITTEES;id=committees%2Fcommjnt%2F3cb4e326-70e4-4abd-acb7-609a16072b70%2F0001;query=Id%3A%22committees%2Fcommjnt%2F3cb4e326-70e4-4abd-acb7-609a16072b70%2F0000%22. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
- ^ Sweetman, Bill. "JSF Leaders Back In The Fight." Aviation Week, 22 September 2008. Retrieved: 3 July 2010.
- ^ "Lockheed Martin briefing package for Norway." Lockheed Martin, 24 April 2008.
- ^ Pocock, Chris. "LM defends F-35 JSF agility against critics."[dead link] Aviation International News, 15 June 2009.
- ^ "Statement Regarding Media Coverage of F-35 Joint Strike Fighter". RAND. 2010-10-12. http://www.rand.org/news/press/2008/09/25.html. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
- ^ "F-35 fighter has become a clumsy white elephant." globaltimes.cn, 24 March 2010. Retrieved: 3 August 2010.
- ^ "Amerikaanse twijfel over JSF" (in Dutch). Nova, 12 July 2010. Retrieved: 22 July 2010.
- ^ Shachtman, Noah. "Gajillion-Dollar Stealth Fighter, Now Easier to Shoot Down." Wired, 11 June 2010.
- ^ Entous, Adam. "U.S.-Saudi Arms Plan Grows to Record Size: Addition of Apaches, Black Hawks Swells Deal to $60 billion." online.wsj.com, 14 August 2010. Retrieved: 16 August 2010.
- ^ "First RAF pilot flies Joint Strike Fighter." British Ministry of Defence via Defence News, 9 February 2010.
- ^ Thompson, Loren B. "F-35 Fighter Confounding Critics As Flight Tests Ramp Up." Lexington Institute, 1 March 2011.
- ^ Stevens, Geoff. "Single-engine F-35’s may endanger Canadian crews." TheRecord, 31 January 2011.
- ^ a b Axe, David. "Trillion-Dollar Jet Has Thirteen Expensive New Flaws." Wired Magazine, 13 December 2011.
- ^ "F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Concurrency Quick Look Review." Department of Defense, 29 November 2011. Retrieved: 25 January 2012.
- ^ Shalal-Esa, Andrea. "Pentagon, Lockheed move forward on F-35 contract." Reuters, 5 December 2011.
- ^ Auslin, Michael. "Flying Not Quite as High." Weekly Standard, 7 May 2012.
- ^ "Iran worried over Israel's F-35 plans." UPI, 13 July 2009.
- ^ "Vertiflight". Journal of the American Helicopter Society, January 2004.
- ^ Hayles, John. "Yakovlev Yak-41 'Freestyle'." Aeroflight, 28 March 2005. Retrieved: 3 July 2008.
- ^ "Joint Strike Fighter (JSF)."[dead link] Jane's. Retrieved: 3 July 2008.
- ^ Kent, John R. and Chris Geisel. "F-35 STOVL supersonic."[dead link] lockheedmartin.com. Retrieved: 16 November 2010.
- ^ a b c Nativi, Andy. "F-35 Air Combat Skills Analyzed." Aviation Week, 5 March 2009."
- ^ a b c "F-35A – CTOL."[dead link] Lockheed Martin. Retrieved: 28 July 2010.
- ^ Loftin, Laurence K. Jr. NASA SP-468 "Quest for Performance: The Evolution of Modern Aircraft" NASA. Retrieved: 25 November 2010.
- ^ Johns, Darnell Sharkleford. "Air Force presentation to House Subcommittee on Air and Land Forces."[dead link] armedservices.house.gov, 20 May 2009, p. 10. Retrieved: 23 November 2009.
- ^ Amaani, USAF Tech. Sgt. Lyle. "Air Force takes combat air acquisitions priorities to Hill." U.S. Air Force, 3 April 2009.
- ^ a b Butler, Amy. "New Stealth Concept Could Affect JSF Cost." Aviation Week, 17 May 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
- ^ Philips, E. H. "The Electric Jet." Aviation Week & Space Technology, 5 February 2007.
- ^ Parker, Ian. "Reducing Risk on the Joint Strike Fighter." Avionics Magazine, Access Intelligence, LLC, 1 June 2007. Retrieved: 8 June 2007.
- ^ Giese, Jack. "F-35 Brings Unique 5th Generation Capabilities."[dead link] lockheedmartin.com, 23 October 2009. Retrieved: 23 November 2009.
- ^ Trimble, Stephen. "Farnborough: Lockheed encouraged by pace of F-35 testing." flightglobal.com, 12 June 2010. Retrieved: 22 July 2010.
- ^ Trimble, Stephen. "Lockheed Martin sees F-35A replacing USAF air superiority F-15C/Ds." flightglobal.com, 4 February 2010. Retrieved: 2 March 2010.
- ^ "Silent Eagle Media Brief.Doc", p. 10. Boeing, 2009.
- ^ "LockMart F-35 FAQ." Lockheed Martin, 2011.
- ^ "Contract Awarded To Validate Process For JSF." onlineamd.com, 17 May 2010. Retrieved: 22 July 2010.
- ^ Trimble, Stephen. "Lockheed Martin reveals F-35 to feature nanocomposite structures." Flight International, 26 May 2011.
- ^ Edwards, Jack E. "Defense Management: DOD Needs to Monitor and Assess Corrective Actions Resulting from Its Corrosion Study of the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter." United States Government Accountability Office, Washington, DC, 16 December 2010.
- ^ Clark, Colin. "AF Worries JSF Costs May Soar." DoD Buzz 27 January 2011.
- ^ Capaccio, Tony. "Lockheed Martin F-35 Operating Costs May Reach $1 Trillion." Bloomberg News, 21 April 2011.
- ^ Trimble, Stephen. "Rolls-Royce: F136 survival is key for major F-35 engine upgrade." Flight International, 11 June 2009.
- ^ "GE, Rolls Royce Stop Funding F-35 Alt Engine." Defense News, 4 December 2011.
- ^ "Frequently Asked Questions about JSF." JSF. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
- ^ "Swivel nozzle VJ101D and VJ101E." Vstol.org, 20 June 2009. Retrieved: 23 November 2009.
- ^ "How the Harrier hovers." harrier.org. Retrieved: 16 November 2010.
- ^ "LiftSystem." Rolls-Royce. Retrieved: 23 November 2009.
- ^ Zolfagharifard, Ellie. "Rolls-Royce's LiftSystem for the Joint Strike Fighter" The Engineer, 28 March 2011.
- ^ Kjelgaard, Chris. "From Supersonic to Hover: How the F-35 Flies". Space, 21 December 2007. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
- ^ Hutchinson, John. "Going Vertical: Developing a STOVL system." ingenia.org.uk. Retrieved: 23 November 2009.
- ^ Warwick, Graham. "Second Engine Could Cut F-35 Production." Aviation Week. Retrieved: 6 April 2010.
- ^ "GE Rolls-Royce Fighter Engine Team completes study for Netherlands." rolls-royce.com. Retrieved: 23 November 2009.
- ^ "Pratt Raises Stakes In JSF Engine Battle."Aviation Week, 27 August 2010. Retrieved 25 November 2010.
- ^ "Lockheed Martin F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Succeeds In First Vertical Landing."[dead link] lockheedmartin.com, Press Release, 18 March 2010.
- ^ Warwick, Graham. "Screech, the F135 and the JSF Engine War." Aviation Week, 17 March 2011.
- ^ Swedberg, Claire. "Energy-Harvesting Sensors to Monitor Health of Jet Engines." RFID Journal, 31 May 2011.
- ^ "F-35 gun system", "GAU-22/A". General Dynamics Armament and Technical Products. Retrieved: 7 April 2011.
- ^ a b c d e "F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Media Kit Statistics." JSF.mil August 2004.
- ^ Keijsper 2007, p. 233.
- ^ a b Bolsøy, Bjørnar. "F-35 Lightning II status and future prospects." f-16.net, 17 September 2009. Retrieved: 23 November 2009.
- ^ a b Hewson, Robert. "UK changes JSF configuration for ASRAAM." Jane's, 4 March 2008.
- ^ Keijsper 2007, pp. 220, 239.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Davis, Brigadier General Charles R. "F-35 Program Brief." USAF, 26 September 2006. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
- ^ a b Digger, Davis. "JSF Range & Airspace Requirements." Headquarters Air Combat Command, Defense Technical Information Center, 30 October 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2008.
- ^ "JSF Suite: BRU-67, BRU-68, LAU-147 - Carriage Systems: Pneumatic Actuated, Single Carriage." es.is.itt.com, 2009 [last update]. Retrieved: 24 June 2011.
- ^ Smith, W. Thomas Jr. "More Fighter than Pilot: Meet the new F-35 Lightning II." National Review, 15 January 2007. Retrieved 23 November 2009.
- ^ "F-35B STOVL Variant." Lockheed Martin. Retrieved 25 November 2010.
- ^ "Small Diameter Bomb II – GBU-53/B." Defense Update. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
- ^ "MBDA reveals clipped-fin Meteor for F-35." Flight Global, 7 November 2010.
- ^ "F-35 Lightning II News: ASRAAM Config Change For F-35." f-16.net, 4 March 2008.
- ^ Tran, Pierre. "MBDA Shows Off ASRAAM"[dead link] Defense News, 22 February 2008.
- ^ "Important cooperative agreement with Lockheed Martin". Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace, 9 June 2009. Quote: "The missile has a range in excess of 150 nautical miles."
- ^ Fulghum, David A. "Lasers being developed for F-35 and AC-130." Aviation Week and Space Technology, 8 July 2002. Retrieved: 8 February 2006.
- ^ Morris, Jefferson. "Keeping cool a big challenge for JSF laser, Lockheed Martin says." Aerospace Daily, 26 September 2002. Retrieved 3 June 2007.
- ^ Fulghum, David A. "Lasers, HPM weapons near operational status." Aviation Week and Space Technology, 22 July 2002. Retrieved 8 February 2006.
- ^ "Raytheon gets DARPA boost for AMRAAM, HARM replacement." Flight Global, 4 November 2010. Retrieved 25 November 2010.
- ^ Reed, John. "Minuteman III Follow-On Being Eyed, Nukes for JSF Delayed." DoD Buzz, 6 April 2011.
- ^ "F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) Lightning II." Global Security. Retrieved 16 November 2010.
- ^ Hehs, Eric. "JSF Diverterless Supersonic Inlet."[dead link] Code One Magazine. Retrieved 23 November 2009.
- ^ "F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) Lightning II." GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved: 7 April 2010.
- ^ a b Kopp, Carlo. "Assessing Joint Strike Fighter Defence Penetration Capabilities." Air Power Australia, October 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
- ^ Capaccio, Tony. "Lockheed Martin’s F-35 Fighter Jet Passes Initial Stealth Hurdle." Bloomberg News, 4 May 2011.
- ^ "Lockheed Martin wins $13 million contract for Strike Fighter aircraft from US Air Force." defenseworld.net, 22 November 2010.
- ^ Brewer, Jeffrey and Shawn Meadows. "Survivability of the Next Strike Fighter", p. 23. Aircraft Survivability: Susceptibility Reduction via Joint Aircraft Survivability Program Office (JASPO), Summer 2006.
- ^ a b "USAF FY00 activity on the JSF." US Director, Operational Test & Evaluation,
- ^ "F-35 Norwegian Executive Summary." Lockheed Martin, April 2008.
- ^ a b Alaimo, Carol Ann. "Noisy F-35 Still Without A Home." Arizona Daily Star, 30 November 2008. Retrieved 23 November 2009.
- ^ Moore, Mona. "Val-P to sue the Air Force." Northwest Florida Daily News, 19 February 2009, Volume 63, Number 20, p. A1.
- ^ Barlow, Kari C. "Val-p wants Okaloosa to reimburse F-35 legal fees." thedestinlog.com, 16 April 2010.
- ^ Nicholson, Brendan. "Noise triggers legal bid to down jet fighter." The Australian, 12 April 2011.
- ^ Perrett, Bradley. "F-35 May Need Thermal Management Changes." Aviation Week, 12 March 2009. Retrieved: 23 November 2009.
- ^ "Joint Communications Release, JSF Program Office & Lockheed Martin. Subject: F-35 Acoustics Based on Edwards AFB Acoustics, Test." JSF Program Office & Lockheed Martin, April 2009. Retrieved: 15 January 2011.
- ^ Goebel, Greg. "The Lockheed Martin F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF)." vectorsite.net. Retrieved: 23 November 2009.
- ^ Schutte, John. "Researchers fine-tune F-35 pilot-aircraft speech system." US Air Force, 10 October 2007.
- ^ "Joint Helmet Mounted Cueing System." Boeing.com. Retrieved: 23 November 2009.
- ^ "VSI's Helmet Mounted Display System flies on Joint Strike Fighter."[dead link] Rockwell Collins, 2007. Retrieved 8 June 2008.
- ^ "Martin-Baker." JSF. Retrieved 23 November 2009.
- ^ "JSF"[dead link]. Martin-Baker. Retrieved 23 November 2009.
- ^ Griggs, Travis. "Marines hone skills for F-35 arrival."[dead link] Gannett, 31 March 2011.
- ^ Peladeau, Jean. "Pilots worry about F-35 oxygen system." QMI Agency, 11 May 2012.
- ^ Peladeau, Jean. "Lockheed says F-22 problems won't plague F-35." QMI Agency, 18 May 2012.
- ^ Bennett, John T. "F-22's Oxygen Issues Raise Questions About F-35." US News, 24 May 2012.
- ^ McHale, John. "F-35 avionics: an interview with the Joint Strike Fighter's director of mission systems and software."[dead link] Military Aerospace. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
- ^ "APG-81 (F-35 Lightning II)." Northrop Grumman Electronic Systems. Retrieved: 4 August 2007.
- ^ "Lockheed Martin Missiles and Fire Control: Joint Strike Fighter Electro-Optical Targeting System."[dead link] Lockheed Martin. Retrieved: 11 April 2008.
- ^ Scott, William B. "Sniper Targeting Pod Attacks From Long Standoff Ranges." Aviation Week, 3 October 2004. Retrieved 23 November 2009.
- ^ Pappalardo, Joe. "How an F-35 Targets, Aims and Fires Without Being Seen." 'Popular Mechanics, December 2009. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
- ^ "JSF EW Suite." istockanalyst.com. Retrieved: 23 November 2009.
- ^ [1]
- ^ [2]
- ^ a b Sherman, Ron. "F-35 Electronic Warfare Suite: More Than Self-Protection." aviationtoday.com, 1 July 2006. Retrieved: 22 August 2010.
- ^ McHale, John. "F-35 Joint Strike Fighter leverages COTS for avionics systems."[dead link] Pennnet. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
- ^ Warwick, Graham. "Flight Tests Of Next F-35 Block Underway." Aviation Week, 12 June 2010. Retrieved 12 June 2010.
- ^ Cox, Bob. "Pentagon officials to meet to address F-35 program's problems."[dead link] Star-Telegram, 21 November 2010.
- ^ Reed, John. "Schwartz Concerned About F-35A Delays." DoD buzz, 23 November 2010.
- ^ Sweetman, Bill. "More F-35B Delays, Software Schedule At Risk." Aviation Week, 13 January 2011.
- ^ David A. Fulghum, Bill Sweetman, Bradley Perrett and Robert Wall. "Stealthy Chinese J-20 Vulnerable." Aviation Week, 14 January 2011.
- ^ Fulghum, David. "New Plan: NGJ To Go Unmanned." Aviation Week, 25 January 2012.
- ^ "F-35 Distributed Aperture System EO DAS." Youtube.com. Retrieved: 23 November 2009.
- ^ a b "JSF: the first complete ‘OODA Loop’ aircraft." Australian Defence Business Review, December 2006, p. 23.
- ^ Butler, Amy. "Lockheed Shops For JSF Helmet Alternatives." Aviation Week, 4 March 2011.
- ^ Warwick, Graham. "Lockheed Weighs Alternate F-35 Helmet Display." Aviation Week, 21 April 2011.
- ^ "Lockheed Martin Selects BAE Systems to Supply F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) Helmet Display Solution." BAE Systems, 10 October 2011.
- ^ Szondy, David. "BAE Systems to provide new helmet display for F-35 pilots." Gizmag, 21 October 2011.
- ^ Carey, Bill. "BAE Drives Dual Approach To Fixing F-35 Helmet Display Issues." AINonline . February 15, 2012.
- ^ "Lockheed Martin Awards F-35 Contract." Zacks Investment Research, 17 November 2011.
- ^ "F-35, Maintenance and the Challenge of Service Standardization." Second Line of Defense, 9 June 2011.
- ^ Clark, Colin. "Why Lockheed Thinks F-35 Beats Boeing's F-18." Aol Defense, 3 November 2011.
- ^ "Mighty F-35 Lightning II Engine Roars to Life."[dead link] Lockheed Martin, 20 September 2006. Retrieved: 23 November 2009.
- ^ "F-35 First Flight." TeamJSF.com. Retrieved: 10 October 2007.
- ^ "Lockheed Martin F-35 Succeeds in First Aerial Refueling Test."[dead link] Lockheed Martin, 13 March 2008.
- ^ ""Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II Flies Supersonic."[dead link] Lockheed Martin, 14 November 2008. Retrieved: 23 November 2009.
- ^ "F-35B Stovl Stealth Fighter Achieves Successful First Flight".[dead link] Lockheed Martin, 11 June 2008. Retrieved: 23 November 2009.
- ^ Kent, John R. and Chris Geisel. "Lockheed Martin F-35B Begins In-Flight STOVL Operations."[dead link] Lockheed Martin, 7 January 2010. Retrieved: 13 January 2010.
- ^ "News Breaks: F-35B Engages Stovl Mode." Aviation Week, 11 January 2010, p. 15.
- ^ "Lockheed Martin F-35B STOVL Jet Demonstrates Hover and Short Takeoff Capability."[dead link] Lockheed Martin. Retrieved: 18 March 2010.
- ^ Wolf, Jim. "F-35 fighter makes first vertical landing." Reuters, 18 March 2010. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
- ^ Cavas, Christopher P. "F-35B STOVL fighter goes supersonic." Marine Corps Times, 15 June 2010. Retrieved: 15 June 2010.
- ^ "X-planes". PBS: Nova transcript. Retrieved: 9 January 2010.
- ^ Majumdar, Dave. "Lockheed says it’s fixed key F-35B issue." Defense News, 10 January 2011.
- ^ Sweetman, Bill. "Get out and fly." Defense Technology International, June 2009, pp. 43–44.
- ^ a b Cox, Bob. "Internal Pentagon memo predicts that F-35 testing won't be complete until 2016."[dead link] Fort Worth Star Telegram, 1 March 2010. Retrieved: 2 March 2010.
- ^ Capaccio, Tony. "Lockheed F-35 Purchases Delayed in Pentagon’s Fiscal 2011 Plan." businessweek.com, 6 January 2010. Retrieved: 29 March 2010.
- ^ Bennett, John T. "Carter: More U.S. Programs To Get JET Treatment." defensenews.com, 29 March 2010. Retrieved: 29 March 2010.
- ^ a b Branch, Ricardo, Army Sgt. "Northern Edge fields new radar system." Northern Edge Joint Information Bureau, 8 March 2012.
- ^ Thompson, Loren B. "F-35 Cost Rise Is Speculative, But Progress Is Real." lexingtoninstitute.org, 12 March 2010. Retrieved: 26 March 2010.
- ^ "Senate Armed Services Committee Holds Hearing on President Obama's Fiscal 2011 Budget Request for the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Program." Congressional Record via startelegram.typepad.com, 11 March 2010. Retrieved: 26 March 2010.
- ^ "USAF Disputes Navy F-35 Cost Projections." Aviation Week. Retrieved: 3 July 2010.
- ^ Grant, Greg "JSF Production “Turned The Corner." dodbuzz.com. Retrieved: 15 April 2010.
- ^ "Update: U.S. Navy Version of Lockheed Martin F-35 Makes First Flight."[dead link] Lockheed Martin, 7 June 2010. Retrieved: 7 June 2010.
- ^ Rolfsen, Bruce. "Jobs to change with focus on irregular warfare." Army Times Publishing Company, 16 May 2010. Retrieved: 5 June 2010.
- ^ Warwick, Graham. "In-flight Failure Halts F-35 Flight Tests." Av Leak, 11 March 2011.
- ^ Carpaccio, Tony. "Seven F-35s cleared to resume test flights."[dead link] Star-Telegram, 14 March 2011.
- ^ Cavas, Christopher P. "All F-35s Cleared To Resume Flight Tests." DefenseNews, 25 March 2011.
- ^ Lt. Col. Tracey Saiki. "Continued testing of F-35 JSF sensors a success at Northern Edge 2011". Af.mil. http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123261835. Retrieved 2012-04-18.
- ^ Saiki, Lt. Col. Tracey. "Continued testing of F-35 JSF sensors a success at Northern Edge 2011." Northern Edge Joint Information Bureau, 8 March 2012.
- ^ Trimble, Stephen. "F-35 fleet grounded after electrical subsystem failure." Flight Global, 3 August 2011 Retrieved: 4 August 2011.
- ^ Majumdar, Dave. "F-35s Grounded After Power Package Fails." Defense News, 3 August 2011. Retrieved: 4 August 2011.
- ^ a b Trimble, Stephen. "F-35 grounding continues indefinitely but ground testing resumes." Flight Global, 11 August 2011. Retrieved: 11 August 2011.
- ^ "Statement on JPO Reinstituting Ground Operations for the F-35 Program." Joint Strike Fighter Program Office, 10 August 2011. Retrieved: 11 August 2011.
- ^ "F-35 Fleet Cleared For Ground Operations." Defense News, 10 August 2011. Retrieved: 11 August 2011.
- ^ Lerman, David. "Air Force Lifts Flight Ban on Lockheed F-35 Fighter Jet." Bloomberg News, 18 August 2011.
- ^ "F-35 JSF Flight Test Update." Defense Tech, 4 November 2011. Retrieved: 4 December 2011.
- ^ a b "F-35A Pushes to Mach 1.6" AviationWeek, 9 December 2011.
- ^ Majumdar, Dave. "F-35C Tailhook Design Blamed for Landing Issues." Defense News, 17 January 2012.
- ^ Schwellenbach, Nick. "Concerns Regarding Plans for the Joint Strike Fighter to Begin Training Flights and Conduct an Operational Utility Evaluation ." POGO, 31 October 2011.
- ^ "U.S. Senators Press Panetta to Review F-35 Training Safety." Bloomberg News, 9 December 2011.
- ^ Shalal-Esa, Andrea. "USMC Near Start Of F-35 Training Flights." Aviation Week. February 27, 2012.
- ^ "Air Force issues flight release for Eglin AFB F-35A[dead link]" www.af.mil. February 28, 2012. Retrieved May 5, 2012
- ^ "F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) Lightning II – International Partners." Global Security. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
- ^ Merle, Renae. "GAO Questions Cost Of Joint Strike Fighter." Washington Post, 15 March 2005. Retrieved: 15 July 2007.
- ^ "Estimated JSF Air Vehicle Procurement Quantities." JSF.mil, Updated as of April 2010.
- ^ Tae-hoon, Lee. "Seoul fears delivery delays of F-35 jets." Korea Times. March 6, 2012.
- ^ "JSF Global Partners." teamjsf.com. Retrieved: 30 March 2007.
- ^ "US, UK sign JAST agreement." Aerospace Daily New York: McGraw-Hill, 25 November 1995, p. 451.
- ^ Schnasi, Katherine V. "Joint Strike Fighter Acquisition: Observations on the Supplier Base." US Accounts Office. Retrieved: 8 February 2006.
- ^ "Industry Canada F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) Canada's Next Generation Fighter Capability." ic.gc.ca. Retrieved: 25 November 2010.
- ^ Combat Aircraft Monthly, September 2010, p. 24.
- ^ Reuters, UPDATE 1-Turkey keeps plan to buy 100 F-35 fighter jets, 23 February 2012
- ^ Harper, Tim. "Tim Harper: The Conservatives and their F-35 fairy tale." Toronto Star, 14 February 2012. Retrieved: 15 February 2012.
- ^ Vasarri, Chiara. "Italy to Cut F-35 Fighter Jet Orders as Part of Defense Revamp." Bloomberg Business Week, 14 February 2012. Retrieved: 15 February 2012.
- ^ Postmedia News. "A timeline on Canada's involvement in the F-35 program." Canada.com, 5 April 2012.
- ^ Chase, Steven. "Harper's fighter-jet project hits pricing turbulence." Globe and Mail, 14 February 2012.
- ^ "Video: MPs hold Mackay to account in F-35 scandal." The Canadian Press via Globe and Mail, 4 April 2012. Retrieved: 5 April 2012.
- ^ Coyne, Andrew. "Peeling back the layers of misconduct in the F-35 fiasco." National Post, 4 April 2012. Retrieved: 5 April 2012,
- ^ "The F-35 Fiasco." CBC News, 5 April 2012. Retrieved: 6 April 2012.
- ^ Pike, John. "F-35A Joint Strike Fighter." Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved: 23 November 2009.
- ^ "Flying The F-35: An Interview With Jon Beesley, F-35 Chief Test Pilot."[dead link] lockheedmartin.com. Retrieved: 25 November 2010.
- ^ Hebert, Adam J. "Lightning II: So Far, So Good." airforce-magazine.com, Air Force Association, Volume 90, Issue 7, July 2007. Retrieved: 3 December 2008.
- ^ Laurenzo, Ron. "Air Force: No Plan To Retire A-10." GlobalSecurity.org, Defense Weekly, 9 June 2003. Retrieved: 3 December 2008.
- ^ Ben-David, Alon. "Israel To Buy F-35s With Cockpit Mods." Aviation Week, 27 August 2010.
- ^ Ben-David, Alon, Amy Butler and Robert Wall. "Israel, U.S. Strike F-35 Technology Deal." Aviation Week, 7 July 2011. Retrieved: 8 October 2011.
- ^ Trimble, Stephen. "Israel sets sights on two-seater F-35." Flight Global, 22 January 2010.
- ^ Egozi, Arie. "Israel to boost range of future F-35 fleet." FlightGlobal. January 11, 2008.
- ^ "Canadian DND Reinforces Its Estimates for F-35 Acquisition." Department of National Defence (Canada), 21 March 2011.
- ^ Daly, Brian. "Harper, Ignatieff spar over fighter jets." Calgary Sun, 1 September 2010.
- ^ Sweetman, Bill. "Numbers Crunch: True cost of JSF program remains to be seen." Defense Technology International, February 2009, p. 22.
- ^ "F-35 HMDS Pulls the Gs". Defense Industry Daily, 25 October 2007.
- ^ "First short takeoff/vertical landing stealth fighter unveiled at Lockheed Martin."[dead link] lockheedmartin.com, 2011 [last update]. Retrieved: 24 June 2011.
- ^ Norris, Guy and Graham Warwick. "F-35B First Flight Boosts JSF as F-22 Loses Supporters." Aviation Week, 15 June 2008.
- ^ "F-35B STOVL-mode Flight." defenceaviation.com. Retrieved: 25 November 2010.
- ^ Clark, Colin. "JSF Heat Woes Being Fixed: Trautman." Dod Buzz, 19 July 2010. Retrieved: 22 July 2010.
- ^ "Custom tool to save weeks in F-35B test and evaluation."[dead link] Naval Air Systems Command, 6 May 2011.
- ^ Trimble, Stephen. "US Marine Corps aviation branch plans to invest in fighter jets, helicopters, transports and UAVs." Flight International, Reed Business Information, 21 July 2008. Retrieved: 21 July 2008.
- ^ Sweetman, Bill. "About That Austere-Base Thing..." Aviation Week, 11 March 2010.
- ^ Diamant, Aaron. "JSF construction lands another first." USMC, 22 December 2011.
- ^ "Major Projects Report 2008." Ministry of Defence. Retrieved: 23 November 2009.
- ^ "US Marines eye UK JSF shipborne technique." Flight Global, 15 June 2007. Retrieved: 23 November 2009.
- ^ a b Hoyle, Craig. "Cameron: UK to swap JSFs to carrier variant, axe Harrier and Nimrod." Flightglobal.com, 19 October 2010.
- ^ Adlam, Jim. "UK Could Revert to STOVL F-35B for Carriers." Air Forces Online. Retrieved: 14 March 2012.
- ^ Chuter, Andrew. "It’s Official: U.K. To Switch Back to STOVL F-35". Defense News, 10 May 2012.
- ^ "F-35B on Italian "Cavour" aircraft carrier." Military-today.com, 4 December 2011.
- ^ Kovach, Gretel C. "Commandant calls Joint Strike Fighter essential." San Diego Union-Tribune, 8 December 2010.
- ^ Jean, Grace V. "Marines Question the Utility of Their New Amphibious Warship." National Defense Industrial Association, September 2008.
- ^ a b Daniel, Lisa. "Plan Improves Navy, Marine Corps Air Capabilities." American Forces Press Service (United States Department of Defense), 14 March 2011. Retrieved: 23 March 2011.
- ^ a b Cavas, Christopher P. "More Marines to fly carrier-variant JSFs." Marine Corps Times, 14 March 2011. Retrieved: 23 March 2011.
- ^ a b Cifuentes, Sgt Michael S. "Marine Corps continues flying with Joint Strike Fighter program." Headquarters Marine Corps, United States Marine Corps, 14 March 2011. Retrieved: 23 March 2011.
- ^ Trimble, Stephen. "US military unveils possible F-35B redesign in sweeping budget reforms." Flight International, 6 January 2011.
- ^ Pew, Glenn. "Pentagon May Cancel STOVL Version of F-35." AvWeb, January 2011. Retrieved: 10 January 2011.
- ^ Sweetman, Bill. "F-35B On Probation; New Bomber to Go Forward." Aviation Week, 7 January 2011.
- ^ "Panetta Lifts F-35 Fighter Variant Probation" American Forces Press Service, 20 January 2012
- ^ Cox, Bob. "F-35 started with recipe for trouble, analysts say."[dead link] Star Telegram, 29 January 2011.
- ^ Majumdar, Dave. "U.S. Military May Deploy F-35 Before Formal IOC." Defense News, 24 May 2011.
- ^ Ewing, Philip. "Lockheed: Many F-35B landings won’t be vertical." DoD Buzz, 7 June 2011.
- ^ Hancock, Ben D. "The STOVL Joint Strike Fighter in Support of the 21st Century Marine Corps." USMC, 1997.
- ^ Bly, Peter. "Constructability of a High Temperature Concrete Pad." Geotechnical & Structures Laboratory US Army Engineer Research & Development Center (ERDC), 14 June 2011.
- ^ Trimble, Stephen. "VIDEO: F-35B completes first shipboard vertical landing." The DEWline, 4 October 2011.
- ^ Majumdar, Dave. "USAF: F-35B cannot generate enough sorties to replace A-10." Flight Magazine, 16 May 2012.
- ^ "F-35C Carrier Variant Joint Strike Fighter (JSF)." GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved: 16 June 2010.
- ^ "F-35 Navy Version Undergoes Successful Design Review, Readies for Production." Lockheed Martin, 7 June 2007. Retrieved: 16 June 2010.
- ^ Grant, Rebecca L., PhD "Navy Speeds Up F-35." Lexington Institute, 14 September 2009. Retrieved: 20 September 2009.
- ^ "F-35C Lightning II rolled out." FrontierIndia.net, 29 July 2009.
- ^ a b c "Securing Britain in an Age of Uncertainty: The Strategic Defence and Security Review." HM Government, 19 October 2010. Retrieved: 19 October 2010.
- ^ a b Jones, Rhys. "Britain won't decide on F-35 fighter numbers till 2015." Reuters, 7 February 2012.
- ^ "CDS on the SDSR." Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom), 24 November 2010.
- ^ Wilson, Amy "Babcock says Aircraft carrier changes will add up to £800m to taxpayer bill." Telegraph Media Group, 10 November 2010.
- ^ "BBC News - Government in £100m U-turn over F35-B fighter planes". BBC Online. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-18008171. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
- ^ "JSF Engine too big for regular transport at sea." Navy Times, 30 November 2010.
- ^ Cavas, Christopher P. "U.S. Navy JSFs Resume Flight Ops After Glitch." Defense News, 24 June 2011.
- ^ "Catapult launches F-35C for the first time." Naval Air Systems Command, 27 July 2011. Retrieved: 31 December 2011
- ^ "F-35C completes jet blast deflector testing." NAVAIR, 22 August 2011. Retrieved: 23 August 2011.
- ^ Ewing, Philip. "The future is here: EMALS launches F-35." DODbuzz.com, 28 November 2011.
- ^ "F-35B STOVL."[dead link] Lockheed Martin. Retrieved: 28 July 2010.
- ^ "F-35C – CV."[dead link] Lockheed Martin. Retrieved: 28 July 2010.
- ^ "F-35 Lightning II Program Status and Fast Facts". Lockheed Martin, 13 March 2012. Retrieved: 22 May 2012.
- ^ "F-35 variants." JSF. Retrieved: 22 August 2010.
- ^ a b "The Pratt & Whitney F135". Jane's Aero Engines. Jane's Information Group, 2009. (subscription version, dated 10 July 2009).
- ^ "Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II". Jane's All the World's Aircraft. Jane's Information Group, 2010. (subscription article, dated 1 February 2010).
- ^ "Pentagon Slackens Difficult-To-Achieve JSF Performance Requirements." Inside Defense. 1 March 2012.
- ^ "F-35 brochure, p. 6."[dead link] Lockheed Martin. Retrieved: 1 April 2009.
- ^ "LockheedMartin F-35B JSF." Airtoaircombat.com. Retrieved: 15 August 2009.
- ^ "Lockheed Martin F-35 Flight Test and Production Progress Report." Lockheed Martin. February 23, 2012.
- ^ "MBDA reveals clipped-fin Meteor for F-35." Flightglobal.com, 17 September 2010. Retrieved: 4 December 2011.
- ^ "2010 Precision Strike Winter Roundtable." National Defense Industrial Association, NDIA Conference Proceedings, 3 March 2010. Retrieved: 16 November 2010.
- ^ "Nuclear Posture Review Report". Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., April 2010. Retrieved: 7 April 2010.
- ^ Freeman, Ben, (12 May 2011), JF-35's Range Falls Short of Predictions, Defence Professionals GmbH, Retrieved 18 March 2012
- Borgu, Aldo. A Big Deal: Australia's Future Air Combat Capability. Canberra: Australian Strategic Policy Institute, 2004. ISBN 1-920722-25-4.
- Gunston, Bill. Yakovlev Aircraft since 1924. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1997. ISBN 1-55750-978-6.
- Keijsper, Gerald. Lockheed F-35 Joint Strike Fighter. London: Pen & Sword Aviation, 2007. ISBN 978-1-84415-631-3.
- Kopp, Carlo and Peter Goon. "Joint Strike Fighter". Air Power Australia. Retrieved: 15 July 2007.
- Lake, Jon. "The West's Great Hope". Air Force Monthly, December 2010.
- Polmar, Norman. The Naval Institute Guide to the Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2005. ISBN 978-1-59114-685-8.
- Spick, Mike. The Illustrated Directory of Fighters. London: Salamander, 2002. ISBN 1-84065-384-1.
- Winchester, Jim. "Lockheed Martin X-35/F-35 JSF". Concept Aircraft: Prototypes, X-Planes and Experimental Aircraft. Kent, UK: Grange Books plc., 2005. ISBN 1-59223-480-1.
|
|
|
Manufacturer
designations |
|
Basic Model
Numbers
|
|
|
|
Lockheed-California
Temporary Design
Numbers
|
|
|
|
| By role |
|
Airliners and
civil transports
|
|
|
|
Military transports
|
|
|
|
Attack and bombers
|
|
|
|
Drones/UAVs
|
|
|
|
EW and
reconnaissance
|
|
|
|
Fighters
|
|
|
|
Helicopters
|
|
|
|
Maritime patrol
|
|
|
|
Trainers
|
|
|
|
Experimental
|
|
|
|
| Names |
|
|
|
|
|
| General |
|
|
| Military |
|
|
| Accidents/incidents |
|
|
| Records |
|
|
.PNG)
External videos
.jpg)
External images
