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von Braun, Wernher Filmography
- Apollo Zero (2009)
- Sputnik Mania (2007)
- Prophets of Science Fiction (2006)
- Conquering Space: The Moon and Beyond (2005)
- The Mighty Saturns Part I: The Early Saturns (2003)
- What Happened on the Moon? - An Investigation Into Apollo (2000)
- Das Dritte Reich - In Farbe (1998)
- Trinity and Beyond: The Atomic Bomb Movie (1995)
- Blood & Iron: The Story of the German War Machine (1995)
- The Last Days of World War II (1995)
- Moon Shot (1994)
- Spaceflight (1985)
- Footprints on the Moon: Apollo 11 (1969)
- Romeo und Julia 70 (1969)
- US 2000 - Was kostet der Mond? (1963)
- The Search for Truth (1962)
- Conquest of Space (1955)
- Conquest of Space (1955)
- Lyrics: play full screen play karaoke
- Wernher von Braun - Tom Lehrer
And what is it that put america in the forefront of the nuclear nations? and what is it that will make it possible to spend 20 billion dollars of your money to put some clown on the moon? well,
S good old american know-how, that's what. as provided by good old americans like dr. wernher von braun.
Gather round while I sing you of wernher von braun,
A man whose allegiance
Is ruled by expedience.
Call him a nazi, he won't even frown.
"ha, nazi schmazi," says wernher von braun.
Don't say that he's hypocritical,
Say rather that he's apolitical.
"once the rockets are up, who cares where they come down?
That's not my department," says wernher von braun.
Some have harsh words for this man of renown,
But some think our attitude
Should be one of gratitude,
Like the widows and cripples in old london town
Who owe their large pensions to wernher von braun.
You too may be a big hero,
Once you've learned to count backwards to zero.
"in german oder english I know how to count down,
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Tom Lehrer - Wernher von Braun
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:43
- Updated: 09 May 2013
http://www.amazon.com/Tom-Lehrer-Collection-CD-DVD/dp/B0039TD73G/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s;=music&qid;=1284930177&sr;=8-3 Use the above link and get the uninterrupte...
http://wn.com/Tom_Lehrer_Wernher_von_Braun
http://www.amazon.com/Tom-Lehrer-Collection-CD-DVD/dp/B0039TD73G/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s;=music&qid;=1284930177&sr;=8-3 Use the above link and get the uninterrupte...
Wernher von Braun: Rocket Man for War and Peace - Part 1.1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:19
- Updated: 03 May 2013
Part 1.1 of 3 part series.
http://wn.com/Wernher_von_Braun_Rocket_Man_for_War_and_Peace_Part_11
VON BRAUN, MAN IN SPACE , Walt Disney 1959
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:15
- Updated: 05 May 2013
VON BRAUN EXPLAIN A FUTUR VISION OF SPACE ORBITAL MISSION WITH SPACE SHUTTLE ROCKET. A POSITIVE PROPAGATING FOR HUMAN VOYAGE INTO SPACE WITH WALT DISNEY COM.
http://wn.com/VON_BRAUN,_MAN_IN_SPACE_,_Walt_Disney_1959
VON BRAUN EXPLAIN A FUTUR VISION OF SPACE ORBITAL MISSION WITH SPACE SHUTTLE ROCKET. A POSITIVE PROPAGATING FOR HUMAN VOYAGE INTO SPACE WITH WALT DISNEY COM.
- published: 13 Sep 2011
- views: 18330
- author: Mr Dan Beaumont
BBC Space Race - Race For Rockets (1944-1949)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 50:03
- Updated: 03 May 2013
We see the results of Wernher von Braun's work on the V-2 for the Nazis at Mittelwerk and Peenemünde, and his final activities within Germany during the last...
http://wn.com/BBC_Space_Race_Race_For_Rockets_1944-1949
We see the results of Wernher von Braun's work on the V-2 for the Nazis at Mittelwerk and Peenemünde, and his final activities within Germany during the last...
- published: 11 Sep 2011
- views: 19630
- author: Md.Obaej Tareq
Nazi Hunters: The Hunt for Wernher von Braun 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:00
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
http://wn.com/Nazi_Hunters_The_Hunt_for_Wernher_von_Braun_1
Werner Von Braun and the V2 Rocket 1/3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:41
- Updated: 05 May 2013
Man, Moment, Machine - Werner Von Braun and the V2 Rocket Recalling the creation of the V2 rocket during World War II by German scientist Wernher von Braun, ...
http://wn.com/Werner_Von_Braun_and_the_V2_Rocket_1_3
Man, Moment, Machine - Werner Von Braun and the V2 Rocket Recalling the creation of the V2 rocket during World War II by German scientist Wernher von Braun, ...
- published: 13 Feb 2011
- views: 6663
- author: SigMilitare
Tom Lehrer - Wernher von Braun - with intro - widescreen
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:23
- Updated: 05 May 2013
http://www.amazon.com/Tom-Lehrer-Collection-CD-DVD/dp/B0039TD73G/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s;=music&qid;=1284930177&sr;=8-3 Use the above link and get the uninterrupte...
http://wn.com/Tom_Lehrer_Wernher_von_Braun_with_intro_widescreen
http://www.amazon.com/Tom-Lehrer-Collection-CD-DVD/dp/B0039TD73G/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s;=music&qid;=1284930177&sr;=8-3 Use the above link and get the uninterrupte...
- published: 01 Dec 2008
- views: 173578
- author: 6funswede
Alien Attack Planned as described by the Disclosure Project
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:30
- Updated: 29 Apr 2013
Werner Von Braun gave Carol Rosin a work colleague a mission in 1977. To tell the world about the Nazi controlled secret goverment in the U.S.A. A large part...
http://wn.com/Alien_Attack_Planned_as_described_by_the_Disclosure_Project
Werner Von Braun gave Carol Rosin a work colleague a mission in 1977. To tell the world about the Nazi controlled secret goverment in the U.S.A. A large part...
- published: 26 Jul 2009
- views: 84353
- author: newworldhorizon
Dr. Wernher von Braun - Von den Nazis zur NASA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 44:58
- Updated: 22 Apr 2013
Doku: Von den Nazis zur NASA Dr. Wernher von Braun FAIR USE NOTICE: These Videos may contain copyrighted (©) material the use of which has not always been sp...
http://wn.com/Dr_Wernher_von_Braun_Von_den_Nazis_zur_NASA
Doku: Von den Nazis zur NASA Dr. Wernher von Braun FAIR USE NOTICE: These Videos may contain copyrighted (©) material the use of which has not always been sp...
- published: 11 Jun 2012
- views: 3875
- author: MrQuantum1963
WERNHER VON BRAUN E O FOGUETE V-2 PT 1/3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:01
- Updated: 03 May 2013
O cientista estelar de Hitler, Wernher Von Braun, se transforma no pioneiro da NASA criando o foguete V2, o primeiro aparato criado pelo homem, tão poderoso ...
http://wn.com/WERNHER_VON_BRAUN_E_O_FOGUETE_V-2_PT_1_3
O cientista estelar de Hitler, Wernher Von Braun, se transforma no pioneiro da NASA criando o foguete V2, o primeiro aparato criado pelo homem, tão poderoso ...
- published: 16 Jul 2011
- views: 5957
- author: MrDominiopublico001
Wernher von Braun, Part 2.2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:18
- Updated: 27 Apr 2013
Dr. Wernher von Braun (March 23, 1912 -- June 16, 1977) was one of the leading figures in the development of rocket technology in Germany and the United Stat...
http://wn.com/Wernher_von_Braun,_Part_22
Dr. Wernher von Braun (March 23, 1912 -- June 16, 1977) was one of the leading figures in the development of rocket technology in Germany and the United Stat...
- published: 14 Oct 2007
- views: 63053
- author: AirMan454
Dr. Wernher von Braun
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:32
- Updated: 12 Apr 2013
Dr. Wernher von Braun was inducted into the Space Camp Hall of Fame at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center in 2007.
http://wn.com/Dr_Wernher_von_Braun
Dr. Wernher von Braun was inducted into the Space Camp Hall of Fame at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center in 2007.
- published: 27 Feb 2009
- views: 46072
- author: spacecampusa
Der Raketenmann - Wernher von Braun und der Traum vom Mond - youtube.com/user/NSDokus
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 88:14
- Updated: 21 Mar 2013
Der Raketenmann - Werher von Braun und der Traum vom Mond Mehr Videos zum Thema hier: http://www.youtube.com/user/NSDokus.
http://wn.com/Der_Raketenmann_Wernher_von_Braun_und_der_Traum_vom_Mond_youtubecom_user_NSDokus
Der Raketenmann - Werher von Braun und der Traum vom Mond Mehr Videos zum Thema hier: http://www.youtube.com/user/NSDokus.
- published: 02 Oct 2012
- views: 1047
- author: NS Dokus
Wernher von Braun: Rocket Man for War and Peace - Part 1.2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:03
- Updated: 31 Mar 2013
Part 1.2 of 3 part series on Wernher von Braun.
http://wn.com/Wernher_von_Braun_Rocket_Man_for_War_and_Peace_Part_12
Part 1.2 of 3 part series on Wernher von Braun.
- published: 27 Nov 2007
- views: 19698
- author: cowboy399
Biografia di Wernher von Braun - I grandi della scienza del novecento
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 25:35
- Updated: 25 Feb 2013
Wernher Magnus Maximilian Freiherr von Braun (Wirsitz, 23 marzo 1912 -- Alexandria, 16 giugno 1977) è stato uno scienziato e ingegnere tedesco, una delle fig...
http://wn.com/Biografia_di_Wernher_von_Braun_I_grandi_della_scienza_del_novecento
Wernher Magnus Maximilian Freiherr von Braun (Wirsitz, 23 marzo 1912 -- Alexandria, 16 giugno 1977) è stato uno scienziato e ingegnere tedesco, una delle fig...
- published: 12 Jun 2012
- views: 1827
- author: Libera Scienza
Werner Von Braun De los Nazis al espacio 1 5
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:53
- Updated: 17 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/Werner_Von_Braun_De_los_Nazis_al_espacio_1_5
Wernher von Braun, Part 2.1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:05
- Updated: 02 May 2013
Dr. Wernher von Braun (March 23, 1912 -- June 16, 1977) was one of the leading figures in the development of rocket technology in Germany and the United Stat...
http://wn.com/Wernher_von_Braun,_Part_21
Dr. Wernher von Braun (March 23, 1912 -- June 16, 1977) was one of the leading figures in the development of rocket technology in Germany and the United Stat...
- published: 14 Oct 2007
- views: 79597
- author: AirMan454
The Capture of Werner von Braun
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:09
- Updated: 03 Mar 2013
A WWII 44th division veteran talks about the capture of Werner von Braun.
http://wn.com/The_Capture_of_Werner_von_Braun
A WWII 44th division veteran talks about the capture of Werner von Braun.
- published: 31 Aug 2008
- views: 8398
- author: 82NDHMINUS
Hitlers Manager (2/5) Wernher von Braun - Der Raketenmann
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 43:44
- Updated: 13 Apr 2013
Wernher von Braun gilt als einer der "Väter des Mondflugs". Er hatte eine der ganz großen Karrieren im vergangenen Jahrhundert gemacht, deren dunkle Schatten...
http://wn.com/Hitlers_Manager_2_5_Wernher_von_Braun_Der_Raketenmann
Wernher von Braun gilt als einer der "Väter des Mondflugs". Er hatte eine der ganz großen Karrieren im vergangenen Jahrhundert gemacht, deren dunkle Schatten...
- published: 14 Oct 2012
- views: 2914
- author: TheDokuPower
Dr. Wernher von Braun talks about ATSF satellite project
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:37
- Updated: 15 Apr 2013
Dr. Wernher von Braun talks about the ATSF project at Fairchild Industries in the late 1970s.
http://wn.com/Dr_Wernher_von_Braun_talks_about_ATSF_satellite_project
Dr. Wernher von Braun talks about the ATSF project at Fairchild Industries in the late 1970s.
- published: 08 Jan 2012
- views: 6734
- author: okrajoe
Wernher von Braun´s Schulzeit
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:22
- Updated: 02 May 2013
Hört nie zu lernen auf ( never stop learning ).
http://wn.com/Wernher_von_Braun´s_Schulzeit
Hört nie zu lernen auf ( never stop learning ).
- published: 07 Sep 2011
- views: 961
- author: billy19542011
WERNHER VON BRAUN E O FOGUETE V-2 PT 2./3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:01
- Updated: 24 Feb 2013
O cientista estelar de Hitler, Wernher Von Braun, se transforma no pioneiro da NASA criando o foguete V2, o primeiro aparato criado pelo homem, tão poderoso ...
http://wn.com/WERNHER_VON_BRAUN_E_O_FOGUETE_V-2_PT_2_3
O cientista estelar de Hitler, Wernher Von Braun, se transforma no pioneiro da NASA criando o foguete V2, o primeiro aparato criado pelo homem, tão poderoso ...
- published: 16 Jul 2011
- views: 2748
- author: MrDominiopublico001
Tom Lehrer - Wernher von Braun - with intro
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:16
- Updated: 02 May 2013
http://www.amazon.com/Tom-Lehrer-Collection-CD-DVD/dp/B0039TD73G/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s;=music&qid;=1284930177&sr;=8-3 Use the above link and get the uninterrupte...
http://wn.com/Tom_Lehrer_Wernher_von_Braun_with_intro
http://www.amazon.com/Tom-Lehrer-Collection-CD-DVD/dp/B0039TD73G/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s;=music&qid;=1284930177&sr;=8-3 Use the above link and get the uninterrupte...
- published: 11 Jul 2009
- views: 86732
- author: 6funswede
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Apollo 17 interview with Von Braun & Walter Cronkite, Dec. 6, 1972
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 24:55
- Updated: 04 May 2013
TV network launch coverage before the Apollo 17 launch. ABC, NBC and CBS. Apollo 17 Part 2 Evening News Reports. Thanks zellco321 on you tube.
http://wn.com/Apollo_17_interview_with_Von_Braun_Walter_Cronkite,_Dec_6,_1972
TV network launch coverage before the Apollo 17 launch. ABC, NBC and CBS. Apollo 17 Part 2 Evening News Reports. Thanks zellco321 on you tube.
- published: 07 Oct 2011
- views: 12728
- author: Mr Dan Beaumont
Wernher von Braun: The Rocket Man - PART 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:12
- Updated: 19 Feb 2013
The documentary "Wernher von Braun: The Rocket Man," premiered Monday at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center during the celebration of the 40th anniversary of the...
http://wn.com/Wernher_von_Braun_The_Rocket_Man_PART_1
The documentary "Wernher von Braun: The Rocket Man," premiered Monday at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center during the celebration of the 40th anniversary of the...
- published: 03 Aug 2009
- views: 9779
- author: camilabacconi
Wernher von Braun, Part 2.1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:05
- Updated: 02 May 2013
Dr. Wernher von Braun (March 23, 1912 -- June 16, 1977) was one of the leading figures in the development of rocket technology in Germany and the United Stat...
http://wn.com/Wernher_von_Braun,_Part_21
Dr. Wernher von Braun (March 23, 1912 -- June 16, 1977) was one of the leading figures in the development of rocket technology in Germany and the United Stat...
- published: 14 Oct 2007
- views: 79597
- author: AirMan454
VON BRAUN, MAN IN SPACE , Walt Disney 1959
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:15
- Updated: 05 May 2013
VON BRAUN EXPLAIN A FUTUR VISION OF SPACE ORBITAL MISSION WITH SPACE SHUTTLE ROCKET. A POSITIVE PROPAGATING FOR HUMAN VOYAGE INTO SPACE WITH WALT DISNEY COM.
http://wn.com/VON_BRAUN,_MAN_IN_SPACE_,_Walt_Disney_1959
VON BRAUN EXPLAIN A FUTUR VISION OF SPACE ORBITAL MISSION WITH SPACE SHUTTLE ROCKET. A POSITIVE PROPAGATING FOR HUMAN VOYAGE INTO SPACE WITH WALT DISNEY COM.
- published: 13 Sep 2011
- views: 18330
- author: Mr Dan Beaumont
Wernher von Braun, Part 2.2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:18
- Updated: 27 Apr 2013
Dr. Wernher von Braun (March 23, 1912 -- June 16, 1977) was one of the leading figures in the development of rocket technology in Germany and the United Stat...
http://wn.com/Wernher_von_Braun,_Part_22
Dr. Wernher von Braun (March 23, 1912 -- June 16, 1977) was one of the leading figures in the development of rocket technology in Germany and the United Stat...
- published: 14 Oct 2007
- views: 63053
- author: AirMan454
Wernher von Braun: Rocket Man for War and Peace - Part 1.1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:19
- Updated: 03 May 2013
Part 1.1 of 3 part series.
http://wn.com/Wernher_von_Braun_Rocket_Man_for_War_and_Peace_Part_11
BBC Space Race - Race For Rockets (1944-1949)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 50:03
- Updated: 03 May 2013
We see the results of Wernher von Braun's work on the V-2 for the Nazis at Mittelwerk and Peenemünde, and his final activities within Germany during the last...
http://wn.com/BBC_Space_Race_Race_For_Rockets_1944-1949
We see the results of Wernher von Braun's work on the V-2 for the Nazis at Mittelwerk and Peenemünde, and his final activities within Germany during the last...
- published: 11 Sep 2011
- views: 19630
- author: Md.Obaej Tareq
Dr. Wernher von Braun talks about ATSF satellite project
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:37
- Updated: 15 Apr 2013
Dr. Wernher von Braun talks about the ATSF project at Fairchild Industries in the late 1970s.
http://wn.com/Dr_Wernher_von_Braun_talks_about_ATSF_satellite_project
Dr. Wernher von Braun talks about the ATSF project at Fairchild Industries in the late 1970s.
- published: 08 Jan 2012
- views: 6734
- author: okrajoe
Dr. Wernher von Braun - Von den Nazis zur NASA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 44:58
- Updated: 22 Apr 2013
Doku: Von den Nazis zur NASA Dr. Wernher von Braun FAIR USE NOTICE: These Videos may contain copyrighted (©) material the use of which has not always been sp...
http://wn.com/Dr_Wernher_von_Braun_Von_den_Nazis_zur_NASA
Doku: Von den Nazis zur NASA Dr. Wernher von Braun FAIR USE NOTICE: These Videos may contain copyrighted (©) material the use of which has not always been sp...
- published: 11 Jun 2012
- views: 3875
- author: MrQuantum1963
Nazi Hunters: The Hunt for Wernher von Braun 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:00
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
http://wn.com/Nazi_Hunters_The_Hunt_for_Wernher_von_Braun_1
Wernher von Braun Interview - und Explorer 1 (1958 Alpha 1)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 25:28
- Updated: 26 Apr 2013
Aus Erster Hand: Freiherr Wernher von Braun und 01.02.1958: Explorer - Amerikas erster Satellit. Nach dem katastrophalen Ausgang der ersten Startversuchs ein...
http://wn.com/Wernher_von_Braun_Interview_und_Explorer_1_1958_Alpha_1
Aus Erster Hand: Freiherr Wernher von Braun und 01.02.1958: Explorer - Amerikas erster Satellit. Nach dem katastrophalen Ausgang der ersten Startversuchs ein...
- published: 08 Oct 2012
- views: 736
- author: MrQuantum1963
Werner Von Braun and the V2 Rocket 1/3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:41
- Updated: 05 May 2013
Man, Moment, Machine - Werner Von Braun and the V2 Rocket Recalling the creation of the V2 rocket during World War II by German scientist Wernher von Braun, ...
http://wn.com/Werner_Von_Braun_and_the_V2_Rocket_1_3
Man, Moment, Machine - Werner Von Braun and the V2 Rocket Recalling the creation of the V2 rocket during World War II by German scientist Wernher von Braun, ...
- published: 13 Feb 2011
- views: 6663
- author: SigMilitare
Dr. Wernher von Braun
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:32
- Updated: 12 Apr 2013
Dr. Wernher von Braun was inducted into the Space Camp Hall of Fame at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center in 2007.
http://wn.com/Dr_Wernher_von_Braun
Dr. Wernher von Braun was inducted into the Space Camp Hall of Fame at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center in 2007.
- published: 27 Feb 2009
- views: 46072
- author: spacecampusa
Wernher von Braun´s Schulzeit
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:22
- Updated: 02 May 2013
Hört nie zu lernen auf ( never stop learning ).
http://wn.com/Wernher_von_Braun´s_Schulzeit
Hört nie zu lernen auf ( never stop learning ).
- published: 07 Sep 2011
- views: 961
- author: billy19542011
Alien Attack Planned as described by the Disclosure Project
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:30
- Updated: 29 Apr 2013
Werner Von Braun gave Carol Rosin a work colleague a mission in 1977. To tell the world about the Nazi controlled secret goverment in the U.S.A. A large part...
http://wn.com/Alien_Attack_Planned_as_described_by_the_Disclosure_Project
Werner Von Braun gave Carol Rosin a work colleague a mission in 1977. To tell the world about the Nazi controlled secret goverment in the U.S.A. A large part...
- published: 26 Jul 2009
- views: 84353
- author: newworldhorizon
The Capture of Werner von Braun
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:09
- Updated: 03 Mar 2013
A WWII 44th division veteran talks about the capture of Werner von Braun.
http://wn.com/The_Capture_of_Werner_von_Braun
A WWII 44th division veteran talks about the capture of Werner von Braun.
- published: 31 Aug 2008
- views: 8398
- author: 82NDHMINUS
Der Raketenmann - Wernher von Braun und der Traum vom Mond - youtube.com/user/NSDokus
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 88:14
- Updated: 21 Mar 2013
Der Raketenmann - Werher von Braun und der Traum vom Mond Mehr Videos zum Thema hier: http://www.youtube.com/user/NSDokus.
http://wn.com/Der_Raketenmann_Wernher_von_Braun_und_der_Traum_vom_Mond_youtubecom_user_NSDokus
Der Raketenmann - Werher von Braun und der Traum vom Mond Mehr Videos zum Thema hier: http://www.youtube.com/user/NSDokus.
- published: 02 Oct 2012
- views: 1047
- author: NS Dokus
WERNHER VON BRAUN E O FOGUETE V-2 PT 1/3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:01
- Updated: 03 May 2013
O cientista estelar de Hitler, Wernher Von Braun, se transforma no pioneiro da NASA criando o foguete V2, o primeiro aparato criado pelo homem, tão poderoso ...
http://wn.com/WERNHER_VON_BRAUN_E_O_FOGUETE_V-2_PT_1_3
O cientista estelar de Hitler, Wernher Von Braun, se transforma no pioneiro da NASA criando o foguete V2, o primeiro aparato criado pelo homem, tão poderoso ...
- published: 16 Jul 2011
- views: 5957
- author: MrDominiopublico001
Wernher von Braun: Rocket Man for War and Peace - Part 1.2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:03
- Updated: 31 Mar 2013
Part 1.2 of 3 part series on Wernher von Braun.
http://wn.com/Wernher_von_Braun_Rocket_Man_for_War_and_Peace_Part_12
Part 1.2 of 3 part series on Wernher von Braun.
- published: 27 Nov 2007
- views: 19698
- author: cowboy399
VON BRAUN BEFORE APOLLO 8, INTERVIEW PART-2, SRC, November 1968, French
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:02
- Updated: 12 Apr 2013
Voici une entrevue avec Von Braun concepteur en chef de la fusée Saturn 5-Apollo et Raymond Charrette animateur de la populaire émission de style magazine sc...
http://wn.com/VON_BRAUN_BEFORE_APOLLO_8,_INTERVIEW_PART-2,_SRC,_November_1968,_French
Voici une entrevue avec Von Braun concepteur en chef de la fusée Saturn 5-Apollo et Raymond Charrette animateur de la populaire émission de style magazine sc...
- published: 10 Oct 2011
- views: 5850
- author: Mr Dan Beaumont
Tom Lehrer - Wernher von Braun
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:43
- Updated: 09 May 2013
http://www.amazon.com/Tom-Lehrer-Collection-CD-DVD/dp/B0039TD73G/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s;=music&qid;=1284930177&sr;=8-3 Use the above link and get the uninterrupte...
http://wn.com/Tom_Lehrer_Wernher_von_Braun
http://www.amazon.com/Tom-Lehrer-Collection-CD-DVD/dp/B0039TD73G/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s;=music&qid;=1284930177&sr;=8-3 Use the above link and get the uninterrupte...
- published: 05 Jul 2007
- views: 738618
- author: 6funswede
Biografia di Wernher von Braun - I grandi della scienza del novecento
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 25:35
- Updated: 25 Feb 2013
Wernher Magnus Maximilian Freiherr von Braun (Wirsitz, 23 marzo 1912 -- Alexandria, 16 giugno 1977) è stato uno scienziato e ingegnere tedesco, una delle fig...
http://wn.com/Biografia_di_Wernher_von_Braun_I_grandi_della_scienza_del_novecento
Wernher Magnus Maximilian Freiherr von Braun (Wirsitz, 23 marzo 1912 -- Alexandria, 16 giugno 1977) è stato uno scienziato e ingegnere tedesco, una delle fig...
- published: 12 Jun 2012
- views: 1827
- author: Libera Scienza
H.Oberth und W.von Braun 24.06.1969
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:14
- Updated: 06 Sep 2012
http://wn.com/HOberth_und_Wvon_Braun_24061969
24:55
Apollo 17 interview with Von Braun & Walter Cronkite, Dec. 6, 1972
TV network launch coverage before the Apollo 17 launch. ABC, NBC and CBS. Apollo 17 Part 2...
published: 07 Oct 2011
author: Mr Dan Beaumont
Apollo 17 interview with Von Braun & Walter Cronkite, Dec. 6, 1972
TV network launch coverage before the Apollo 17 launch. ABC, NBC and CBS. Apollo 17 Part 2 Evening News Reports. Thanks zellco321 on you tube.
- published: 07 Oct 2011
- views: 12728
- author: Mr Dan Beaumont
4:12
Wernher von Braun: The Rocket Man - PART 1
The documentary "Wernher von Braun: The Rocket Man," premiered Monday at the U.S. Space & ...
published: 03 Aug 2009
author: camilabacconi
Wernher von Braun: The Rocket Man - PART 1
The documentary "Wernher von Braun: The Rocket Man," premiered Monday at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center during the celebration of the 40th anniversary of the...
- published: 03 Aug 2009
- views: 9779
- author: camilabacconi
9:05
Wernher von Braun, Part 2.1
Dr. Wernher von Braun (March 23, 1912 -- June 16, 1977) was one of the leading figures in ...
published: 14 Oct 2007
author: AirMan454
Wernher von Braun, Part 2.1
Dr. Wernher von Braun (March 23, 1912 -- June 16, 1977) was one of the leading figures in the development of rocket technology in Germany and the United Stat...
- published: 14 Oct 2007
- views: 79597
- author: AirMan454
6:15
VON BRAUN, MAN IN SPACE , Walt Disney 1959
VON BRAUN EXPLAIN A FUTUR VISION OF SPACE ORBITAL MISSION WITH SPACE SHUTTLE ROCKET. A POS...
published: 13 Sep 2011
author: Mr Dan Beaumont
VON BRAUN, MAN IN SPACE , Walt Disney 1959
VON BRAUN EXPLAIN A FUTUR VISION OF SPACE ORBITAL MISSION WITH SPACE SHUTTLE ROCKET. A POSITIVE PROPAGATING FOR HUMAN VOYAGE INTO SPACE WITH WALT DISNEY COM.
- published: 13 Sep 2011
- views: 18330
- author: Mr Dan Beaumont
9:18
Wernher von Braun, Part 2.2
Dr. Wernher von Braun (March 23, 1912 -- June 16, 1977) was one of the leading figures in ...
published: 14 Oct 2007
author: AirMan454
Wernher von Braun, Part 2.2
Dr. Wernher von Braun (March 23, 1912 -- June 16, 1977) was one of the leading figures in the development of rocket technology in Germany and the United Stat...
- published: 14 Oct 2007
- views: 63053
- author: AirMan454
50:03
BBC Space Race - Race For Rockets (1944-1949)
We see the results of Wernher von Braun's work on the V-2 for the Nazis at Mittelwerk and ...
published: 11 Sep 2011
author: Md.Obaej Tareq
BBC Space Race - Race For Rockets (1944-1949)
We see the results of Wernher von Braun's work on the V-2 for the Nazis at Mittelwerk and Peenemünde, and his final activities within Germany during the last...
- published: 11 Sep 2011
- views: 19630
- author: Md.Obaej Tareq
3:37
Dr. Wernher von Braun talks about ATSF satellite project
Dr. Wernher von Braun talks about the ATSF project at Fairchild Industries in the late 197...
published: 08 Jan 2012
author: okrajoe
Dr. Wernher von Braun talks about ATSF satellite project
Dr. Wernher von Braun talks about the ATSF project at Fairchild Industries in the late 1970s.
- published: 08 Jan 2012
- views: 6734
- author: okrajoe
44:58
Dr. Wernher von Braun - Von den Nazis zur NASA
Doku: Von den Nazis zur NASA Dr. Wernher von Braun FAIR USE NOTICE: These Videos may conta...
published: 11 Jun 2012
author: MrQuantum1963
Dr. Wernher von Braun - Von den Nazis zur NASA
Doku: Von den Nazis zur NASA Dr. Wernher von Braun FAIR USE NOTICE: These Videos may contain copyrighted (©) material the use of which has not always been sp...
- published: 11 Jun 2012
- views: 3875
- author: MrQuantum1963
15:00
Nazi Hunters: The Hunt for Wernher von Braun 1
...
published: 27 Jun 2011
author: EvilFingers
Nazi Hunters: The Hunt for Wernher von Braun 1
- published: 27 Jun 2011
- views: 14928
- author: EvilFingers
25:28
Wernher von Braun Interview - und Explorer 1 (1958 Alpha 1)
Aus Erster Hand: Freiherr Wernher von Braun und 01.02.1958: Explorer - Amerikas erster Sat...
published: 08 Oct 2012
author: MrQuantum1963
Wernher von Braun Interview - und Explorer 1 (1958 Alpha 1)
Aus Erster Hand: Freiherr Wernher von Braun und 01.02.1958: Explorer - Amerikas erster Satellit. Nach dem katastrophalen Ausgang der ersten Startversuchs ein...
- published: 08 Oct 2012
- views: 736
- author: MrQuantum1963
14:41
Werner Von Braun and the V2 Rocket 1/3
Man, Moment, Machine - Werner Von Braun and the V2 Rocket Recalling the creation of the V2...
published: 13 Feb 2011
author: SigMilitare
Werner Von Braun and the V2 Rocket 1/3
Man, Moment, Machine - Werner Von Braun and the V2 Rocket Recalling the creation of the V2 rocket during World War II by German scientist Wernher von Braun, ...
- published: 13 Feb 2011
- views: 6663
- author: SigMilitare
4:32
Dr. Wernher von Braun
Dr. Wernher von Braun was inducted into the Space Camp Hall of Fame at the U.S. Space & Ro...
published: 27 Feb 2009
author: spacecampusa
Dr. Wernher von Braun
Dr. Wernher von Braun was inducted into the Space Camp Hall of Fame at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center in 2007.
- published: 27 Feb 2009
- views: 46072
- author: spacecampusa
7:22
Wernher von Braun´s Schulzeit
Hört nie zu lernen auf ( never stop learning )....
published: 07 Sep 2011
author: billy19542011
Wernher von Braun´s Schulzeit
Hört nie zu lernen auf ( never stop learning ).
- published: 07 Sep 2011
- views: 961
- author: billy19542011
Vimeo results:
0:20
Quantum Quotes: Wernher von Braun
published: 08 Jan 2012
author: Art2Gold
Quantum Quotes: Wernher von Braun
0:20
Quantum Quotes: Wernher von Braun
published: 08 Jan 2012
author: Peter Fonteece
Quantum Quotes: Wernher von Braun
1:13
Wernher von Braun: Parabolic/Diabolic Trajectory
Explore duality of Wernher von Braun.
German American Hero, Director of NASA and Ex-Nazi s...
published: 13 Dec 2012
author: Gordon F. Choi
Wernher von Braun: Parabolic/Diabolic Trajectory
Explore duality of Wernher von Braun.
German American Hero, Director of NASA and Ex-Nazi scientist.
56:16
Missile to Moon
Missile to Moon, a new production from APT’s award-winning documentary team, tells the sto...
published: 22 Mar 2012
author: Alabama Public Television
Missile to Moon
Missile to Moon, a new production from APT’s award-winning documentary team, tells the story of Wernher von Braun and Alabama’s significant contribution to the exploration of space. The program will track the evolution of Huntsville from the “Watercress Capital of the World” to “Rocket City, USA,” Wernher von Braun’s journey from German Rocket Engineer to American Hero, and the role this unlikely combination played in thrusting the United States into the forefront of the Space Age.
Youtube results:
6:30
Alien Attack Planned as described by the Disclosure Project
Werner Von Braun gave Carol Rosin a work colleague a mission in 1977. To tell the world ab...
published: 26 Jul 2009
author: newworldhorizon
Alien Attack Planned as described by the Disclosure Project
Werner Von Braun gave Carol Rosin a work colleague a mission in 1977. To tell the world about the Nazi controlled secret goverment in the U.S.A. A large part...
- published: 26 Jul 2009
- views: 84353
- author: newworldhorizon
9:09
The Capture of Werner von Braun
A WWII 44th division veteran talks about the capture of Werner von Braun....
published: 31 Aug 2008
author: 82NDHMINUS
The Capture of Werner von Braun
A WWII 44th division veteran talks about the capture of Werner von Braun.
- published: 31 Aug 2008
- views: 8398
- author: 82NDHMINUS
88:14
Der Raketenmann - Wernher von Braun und der Traum vom Mond - youtube.com/user/NSDokus
Der Raketenmann - Werher von Braun und der Traum vom Mond Mehr Videos zum Thema hier: http...
published: 02 Oct 2012
author: NS Dokus
Der Raketenmann - Wernher von Braun und der Traum vom Mond - youtube.com/user/NSDokus
Der Raketenmann - Werher von Braun und der Traum vom Mond Mehr Videos zum Thema hier: http://www.youtube.com/user/NSDokus.
- published: 02 Oct 2012
- views: 1047
- author: NS Dokus
15:01
WERNHER VON BRAUN E O FOGUETE V-2 PT 1/3
O cientista estelar de Hitler, Wernher Von Braun, se transforma no pioneiro da NASA criand...
published: 16 Jul 2011
author: MrDominiopublico001
WERNHER VON BRAUN E O FOGUETE V-2 PT 1/3
O cientista estelar de Hitler, Wernher Von Braun, se transforma no pioneiro da NASA criando o foguete V2, o primeiro aparato criado pelo homem, tão poderoso ...
- published: 16 Jul 2011
- views: 5957
- author: MrDominiopublico001
photo: AP / Family Handout courtesy WOIO-TV
08 May 2013
CLEVELAND - In the years after his friend's daughter vanished while walking home from school, Ariel Castro handed out fliers with the 14-year-old's photo and performed music at a fundraiser held in her honor. When neighbors gathered for a candlelight vigil just a year ago to remember the girl, Castro was there too, comforting the girl's mother ... He would not say who the father was ... The house was always locked, he said ... ....(size: 9.3Kb)
photo: AP / Roadell Hickman
09 May 2013
Gina DeJesus gives a thumbs-up to well-wishers as she arrives Wednesday at her family home in Cleveland after a decade in captivity with two other women. The man suspected of being her captor has been charged with kidnapping and rape. (Emmanuel Dunand, AFP/Getty Images) ... The two other men who were arrested after the women were discovered will not be charged in the case, authorities said in a news conference ... All rights reserved. ....(size: 5.9Kb)
photo: AP / Julio Cortez
08 May 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. "In America you have a right to be stupid-if you want to be. And you have a right to be disconnected to somebody else if you want to be." -Secretary of State John Kerry. It's hard not to become self-radicalized in the United States of America these days. Both Tamerlan and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, the suspected Boston Marathon Bombers, internalized this harsh and deadly truth ... "Terrorista #1."...(size: 5.6Kb)
photo: AP / Yves Logghe
08 May 2013
. Share. 0. More than 30 suspects in a spectacular $50 million diamond heist have been rounded up in three countries and at least some of the precious stones have been recovered, Belgian and Swiss officials said today. The sweep operation started Tuesday with an arrest of a man in France and Swiss police arrested six other people said Anja Bijnens of the state prosecutor's office in Brussels ... The robbery was carried out on Feb ... ....(size: 4.5Kb)
photo: AP / Shaam News Network via AP video
09 May 2013
Tweet. London, May 9 (ANI). Syria's main armed opposition group, the Free Syrian Army (FSA), is losing fighters and capabilities to Jabhat al-Nusra, an Islamist organisation with links to al-Qaida. The group is fast emerging as the best-equipped, financed and motivated force fighting Bashar al-Assad's regime ... (ANI). Post comments.. ) .. ).. Comments.. HOME . . . . . . .. . . .. ....(size: 1.8Kb)
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Denver Post
07 May 2013
Cast members Robert Downey Jr. and Gwyneth Paltrow pose at the premiere of "Iron Man 3" at El Capitan theatre in Hollywood, California April 24, 2013. The movie opens in the U.S. on May 3. REUTERS/Mario Anzuoni (UNITED STATES - Tags. ENTERTAINMENT) (MARIO ANZUONI) ... Then, instead of squabbling over Tony, they talk corporate ethics, defense contracts, the purity of research versus applied science, and Wernher von Braun ... All rights reserved. ....(size: 3.6Kb)
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Al Jazeera
07 May 2013
The second phase of a presidential election audit in Venezuela begins on Monday. Opposition leader Henrique Capriles has already boycotted the process, saying it does not go far enough. Meanwhile, even supporters of Nicolas Maduro are impatient for the new president to tackle problems ranging from power cuts to inflation ... Al Jazeera's Rachel Levin reports from Caracas. 78 Source.. Al Jazeera ... Interactive ... UN ... Wernher von Braun ... UN ... ....(size: 4.9Kb)
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Al Jazeera
07 May 2013
The teenager accused of lying to FBI agents in the Boston Marathon bombing case has been freed on bail pending a later trial date. While out on bail, Robel Phillipos will be under the custody of his mother and must wear a GPS bracelet, US Magistrate Judge Marianne Bowler ordered in federal court in Boston on Monday ... He was not charged with direct involvement in the attack ... 288 Source.. Agencies. Featured on Al Jazeera ... Wernher von Braun ... ....(size: 6.4Kb)
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Al Jazeera
07 May 2013
North Korea has moved two missiles from launch sites on the country's eastern coast, after weeks of concern that Pyongyang had been poised for a test-launch. A US defence official said on Monday that Washington did not believe the Musudan missiles had gone to an alternate launch site and that they were now believed to be in a non-operational location ... "I wouldn't again comment on intelligence ... 389 Source.. Agencies ... UN ... Wernher von Braun ... ....(size: 7.1Kb)
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The Examiner
06 May 2013
Wernher Magnus Maximilian, Freiherr von Braun was born on March 23, 1912, in Wirsitz, Province of Posen, then a part of the German Empire, and was the second of three sons ... — Wernher von Braun (Quoted in Bob Phillips, Phillips' Book of Great Thoughts & Funny Sayings 1993) ... — Wernher von Braun(Wernher von Braun article in This Week Magazine 24 Jan 1960) ... (Speech, Huntsville Ministerial Association, in Wernher Von Braun and Irene E....(size: 9.9Kb)
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Al Jazeera
06 May 2013
Lawyers for Kenyans tortured during a rebellion against colonial rule in the 1950s have said they are negotiating with the British government over a possible settlement. An agreement to pay compensation could have broad implications for thousands of people who say they were abused by authorities in Britain's former colonies ... 307 Source.. Associated Press. Featured on Al Jazeera. Interactive ... UN ... Wernher von Braun ... ....(size: 6.9Kb)
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Al Jazeera
06 May 2013
Hundreds of pro-independence Sahrawi activists have marched in Laayoune, the Western Sahara's largest city, over the weekend in the region's biggest protest in several decades, according to Moroccan media reports. About 500 people marched peacefully late on Saturday afternoon, but violence broke out in the evening after the protest, wounding 21 policemen, several newspapers reported on Monday ... AFP ... Wernher von Braun....(size: 7.5Kb)
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Al Jazeera
04 May 2013
The US economy added 165,000 jobs for the month of April, exceeding expectations while driving down the unemployment rate to a four-year low of 7.5 percent. The US labour department report released on Friday also revised sharply upward the job numbers for February and March, adding 114,000 new jobs, higher than previously reported ... "Consumers are feeling better ... In April 2012, the jobless rate was 8.1 percent ... Wernher von Braun ... ....(size: 7.5Kb)
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Al Jazeera
03 May 2013
On Thursday, September 20, 1945, Wernher von Braun arrived at Fort Strong ... That he was responsible for both the deadly Nazi V-2 and NASA's majestic Saturn V makes Wernher von Braun a controversial historical figure ... Wernher von Braun's love affair with space, which was at odds with his upbringing, began when his mother Emmy gave him a telescope for his thirteenth birthday ... Wernher von Braun....(size: 14.7Kb)
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Wall Street Journal
12 Apr 2013
By MICHAEL Z. WISE. In the darkened auditorium, the monumental image looked familiar. But the description was not ... Close ... He pours scorn on modernists like Le Corbusier, saying of his urban plans that "even the cruelest dictators would not impose such incubi on their subjects," and argues that the Allies should have spared Speer from prosecution just as they allowed former Nazis, like scientist the Wernher von Braun, to work in the U.S ... ....(size: 9.7Kb)
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Al Jazeera
11 Apr 2013
The funeral has taken place of a Russian journalist who died five years after a brutal attack during which he suffered brain damage. Mikhail Beketov was among the first to raise alarm about the destruction of Khimki forest during a highway construction project. He had suspicions that local officials were profiting from the project. Beketov died on Monday in hospital. His attackers were never identified ... ... UN ... Viewed ... Wernher von Braun....(size: 4.8Kb)
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Universe Today
10 Apr 2013
Want to stay on top of all the space news? Follow @universetoday on Twitter. Artist’s rendition of TESS in space. (Credit. MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics Research). Move over Kepler. NASA has recently green-lighted two new missions as part of its Astrophysics Explorer Program. Remove this ad ... (Credit ... (From left) William Pickering, James Van Allen, and Wernher von Braun hold aloft a mock up of Explorer 1 shortly after launch....(size: 7.7Kb)
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Huffington Post
08 Apr 2013
Today however, a nation's wealth, and its potential is as likely to be measured by the percentage of that country's economy that replicates Silicon Valley as by the amount of steel mills it has ... There are few better examples of this than when the United States and the Soviet Union competed with each other to "capture/attract" various German scientists at the end of World War II such as the renowned rocket scientist Wernher von Braun ... ....(size: 6.2Kb)
| Wernher von Braun | |
|---|---|
 Von Braun at his desk at Marshall Space Flight Center in May 1964, with models of the Saturn rocket family |
|
| Born | Wernher Magnus Maximilian Freiherr von Braun (1912-03-23)March 23, 1912 Wirsitz, German Empire |
| Died | June 16, 1977(1977-06-16) (aged 65) Alexandria, Virginia, United States |
| Cause of death | Pancreatic cancer |
| Resting place | Alexandria, Virginia, United States |
| Nationality | German, American |
| Alma mater | Technical University of Berlin |
| Occupation | Rocket engineer and designer |
| Spouse | Maria Luise von Quistorp (m. 1947–1977) «start: (1947)–end+1: (1978)»"Marriage: Maria Luise von Quistorp to Wernher von Braun" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Wernher_von_Braun) |
| Children | Iris Careen von Braun Margrit Cecile von Braun Peter Constantine von Braun |
| Parents | Magnus von Braun (senior) (1877–1972) Emmy von Quistorp (1886–1959) |
| Military career | |
| Allegiance | Nazi Germany |
| Service/branch | SS |
| Years of service | 1937–1945 |
| Rank | Sturmbannführer, SS |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
| Awards | Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross (1944) War Merit Cross, First Class with Swords (1943) |
| Other work | Rocket engineer, NASA, Built the Saturn V rocket of the Apollo manned moon missions |
Wernher Magnus Maximilian, Freiherr[1] von Braun (March 23, 1912 – June 16, 1977) was a German-born rocket scientist, aerospace engineer, space architect, and one of the leading figures in the development of rocket technology in Nazi Germany during World War II and, subsequently, the United States.
In his 20s and early 30s, von Braun was the central figure in Germany's rocket development program, responsible for the design and realization of the V-2 combat rocket during World War II. After the war, he and some of his rocket team were taken to the United States as part of the then-secret Operation Paperclip. Von Braun worked on the United States Army intermediate range ballistic missile (IRBM) program before his group was assimilated by NASA, under which he served as director of the newly formed Marshall Space Flight Center and as the chief architect of the Saturn V launch vehicle, the superbooster that propelled the Apollo spacecraft to the Moon.[2] According to one NASA source, he is "without doubt, the greatest rocket scientist in history".[3] His crowning achievement was to lead the development of the Saturn V booster rocket that helped land the first men on the Moon in July 1969.[4] In 1975 he received the National Medal of Science.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Wernher von Braun was born in Wirsitz (Wyrzysk), Province of Posen, then a part of the German Empire, and was the second of three sons. He belonged to an aristocratic family, inheriting the German title of Freiherr (equivalent to Baron). His father, conservative civil servant Magnus Freiherr von Braun (1878–1972), served as a Minister of Agriculture in the Federal Cabinet during the Weimar Republic. His mother, Emmy von Quistorp (1886–1959), could trace her ancestry through both parents to medieval European royalty, a descendant of Philip III of France, Valdemar I of Denmark, Robert III of Scotland, and Edward III of England.[5][6] Through Edward III, Von Braun would be a descendant of Mieszko I of Poland and Charlemagne.[citation needed] Von Braun had a younger brother, also named Magnus Freiherr von Braun.[7] After Wernher von Braun's Lutheran confirmation, his mother gave him a telescope, and he developed a passion for astronomy. When Wyrzysk was transferred to Poland at the end of World War I, his family, like many other German families, moved to Germany. They settled in Berlin, where 12-year-old von Braun, inspired by speed records established by Max Valier and Fritz von Opel in rocket-propelled cars,[8] caused a major disruption in a crowded street by detonating a toy wagon to which he had attached a number of fireworks. He was taken into custody by the local police until his father came to collect him.
Wernher von Braun was an accomplished amateur musician who could play Beethoven and Bach from memory. Von Braun learned to play the cello and the piano at an early age and originally wanted to become a composer. He took lessons from composer, Paul Hindemith. The few pieces of von Braun’s youthful compositions that exist are reminiscent of Hindemith’s style.[9]
Beginning in 1925, von Braun attended a boarding school at Ettersburg Castle near Weimar where he did not do well in physics and mathematics. In 1928 his parents moved him to the Hermann-Lietz-Internat (also a residential school) on the East Frisian North Sea island of Spiekeroog. There he acquired a copy of Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen (1929) (By Rocket into Interplanetary Space) (in German)[10] by rocket pioneer Hermann Oberth. Space travel had always fascinated von Braun, and from then on he applied himself to physics and mathematics to pursue his interest in rocket engineering.
In 1930 he attended the Technical University of Berlin, where he joined the Verein für Raumschiffahrt (VfR, the "Spaceflight Society") and assisted Willy Ley in his liquid-fueled rocket motor tests in conjunction with Hermann Oberth.[11] He also studied at ETH Zurich. Although he worked mainly on military rockets in his later years there, space travel remained his primary interest.
The following episode from the early 1930s is telling in this respect. At this time von Braun attended a presentation given by Auguste Piccard. After the talk the young student approached the famous pioneer of high-altitude balloon flight, and stated to him: "You know, I plan on travelling to the Moon at some time." Piccard is said to have responded with encouraging words.[12]
He was greatly influenced by Oberth, and he said of him:
Hermann Oberth was the first, who when thinking about the possibility of spaceships grabbed a slide-rule and presented mathematically analyzed concepts and designs.... I, myself, owe to him not only the guiding-star of my life, but also my first contact with the theoretical and practical aspects of rocketry and space travel. A place of honor should be reserved in the history of science and technology for his ground-breaking contributions in the field of astronautics.[13]
German career[link]
Involvement with the Nazi regime[link]
Party membership[link]
Von Braun had an ambivalent and complex relationship with the regime of the Third Reich. He officially applied for membership in the NSDAP on November 12, 1937 and was issued membership number 5,738,692.[14]
Ten years later he stated in an affidavit for the U.S. Army:
- "In 1939, I was officially demanded to join the National Socialist Party. At this time I was already Technical Director at the Army Rocket Center at Peenemünde (Baltic Sea). The technical work carried out there had, in the meantime, attracted more and more attention in higher levels. Thus, my refusal to join the party would have meant that I would have to abandon the work of my life. Therefore, I decided to join. My membership in the party did not involve any political activity."[citation needed] [Whether von Braun's error with regard to the year was deliberate or a simple mistake has never been ascertained].
Michael J. Neufeld, the acclaimed author and chief of the Space History Division at the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum, writes:
- "Von Braun, like other Peenemünders, was assigned to the local group in Karlshagen; there is no evidence that he did more than send in his monthly dues. But he is seen in some photographs with the party's swastika pin in his lapel - it was politically useful to demonstrate his membership."[citation needed]
As for his attitude toward the National Socialist regime in the late 1930s and early 1940s, there can be little doubt that he was a loyal, perhaps mildly enthusiastic subject of Hitler's dictatorship. With the Führer going from success to success -- eliminating unemployment, tearing up the Versailles Treaty, rearming, reoccupying the Rhineland, and then in 1938 absorbing Austria and the Czech Sudetenland without war -- there is no doubt that the regime, but above all Hitler, had become immensely popular. Von Braun, a German nationalist immersed in a military environment, doubtlessly found much he could like about these accomplishments, and little reason to be disturbed, especially in view of how much money had been poured into his beloved rocketry as a result of rearmament. He admitted in a 1952 memoir article that he "fared relatively rather well under totalitarialism."[15]
Membership in the Allgemeine SS[link]
Von Braun joined the Allgemeine SS, which was not an armed unit. In 1947, he gave the U.S. War Department this explanation:
- "In spring 1940, one SS-Standartenfuehrer (SS-colonel) Mueller from Greifswald, a bigger town in the vicinity of Peenemuende, looked me up in my office ... and told me, that Reichsfuehrer SS Himmler had sent him with the order to urge me to join the SS. I told him I was so busy with my rocket work that I had no time to spare for any political activity. He then told me, that ... the SS would cost me no time at all. I would be awarded the rank of a[n] "Untersturmfuehrer (lieutenant) and it were [sic] a very definite desire of Himmler that I attend his invitation to join.
- I asked Mueller to give me some time for reflection. He agreed.
- Realizing that the matter was of highly political significance for the relation between the SS and the Army, I called immediately on my military superior ..., Dr. Dornberger. He informed me that the SS had for a long time been trying to get their "finger in the pie" of the rocket work. I asked him what to do. He replied on the spot that if I wanted to continue our mutual work, I had no alternative but to join."
Von Braun joined the organization and was issued membership number 185,068.
Michael J. Neufeld writes:
- "As with von Braun's party membership, we have no truly independent account of what happened, but his story is plausible."[16]
Von Braun's cozy feelings for the regime may have undergone a change when he was arrested and accused of being a "communist sympathizer" who had attempted to sabotage or delay the weapons program. These charges could have led to the death penalty for treason. Not helping the matter was that von Braun had skills as a pilot and had access to an aircraft, which might have allowed him to escape to England. (See: Arrest and release by the Nazi regime).
When shown a picture of him behind Himmler, Braun claimed to have worn the SS uniform only that one time,[17] but in 2002 a former SS officer at Peenemünde told the BBC that von Braun had regularly worn the SS uniform to official meetings; it should be noted that this was mandatory.[18] He began as an Untersturmführer (Second lieutenant) and was promoted three times by Himmler, the last time in June 1943 to SS-Sturmbannführer (major). Von Braun claimed this was a technical promotion received each year regularly by mail.[18]
The Prussian rocketeer and working under the Nazis[link]
Von Braun was working on his creative doctorate when the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP, or Nazi party) came to power in a coalition government in Germany; rocketry almost immediately became part of the national agenda. An artillery captain, Walter Dornberger, arranged an Ordnance Department research grant for Von Braun, who then worked next to Dornberger's existing solid-fuel rocket test site at Kummersdorf. He was awarded a doctorate in physics[19] (aerospace engineering) on July 27, 1934 from the University of Berlin for a thesis titled About Combustion Tests; his doctoral advisor was Erich Schumann.[20] However, this thesis was only the public part of von Braun's work. His actual full thesis, Construction, Theoretical, and Experimental Solution to the Problem of the Liquid Propellant Rocket (dated April 16, 1934) was kept classified by the army, and was not published until 1960.[21] By the end of 1934, his group had successfully launched two rockets that rose to heights of 2.2 and 3.5 kilometers.
At the time, Germany was highly interested in American physicist Robert H. Goddard's research. Before 1939, German scientists occasionally contacted Goddard directly with technical questions. Wernher von Braun used Goddard's plans from various journals and incorporated them into the building of the Aggregat (A) series of rockets. The A-4 rocket would become well known as the V-2.[22] In 1963, von Braun reflected on the history of rocketry, and said of Goddard's work: "His rockets ... may have been rather crude by present-day standards, but they blazed the trail and incorporated many features used in our most modern rockets and space vehicles."[8] Goddard confirmed his work was used by von Braun in 1944, shortly before the Nazis began firing V-2s at England. A V-2 crashed in Sweden and some parts were sent to an Annapolis lab where Goddard was doing research for the Navy. If this was the so-called Bäckebo Bomb, it had been procured by the British in exchange for Spitfires; Annapolis would have received some parts from them. Goddard is reported to have recognized components he had invented, and inferred that his brainchild had been turned into a weapon.[23]
There were no German rocket societies after the collapse of the VFR, and civilian rocket tests were forbidden by the new Nazi regime. Only military development was allowed and to this end, a larger facility was erected at the village of Peenemünde in northern Germany on the Baltic Sea. Dornberger became the military commander at Peenemünde, with von Braun as technical director. In collaboration with the Luftwaffe, the Peenemünde group developed liquid-fuel rocket engines for aircraft and jet-assisted takeoffs. They also developed the long-range A-4 ballistic missile and the supersonic Wasserfall anti-aircraft missile.
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On December 22, 1942, Adolf Hitler signed the order approving the production of the A-4 as a "vengeance weapon" and the group developed it to target London. Following von Braun's July 7, 1943 presentation of a color movie showing an A-4 taking off, Hitler was so enthusiastic that he personally made von Braun a professor shortly thereafter.[24] In Germany at this time, this was an exceptional promotion for an engineer who was only 31 years old.
By that time the British and Soviet intelligence agencies were aware of the rocket program and von Braun's team at Peenemünde. Over the nights of August 17 and 18, 1943 RAF Bomber Command's Operation Hydra dispatched raids on the Peenemünde camp consisting of 596 aircraft and dropped 1,800 tons of explosives.[25] The facility was salvaged and most of the science team remained unharmed; however, the raids killed von Braun's engine designer Walter Thiel and Chief Engineer Walther, and the rocket program was delayed.[26][27]
See also: Bombing of Peenemünde in World War II
The first combat A-4, renamed the V-2 (Vergeltungswaffe 2 "Retaliation/Vengeance Weapon 2") for propaganda purposes, was launched toward England on September 7, 1944, only 21 months after the project had been officially commissioned. Von Braun's interest in rockets was specifically for the application of space travel, which led him to say on hearing the news from London: "The rocket worked perfectly except for landing on the wrong planet." He described it as his "darkest day".[citation needed] However, satirist Mort Sahl is often credited with mocking von Braun with the paraphrase "I aim at the stars, but sometimes I hit London".[28] In fact that line appears in the film I Aim at the Stars, a 1960 biopic on von Braun.
Experiments with rocket aircraft[link]
During 1936 von Braun's rocketry team working at Kummersdorf investigated installing liquid-fuelled rockets in aircraft. Ernst Heinkel enthusiastically supported their efforts, supplying a He 72 and later two He 112s for the experiments. Late in 1936 Erich Warsitz was seconded by the RLM to Wernher von Braun and Ernst Heinkel, because he had been recognized as one of the most experienced test-pilots of the time, and because he also had an extraordinary fund of technical knowledge.[29] After von Braun familiarized Warsitz with a test-stand run, showing him the corresponding apparatus in the aircraft, he asked:
“Are you with us and will you test the rocket in the air? Then, Warsitz, you will be a famous man. And later we will fly to the moon – with you at the helm!”[30]
In June 1937, at Neuhardenberg (a large field about 70 kilometres east of Berlin, listed as a reserve airfield in the event of war), one of these latter aircraft was flown with its piston engine shut down during flight by test pilot Erich Warsitz, at which time it was propelled by von Braun’s rocket power alone. Despite the wheels-up landing and having the fuselage on fire, it proved to official circles that an aircraft could be flown satisfactorily with a back-thrust system through the rear.[31]
At the same time, Hellmuth Walter's experiments into hydrogen peroxide-based rockets were leading towards light and simple rockets that appeared well-suited for aircraft installation. Also the firm of Hellmuth Walter at Kiel had been commissioned by the RLM to build a rocket engine for the He 112, so there were two different new rocket motor designs at Neuhardenberg: whereas von Braun’s engines were powered by alcohol and liquid oxygen, Walter engines had hydrogen peroxide and calcium permanganate as a catalyst. Von Braun’s engines used direct combustion and created fire, the Walter devices used hot vapours from a chemical reaction, but both created thrust and provided high speed.[32] The subsequent flights with the He 112 used the Walter-rocket instead of von Braun's; it was more reliable, simpler to operate and the dangers to test-pilot Erich Warsitz and machine were less.[33]
Slave labor[link]
SS General Hans Kammler, who as an engineer had constructed several concentration camps including Auschwitz, had a reputation for brutality and had originated the idea of using concentration camp prisoners as slave laborers in the rocket program. Arthur Rudolph, chief engineer of the V-2 rocket factory at Peenemünde, endorsed this idea in April 1943 when a labor shortage developed. More people died building the V-2 rockets than were killed by it as a weapon.[34] Von Braun admitted visiting the plant at Mittelwerk on many occasions, and called conditions at the plant "repulsive," but claimed never to have witnessed any deaths or beatings, although it had become clear to him by 1944 that deaths had occurred.[35] He denied ever having visited the Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp itself, where 20,000 died from illness, beatings, hangings and intolerable working conditions.[36]
On August 15, 1944, von Braun wrote a letter to Albin Sawatzki, manager of the V-2 production, admitting that he personally picked labor slaves from the Buchenwald concentration camp, who, he admitted 25 years later in an interview, had been in a "pitiful shape".[not in citation given][2]
In Wernher von Braun: Crusader for Space, numerous statements by von Braun show he was aware of the conditions but felt completely unable to change them. A friend quotes von Braun speaking of a visit to Mittelwerk:
It is hellish. My spontaneous reaction was to talk to one of the SS guards, only to be told with unmistakable harshness that I should mind my own business, or find myself in the same striped fatigues!... I realized that any attempt of reasoning on humane grounds would be utterly futile.[37]
When asked if von Braun could have protested against the brutal treatment of the slave laborers, von Braun team member Konrad Dannenberg told The Huntsville Times, "If he had done it, in my opinion, he would have been shot on the spot."[38]
Others claim von Braun engaged in brutal treatment or approved of it. Guy Morand, a French resistance fighter who was a prisoner in Dora, testified in 1995 that after an apparent sabotage attempt:
Without even listening to my explanations, [von Braun] ordered the Meister to have me given 25 strokes...Then, judging that the strokes weren't sufficiently hard, he ordered I be flogged more vigorously...von Braun made me translate that I deserved much more, that in fact I deserved to be hanged...I would say his cruelty, of which I was personally a victim, are, I would say, an eloquent testimony to his Nazi fanaticism.[39]
Robert Cazabonne, another French prisoner, testified that von Braun stood by and watched as prisoners were hung by chains from hoists.[40] Von Braun claimed he "never saw any kind of abuse or killing" and only "heard rumors...that some prisoners had been hanged in the underground galleries".[41]
Arrest and release by the Nazi regime[link]
According to André Sellier, a French historian and survivor of the Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp, Himmler had von Braun come to his Hochwald HQ in East Prussia in February 1944. To increase his power-base within the Nazi régime, Heinrich Himmler was conspiring to use Kammler to gain control of all German armament programs, including the V-2 program at Peenemünde.[42] He therefore recommended that von Braun work more closely with Kammler to solve the problems of the V-2, but von Braun claimed to have replied that the problems were merely technical and he was confident that they would be solved with Dornberger's assistance.
Apparently von Braun had been under SD surveillance since October 1943. A report stated that he and his colleagues Riedel and Gröttrup were said to have expressed regret at an engineer's house one evening that they were not working on a spaceship and that they felt the war was not going well; this was considered a "defeatist" attitude. A young female dentist who was an SS spy reported their comments.[42] Combined with Himmler's false charges that von Braun was a communist sympathizer and had attempted to sabotage the V-2 program, and considering that von Braun was a qualified pilot who regularly piloted his government-provided airplane that might allow him to escape to England, this led to his arrest by the Gestapo.[42]
The unsuspecting von Braun was detained on March 14 (or March 15),[43] 1944 and was taken to a Gestapo cell in Stettin (now Szczecin, Poland),[42] where he was imprisoned for two weeks without even knowing the charges against him. It was only through the Abwehr in Berlin that Dornberger was able to obtain von Braun's conditional release and Albert Speer, Reichsminister for Munitions and War Production, convinced Hitler to reinstate von Braun so that the V-2 program could continue.[42] Quoting from the "Führerprotokoll" (the minutes of Hitler's meetings) dated May 13, 1944 in his memoirs, Speer later relayed what Hitler had finally conceded: "In the matter concerning B. I will guarantee you that he will be exempt from persecution as long as he is indispensable for you, in spite of the difficult general consequences this will have."
Surrender to the Americans[link]
The Soviet Army was about 160 km from Peenemünde in the spring of 1945 when von Braun assembled his planning staff and asked them to decide how and to whom they should surrender. Afraid of the well known Soviet cruelty to prisoners of war, von Braun and his staff decided to try to surrender to the Americans. Kammler had ordered relocation of von Braun's team to central Germany; however, a conflicting order from an army chief ordered them to join the army and fight. Deciding that Kammler's order was their best bet to defect to the Americans, von Braun fabricated documents and transported 500 of his affiliates to the area around Mittelwerk, where they resumed their work. For fear of their documents being destroyed by the SS, von Braun ordered the blueprints to be hidden in an abandoned mine shaft in the Harz mountain range.[44]
While on an official trip in March, von Braun suffered a complicated fracture of his left arm and shoulder after his driver fell asleep at the wheel. His injuries were serious, but he insisted that his arm be set in a cast so he could leave the hospital. Due to this neglect of the injury he had to be hospitalized again a month later where his bones had to be re-broken and re-aligned.[44]
In April, as the Allied forces advanced deeper into Germany, Kammler ordered the science team to be moved by train into the town of Oberammergau in the Bavarian Alps where they were closely guarded by the SS with orders to execute the team if they were about to fall into enemy hands. However, von Braun managed to convince SS Major Kummer to order the dispersion of the group into nearby villages so that they would not be an easy target for U.S. bombers.[44]
On May 2, 1945, upon finding an American private from the U.S. 44th Infantry Division, von Braun's brother and fellow rocket engineer, Magnus, approached the soldier on a bicycle, calling out in broken English: "My name is Magnus von Braun. My brother invented the V-2. We want to surrender."[7][45] After the surrender, von Braun spoke to the press:
"We knew that we had created a new means of warfare, and the question as to what nation, to what victorious nation we were willing to entrust this brainchild of ours was a moral decision more than anything else. We wanted to see the world spared another conflict such as Germany had just been through, and we felt that only by surrendering such a weapon to people who are guided by the Bible could such an assurance to the world be best secured.”[46]
The American high command was well aware of how important their catch was: von Braun had been at the top of the Black List, the code name for the list of German scientists and engineers targeted for immediate interrogation by U.S. military experts. On June 19, 1945, two days before the scheduled handover of the area to the Soviets, US Army Major Robert B. Staver, Chief of the Jet Propulsion Section of the Research and Intelligence Branch of the U.S. Army Ordnance Corps in London, and Lt Col R. L. Williams took von Braun and his department chiefs by jeep from Garmisch to Munich. The group was flown to Nordhausen, and was evacuated 40 miles (64 km) southwest to Witzenhausen, a small town in the American Zone, the next day.[47] Von Braun was briefly detained at the "Dustbin" interrogation center at Kransberg Castle where the elite of the Third Reich's economy, science and technology were debriefed by U.S. and British intelligence officials.[48] Initially he was recruited to the U.S. under a program called "Operation Overcast," subsequently known as Operation Paperclip.
American career[link]
U.S. Army career[link]
On June 20, 1945, the U.S. Secretary of State approved the transfer of von Braun and his specialists to America; however this was not announced to the public until October 1, 1945.[49] Von Braun was among those scientists for whom the U.S. Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency created false employment histories and expunged Nazi Party memberships and regime affiliations from the public record. Once “bleached” of their Nazism, the US Government granted the scientists security clearance to work in the United States. "Paperclip," the project’s operational name, derived from the paperclips used to attach the scientists’ new political person to their “US Government Scientist” personnel files.[50]
The first seven technicians arrived in the United States at New Castle Army Air Field, just south of Wilmington, Delaware, on September 20, 1945. They were then flown to Boston and taken by boat to the Army Intelligence Service post at Fort Strong in Boston Harbor. Later, with the exception of von Braun, the men were transferred to Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland to sort out the Peenemünde documents, enabling the scientists to continue their rocketry experiments.
Finally, von Braun and his remaining Peenemünde staff (see List of German rocket scientists in the United States) were transferred to their new home at Fort Bliss, a large Army installation just north of El Paso. Von Braun would later write he found it hard to develop a "genuine emotional attachment" to his new surroundings.[51] His chief design engineer Walther Reidel became the subject of a December 1946 article "German Scientist Says American Cooking Tasteless; Dislikes Rubberized Chicken,' exposing the presence of von Braun's team in the country and drawing criticism from Albert Einstein and John Dingell.[51] Requests to improve their living conditions such as laying linoleum over their cracked wood flooring were rejected.[51] Von Braun remarked that "...at Peenemünde we had been coddled, here you were counting pennies..."[51] At the age of 26, von Braun had thousands of engineers who answered to him, but was now answering to "pimply" 26 year-old Major Jim Hamill who possessed an undergraduate degree in engineering.[51] His loyal Germans still addressed him as Herr Professor, but Hamill addressed him as Wernher and never bothered to respond to von Braun's request for more materials, and every proposal for new rocket ideas were dismissed.[51]
While there, they trained military, industrial and university personnel in the intricacies of rockets and guided missiles. As part of the Hermes project they helped to refurbish, assemble and launch a number of V-2s that had been shipped from Germany to the White Sands Proving Ground in New Mexico. They also continued to study the future potential of rockets for military and research applications. Since they were not permitted to leave Fort Bliss without military escort, von Braun and his colleagues began to refer to themselves only half-jokingly as "PoPs," "Prisoners of Peace."
In 1950, at the start of the Korean War, von Braun and his team were transferred to Huntsville, Alabama, his home for the next 20 years. Between 1950 and 1956, von Braun led the Army's rocket development team at Redstone Arsenal, resulting in the Redstone rocket, which was used for the first live nuclear ballistic missile tests conducted by the United States. This led to development of the first high-precision inertial guidance system on the Redstone rocket.[52]
As director of the Development Operations Division of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA), von Braun, with his team, then developed the Jupiter-C, a modified Redstone rocket.[53] The Jupiter-C successfully launched the West's first satellite, Explorer 1, on January 31, 1958. This event signaled the birth of America's space program.
Despite the work on the Redstone rocket, the twelve years from 1945 to 1957 were probably some of the most frustrating for von Braun and his colleagues. In the Soviet Union, Sergei Korolev and his team of scientists and engineers plowed ahead with several new rocket designs and the Sputnik program, while the American government was not very interested in von Braun's work or views and only embarked on a very modest rocket-building program. In the meantime, the press tended to dwell on von Braun's past as a member of the SS and the slave labor used to build his V-2 rockets.
Popular concepts for a human presence in space[link]
Repeating the pattern he had established during his earlier career in Germany, von Braun – while directing military rocket development in the real world – continued to entertain his engineer-scientist's dream of a future world in which rockets would be used for space exploration. However, instead of risking being sacked, he now was increasingly in a position to popularize these ideas. The May 14, 1950 headline of The Huntsville Times ("Dr. von Braun Says Rocket Flights Possible to Moon") might have marked the beginning of these efforts. These disclosures rode a moonflight publicity wave that was created by the two 1950 U.S. science fiction films, Destination Moon and Rocketship X-M.
In 1952, von Braun first published his concept of a manned space station in a Collier's Weekly magazine series of articles entitled "Man Will Conquer Space Soon!". These articles were illustrated by the space artist Chesley Bonestell and were influential in spreading his ideas. Frequently von Braun worked with fellow German-born space advocate and science writer Willy Ley to publish his concepts, which, unsurprisingly, were heavy on the engineering side and anticipated many technical aspects of space flight that later became reality.
The space station (to be constructed using rockets with recoverable and reusable ascent stages) would be a toroid structure, with a diameter of 250 feet (76 m); this built on the concept of a rotating wheel-shaped station introduced in 1929 by Herman Potočnik in his book The Problem of Space Travel – The Rocket Motor. The space station would spin around a central docking nave to provide artificial gravity, and would be assembled in a 1,075 mile (1,730 km) two-hour, high-inclination Earth orbit allowing observation of essentially every point on earth on at least a daily basis. The ultimate purpose of the space station would be to provide an assembly platform for manned lunar expeditions. More than a decade later, the movie version of 2001: A Space Odyssey would draw heavily on the design concept in its visualization of an orbital space station.
Von Braun envisaged these expeditions as very large-scale undertakings, with a total of 50 astronauts travelling in three huge spacecraft (two for crew, one primarily for cargo), each 49 m (160.76 ft) long and 33 m (108.27 ft) in diameter and driven by a rectangular array of 30 rocket propulsion engines.[54] Upon arrival, astronauts would establish a permanent lunar base in the Sinus Roris region by using the emptied cargo holds of their craft as shelters, and would explore their surroundings for eight weeks. This would include a 400 km expedition in pressurized rovers to the crater Harpalus and the Mare Imbrium foothills.
At this time von Braun also worked out preliminary concepts for a manned mission to Mars that used the space station as a staging point. His initial plans, published in The Mars Project (1952), had envisaged a fleet of ten spacecraft (each with a mass of 3,720 metric tons), three of them unmanned and each carrying one 200-ton winged lander[55] in addition to cargo, and nine crew vehicles transporting a total of 70 astronauts. Gigantic as this mission plan was, its engineering and astronautical parameters were thoroughly calculated. A later project was much more modest, using only one purely orbital cargo ship and one crewed craft. In each case, the expedition would use minimum-energy Hohmann transfer orbits for its trips to Mars and back to Earth.
Before technically formalizing his thoughts on human spaceflight to Mars, von Braun had written a science fiction novel, set in 1980, on the subject. According to his biographer, Erik Bergaust, the manuscript was rejected by no less than 18 publishers. Von Braun later published small portions of this opus in magazines, to illustrate selected aspects of his Mars project popularizations. The complete manuscript, titled Project MARS: A Technical Tale, did not appear as a printed book until December 2006.[56]
In the hope that its involvement would bring about greater public interest in the future of the space program, von Braun also began working with Walt Disney and the Disney studios as a technical director, initially for three television films about space exploration. The initial broadcast devoted to space exploration was Man in Space, which first went on air on March 9, 1955, drawing 42 million viewers and unofficially the second-highest rated television show in American history.[51][57]
Later (in 1959) von Braun published a short booklet[58] – condensed from episodes that had appeared in This Week Magazine before—describing his updated concept of the first manned lunar landing. The scenario included only a single and relatively small spacecraft—a winged lander with a crew of only two experienced pilots who had already circumnavigated the moon on an earlier mission. The brute-force direct ascent flight schedule used a rocket design with five sequential stages, loosely based on the Nova designs that were under discussion at this time. After a night launch from a Pacific island the first three stages would bring the spacecraft (with the two remaining upper stages attached) to terrestrial escape velocity, with each burn creating an acceleration of 8–9 times standard gravity. Residual propellant in the third stage would be used for the deceleration intended to commence only a few hundred kilometers above the landing site in a crater near the lunar north pole. The fourth stage provided acceleration to lunar escape velocity while the fifth stage would be responsible for a deceleration during return to the Earth to a residual speed that allows aerocapture of the spacecraft ending in a runway landing, much in the way of the Space Shuttle. One remarkable feature of this technical tale is that the engineer Wernher von Braun anticipated a medical phenomenon that would become apparent only years later: being a veteran astronaut with no history of serious adverse reactions to weightlessness offers no protection against becoming unexpectedly and violently spacesick.
Concepts for orbital warfare[link]
Von Braun developed and published his space station concept during the very "coldest" time of the Cold War, when the U.S. government for which he worked put the containment of the Soviet Union above everything else. The fact that his space station – if armed with missiles that could be easily adapted from those already available at this time – would give the United States space superiority in both orbital and orbit-to-ground warfare did not escape him. Although von Braun took care to qualify such military applications as "particularly dreadful" in his popular writings, he elaborated on them in several of his books and articles. This much less peaceful aspect of von Braun's "drive for space" has recently been reviewed by Michael J. Neufeld from the Space History Division of the National Air and Space Museum in Washington.[59]
NASA career[link]
The U.S. Navy had been tasked with building a rocket to lift satellites into orbit, but the resulting Vanguard rocket launch system was unreliable. In 1957, with the launch of Sputnik 1, there was a growing belief within the United States that America lagged behind the Soviet Union in the emerging Space Race. American authorities then chose to utilize von Braun and his German team's experience with missiles to create an orbital launch vehicle, something von Braun had originally proposed in 1954 but had been denied.[51]
NASA was established by law on July 29, 1958. One day later, the 50th Redstone rocket was successfully launched from Johnston Atoll in the south Pacific as part of Operation Hardtack I. Two years later, NASA opened the Marshall Space Flight Center at Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, and the ABMA development team led by von Braun was transferred to NASA. In a face-to-face meeting with Herb York at the Pentagon, von Braun made it clear he would go to NASA only if development of the Saturn was allowed to continue.[60] Presiding from July 1960 to February 1970, von Braun became the center's first Director.
The Marshall Center's first major program was the development of Saturn rockets to carry heavy payloads into and beyond Earth orbit. From this, the Apollo program for manned moon flights was developed. Wernher von Braun initially pushed for a flight engineering concept that called for an Earth orbit rendezvous technique (the approach he had argued for building his space station), but in 1962 he converted to the more risky lunar orbit rendezvous concept that was subsequently realized.[61] During Apollo, he worked closely with former Peenemünde teammate, Kurt H. Debus, the first director of the Kennedy Space Center. His dream to help mankind set foot on the Moon became a reality on July 16, 1969 when a Marshall-developed Saturn V rocket launched the crew of Apollo 11 on its historic eight-day mission. Over the course of the program, Saturn V rockets enabled six teams of astronauts to reach the surface of the Moon.
During the late 1960s, von Braun was instrumental in the development of the U.S. Space & Rocket Center in Huntsville. The desk from which he guided America's entry in the Space Race remains on display there.
During the local summer of 1966–67, von Braun participated in a field trip to Antarctica, organized for him and several other members of top NASA management.[62] The goal of the field trip was to determine whether the experience gained by US scientific and technological community during the exploration of Antarctic wastelands would be useful for the manned exploration of space. Von Braun was mainly interested in management of the scientific effort on Antarctic research stations, logistics, habitation and life support, and in using the barren Antarctic terrain like the glacial dry valleys to test the equipment that one day would be used to look for signs of life on Mars and other worlds.
In an internal memo dated January 16, 1969,[63] von Braun had confirmed to his staff that he would stay on as a center director at Huntsville to head the Apollo Applications Program. A few months later, on occasion of the first moon-landing, he publicly expressed his optimism that the Saturn V carrier system would continue to be developed, advocating manned missions to Mars in the 1980s.[64]
However, on March 1, 1970, von Braun and his family relocated to Washington, D.C., when he was assigned the post of NASA's Deputy Associate Administrator for Planning at NASA Headquarters. After a series of conflicts associated with the truncation of the Apollo program, and facing severe budget constraints, von Braun retired from NASA on May 26, 1972. Not only had it become evident by this time that his and NASA's visions for future U.S. space flight projects were incompatible; it was perhaps even more frustrating for him to see popular support for a continued presence of man in space wane dramatically once the goal to reach the moon had been accomplished.
Dr. von Braun also developed the idea of a Space Camp that would train children in fields of science and space technologies as well as help their mental development much the same way sports camps aim at improving physical development.
Career after NASA[link]
After leaving NASA, von Braun became Vice President for Engineering and Development at the aerospace company, Fairchild Industries in Germantown, Maryland on July 1, 1972.
In 1973 a routine health check revealed kidney cancer, which during the following years could not be controlled by surgery.[65] Von Braun continued his work to the extent possible, which included accepting invitations to speak at colleges and universities as he was eager to cultivate interest in human spaceflight and rocketry, particularly with students and a new generation of engineers. On one such visit in the spring of 1974 to Allegheny College, von Braun revealed a more personal side, including an allergy to feather pillows and a disdain for some rock music of the era.[citation needed]
Von Braun helped establish and promote the National Space Institute, a precursor of the present-day National Space Society, in 1975, and became its first president and chairman. In 1976, he became scientific consultant to Lutz Kayser, the CEO of OTRAG, and a member of the Daimler-Benz board of directors. However, his deteriorating health forced him to retire from Fairchild on December 31, 1976. When the 1975 National Medal of Science was awarded to him in early 1977 he was hospitalized, and unable to attend the White House ceremony.
Personal life[link]
During his stay at Fort Bliss, von Braun mailed a marriage proposal to 18-year-old Maria Luise von Quistorp (born (1928-06-10)June 10, 1928), his cousin on his mother's side. On March 1, 1947, having received permission to go back to Germany and return with his bride, he married her in a Lutheran church in Landshut, Germany. He and his bride, as well as his father and mother, returned to New York on March 26, 1947.
On December 9, 1948, the von Brauns' first daughter, Iris Careen, was born at Fort Bliss Army Hospital.[53] The von Brauns eventually had two more children, Margrit Cécile on May 8, 1952 and Peter Constantine on June 2, 1960. On April 15, 1955, von Braun became a naturalized citizen of the United States.
Death[link]
On June 16, 1977, Wernher von Braun died of pancreatic cancer in Alexandria, Virginia, at the age of 65.[66][67] He was buried at the Ivy Hill Cemetery in Alexandria, Virginia.[68]
Published works[link]
- Proposal for a Workable Fighter with Rocket Drive. July 6, 1939.
- The proposed vertical take-off interceptor[69] for climbing to 35,000 ft in 60 seconds was rejected by the Luftwaffe in the autumn of 1941[27]:258 for the Me 163 Komet[70] and never produced. (The differing Bachem Ba 349 was produced during the 1944 Emergency Fighter Program.)
- 'Survey' of Previous Liquid Rocket Development in Germany and Future Prospects. May 1945. [71]
- A Minimum Satellite Vehicle Based on Components Available from Developments of the Army Ordnance Corps. September 15, 1954. "It would be a blow to U.S. prestige if we did not [launch a satellite] first." [71]
- The Mars Project, Urbana, University of Illinois Press, (1953). With Henry J. White, translator.
- German Rocketry, The Coming of the Space Age. New York: Meredith Press. 1967.
- First Men to the Moon, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York (1958). Portions of work first appeared in This Week Magazine.
- Daily Journals of Werner von Braun, May 1958 – March 1970. March 1970. [71]
- History of Rocketry & Space Travel, New York, Crowell (1975). With Frederick I. Ordway III.
- 2nd Edition:, Estate of Wernher von Braun; Ordway III, Frederick I & Dooling, David Jr. (1985) [1975]. Space Travel: A History. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-181898-4.
- The Rocket's Red Glare, Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Press, (1976). With Frederick I. Ordway III.
- Project Mars: A Technical Tale, Apogee Books, Toronto (2006). A previously unpublished science fiction story by von Braun. Accompanied by paintings from Chesley Bonestell and von Braun's own technical papers on the proposed project.
- The Voice of Dr. Wernher von Braun, Apogee Books, Toronto (2007). A collection of speeches delivered by von Braun over the course of his career.
- Wernher von Braun, Crusader for Space, A Biographical Memoir, Ernst Stuhlinger and Fredrick I. Ordway III, Krieger ISBN 0-89464-842-X. Two volumes on the life of von Braun,
Recognition and critique[link]
- Apollo space program director Sam Phillips was quoted as saying that he did not think that America would have reached the moon as quickly as it did without von Braun's help. Later, after discussing it with colleagues, he amended this to say that he did not believe America would have reached the moon at all.[citation needed]
- The crater von Braun on the Moon is named after him.
- Von Braun received a total of 12 honorary doctorates, among them, on January 8, 1963, one from the Technical University of Berlin from which he had graduated.
- Von Braun was responsible for the creation of the Research Institute at the University of Alabama in Huntsville. As a result of his vision, the university is one of the leading universities in the nation for NASA-sponsored research. The building housing the university's Research Institute was named in his honor, Von Braun Research Hall, in 2000.
- Several German cities (Bonn, Neu-Isenburg, Mannheim, Mainz), and dozens of smaller towns have named streets after Wernher von Braun.
- The Von Braun Center (built 1975) in Huntsville is named in von Braun's honor.
- Scrutiny of von Braun's use of forced labor at the Mittelwerk intensified again in 1984 when Arthur Rudolph, one of his top affiliates from the A-4/V2 through to the Apollo projects, left the United States and was forced to renounce his citizenship in place of the alternative of being tried for war crimes.[72]
- A science- and engineering-oriented Gymnasium in Friedberg, Bavaria was named after Wernher von Braun in 1979. In response to rising criticism, a school committee decided in 1995, after lengthy deliberations, to keep the name but "to address von Braun's ambiguity in the advanced history classes."
- An avenue in the Annadale section of Staten Island, New York was named for him in 1977.
- Von Braun's engineering approach was very conservative, building in additional strength to structure designs, a point of contention with other engineers who struggled to keep vehicle weight down. Von Braun's insistence on further tests after Mercury-Redstone 2 flew higher than planned, has been identified as contributing to the Soviet Union's success in launching the first human in space.[73]
- Von Braun also was voted into US Space Camp hall of fame, 2007
Summary of SS career[link]
- SS number: 185,068
- Nazi Party number: 5,738,692
Dates of rank[link]
(left SS after graduation from the school; commissioned in 1940 with date of entry backdated to 1934)
- SS-Untersturmführer: May 1, 1940
- SS-Obersturmführer: November 9, 1941
- SS-Hauptsturmführer: November 9, 1942
- SS-Sturmbannführer: June 28, 1943
Honors[link]
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In popular culture[link]
- Film and television
- Von Braun has been featured in a number of movies and television shows or series about the space race:
- I Aim at the Stars (1960), also titled Wernher von Braun and Ich greife nach den Sternen ("I Reach for the Stars"); von Braun played by Curd Jürgens, his wife Maria played by Victoria Shaw.[78] Satirist Mort Sahl suggested the subtitle "But Sometimes I Hit London".
- From the Earth to the Moon (TV, 1998): von Braun played by Norbert Weisser.
- October Sky (1999): this film portrays U.S. rocket scientist Homer Hickam, who as a teenager admired von Braun (played by Joe Digaetano). The film's title, October Sky, is an anagram of the autobiography it was based on: Rocket Boys.
- Space Race (TV, BBC co-production with NDR (Germany), Channel One TV (Russia) and National Geographic TV (USA), 2005): von Braun played by Richard Dillane.
- The Lost Von Braun, a documentary by Aron Ranen. Interviews with Ernst Stuhlinger, Konrad Dannenberg, Karl Sendler, Alex Baum, Eli Rosenbaum (DOJ) and Von Braun's NASA secretary Bonnie Holmes.
- Wernher von Braun – Rocket Man for War and Peace A three part (part1, part 2, part 3) documentary – in English – from the German International channel DW-TV.[79] Original German version Wernher von Braun – Der Mann für die Wunderwaffen by the Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk.
- Several fictional characters have been modeled on von Braun:
- The Right Stuff (1983): The Chief Scientist, played by Scott Beach, was clearly modeled on von Braun.
- Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1964): Dr Strangelove is usually held to be based at least partly on von Braun.[80]
- Alphaville, une étrange aventure de Lemmy Caution (1965, directed by Jean-Luc Godard): Howard Vernon plays Professor von Braun (also known as Leonard Nosferatu), the inventor of the "Alpha 60" super-computer that rules Alphaville.
- In Diamonds Are Forever (1971), the seventh James Bond film, the supervillain Ernst Stavro Blofeld employs a German scientist resembling von Braun, named Professor Dr. Metz, a pacifist who is duped by Blofeld's rhetoric, who works in a NASA-style research lab in the Nevada desert. The lab is ambiguously depicted as being involved in faking the moon landings (an apparent joking nod to conspiracy theorists, and which figures in some versions of their theories).
- There are other references to von Braun in film and on television:
- Mobile Suit Gundam (1979): The largest Lunar city in the Universal Century era is called 'Von Braun City'. The city is the home of Anaheim Electronics, is a strategic point in space, and is built around Neil Armstrong's footprint in the Apollo missions.
- Mababangong Bangungot (Perfumed Nightmare) (1977): Director and star Kidlat Tahimik is president of a Wernher von Braun club and is fascinated with "First World" progress, particularly von Braun's efforts in the U.S. space program.
- Planetes (TV, 2004): There is an upcoming exploratory mission to Jupiter on a new fusion powered ship, the Von Braun.
- Alien Planet (TV, 2005): A spacecraft, named Von Braun, is named after him.
- Babylon 5 (1994): Captain Sheridan's sister Anna returns home on the Earth cruiser Von Braun in the second season episode Revelations.
- Print media
- In "Werner von Braun—Space Wizard," a four-panel comic strip in Mad Magazine in the late 1950s, artist Wallace Wood depicted von Braun at the launch of a rocket, ready to listen to a radio transmitting the rocket's signals. Suddenly he says, "HIMMEL! Vas ist los?" and then explains, "Vat iss wrong is vit der RADIO! It iss AC...und der control room iss DC!"
- In Warren Ellis' graphic novel Ministry of Space, von Braun is a supporting character, settling in Britain after World War II, and being essential for the realization of the British Space Program.
- Literature
- The Good German by Joseph Kanon. Von Braun and other scientists are said to have been implicated in the use of slave labour at Peenemünde; their transfer to the US forms part of the narrative.
- Space by James Michener. Von Braun and other German scientists are brought to the US and form a vital part of the US efforts to reach space.
- Gravity's Rainbow by Thomas Pynchon. The highly notable novel involved British intelligence attempting to avert and predict V-2 rocket attacks. The work even includes a gyroscopic equation for the V2. The first portion of the novel, "Beyond The Zero", begins with a quote from von Braun: "Nature does not know extinction; all it knows is transformation. Everything science has taught me, and continues to teach me, strengthens my belief in the continuity of our spiritual existence after death."
- New Dictionary, a short story by Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. in his collection Welcome to the Monkey House, notes Von Braun as one of the things an old dictionary does not mention.
- Mother Night, by Kurt Vonnegut, has a scene in which a character reads a Life magazine with von Braun on the cover.
- Dora by Jean Michel. This is not a novel, but a memoir referring to the Mittelbau-Dora V-2 slave labour camps, by Jean Michel and Louis Nucéra.
- Rocket Boys by Homer Hickam, Jr. The movie October Sky was based on this memoir about a boy, Sonny (in the movie, he's called Homer) Hickam, who lives in a small West Virginia coal town and builds rockets and greatly admires von Braun. Although not directly concerned with von Braun, it is a vivid picture of popular attitudes toward rocket science and von Braun during the early days of the U.S. space program.
- Music
- Wernher von Braun (1965):[81] A song written and performed by Tom Lehrer for an episode of NBC's American version of the BBC TV show That Was The Week That Was; the song was later included in Lehrer's album That Was The Year That Was. It was a satire on what some saw as von Braun's cavalier attitude toward the consequences of his work in Nazi Germany: "'Once the rockets are up, who cares where they come down? / That's not my department', says Wernher von Braun." Contrary to popular belief, Wernher von Braun did not sue Tom Lehrer for defamation, nor has Lehrer been forced to relinquish all of his royalty income to Von Braun. Lehrer firmly denied those claims in a 2003 interview.[82]
- The Last Days of Pompeii (1991): A rock opera by Grant Hart's post-Hüsker Dü alternative rock group Nova Mob, in which von Braun features as a character. The album includes a song called Wernher von Braun.
- Progress vs. Pettiness (2005): A song about the Space Race written and performed by The Phenomenauts for their CD Re-Entry. The song begins: "In 1942 there was Wernher von Braun..."
- Oh Carolina (aka Carolina) (1960): written by John Folkes and recorded by the Folkes Brothers and made famous by a cover from Jamaican born singer Shaggy mentions Wernher von Braun without any context.
- John D. Loudermilk's song He's Just A Scientist (That's All) contains the lyric "Everybody's flippin' over Fabian or Frankie Avalon, but nobody ever seems to give a flip over Dr Werner Von Braun."
- The song "Apollo XI/V1/V2/Aggregat 4" from German Electro band Welle: Erdball deals with his inventions.
- Blues metal artists Clutch make reference to von Braun in the 2009 song "Struck Down" on the album Strange Cousins From The West.
- Computer games
- In the 1999 PC game System Shock 2, the main starship is named the Von Braun.
See also[link]
- Aggregate 1
- German inventors and discoverers
- List of coupled cousins
- Robert H. Goddard
- Sergey Korolyov
- Pedro Paulet
Notes[link]
- ^ Regarding personal names: Freiherr is a title, translated as Baron, not a first or middle name. The female forms are Freifrau and Freiin.
- ^ a b "Biography of Wernher Von Braun". MSFC History Office. NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/vonbraun/bio.html.
- ^ http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/vonBraun/
- ^ "Wernher von Braun". http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/Giants/vonBraun.
- ^ "Von Braun, Wernher", Erratik Institut. Retrieved 4 feb 2011
- ^ "Dr. Wernher von Braun'i mälestuseks", Füüsikainstituut. Retrieved 4 feb 2011
- ^ a b Spires, Shelby G. (June 27, 2003). "Von Braun's brother dies; aided surrender". The Huntsville Times: p. 1A. "Magnus von Braun, the brother of rocket pioneer Wernher von Braun who worked in Huntsville from 1950–1955, died Saturday in Phoenix, Arizona. He was 84. Though not as famous as his older brother, who died in 1977, Magnus von Braun made the first contact with U.S. Army troops to arrange the German rocket team's surrender at the end of World War II."
- ^ a b "Recollections of Childhood: Early Experiences in Rocketry as Told by Werner Von Braun 1963". MSFC History Office. NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/vonbraun/recollect-childhood.html.
- ^ Ward, Bob. Dr. Space: The Life of Wernher von Braun, US Naval Institute Press, 2005, p. 11.
- ^ OCLC 6026491
- ^ Various sources such as The Nazi Rocketeers (ISBN 0811733874 pp 5–8) list young Von Braun as joining the VfR as an apprentice to Willy Ley, one of the three founders. Later when Ley fled Germany because he was a Jew, Von Braun took over the leadership and changed its activity to military development.
- ^ As related by Auguste's son Jacques Piccard to fellow deep-sea explorer Hans Fricke, cited in: Fricke H. Der Fisch, der aus der Urzeit kam, pp. 23-24. Deutscher Taschenbuch-Verlag, 2010. ISBN 978-3-423-34616-0 (in German)
- ^ Oberth-museum.org
- ^ Neufeld, Von Braun, page 96.
- ^ Neufeld, Von Braun, pages 96-97.
- ^ Neufeld, Von Braun, page 121.
- '^ "Dr. Space" pp. 35 It had been thought that he publicly wore his uniform with swastika armband just once, during one of two formal...
- ^ a b Dr. Space, p. 35. "Wernher von Braun in SS uniform". The Reformation Online. http://www.reformation.org/wernher-von-braun.html.
- ^ Astronautix.com
- ^ Neufeld, Michael J. Von Braun: Dreamer of Space, Engineer of War, Knopf, 2007, p. 61.
- ^ Konstruktive, theoretische und experimentelle Beiträge zu dem Problem der Flüssigkeitsrakete. Raketentechnik und Raumfahrtforschung, Sonderheft 1 (1960), Stuttgart, Germany.
- ^ Weisstein, Eric W., Robert Goddard from ScienceWorld.
- ^ "The Man Who Opened the Door to Space". Popular Science. May 1959. http://blog.modernmechanix.com/2007/04/28/the-man-who-opened-the-door-to-space/.
- ^ Speer, Albert (1969). Erinnerungen, p. 377. Verlag Ullstein GmbH, Frankfurt a.M. and Berlin, ISBN 3-550-06074-2.
- ^ "Peenemünde, 17 and 18 August 1943". RAF History – Bomber Command. Royal Air Force. http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/peenemunde.html. Retrieved November 15, 2006.
- ^ Middlebrook, Martin (1982). The Peenemünde Raid: The Night of 17–18 August 1943. New York: Bobs-Merrill. p. 222. ISBN 0-672-52759-6.
- ^ a b Dornberger, Walter (1952 – US translation V-2 Viking Press:New York, 1954). V2—Der Schuss ins Weltall. Esslingan: Bechtle Verlag. p. 164.
- ^ Morrow, Lance (August 3, 1998). "The Moon and the Clones". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,988837,00.html. Retrieved August 30, 2009.
- ^ Warsitz, 2009, p. 30.
- ^ Warsitz, Lutz: THE FIRST JET PILOT – The Story of German Test Pilot Erich Warsitz, Pen and Sword Books Ltd., England, 2009, p. 35, ISBN 978-1-84415-818-8.
- ^ Warsitz, 2009, p. 51.
- ^ Warsitz, 2009, p. 41.
- ^ Warsitz, 2009, p. 55.
- ^ Mittelbau Overview
- ^ "Excerpts from "Power to Explore"". MSFC History Office. NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/vonbraun/excerpts.html.
- ^ Jaroff, Leon (March 26, 2002). "The Rocket Man's Dark Side". Time. http://www.time.com/time/columnist/jaroff/article/0,9565,220201,00.html. Retrieved June 29, 2008.
- ^ Ernst Stuhlinger; Frederick Ira Ordway (April 1994). Wernher von Braun, crusader for space: a biographical memoir. Krieger Pub.. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-89464-842-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=7pZTAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved December 18, 2011.
- ^ Roop, Lee (October 4, 2002). "Aide says von Braun wasn't able to stop slave horrors; Objection would have gotten rocket pioneer shot, Dannenberg says". The Huntsville Times. Archived from the original on October 26, 2002. http://web.archive.org/web/20021026180521/http://www.al.com/news/huntsvilletimes/index.ssf?/xml/story.ssf/html_standard.xsl?/base/news/1033754724262943.xml.
- ^ Biddle, Wayne (2009). Dark Side of the Moon: Wernher von Braun, the Third Reich, and the Space Race. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 124–125.
- ^ Biddle, p. 125.
- ^ Biddle, pp. 123–124.
- ^ a b c d e Ward 2005, pp. 38–40.
- ^ "Highlights in German Rocket Development from 1927–1945". MSFC History Office. NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/vonbraun/highlights.html.
- ^ a b c Cadbury, Deborah (2005). Space Race. BBC Worldwide Limited. ISBN 0-00-721299-2.
- ^ McDougall, Walter A. (1985). ...The Heavens and the Earth: A Political History of the Space Age. New York: Basic Books. p. 44. ISBN 0-465-02887-X.
- ^ Arts & Entertainment, Biography (1959–1961 series). Mike Wallace, television biography of Wernher von Braun, video clip of the press statement.
- ^ McGovern, J (1964). Crossbow and Overcast. New York: W. Morrow. p. 182.
- ^ Speer, Albert (2001). Schlie, Ulrich. ed. Alles, was ich weiß. F.A. Herbig Verlagsbuchhandlung. ISBN 3-7766-2092-7. p. 12
- ^ "Outstanding German Scientists Being Brought to U.S.". War Department press release. V2Rocket.com. October 1, 1945. http://www.v2rocket.com/start/chapters/paperclip.gif. Archived
- ^ "Operation Paperclip Casefile". Conspiracy Archive. August 8, 1997. http://www.conspiracyarchive.com/NWO/project_paperclip.htm. Retrieved May 20, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Red Moon Rising: Sputnik and the Hidden Rivalries That Ignited the Space Age", Matthew Brzezinski. Macmillan, 2008. ISBN 0-8050-8858-X, 9780805088588. pp. 84, 85, 87, 91, 92
- ^ Bucher, G. C.; Mc Call, J. C.; Ordway, F. I., III; Stuhlinger, E.. "From Peenemuende to Outer Space. Commemorating the Fiftieth Birthday of Wernher von Braun". NASA Technical Reports Server. NTRS. http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19630006100. Retrieved October 11, 2011.
- ^ a b "Reach for the Stars". TIME Magazine. February 17, 1958. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,862899-1,00.html.
- ^ Woodfill, Jerry. "Gallery of Wernher von Braun Moonship Sketches". The Space Educator's Handbook. NASA Johnson Space Center. http://er.jsc.nasa.gov/seh/lunarlan.html. Archived
- ^ Woodfill, Jerry. "Gallery of Wernher von Braun Mars Exploration Sketches". The Space Educator's Handbook. NASA Johnson Space Center. http://er.jsc.nasa.gov/seh/vonlift.html. Archived
- ^ von Braun, Wernher: Project MARS: A Technical Tale. ISBN 0-9738203-3-0, ISBN 978-0-9738203-3-1
- ^ "How to Be Like Walt: Capturing the Disney Magic Every Day of Your Life", Pat Williams, Jim Denney. HCI, 2004. ISBN 0-7573-0231-9, ISBN 978-0-7573-0231-2. p. 237
- ^ "Wernher von Braun: First Men to the Moon". Reprint by Henry Holt & Co., Inc., January 2000, ISBN 978-0-03-030295-4
- ^ Neufeld MJ: "Space superiority: Wernher von Braun's campaign for a nuclear-armed space station, 1946–1956". Space Policy 2006; 22:52–62.
- ^ "Stages to Saturn – The Saturn Building Blocks – THE ABMA TRANSFER". NASA. http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4206/ch2.htm.
- ^ "Concluding Remarks by Dr. Wernher von Braun about Mode Selection for the Lunar Landing Program" (PDF). Lunar Orbit Rendezvous File. NASA Historical Reference Collection. June 7, 1962. http://history.nasa.gov/Apollomon/apollo6.pdf.
- ^ "Space Man's Look at Antarctica". Popular Science, Vol. 190, No. 5, May 1967, pp. 114–116.
- ^ von Braun, Wernher (January 16, 1969). "Adjustment to Marshall Organization, Announcement No. 4". MSFC History Office. NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/vonbraun/announcement_4.pdf.
- ^ "Next, Mars and Beyond". Time (magazine). July 25, 1969. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901107,00.html. Retrieved June 21, 2007. "Even as man prepared to take his first tentative extraterrestrial steps, other celestial adventures beckoned him. The shape and scope of the post-Apollo manned space program remained hazy, and a great deal depends on the safe and successful outcome of Apollo 11. But well before the moon flight was launched, NASA was casting eyes on targets far beyond the moon. The most inviting: the earth's close, and probably most hospitable, planetary neighbor. Given the same energy and dedication that took them to the moon, says Wernher von Braun, Americans could land on Mars as early as 1982."
- ^ German sources mostly specify the cancer as renal, while American biographies unanimously just mention cancer. The time when von Braun learned about the disease is generally given as between 1973 and 1976. The characteristics of renal cell carcinoma, which has a bad prognosis even today, do not rule out either time limit.
- ^ "Von Braun, Who Helped Put Men on Moon, Dies at 65: German-Born Scientist Succumbs to Pancreatic Cancer; Was Pioneer in Space Rocket Technology". Los Angeles Times: p. A2. June 17, 1977.
- ^ "Wernher von Braun, Rocket Pioneer, Dies; Wernher von Braun, Pioneer in Space Travel and Rocketry, Dies at 65". New York Times. June 18, 1977. "Wernher von Braun, the master rocket builder and pioneer of space travel, died of cancer Thursday morning. He was 65 years old."
- ^ Wernher von Braun at Find a Grave
- ^ Klee, Ernst; Merk, Otto (1963, English translation 1965). The Birth of the Missile:The Secrets of Peenemünde. Hamburg: Gerhard Stalling Verlag. pp. 89, 95.
- ^ Neufeld 2007, p 151
- ^ a b c Ordway, Frederick I, III; Sharpe, Mitchell R (1979). The Rocket Team. Apogee Books Space Series 36. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell. pp. 308, 425, 509. ISBN 1-894959-00-0.
- ^ William E., Sr. Winterstein Secrets Of The Space Age: The Sacrifices and Struggles To Get To The Moon; The Aftermath: What Happened After Lunar Mission, Intrigue and United States Space Heroes Betrayed (Hardcover) Robert D. Reed Publishers June 30, 2005 ISBN 1-931741-49-2
- ^ Launius, Roger (2002). To Reach the Higher Frontier: A History of U.S. Launch Vehicles. University of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-2245-7.
- ^ a b [1]
- ^ "Prof Dr Wernher Von Braun". Journal of the British Interplanetary Society March 1950 vol 9 No.2. 1950.
- ^ "Dr von Braun Honoured" (PDF). Flight International (Iliffe Transport Publications): p. 1030. July 22, 1967. http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1967/1967%20-%201054.html. Retrieved April 16, 2009.
- ^ Armbrester, Margaret E. (1992). The Civitan Story. Birmingham, AL: Ebsco Media. pp. 95, 105.
- ^ "I Aim at the Stars (1960)". Turner Classic Movies. http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title.jsp?stid=27789. Retrieved August 10, 2010.
- ^ DW-TV.
- ^ Neufield, Von Braun, p. 406. Dr Strangelove was widely held to be a composite of Edward Teller, Herman Kahn, and von Braun; but only von Braun shared Strangelove's Nazi past.
- ^ Youtube.com
- ^ SMH.com.au
References[link]
- Bergaust, Erik (1976). Wernher von Braun: The authoritative and definitive biographical profile of the father of modern space flight (Hardcover). National Space Institute (1976). ISBN 0-917680-01-4
- Biddle, Wayne (2009). Dark Side of the Moon: Wernher von Braun, the Third Reich, and the Space Race (Hardcover). W.W. Norton (2009). ISBN 978-0-393-05910-6
- Bilstein, Roger E. (2003). Stages to Saturn: A Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehicles (Paperback). University Press of Florida (July 2003). ISBN 0-8130-2691-1
- Crouch, Tom D. (1999). Aiming for the Stars: The Dreamers and Doers of the Space Age (Hardcover). Smithsonian (September 17, 1999). ISBN 1-56098-386-8
- Dunar, Andrew J; Waring, Stephen P (1999). Power to Explore: a History of Marshall Space Flight Center, 1960–1990. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office. ISBN 0-16-058992-4. http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/book/toc.html
- Eisfeld, Rainer (2000). Mondsüchtig. Hamburg: Rohwolt. ISBN 3-499-60943-6
- Erlebnisbericht Adam Cabala, in: Fiedermann, Heß, Jaeger: Das KZ Mittelbau Dora. Ein historischer Abriss. Berlin 1993, S.100
- Freeman, Marsha (1993). How we got to the Moon: The Story of the German Space Pioneers (Paperback). 31st Century Science Associates (October 1993). ISBN 0-9628134-1-9
- Lasby, Clarence G (1971). Project Paperclip: German Scientists and the Cold War. New York, NY: Atheneum. ISBN B0006CKBHY
- Neufeld, Michael J (1994). The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-02-922895-6
- Neufeld, Michael J (2007). Von Braun: Dreamer of Space, Engineer of War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-26292-9
- Ordway, Frederick I., III (2003). The Rocket Team: Apogee Books Space Series 36 (Apogee Books Space Series) (Hardcover). Collector's Guide Publishing Inc; Har/DVD edition (September 1, 2003). ISBN 1-894959-00-0
- Sellier, André (2003). A History of the Dora Camp: The Untold Story of the Nazi Slave Labor Camp That Secretly Manufactured V-2 Rockets. Chicago, IL: Ivan R Dee. ISBN 1-56663-511-X
- Stuhlinger, Ernst (1996). Wernher von Braun: Crusader for Space. Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing Company. ISBN 0-89464-980-9
- Tompkins, Phillip K. (1993). Organizational Communication Imperatives: Lessons of the Space Program (Paperback). Roxbury Publishing Company (1993). ISBN 0-935732-40-3
- Ward, Bob (2005). Dr. Space: The Life of Wernher von Braun. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-926-6
- Weisstein, Eric W., Robert Goddard from ScienceWorld.
- Willhite, Irene E. (Editor) (2007). The Voice of Dr. Wernher von Braun: An Anthology (Apogee Books Space Series) (Paperback). Collector's Guide Publishing, Inc. (May 1, 2007). ISBN 1-894959-64-7
- Winterstein, William E., Sr. (2005). Secrets Of The Space Age: The Sacrifices and Struggles To Get To The Moon; The Aftermath: What Happened After Lunar Mission, Intrigue and United States Space Heroes Betrayed (Hardcover). Robert D. Reed Publishers (June 30, 2005). ISBN 1-931741-49-2
Further reading[link]
- Neufeld, Michael J. (2007). Von Braun: Dreamer of Space, Engineer of War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-26292-9. OCLC 83609796.
- Petersen, Michael B. (2009). Missiles for the Fatherland: Peenemuende, National Socialism and the V-2 missile. Cambridge Centennial of Flight. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88270-5. OCLC 644940362.
- Warsitz, Lutz (2009). The First Jet Pilot: The Story of German Test Pilot Erich Warsitz. Trans. Geoffrey Brooks. Barnsley, Yorkshire, England: Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-84415-818-8. OCLC 244653641. Includes von Braun’s experiments with rocket aircraft.
- Ward, Bob (2005). Dr. Space: The Life of Wernher von Braun. Annapolis, MD, United States: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-927-9.
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Wernher von Braun |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Wernher von Braun |
- Dr. Wernher von Braun – At the Redstone Arsenal Historical Information pages
- Wernher Von Braun – A Register of His Papers in the Library of Congress
– Photos of Wernher von Braun's gravesite
- The capture of von Braun and his men – At the U.S. 44th Infantry Division website
- Dark Side of the Moon: Wernher von Braun, the Third Reich, and the Space Race – review of biography
- Wernher von Braun page – Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) History Office
- "The Disney – von Braun Collaboration and its Influence on Space Exploration" – by Mike Wright, MSFC
- Coat-of-arms of Dr. Wernher von Braun
- Remembering Von Braun – by Anthony Young – The Space Review Monday, July 10, 2006
- The Mittelbau-Dora Concentration Camp Memorial
- "The old dreams, and the modern reality." Wernher von Braun interviewed by Jules Bergman circa 1969.
- Article on von Braun, Huntsville, and German rocket scientists
- Audio commentary by Wernher von Braun about Flight Captain Erich Warsitz (world’s first jet pilot), Museum of Transport – Switzerland, “Planetarium”, August 30, 1971
- V2rocket.com
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Braun, Wernher von |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Rocket engineer and designer |
| Date of birth | 1912-3-23 |
| Place of birth | Wirsitz, German Empire |
| Date of death | 1977-6-16 |
| Place of death | Alexandria, Virginia, USA |
http://wn.com/Wernher_von_Braun
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Tom Lehrer | |
|---|---|
 Lehrer performing in 1960 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Thomas Andrew Lehrer |
| Born | (1928-04-09) April 9, 1928 (age 84) New York, New York |
| Occupations | Mathematician, teacher, lyricist, pianist, composer, singer/songwriter |
| Instruments | Vocals Piano |
| Years active | 1945–1971, 1998 |
| Labels | Reprise/Warner Bros. Records Rhino/Atlantic Records Shout! Factory |
| Associated acts | Joe Raposo |
Thomas Andrew Lehrer (born April 9, 1928) is an American singer-songwriter, satirist, pianist, and mathematician. He has lectured on mathematics and musical theater. Lehrer is best known for the pithy, humorous songs he recorded in the 1950s and 1960s.
His work often parodies popular song forms, though Lehrer usually creates original melodies when doing so. A notable exception is his song "The Elements", where he sets the names of the chemical elements to the tune of the "Major-General's Song" from Gilbert and Sullivan's Pirates of Penzance. Lehrer's earlier work typically dealt with non-topical subject matter and was noted for its black humor, seen in songs such as "Poisoning Pigeons in the Park". In the 1960s, he produced a number of songs dealing with social and political issues of the day, particularly when he wrote for the U.S. version of the television show That Was The Week That Was.
In the early 1970s, he retired from public performances to devote his time to teaching mathematics and music theatre at the University of California, Santa Cruz. He did two additional performances in 1998 at a London gala show celebrating the career of impresario Cameron Mackintosh.[1]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Lehrer was born in 1928 to a Jewish family in the New York City borough of Manhattan, and began studying classical piano music at the age of seven. He was more interested in the popular music of the age, however. Eventually, his mother also sent him to a popular-music piano teacher.[2] At this early age, he began writing his own show tunes, which eventually helped him in his future adventures as a satirical composer and writer in his years of lecturing at Harvard University, and later at other universities.[3]
Lehrer graduated from the Horace Mann School in Riverdale, NY.[4] He attended Camp Androscoggin, both as a camper and a counselor.[5] While studying mathematics as an undergraduate student at Harvard College, he began to write comic songs to entertain his friends, including "Fight Fiercely, Harvard" (1945). Those songs were later named The Physical Revue,[6] a joking reference to a leading scientific journal, The Physical Review.
Mathematics career[link]
Lehrer earned his AB in mathematics (magna cum laude) from Harvard University in 1946, when he was nineteen.[7] He received his MA degree the next year, and was inducted into Phi Beta Kappa. He taught classes at MIT, Harvard, and Wellesley.
He remained in Harvard's doctoral program for several years, taking time out for his musical career and to work as a researcher at Los Alamos, New Mexico. He served in the U.S. Army from 1955 to 1957, working at the National Security Agency. (Lehrer has stated that he invented the Jell-O Shot during this time, as a means of circumventing liquor restrictions.)[8] All of these experiences eventually became fodder for songs, viz. "Fight Fiercely, Harvard", "The Wild West Is Where I Want To Be" and "It Makes a Fellow Proud to Be a Soldier". Despite holding a master's degree in an era when American conscripts often lacked a high school diploma, Lehrer served as an enlisted soldier, achieving the rank of Specialist Third Class, which he described as being a "corporal without portfolio".[9] In 1960, Lehrer returned to full-time studies at Harvard, but he never completed his doctoral studies in mathematics.
From 1962, he taught in the political science department at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).[10] In 1972, he joined the faculty of the University of California, Santa Cruz, teaching an introductory course entitled "The Nature of Mathematics" to liberal arts majors—"Math for Tenors", according to Lehrer. He also taught a class in musical theater. He occasionally performed songs in his lectures, primarily those relating to the topic.[11]
In 2001, Lehrer taught his last mathematics class (on the topic of infinity) and retired from academia.[12] He has remained in the area, and still "hangs out" around the University of California, Santa Cruz.[13]
Mathematical publications[link]
The American Mathematical Society database lists Lehrer as co-author of two papers:
- RE Fagen & TA Lehrer, "Random walks with restraining barrier as applied to the biased binary counter", Journal of the Society for Industrial Applied Mathematics, vol. 6, pp. 1–14 (March 1958) MR0094856
- T Austin, R Fagen, T Lehrer, W Penney, "The distribution of the number of locally maximal elements in a random sample", Annals of Mathematical Statistics vol. 28, pp. 786–790 (1957) MR0091251
Musical career[link]
Lehrer was mainly influenced by musical theater. According to Gerald Nachman's book Seriously Funny, the broadway musical, "Let's Face It" (lyrics by Sylvia Fine; music by Cole Porter) made an early and lasting impression. Lehrer's style consists of parodying various forms of popular song. For example, his appreciation of list songs led him to set an unordered list of the chemical elements to the tune of Gilbert and Sullivan's "Major-General's Song".
Author Isaac Asimov recounted in his second autobiographical volume In Joy Still Felt of seeing Lehrer perform in a Boston nightclub on October 9, 1954, during which Lehrer sang very cleverly about Jim getting it from Louise, and Sally from Jim, "and after a while you gathered the 'it' to be venereal disease [the song was likely "I Got It From Sally (in later versions 'Agnes')"]. Suddenly, as the combinations grew more grotesque, you realized he was satirizing every perversion known to mankind without using a single naughty phrase. It was clearly unsingable (in those days) outside a nightclub." Asimov also recalled a song that dealt with the Boston subway system, making use of the stations leading into town from Harvard, observing that the local subject-matter rendered the song useless for general distribution. Lehrer subsequently granted Asimov permission to print the lyrics to the subway song in his book. "I haven't gone to nightclubs often," said Asimov, "but of all the times I have gone, it was on this occasion that I had by far the best time."[14]
Lehrer was inspired by the success of his performances of his own songs, so he paid for some studio time to record Songs by Tom Lehrer. At the time, radio stations would not give Lehrer air time because of his controversial subjects. Instead, he sold his album on campus at Harvard for three dollars, while "supportive record merchants and dorm newsstands bought copies…and marked them up fifty cents."[citation needed] After one summer, he also started to receive mail orders from all parts of the country (as far away as San Francisco, after The Chronicle wrote an article on the record). Interest in his recordings was spread by word of mouth; friends and supporters brought their records home and played them for their friends, who then also wanted a copy.[15]
The album—which included the macabre "I Hold Your Hand in Mine", the mildly risqué "Be Prepared", and "Lobachevsky" (regarding plagiarizing mathematicians) became a cult success via word of mouth, despite being self-published and without promotion. Lehrer then embarked on a series of concert tours and recorded a second album, which was released in two versions: the songs were the same, but More of Tom Lehrer was studio-recorded, while An Evening Wasted with Tom Lehrer was recorded live in concert.
Lehrer's major breakthrough in the United Kingdom came as a result of the citation accompanying an honorary degree given to Princess Margaret, where she cited musical tastes as "catholic, ranging from Mozart to Tom Lehrer". This prompted significant interest in his works and helped secure distributors for his material in the UK. It was there that his music achieved real popularity, as a result of the proliferation of university newspapers referring to the material, and the willingness of the BBC to play his songs on the radio (something that was a rarity in the United States).
By the early 1960s, Lehrer had retired from touring and was employed as the resident songwriter for the U.S. edition of That Was The Week That Was (TW3), a satirical television show. An increased proportion of his output became overtly political, or at least topical, on subjects such as education ("New Math"), the Second Vatican Council ("The Vatican Rag"), race relations ("National Brotherhood Week"), air and water pollution ("Pollution"), American militarism ("Send the Marines"), World War III "pre-nostalgia" ("So Long, Mom", premiered by Steve Allen), and nuclear proliferation ("Who's Next?" and "MLF Lullaby"). He also wrote a song that famously satirized the alleged amorality of rocket scientist Wernher von Braun, who had previously worked for Nazi Germany before working for the United States. ("'Once the rockets are up, who cares where they come down? That's not my department', says Wernher von Braun.") Lehrer did not appear on the television show; his songs were performed by a female vocalist and his lyrics were often altered by the network censors. Lehrer later performed the songs on the album, That Was The Year That Was, so that, in his words, people could hear the songs the way they were intended to be heard.
In 1967, Lehrer was persuaded to make a short tour in Norway and Denmark, where he performed some of the songs from the television program. The performance in Oslo, Norway, on September 10 was recorded on video tape and aired locally later that autumn; this program was released on DVD some 40 years later.[16]
Also around 1967, Lehrer composed and performed on piano original songs in a Dodge automobile "industrial" film that was distributed primarily to Dodge automobile dealers. It was also shown at promotional events organized by Dodge. Set in a fictional American wild west town, the full proper title of the film appears to be "The Dodge Rebellion Theatre presents Ballads For '67" Since the film is introducing 1967 model automobiles, it was possibly produced in late 1966.
The record deal with Reprise Records for the That Was The Year That Was album also gave Reprise distribution rights for Lehrer's earlier recordings, as Lehrer wanted to wind up his own record imprint. The Reprise issue of Songs by Tom Lehrer was a stereo re-recording. This version was not issued on CD, but the songs were issued on the live Tom Lehrer Revisited CD instead. The [live] recording also included bonus tracks "L-Y" and "Silent E", which Lehrer wrote for the PBS children's educational series The Electric Company. Lehrer later commented that worldwide sales of the recordings under Reprise surpassed 1.8 million units in 1996. That same year, the album That Was The Year That Was went gold.[15] The album liner notes (and Lehrer himself in one routine) promote Tom Lehrer's songs using reverse psychology, by deliberately quoting his negative reviews. ("I know it's very bad form to quote one's own reviews, but there is something the New York Times said about me [in 1958], that I have always treasured: 'Mr. Lehrer's muse [is] not fettered by such inhibiting factors as taste.")
Departure from the music scene[link]
There is an urban legend that Lehrer gave up political satire when the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Henry Kissinger in 1973. He did comment that awarding the prize to Kissinger made political satire obsolete, but has denied that he stopped creating satire thereafter as a form of protest, asserting that he had stopped several years prior to the award.[17] Another mistaken belief is that he was sued for libel by the estate of Wernher von Braun, the subject of one of his songs, and forced to relinquish all of his royalty income to von Braun. Lehrer firmly denied this in a 2003 interview.[13]
When asked about his reasons for abandoning his musical career, in an interview in the book accompanying his CD box set (released in 2000), he cited a simple lack of interest, a distaste for touring, and boredom with performing the same songs repeatedly. He observed that when he was moved to write and perform songs, he did, and when he was not, he did not, and that after a while he simply lost interest. Although many of Lehrer's songs satirized the Cold War political establishment of the era, he stopped writing and performing just as the 1960s counterculture movement gained momentum.
Lehrer's musical career was brief; in an interview in the late 1990s, he pointed out that he had performed a mere 109 shows and written 37 songs over 20 years. Nevertheless, he developed a significant cult following both in the United States and abroad.
In the 1970s, Lehrer concentrated on teaching mathematics and musical theater, although he also wrote ten songs for the children's television show The Electric Company—Lehrer's Harvard schoolmate Joe Raposo was the show's musical director for its first three seasons.
Revivals and discographic reissues[link]
In the early 1980s, Tom Foolery, a revival of his songs on the London stage, was a hit. Although not its instigator, Lehrer eventually gave the stage production his full support and updated several of his lyrics for the production (such as "Who's Next", in which Neiman-Marcus [or in the San Francisco production, J.C. Penney], not Alabama, gets the bomb). Tom Foolery contained 27 Lehrer songs and led to more than 200 productions,[15] including an off-Broadway production at the Village Gate, which ran for 120 performances in 1981.[18]
In conjunction with the Tom Foolery premiere in 1980 at Criterion Theatre in London, Lehrer made a rare TV appearance on BBC's Parkinson show, where he sang "I Got It from Agnes".[19][20]
On June 7 and 8, 1998, Lehrer performed in public for the first time in 25 years at the Lyceum Theatre, London as part of the gala show Hey, Mr. Producer! celebrating the career of impresario Cameron Mackintosh, who had been the producer of Tom Foolery. The June 8 show was his only performance before Queen Elizabeth II. Lehrer sang "Poisoning Pigeons in the Park" and an updated version of the nuclear proliferation song "Who's Next?". The DVD of the event includes the former song.[21]
In 2000, a boxed set of CDs, The Remains of Tom Lehrer, was released by Rhino Entertainment. It included live and studio versions of his first two albums, That Was The Year That Was, the songs he wrote for The Electric Company, and some previously unreleased material. It was accompanied by a small hardbound book containing an introduction by Dr. Demento and lyrics to all the songs.
In 2010, Shout! Factory launched a reissue campaign, making his long out-of-press albums available digitally. They also issued a CD/DVD combo called The Tom Lehrer Collection, which includes his best-loved songs, plus a DVD featuring an Oslo concert.[22]
Musical legacy[link]
Lehrer has commented that he doubts his songs had any real effect on those not already critical of the establishment: "I don't think this kind of thing has an impact on the unconverted, frankly. It's not even preaching to the converted; it's titillating the converted... I'm fond of quoting Peter Cook, who talked about the satirical Berlin kabaretts of the 1930s, which did so much to stop the rise of Hitler and prevent the Second World War."[17]
In 2003 he commented that his particular brand of political satire is more difficult in the modern world: "The real issues I don't think most people touch. The Clinton jokes are all about Monica Lewinsky and all that stuff and not about the important things, like the fact that he wouldn't ban land mines... I'm not tempted to write a song about George W. Bush. I couldn't figure out what sort of song I would write. That's the problem: I don't want to satirise George Bush and his puppeteers, I want to vaporize them."[13]
In a phone call to Gene Weingarten of the Washington Post in February 2008, Lehrer instructed Weingarten to "Just tell the people that I am voting for Obama."[23]
A play, Letters from Lehrer, written by Canadian Richard Greenblatt, was performed by him at CanStage, from January 16 to February 25, 2006. It followed Lehrer's musical career, the meaning of several songs, the politics of the time, and Greenblatt's own experiences with Lehrer's music, while playing some of Lehrer's songs. There are currently no plans for more performances, although low-quality audio recordings have begun to circulate around the internet.
Some of his songs ("I Hold Your Hand in Mine" and "Poisoning Pigeons in the Park") were reworked into German by the Austrian-Jewish singer satirist Georg Kreisler who lived in the United States from 1938 until 1955. Lehrer was praised by Dr. Demento as "the best musical satirist of the twentieth century". Other artists who cite Lehrer as an influence include "Weird Al" Yankovic, whose work generally addresses more popular and less technical or political subjects,[24] and educator and scientist H. Paul Shuch, who tours under the stage name Dr. SETI and calls himself "a cross between Carl Sagan and Tom Lehrer: he sings like Sagan and lectures like Lehrer." More stylistically influenced performers include American political satirist Mark Russell,[25] and the British duo Kit and The Widow.[citation needed] British medical satirists Amateur Transplants acknowledge the debt they owe to Tom Lehrer on the back of their first album, Fitness to Practice. Their songs "The Menstrual Rag" and "The Drugs Song" are to the tunes of Lehrer's "The Vatican Rag" and "The Elements" (itself set to the tune of the "Major-General's Song" from The Pirates of Penzance by Gilbert and Sullivan), respectively. Their second album, Unfit to Practise, opens with an update of Lehrer's "The Masochism Tango" and is called simply "Masochism Tango 2008". Syndicated conservative morning-radio talk show host Jim Quinn sings with piano backing in a Lehrer-like tribute in a song on how political correctness has destroyed so many Christmas traditions with the song "A Politically Correct Christmas".
Lehrer has said of his musical career, "If, after hearing my songs, just one human being is inspired to say something nasty to a friend, or perhaps to strike a loved one, it will all have been worth the while."[2]
Music lists[link]
Reviews selected by Lehrer for his liner notes[link]
- "Mr. Lehrer's muse is not fettered by such inhibiting factors as taste." — The New York Times (9 February 1959)
- "More desperate than amusing" — New York Herald Tribune
- "He seldom has any point to make except obvious ones" — The Christian Science Monitor
- "Plays the piano acceptably" — The Oakland Tribune
Solo discography[link]
- Songs by Tom Lehrer (1953)
- More of Tom Lehrer (1959)
- An Evening Wasted with Tom Lehrer (1959)
- Revisited (1960) (1990 CD reissue includes 1971 studio recordings of Silent E and L-Y)
- Tom Lehrer Discovers Australia (And Vice Versa) (1960; Australia-only)
- That Was the Year That Was (1965)
- Songs by Tom Lehrer (1966 re-recording)
- Tom Lehrer in Concert (1994; UK compilation)
- Songs & More Songs by Tom Lehrer (1997; US compilation of his first two studio albums with additional songs)
- The Remains of Tom Lehrer (2000)
- The Tom Lehrer Collection (2010)
Many Lehrer songs also are performed (but not by Lehrer) in That Was The Week That Was (Radiola LP, 1981)
The sheet music to many of Lehrer's songs is published in The Tom Lehrer Song Book (Crown Publishers, Inc., 1954) Library of Congress Card Catalog Number 54-12068 and Too Many Songs by Tom Lehrer: with not enough drawings by Ronald Searle (Pantheon, 1981, ISBN 0-394-74930-8; Methuen, 1999, ISBN 978-0-413-74230-8). There is also a second song book, called "Tom Lehrer's Second Song Book," which is out of print and has no ISBN.
Lehrer wrote The SAC Song that was sung in the 1963 film A Gathering of Eagles.[26]
References[link]
- ^ "Tom Lehrer talks - interview - a CD/DVD is out in the U.S.". YouTube. 2010-04-08. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xmOEtQlRGh8. Retrieved 2012-04-14.
- ^ a b Liner notes, "Songs & More Songs By Tom Lehrer", Rhino Records, 1997.
- ^ Tom Lehrer: The Political Musician That Wasn't. By Jeremy Mazner.
- ^ By --jeffrey R. Toobin (1981-11-09). "Tom Lehrer | News | The Harvard Crimson". Thecrimson.com. http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1981/11/9/tom-lehrer-pbrbumors-to-the-contrary/. Retrieved 2012-04-14.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "The Physical Revue" songs
- ^ Tom Lehrer Biography
- ^ "http://www.sfweekly.com/2000-04-19/news/that-was-the-wit-that-was/", Jack Boulware, San Francisco Weekly, April 19, 2000. Retrieved February 1, 2007.
- ^ Monologue self-introduction on Tom Lehrer Revisited.
- ^ "http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_bio/ai_2419200709", Eric Longley, Tom Lehrer in St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture 2002. Accessed December 21, 2007.
- ^ Internet Archive: Details: Tom Lehrer.
- ^ I hope Tom doesn't read this. He doesn't like the attention.
- ^ a b c Interview with the Sydney Morning Herald, February 28, 2003.
- ^ Asimov, Isaac, In Joy Still Felt: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1954-1978. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1980, p. 15.
- ^ a b c Jim Bessman. "Rhino Reissues Lehrer's Seminal 'Songs' Albums." Billboard. June 21, 1997.
- ^ Tom Lehrer, performing in Norway, at youtube.com. Retrieved July 5, 2007.
- ^ a b Interview with the Onion AV Club, May 24, 2000.
- ^ Tomfoolery at the Internet off-Broadway Database
- ^ DVDTalk: The Tom Lehrer Collection
- ^ Tom Lehrer: I Got It From Agnes on YouTube—from "Parkinson" 1980
- ^ Poisoning Pigeons in the Park (original version) at youtube.com. Retrieved March 25, 2008.
- ^ Bianculli, David, Tom Lehrer: '60s Satirist Still Strikes A Chord—NPR review of new release aired on 2010.04.30 http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=126189232
- ^ "Chatalogical Humor", February 12, 2008.
- ^ "Weird Al's FAQs". Weirdal.com. http://www.weirdal.com/faq.htm. Retrieved June 12, 2009.
- ^ "NewsHole". Holecity.com. 2000-03-05. http://www.holecity.com/asp/newshole.asp?issue=10&sec=7&hole=1. Retrieved June 12, 2009.
- ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0057090/fullcredits#cast
External links[link]
|
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Tom Lehrer |
- That Was the Wit That Was Tom Lehrer interview in SF Weekly, published 2000-04-19, retrieved 2010-08-26
- Tom Lehrer Annotated Song Lyrics, many with MIDI files, collected by Graeme Cree, retrieved 2011-04-13
- 59 minute long mp3 radio programme from 1983, with a telephone interview with Tom Lehrer, as well as a 10 minute follow-up 1989 From "Bob Claster's Funny Stuff" on KCRW, retrieved 2010-08-26
- A Conversation with Tom Lehrer done by Paul D. Lehrman on September 7, 1997, retrieved 2010-08-26
- Tom Lehrer page on The Demented Music Database—includes biography, discography, lyrics and other miscellanea, retrieved on 2011-01-23
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Lehrer, Tom |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | american songpoet |
| Date of birth | April 9, 1928 |
| Place of birth | New York, New York |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Tom_Lehrer
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Lehrer
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This article is about Walt Disney, the person. For the company he founded, see The Walt Disney Company. For other uses, see Walt Disney (disambiguation).
| Walt Disney | |
|---|---|
 Walt Disney on January 1, 1954 |
|
| Born | Walter Elias Disney (1901-12-05)December 5, 1901[1] Hermosa, Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Died | December 15, 1966(1966-12-15) (aged 65) Burbank, California, U.S. |
| Cause of death | Lung Cancer |
| Resting place | Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California, U.S. |
| Residence | Burbank, California |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | McKinley High School |
| Occupation | Film producer, Co-founder of The Walt Disney Company, formerly known as Walt Disney Productions |
| Years active | 1920–1966 |
| Home town | Chicago, Illinois |
| Political party | Republican |
| Board member of | The Walt Disney Company |
| Religion | Christian (Congregationalist)[2] |
| Spouse | Lillian Bounds (1925–1966; his death) |
| Children | Diane Marie Disney Sharon Mae Disney |
| Parents | Elias Disney Flora Call Disney |
| Relatives | Ronald William Miller (son-in-law) Robert Borgfeldt Brown (son-in-law) Roy Edward Disney (nephew) |
| Family | Herbert Arthur Disney (brother) Raymond Arnold Disney (brother) Roy Oliver Disney (brother) Ruth Flora Disney (sister) |
| Awards | 7 Emmy Awards, 22 Academy Awards, Cecil B.DeMille Award |
| Signature |  |
Walter Elias "Walt" Disney (December 5, 1901 – December 15, 1966) was an American film producer, director, screenwriter, voice actor, animator, entrepreneur, entertainer, international icon,[3] and philanthropist, well known for his influence in the field of entertainment during the 20th century. Along with his brother Roy O. Disney, he was co-founder of Walt Disney Productions, which later became one of the best-known motion picture producers in the world. The corporation is now known as The Walt Disney Company and had an annual revenue of approximately US$36 billion in the 2010 financial year.[4]
Disney is particularly noted as a film producer and a popular showman, as well as an innovator in animation and theme park design. He and his staff created some of the world's most well-known fictional characters including Mickey Mouse, for whom Disney himself provided the original voice. During his lifetime he received four honorary Academy Awards and won 22 Academy Awards from a total of 59 nominations, including a record four in one year,[5] giving him more awards and nominations than any other individual in history.[6] Disney also won seven Emmy Awards and gave his name to the Disneyland and Walt Disney World Resort theme parks in the U.S., as well as the international resorts Tokyo Disney Resort, Disneyland Paris, and Hong Kong Disneyland.
The year after his December 15, 1966 death from lung cancer in Burbank, California, construction began on Walt Disney World Resort in Florida. His brother Roy Disney inaugurated the Magic Kingdom on October 1, 1971.
Contents |
1901–1937: Beginnings[link]
Childhood[link]
File:Flora and Elias Disney.JPG
Walt’s parents, Elias and Flora (Call) Disney
Disney was born on December 5, 1901, at 2156 N. Tripp Avenue in Chicago's Hermosa community area to Irish-Canadian father Elias Disney and Flora Call Disney, who was of German and English descent.[7][8] His great-grandfather, Arundel Elias Disney, had emigrated from Gowran, County Kilkenny, Ireland where he was born in 1801. Arundel Disney was a descendant of Robert d'Isigny, a Frenchman who had travelled to England with William the Conqueror in 1066.[9] With the d'Isigny name anglicised as "Disney", the family settled in a village now known as Norton Disney, south of the city of Lincoln, in the county of Lincolnshire.
In 1878, Disney's father Elias had moved from Huron County, Ontario, Canada to the United States at first seeking gold in California before finally settling down to farm with his parents near Ellis, Kansas, until 1884. Elias worked for the Union Pacific Railroad and married Flora Call on January 1, 1888, in Acron, Florida. The family moved to Chicago, Illinois, in 1890,[10] hometown of his brother Robert[10] who helped Elias financially for most of his early life.[10] In 1906, when Walt was four, Elias and his family moved to a farm in Marceline, Missouri,[11] where his brother Roy had recently purchased farmland.[11] In Marceline, Disney developed his love for drawing[12] with one of the family's neighbors, a retired doctor named "Doc" Sherwood, paying him to draw pictures of Sherwood's horse, Rupert.[12] His interest in trains also developed in Marceline, a town that owed its existence to the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway which ran through it. Walt would put his ear to the tracks in anticipation of the coming train[8] then try and spot his uncle, engineer Michael Martin, conducting the train.
The Disneys remained in Marceline for four years,[13] before moving to Kansas City in 1911[14] where Walt and his younger sister Ruth attended the Benton Grammar School. At school he met Walter Pfeiffer who came from a family of theatre aficionados, and introduced Walt to the world of vaudeville and motion pictures. Before long Walt was spending more time at the Pfeiffers' than at home.[15] As well as attending Saturday courses at the Kansas City Art Institute,[16] Walt often took Ruth to Electric Park, 15 blocks from their home, which Disney would later acknowledge as a major influence of his design of Disneyland.[citation needed]
Teenage years[link]
In 1917, Elias acquired shares in the O-Zell jelly factory in Chicago and moved his family back to the city,[17] where in the fall Disney began his freshman year at McKinley High School and took night courses at the Chicago Art Institute.[18] He became the cartoonist for the school newspaper, drawing patriotic topics and focusing on World War I. Despite dropping out of high school at the age of sixteen to join the army, Disney was rejected for being underage.[19]
After his rejection by the army, Walt and a friend decided to join the Red Cross.[20] Soon after joining he was sent to France for a year, where he drove an ambulance, but only after the armistice was signed on November 11, 1918.[21]
Hoping to find work outside the Chicago O-Zell factory,[22] in 1919 Walt moved back to Kansas City to begin his artistic career.[23] After considering whether to become an actor or a newspaper artist, he decided on a career as a newspaper artist, drawing political caricatures or comic strips. But when nobody wanted to hire him as either an artist or even as an ambulance driver, his brother Roy, then working in a local bank, got Walt a temporary job through a bank colleague at the Pesmen-Rubin Art Studio[23] where he created advertisements for newspapers, magazines, and movie theaters.[24] At Pesmen-Rubin he met cartoonist Ubbe Iwerks[25] and when their time at the studio expired, they decided to start their own commercial company together.[26]
In January 1920, Disney and Iwerks formed a short-lived company called, "Iwerks-Disney Commercial Artists". However, following a rough start, Disney left temporarily to earn money at the Kansas City Film Ad Company, and was soon joined by Iwerks who was not able to run their business alone.[27] While working for the Kansas City Film Ad Company, where he made commercials based on cutout animations, Disney became interested in animation, and decided to become an animator.[28] The owner of the Ad Company, A.V. Cauger, allowed him to borrow a camera from work to experiment with at home. After reading the Edwin G. Lutz book Animated Cartoons: How They Are Made, Their Origin and Development, Disney considered cel animation to be much more promising than the cutout animation he was doing for Cauger. Walt eventually decided to open his own animation business,[29] and recruited a fellow co-worker at the Kansas City Film Ad Company, Fred Harman, as his first employee.[29] Walt and Harman then secured a deal with local theater owner Frank L. Newman, arguably the most popular "showman" in the Kansas City area at the time,[30] to screen their cartoons at his local theater, which they titled Laugh-O-Grams.[30]
Laugh-O-Gram Studio[link]
Presented as "Newman Laugh-O-Grams",[30] Disney's cartoons became widely popular in the Kansas City area[31] and through their success, he was able to acquire his own studio, also called Laugh-O-Gram,[32] for which he hired a vast number of additional animators, including Fred Harman's brother Hugh Harman, Rudolf Ising, and his close friend Ubbe Iwerks.[33] Unfortunately, studio profits were insufficient to cover the high salaries paid to employees. Unable to successfully manage money,[34] Disney's studio became loaded with debt[34] and wound up bankrupt[35] whereupon he decided to set up a studio in the movie industry's capital city, Hollywood, California.[36]
Hollywood[link]
Disney and his brother Roy pooled their money and set up a cartoon studio in Hollywood[37] where they needed to find a distributor for Walt's new Alice Comedies, which he had started making while in Kansas City[35] but never got to distribute. Disney sent an unfinished print to New York distributor Margaret Winkler, who promptly wrote back to him that she was keen on a distribution deal for more live-action/animated shorts based upon Alice's Wonderland.[38]
Alice Comedies[link]
Virginia Davis, the live-action star of Alice’s Wonderland and her family relocated from Kansas City to Hollywood at Disney's request, as did Iwerks and his family. This was the beginning of the Disney Brothers' Studio located on Hyperion Avenue in the Silver Lake district, where it remained until 1939. In 1925, Disney hired a young woman named Lillian Bounds to ink and paint celluloid. After a brief courtship, the pair married that same year.
The new series, Alice Comedies, proved reasonably successful, and featured both Dawn O'Day and Margie Gay as Alice with Lois Hardwick also briefly assuming the role. By the time the series ended in 1927, its focus was more on the animated characters and in particular a cat named Julius who resembled Felix the Cat, rather than the live-action Alice.
Oswald the Lucky Rabbit[link]
Main article: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit
By 1927, Charles Mintz had married Margaret Winkler and assumed control of her business. He then ordered a new all-animated series to be put into production for distribution through Universal Pictures. The new series, Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, was an almost instant success, and the character, Oswald — drawn and created by Iwerks — became a popular figure. The Disney studio expanded and Walt re-hired Harman, Rudolph Ising, Carman Maxwell, and Friz Freleng from Kansas City.
Disney went to New York in February 1928 to negotiate a higher fee per short and was shocked when Mintz told him that not only did he want to reduce the fee he paid Disney per short but also that he had most of his main animators, including Harman, Ising, Maxwell, and Freleng—but not Iwerks, who refused to leave Disney—under contract and would start his own studio if Disney did not accept the reduced production budgets. Universal, not Disney, owned the Oswald trademark, and could make the films without Walt. Disney declined Mintz's offer and as a result lost most of his animation staff whereupon he found himself on his own again.[39]
It subsequently took his company 78 years to get back the rights to the Oswald character when in 2006 the Walt Disney Company reacquired the rights to Oswald the Lucky Rabbit from NBC Universal, through a trade for longtime ABC sports commentator Al Michaels.[40]
Mickey Mouse[link]
Main article: Mickey Mouse
After losing the rights to Oswald, Disney felt the need to develop a new character to replace him, which was based on a mouse he had adopted as a pet while working in his Laugh-O-Gram studio in Kansas City.[41] Ub Iwerks reworked the sketches made by Disney to make the character easier to animate although Mickey's voice and personality were provided by Disney himself until 1947. In the words of one Disney employee, "Ub designed Mickey's physical appearance, but Walt gave him his soul."[41] Besides Oswald and Mickey, a similar mouse-character is seen in the Alice Comedies, which featured "Ike the Mouse". Moreover, the first Flip the Frog cartoon called Fiddlesticks showed a Mickey Mouse look-alike playing fiddle. The initial films were animated by Iwerks with his name prominently featured on the title cards. Originally named "Mortimer", the mouse was later re-christened "Mickey" by Lillian Disney who thought that the name Mortimer did not fit. Mortimer later became the name of Mickey's rival for Minnie – taller than his renowned adversary and speaking with a Brooklyn accent.
The first animated short to feature Mickey, Plane Crazy was a silent film like all of Disney's previous works. After failing to find a distributor for the short and its follow-up, The Gallopin' Gaucho, Disney created a Mickey cartoon with sound called Steamboat Willie. A businessman named Pat Powers provided Disney with both distribution and Cinephone, a sound-synchronization process. Steamboat Willie became an instant success,[42] and Plane Crazy, The Galloping Gaucho, and all future Mickey cartoons were released with soundtracks. After the release of Steamboat Willie, Disney successfully used sound in all of his subsequent cartoons, and Cinephone also became the new distributor for Disney's early sound cartoons.[43] Mickey soon eclipsed Felix the Cat as the world's most popular cartoon character[41] and by 1930, despite their having sound, cartoons featuring Felix had faded from the screen after failing to gain attention.[44] Mickey's popularity would subsequently skyrocket in the early 1930s.[41]
[edit] Silly Symphonies
Following in the footsteps of Mickey Mouse series, a series of musical shorts titled, Silly Symphonies were released in 1929. The first, The Skeleton Dance was entirely drawn and animated by Iwerks, who was also responsible for drawing the majority of cartoons released by Disney in 1928 and 1929. Although both series were successful, the Disney studio thought it was not receiving its rightful share of profits from Pat Powers,[45] and in 1930, Disney signed a new distribution deal with Columbia Pictures. The original basis of the cartoons was their musical novelty with the first Silly Symphony cartoons featuring scores by Carl Stalling.[46]
Iwerks was soon lured by Powers into opening his own studio with an exclusive contract, while Stalling would also later leave Disney to join Iwerks.[47] Iwerks launched his Flip the Frog series with the first voiced color cartoon Fiddlesticks, filmed in two-strip Technicolor. Iwerks also created two other cartoon series, Willie Whopper and the Comicolor. In 1936, Iwerks shut down his studio in order to work on various projects dealing with animation technology. He would return to Disney in 1940 and go on to pioneer a number of film processes and specialized animation technologies in the studio's research and development department.
By 1932, although Mickey Mouse had become a relatively popular cinema character, Silly Symphonies was not as successful. The same year also saw competition increase as Max Fleischer's flapper cartoon character, Betty Boop, gained popularity among theater audiences.[48] Fleischer, considered Disney's main rival in the 1930s,[49] was also the father of Richard Fleischer, whom Disney would later hire to direct his 1954 film 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea. Meanwhile, Columbia Pictures dropped the distribution of Disney cartoons to be replaced by United Artists.[50] In late 1932, Herbert Kalmus, who had just completed work on the first three-strip technicolor camera,[51] approached Walt and convinced him to reshoot the black and white Flowers and Trees in three-strip Technicolor.[52] Flowers and Trees would go on to be a phenomenal success and would also win the first 1932 Academy Award for Best Short Subject: Cartoons. After the release of Flowers and Trees, all subsequent Silly Symphony cartoons were in color while Disney was also able to negotiate a two-year deal with Technicolor, giving him the sole right to use their three-strip process,[53][54] a period eventually extended to five years.[46] Through Silly Symphonies, Disney also created his most successful cartoon short of all time, The Three Little Pigs (1933).[55] The cartoon ran in theaters for many months, featuring the hit song that became the anthem of the Great Depression, "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf".[56]
First Academy Award[link]
In 1932, Disney received a special Academy Award for the creation of "Mickey Mouse", a series which switched to color in 1935 and soon launched spin-offs for supporting characters such as Donald Duck, Goofy, and Pluto. Pluto and Donald became standalone cartoons in 1937,[57] with Goofy following in 1939.[58] Of all Mickey's partners, Donald Duck, who first teamed up with Mickey in the 1934 cartoon, Orphan's Benefit, was arguably the most popular, going on to become Disney's second most successful cartoon character of all time.[59]
Children[link]
The Disneys' first attempt at pregnancy ended in miscarriage. Lillian became pregnant again and gave birth to a daughter, Diane Marie Disney, on December 18, 1933.[60] Later, the Disneys adopted Sharon Mae Disney (December 31, 1936 – February 16, 1993).[61]
Diane married Ron Miller at the age of 20 and is known as Diane Disney Miller. The Millers established and own a winery called Silverado Vineyards in California.[62] Diane and Ron Miller have seven children: Christopher, Joanna, Tamara, Jennifer, Walter, Ronald and Patrick.[63] Years later, Diane went on to become the cofounder of The Walt Disney Family Museum, with the aid of her children.[60] The museum was created to preserve her father's image and reach out to millions of Disney fans worldwide.[64] The museum displays a chronological view of Walt Disney's life through personal artifacts, interactive kiosks and various animations.[64]
Sharon Mae Disney was born December 31, 1936, in Los Angeles, California and was later adopted by the Disneys, due to Lillian's several birth complications.[63][65] In 1950, Sharon went on to star as herself in the Walt Disney Studios special One Hour in Wonderland.[66] Sharon married Robert Brown in 1958, with whom she had one child, and they remained married until his death in 1967.[65] Sharon married William Lund in 1969 and had two children with him, but six years later they divorced.[65][67] Sharon was a philanthropist and had contributed to charities such as the Marianne Frostig Center of Educational Therapy and the Curtis School foundation.[68] In 1993 at the age of 57, Sharon died from cancer at St. John's Hospital in Santa Monica, California.[65] After Sharon's death, her estate donated $11 million to the California School of Performing Arts, where she was a member of the board of trustees for almost two decades. Sharon's donation was commemorated by renaming the School of Dance the Sharon D. Lund School of Dance.[60][69]
1937–1941: Golden age of animation[link]
[edit] "Disney's Folly": Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
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Following the creation of two cartoon series, in 1934 Disney began planning a full-length feature. The following year, opinion polls showed that another cartoon series, Popeye the Sailor, produced by Max Fleischer, was more popular than Mickey Mouse.[70] Nevertheless, Disney was able to put Mickey back on top as well as increase his popularity by colorizing and partially redesigning the character to become what was considered his most appealing design to date.[41] When the film industry learned of Disney's plans to produce an animated feature-length version of Snow White, they were certain that the endeavor would destroy the Disney Studio and dubbed the project "Disney's Folly". Both Lillian and Roy tried to talk Disney out of the project, but he continued plans for the feature, employing Chouinard Art Institute professor Don Graham to start a training operation for the studio staff. Disney then used the Silly Symphonies as a platform for experiments in realistic human animation, distinctive character animation, special effects, and the use of specialized processes and apparatus such as the multiplane camera – a new technique first used by Disney in the 1937 Silly Symphonies short The Old Mill.[71]
All of this development and training was used to increase quality at the studio and to ensure that the feature film would match Disney's quality expectations. Entitled Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the feature went into full production in 1934 and continued until mid-1937, when the studio ran out of money. To obtain the funding to complete Snow White, Disney had to show a rough cut of the motion picture to loan officers. The film premiered at the Carthay Circle Theater on December 21, 1937 and at its conclusion the audience gave Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs a standing ovation. Snow White, the first animated feature in America made in Technicolor, was released in February 1938 under a new distribution deal with RKO Radio Pictures. RKO had been the distributor for Disney cartoons in 1936, after it closed down the Van Beuren Studios in exchange for distribution.[72] The film became the most successful motion picture of 1938 and earned over $8 million on its initial release. These initial release earnings for Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs would be the equivalent of $122,487,945 in 2010.[73]
Golden age of animation[link]
Following the success of Snow White, for which Disney received one full-size, and seven miniature Oscar statuettes, he was able to build a new campus for the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, which opened for business on December 24, 1939. Snow White was not only the peak of Disney's success, but also ushered in a period that would later be known as the Golden Age of Animation for the studio.[74][75] Feature animation staff, having just completed Pinocchio, continued work on Fantasia and Bambi as well as the early production stages of Alice in Wonderland, Peter Pan and Wind in the Willows while the shorts staff carried on working on the Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Goofy, and Pluto cartoon series, ending the Silly Symphonies at this time.[clarification needed More info needed on end of the Silly Symphonies to make a new and separate sentence.] Animator Fred Moore had redesigned Mickey Mouse in the late 1930s after Donald Duck overtook him in popularity among theater audiences.[76]
Pinocchio and Fantasia followed Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs into the movie theaters in 1940, but both proved financial disappointments. The inexpensive Dumbo was then planned as an income generator, but during production most of the animation staff went on strike, permanently straining relations between Disney and his artists.
1941–1945: World War II era[link]
In 1941, the U.S. State Department sent Disney and a group of animators to South America as part of its Good Neighbor policy, at the same time guaranteeing financing for the resultant movie, Saludos Amigos.[77]
Shortly after the release of Dumbo in October 1941, the US entered World War II. The U.S. Army and Navy Bureau of Aeronautics[78] contracted most of the Disney studio's facilities where the staff created training and instruction films for the military, home-front morale-boosting shorts such as Der Fuehrer's Face and the 1943 feature film Victory Through Air Power. However, military films did not generate income, and the feature film Bambi underperformed on its release in April 1942. Disney successfully re-issued Snow White in 1944, establishing a seven-year re-release tradition for his features. In 1945, The Three Caballeros was the last animated feature released by the studio during the war.
In 1944, Encyclopædia Britannica publisher William Benton, entered into unsuccessful negotiations with Disney to make six to twelve educational films per annum. Disney was asked by the US Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, Office of Inter-American Affairs (OIAA), to make an educational film about the Amazon Basin, which resulted in the 1944 animated short, The Amazon Awakens.[79][80][81][82][83]
1945–1955: Post-war period[link]
Disney studios also created inexpensive package films, containing collections of cartoon shorts, and issued them to theaters during this period. These included Make Mine Music (1946), Melody Time (1948), Fun and Fancy Free (1947) and The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949). The latter had only two sections, the first based on The Wind in the Willows by Kenneth Grahame, and the second on The Legend of Sleepy Hollow by Washington Irving. During this period, Disney also ventured into full-length dramatic films that mixed live action and animated scenes, including Song of the South and So Dear to My Heart. After the war ended, Mickey's popularity would also fade.[84]
By the late 1940s, the studio had recovered enough to continue production on the full-length features Alice in Wonderland and Peter Pan, both of which had been shelved during the war years. Work also began on Cinderella, which became Disney's most successful film since Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. In 1948 the studio also initiated a series of live-action nature films, titled True-Life Adventures, with On Seal Island the first. Despite its resounding success with feature films, the studio's animation shorts were no longer as popular as they once were, with people paying more attention to Warner Bros. and their animation star Bugs Bunny. By 1942, Leon Schlesinger Productions, which produced the Warner Bros. cartoons, had become the country's most popular animation studio.[85] However, while Bugs Bunny's popularity rose in the 1940s, so did Donald Duck's,[86] a character who would replace Mickey Mouse as Disney's star character by 1949.[87]
During the mid-1950s, Disney produced a number of educational films on the space program in collaboration with NASA rocket designer Wernher von Braun: Man in Space and Man and the Moon in 1955, and Mars and Beyond in 1957.
Disney and the Second Red Scare[link]
Disney was a founding member of the anti-communist group Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals. In 1947, during the Second Red Scare,[88] Disney testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), where he branded Herbert Sorrell, David Hilberman and William Pomerance, former animators and labor union organizers, Communist agitators. All three men denied the allegations and Sorrell went on to testify before the HUAC in 1946 when insufficient evidence was found to link him to the Communist Party.[89][90]
Disney also accused the Screen Cartoonists Guild of being a Communist front, and charged that the 1941 strike was part of an organized Communist effort to gain influence in Hollywood.[88]
1955–1966: Theme parks and beyond[link]
Planning Disneyland[link]
On a business trip to Chicago in the late-1940s, Disney drew sketches of his ideas for an amusement park where he envisioned his employees spending time with their children. The idea for a children's theme park came after a visit to Children's Fairyland in Oakland, California. It also said that Disney may have been inspired to create Disneyland in the park Republic of the Children located in Manuel B. Gonnet, La Plata, Argentina, and opened in 1951.[91] This plan was originally intended to be built on a plot located across the street to the south of the studio. These original ideas developed into a concept for a larger enterprise that would become Disneyland. Disney spent five years developing Disneyland and created a new subsidiary company, WED Enterprises, to carry out planning and production of the park. A small group of Disney studio employees joined the Disneyland development project as engineers and planners, and were dubbed Imagineers.[citation needed]
As Disney explained one of his earliest plans to Herb Ryman, who created the first aerial drawing of Disneyland presented to the Bank of America during fund raising for the project, he said, "Herbie, I just want it to look like nothing else in the world. And it should be surrounded by a train."[92] Entertaining his daughters and their friends in his backyard and taking them for rides on his Carolwood Pacific Railroad had inspired Disney to include a railroad in the plans for Disneyland.
Disneyland grand opening[link]
File:Waltopening.jpg
Walt Disney giving the dedication day speech July 17, 1955
Disneyland officially opened on July 18, 1955. On Sunday, July 17, 1955, Disneyland hosted a live TV preview, among the thousands of people in attendance were Ronald Reagan, Bob Cummings and Art Linkletter, who shared cohosting duties, as well as the mayor of Anaheim. Walt gave the following dedication day speech:
| “ | To all who come to this happy place; welcome. Disneyland is your land. Here age relives fond memories of the past .... and here youth may savor the challenge and promise of the future. Disneyland is dedicated to the ideals, the dreams and the hard facts that have created America ... with the hope that it will be a source of joy and inspiration to all the world. | ” |
Carolwood Pacific Railroad[link]
Main article: Carolwood Pacific Railroad
During 1949, Disney and his family moved to a new home on a large piece of land in the Holmby Hills district of Los Angeles, California. With the help of his friends Ward and Betty Kimball, who already had their own backyard railroad, Disney developed blueprints and immediately set to work on creating a miniature live steam railroad for his backyard. The name of the railroad, Carolwood Pacific Railroad, came from his home's location on Carolwood Drive. The railroad's half-mile long layout included a 46-foot (14 m) long trestle bridge, loops, overpasses, gradients, an elevated berm, and a 90-foot (27 m) tunnel underneath his wife's flowerbed. He named the miniature working steam locomotive built by Disney Studios engineer Roger E. Broggie Lilly Belle in his wife's honor and had his attorney draw up right-of-way papers giving the railroad a permanent, legal easement through the garden areas, which his wife dutifully signed; however, there is no evidence of the documents ever recorded as a restriction on the property's title.[clarification needed]
Expansion into new areas[link]
As Walt Disney Productions began work on Disneyland, it also began expanding its other entertainment operations. In 1950, Treasure Island became the studio's first all-live-action feature, soon followed by 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (in CinemaScope, 1954), Old Yeller (1957), The Shaggy Dog (1959), Pollyanna (1960), Swiss Family Robinson (1960), The Absent-Minded Professor (1961), and The Parent Trap (1961). The studio produced its first TV special, One Hour in Wonderland, in 1950. Disney began hosting a weekly anthology series on ABC entitled Disneyland, after the park, on which he aired clips of past Disney productions, gave tours of his studio, and familiarized the public with Disneyland as it was being constructed in Anaheim. The show also featured a Davy Crockett miniseries, which started the "Davy Crockett craze" among American youth, during which millions of coonskin caps and other Crockett memorabilia were sold across the country.[93] In 1955, the studio's first daily television show, Mickey Mouse Club debuted on ABC. It was a groundbreaking comedy/variety show aimed specifically for children. Disney took a strong personal interest in the show and even returned to the animation studio to voice Mickey Mouse in its animated segments during its original 1955-59 production run. The Mickey Mouse Club would continue in various incarnations in syndication and on the Disney Channel into the 1990s.
As the studio expanded and diversified into other media, Disney devoted less of his attention to the animation department, entrusting most of its operations to his key animators, whom he dubbed the Nine Old Men. Although he was spending less time supervising the production of the animated films, he was always present at story meetings.[94] During Disney's lifetime, the animation department created the successful Lady and the Tramp ( the first animated film in CinemaScope) in 1955, Sleeping Beauty ( the first animated film in Super Technirama 70mm) in 1959, One Hundred and One Dalmatians (the first animated feature film to use Xerox cels) in 1961, and The Sword in the Stone in 1963.
Production of short cartoons kept pace until 1956, when Disney shut down the responsible division although special shorts projects would continue for the remainder of the studio's duration on an irregular basis. These productions were all distributed by Disney's new subsidiary, Buena Vista Distribution, which had taken over all distribution duties for Disney films from RKO by 1955. Disneyland, one of the world's first theme parks, finally opened on July 17, 1955, and was immediately successful. Visitors from around the world came to visit Disneyland, which contained attractions based on a number of successful Disney characters and films.
After 1955, the Disneyland TV show was renamed Walt Disney Presents. It switched from black-and-white to color in 1961 and changed its name to Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color, at the same time moving from ABC to NBC,[95] and eventually evolving into its current form as The Wonderful World of Disney. The series continued to air on NBC until 1981, when it was picked up by CBS.[96] Since then, it has aired on ABC, NBC, the Hallmark Channel and the Cartoon Network via separate broadcast rights deals. During its run, the Disney series offered some recurring characters, such as the newspaper reporter and sleuth "Gallegher" played by Roger Mobley with a plot based on the writings of Richard Harding Davis.
Disney had already formed his own music publishing division in 1949 and in 1956, partly inspired by the huge success of the television theme song The Ballad of Davy Crockett, he created a company-owned record production and distribution entity called Disneyland Records.
Early 1960s successes[link]
File:Shermans042.jpg
(Left to right) Robert B. Sherman, Richard M. Sherman and Walt Disney sing "There's a Great Big Beautiful Tomorrow" (1964)
By the early 1960s, the Disney empire had become a major success, and Walt Disney Productions had established itself as the world's leading producer of family entertainment. Walt Disney was the Head of Pageantry for the 1960 Winter Olympics.
After decades of pursuit, Disney finally acquired the rights to P.L. Travers' books about a magical nanny. Mary Poppins, released in 1964, was the most successful Disney film of the 1960s and featured a memorable song score written by Disney favorites, the Sherman Brothers. The same year, Disney debuted a number of exhibits at the 1964 New York World's Fair, including Audio-Animatronic figures, all of which were later integrated into attractions at Disneyland and a new theme park project which was to be established on the East Coast.
Although the studio would probably have proved major competition for Hanna-Barbera, Disney decided not to enter the race and mimic Hanna-Barbera by producing Saturday morning TV cartoon series. With the expansion of Disney's empire and constant production of feature films, the financial burden involved in such a move would have proven too great.
Plans for Disney World and EPCOT[link]
In early 1964, Disney announced plans to develop another theme park to be called Disney World a few miles southwest of Orlando, Florida. Disney World was to include "the Magic Kingdom", a larger, more elaborate version of Disneyland. It would also feature a number of golf courses and resort hotels. The heart of Disney World, however, was to be the Experimental Prototype City (or Community) of Tomorrow, known as EPCOT for short.
Mineral King Ski Resort[link]
During the early-to-mid 1960s, Walt Disney developed plans for a ski resort in Mineral King, a glacial valley in California's Sierra Nevada mountain range. He brought in experts such as the renowned Olympic ski coach and ski-area designer Willy Schaeffler, who helped plan a visitor village, ski runs and ski lifts among the several bowls surrounding the valley. Plans finally moved into action in the mid 1960s, but Walt died before the actual work started. Disney's death and opposition from conservationists ensured that the resort was never built.
Death[link]
Like many people of the time, Walt Disney was a chain smoker his entire adult life, although he made sure he was not seen smoking around children.[97] In 1966, Disney was scheduled to undergo surgery to repair an old neck injury[98] caused by many years of playing polo at the Riviera Club in Hollywood.[99] On November 2, during pre-operative X-rays, doctors at Providence St. Joseph Medical Center, across the street from the Disney Studio, discovered a tumor in his left lung.[100] Five days later a biopsy showed the tumor to be malignant and to have spread throughout the entire left lung.[100] After removal of the lung, doctors informed Disney that his life expectancy was six months to two years.[100] After several chemotherapy sessions, Disney and his wife spent a short amount of time in Palm Springs, California.[98] On November 30, Disney collapsed at his home. He was revived by fire department personnel and rushed to St. Joseph's where on December 15, 1966, at 9:30 a.m., ten days after his 65th birthday, Disney died of acute circulatory collapse, caused by lung cancer.[98] The last thing he reportedly wrote before his death was the name of actor Kurt Russell, the significance of which remains a mystery, even to Russell.[101]
Roy O. Disney continued out with the Florida project, insisting that the name be changed to Walt Disney World in honor of his brother.
The final productions in which Disney played an active role were the animated feature The Jungle Book and the animated short Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day, as well as the live-action musical feature The Happiest Millionaire, all released in 1967. Songwriter Robert B. Sherman recalled of the last time he saw Disney:
| “ | He was up in the third floor of the animation building after a run-through of The Happiest Millionaire. He usually held court in the hallway afterward for the people involved with the picture. And he started talking to them, telling them what he liked and what they should change, and then, when they were through, he turned to us and with a big smile, he said, 'Keep up the good work, boys.' And he walked to his office. It was the last we ever saw of him.[102] | ” |
Hibernation Urban Legend[link]
A long-standing urban legend maintains that Disney was cryogenically frozen, and his frozen corpse stored beneath the Pirates of the Caribbean ride at Disneyland.[103] In fact, Disney was cremated on December 17, 1966, and his ashes interred at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California. The first known human cryogenic freezing did not occur until January 1967, more than a month after Disney's death.[103]
According to "at least one Disney publicist", as reported in the French magazine Ici Paris in 1969, the source of the rumor was a group of Disney Studio animators with "a bizarre sense of humor" who were playing a final prank on their late boss.[104]
Although the rumor is acknowledged as false by most historians, Robert Mosley (in Disney’s World (1986)) and Marc Eliot (in Walt Disney – Hollywood’s Dark Prince (1993)) argue that Disney may have known of cryonics and may have had an interest in the science.[105] However his daughter Diane wrote in 1972, "There is absolutely no truth to the rumor that my father, Walt Disney, wished to be frozen. I doubt that my father had ever heard of cryonics."[104]
Legacy: 1967–present[link]
Continuing Disney Productions[link]
After Walt Disney's death, Roy Disney returned from retirement to take full control of Walt Disney Productions and WED Enterprises. In October 1971, the families of Walt and Roy met in front of Cinderella Castle at the Magic Kingdom to officially open the Walt Disney World Resort.
After giving his dedication for Walt Disney World, Roy asked Lillian Disney to join him. As the orchestra played "When You Wish upon a Star", she stepped up to the podium accompanied by Mickey Mouse. He then said, "Lilly, you knew all of Walt's ideas and hopes as well as anybody; what would Walt think of it [Walt Disney World]?". "I think Walt would have approved," she replied.[106] Roy died from a cerebral hemorrhage on December 20, 1971, the day he was due to open the Disneyland Christmas parade.
During the second phase of the "Walt Disney World" theme park, EPCOT was translated by Disney's successors into EPCOT Center, which opened in 1982. As it currently exists, EPCOT is essentially a living world's fair, different from the actual functional city that Disney had envisioned. In 1992, Walt Disney Imagineering took the step closer to Disney's original ideas and dedicated Celebration, Florida, a town built by the Walt Disney Company adjacent to Walt Disney World, that hearkens back to the spirit of EPCOT. EPCOT was also originally intended to be devoid of Disney characters which initially limited the appeal of the park to young children. However, the company later changed this policy and Disney characters can now be found throughout the park, often dressed in costumes reflecting the different pavilions.
The Disney entertainment empire[link]
Today, Walt Disney's animation/motion picture studios and theme parks have developed into a multi-billion dollar television, motion picture, vacation destination and media corporation that carry his name. Among other assets The Walt Disney Company owns five vacation resorts, eleven theme parks, two water parks, thirty-nine hotels, eight motion picture studios, six record labels, eleven cable television networks, and one terrestrial television network. As of 2007, the company had annual revenues of over U.S. $35 billion.[107]
Disney Animation[link]
Walt Disney was a pioneer in character animation. He was one of the first people to move away from basic cartoons with just "impossible outlandish gags" and crudely drawn characters to an art form with heartwarming stories and characters the audience can connect to on an emotional level. The personality displayed in the characters of his films and the technological advancements remain influential when animating today. He was also considered by many of his colleagues to be a master storyteller and the animation department did not fully recover from his demise until the late 1980s in a period known as the Disney Renaissance. The most financially and critically successful films produced during this time include Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988), The Little Mermaid (1989), Beauty and the Beast (1991), Aladdin (1992) and The Lion King (1994). In 1995, Walt Disney Pictures distributed Pixar's Toy Story, the first computer animated feature film. Walt Disney's nephew Roy E. Disney claimed that Walt would have loved Toy Story and that it was "his kind of movie".[108] With the rise of computer animated films a stream of financially unsuccessful Traditional hand-drawn animated features in the early years of the 2000s (decade) emerged. This led to the company's controversial decision to close the traditional animation department. The two satellite studios in Paris and Orlando were closed, and the main studio in Burbank was converted to a computer animation production facility, firing hundreds of people in the process. In 2004, Disney released what was announced as their final "traditionally animated" feature film, Home on the Range. However, since the 2006 acquisition of Pixar, and the resulting rise of John Lasseter to Chief Creative Officer, that position has changed with the largely successful 2009 film The Princess and the Frog. This marked Disney's return to traditional hand-drawn animation and the studio hired back staff who had been laid-off in the past. Today, Disney produces both traditional and computer animation.
CalArts[link]
In his later years, Disney devoted substantial time to funding The California Institute of the Arts (CalArts). Formed in 1961 through a merger of the Los Angeles Conservatory of Music and the Chouinard Art Institute, which had helped in the training of the animation staff during the 1930s, when Disney died, one-fourth of his estate went to CalArts, which helped in building its campus. In his will, Disney paved the way for the creation of several charitable trusts which included one for the California Institute of the Arts and other for the Disney Foundation.[109] He also donated 38 acres (0.154 km2) of the Golden Oaks ranch in Valencia for construction of the school. CalArts moved onto the Valencia campus in 1972.
In an early admissions bulletin, Disney explained: "A hundred years ago, Wagner conceived of a perfect and all-embracing art, combining music, drama, painting, and the dance, but in his wildest imagination he had no hint what infinite possibilities were to become commonplace through the invention of recording, radio, cinema and television. There already have been geniuses combining the arts in the mass-communications media, and they have already given us powerful new art forms. The future holds bright promise for those who imaginations are trained to play on the vast orchestra of the art-in-combination. Such supermen will appear most certainly in those environments which provide contact with all the arts, but even those who devote themselves to a single phase of art will benefit from broadened horizons."[110]
Walt Disney Family Museum[link]
In 2009, The Walt Disney Family Museum opened in the Presidio of San Francisco. Thousands of artifacts from Disney's life and career are on display, including 248 awards that he received.[111]
Antisemitism accusations[link]
Disney was long rumored to be antisemitic during his lifetime, and such rumors have persisted after his death. Indeed, in the 1930s he welcomed German filmmaker and Nazi propagandist Leni Riefenstahl to Hollywood.[112] Disney biographer Neal Gabler, the first writer to gain unrestricted access to the Disney archives, concluded in 2006 that available evidence does not support such accusations. In a CBS interview Gabler summarized his findings:
| “ | That's one of the questions everybody asks me... My answer to that is, not in the conventional sense that we think of someone as being an antisemite. But he got the reputation because, in the 1940s, he got himself allied with a group called the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals, which was an anti-Communist and antisemitic organization. And though Walt himself, in my estimation, was not antisemitic, nevertheless, he willingly allied himself with people who were antisemitic, and that reputation stuck. He was never really able to expunge it throughout his life.[113] | ” |
Disney eventually distanced himself from the Motion Picture Alliance in the 1950s.[114]
The Walt Disney Family Museum acknowledges that Disney did have "difficult relationships" with some Jewish individuals, and that ethnic stereotypes common to films of the 1930s were included in some early cartoons, such as Three Little Pigs and The Opry House. However, the museum points out that Disney employed Jews throughout his career, donated to several Jewish charities (The Hebrew Orphan Asylum, Yeshiva College[disambiguation needed 
], Jewish Home for the Aged, The American League for a Free Palestine)[114] and was named "1955 Man of the Year" by the B'nai B'rith chapter in Beverly Hills.[114][115]
Academy Awards[link]
Walt Disney holds the record for both the most Academy Award nominations (59) and the number of Oscars awarded (22). He also earned four honorary Oscars. His last competitive Academy Award was posthumous.[116]
- 1932: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Flowers and Trees (1932)
- 1932: Honorary Award for creation of Mickey Mouse.
- 1934: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Three Little Pigs (1933)
- 1935: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: The Tortoise and the Hare (1934)
- 1936: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Three Orphan Kittens (1935)
- 1937: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: The Country Cousin (1936)
- 1938: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: The Old Mill (1937)
- 1939: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Ferdinand the Bull (1938)
- 1939: Honorary Award for Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) The citation read, "For Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, recognized as a significant screen innovation which has charmed millions and pioneered a great new entertainment field." (The award, unique in the history of the Oscars, is one large statuette and seven miniature statuettes.)[5]
- 1940: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Ugly Duckling (1939)
- 1941: Honorary Award for Fantasia (1940), shared with: William E. Garity and J.N.A. Hawkins. The citation for the certificate of merit read, "For their outstanding contribution to the advancement of the use of sound in motion pictures through the production of Fantasia."[5]
- 1942: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Lend a Paw (1941)
- 1943: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Der Fuehrer's Face (1942)
- 1949: Best Short Subject, Two-reel: Seal Island (1948)
- 1949: Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award (Honorary Award)
- 1951: Best Short Subject, Two-reel: Beaver Valley (1950)
- 1952: Best Short Subject, Two-reel: Nature's Half Acre (1951)
- 1953: Best Short Subject, Two-reel: Water Birds (1952)
- 1954: Best Documentary, Features: The Living Desert (1953)
- 1954: Best Documentary, Short Subjects: The Alaskan Eskimo (1953)
- 1954: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Toot Whistle Plunk and Boom (1953)
- 1954: Best Short Subject, Two-reel: Bear Country (1953)
- 1955: Best Documentary, Features: The Vanishing Prairie (1954)
- 1956: Best Documentary, Short Subjects: Men Against the Arctic
- 1959: Best Short Subject, Live Action Subjects: Grand Canyon
- 1969: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day
Other honors[link]
Walt Disney was the inaugural recipient of a star on the Anaheim walk of stars awarded in recognition of his significant contribution to the city of Anaheim and specifically Disneyland, which is now the Disneyland Resort. The star is located at the pedestrian entrance to the Disneyland Resort on Harbor Boulevard. Disney has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, one for motion pictures and the other for his television work.
Walt Disney received the Congressional Gold Medal on May 24, 1968 (P.L. 90-316, 82 Stat. 130–131) and the Légion d'Honneur awarded by France in 1935.[117] In 1935, Walt received a special medal from the League of Nations for creation of Mickey Mouse, held to be Mickey Mouse award.[118] He also received the Presidential Medal of Freedom on September 14, 1964.[119] On December 6, 2006, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Walt Disney into the California Hall of Fame located at The California Museum for History, Women, and the Arts.
A minor planet, 4017 Disneya, discovered in 1980 by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Karachkina, is named after him.[120]
The Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles, California, opened in 2003, was named in his honor.
Waltograph, a freeware typeface, is based on his signature and handwriting.
In 1993, HBO began development of a Walt Disney biopic, directed by Frank Pierson and produced by Lawrence Turman, but the project never materialized and was soon abandoned.[121] However, Walt - The Man Behind the Myth, a biographical documentary about Disney, was later made.[122]
| Preceded by None |
Voice of Mickey Mouse 1928–1947, 1955-1959 |
Succeeded by Jimmy MacDonald |
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ "Walt Disney". IMDB. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000370/. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ http://www.disneydreamer.com/Waltfaith.htm
- ^ Dave Bryan (2002-08-13). "Walt Disney Helped Wernher von Braun Sell Americans on Space". Associated Press. http://www.space.com/news/spacehistory/vonbraun_disney_020813.html. Retrieved 2010-09-27. [dead link]
- ^ "2010 Form 10-K, Walt Disney Company". United States Securities and Exchange Commission. http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1001039/000119312510268910/d10k.htm.
- ^ a b c "Walt Disney Academy awards". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/index.jsp. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ "Results Page - Academy Awards Database". http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/ampas_awards/help/helpMain.jsp?helpContentURL=statistics/indexStats.html. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
- ^ "Walt Disney, the man behind the mouse". Chicago Sun-Times. 2009-09-27. http://www.suntimes.com/lifestyles/1790811,disney-walt-museum-san-francisco-092709.article. Retrieved 2010-10-21. [dead link]
- ^ a b "Walt Disney biography". Just Disney. Archived from the original on 2008-06-05. http://web.archive.org/web/20080605151444/http://www.justdisney.com/WaltDisney100/biography01.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ Disneyland Paris. Michelin. 2002-08-07. p. 38. ISBN 2-06-048002-7.
- ^ a b c Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 7.
- ^ a b Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 9-10.
- ^ a b Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 15.
- ^ "Walt Disney Hometown Museum". Walt Disney Museum. http://www.waltdisneymuseum.org/. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 18.
- ^ Thomas 1991, pp. 33–41
- ^ "Biography of Walt Disney, Film Producer – kchistory.org – Retrieved September 14, 2009". Kchistory.org. http://kchistory.org/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/Biographies&CISOPTR=31&CISOBOX=1&REC=2. Retrieved 2011-05-31.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 30.
- ^ Thomas 1991, pp. 42–43
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 36.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 37.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 38.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 42.
- ^ a b Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 44.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 45.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 46.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 48.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 51.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 52.
- ^ a b Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 56.
- ^ a b c Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 57.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 58.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 64.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 64-71.
- ^ a b Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 68.
- ^ a b Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 72.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 75.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 78.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 80.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 109.
- ^ Stay 'tooned: Disney gets 'Oswald' for Al Michaels, at ESPN web site, retrieved January 4, 2010
- ^ a b c d e Solomon, Charles. "The Golden Age of Mickey Mouse". Disney. Archived from the original on 2008-07-10. http://web.archive.org/web/20080710052034/http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/exhibits/articles/mickeymousegoldenage/index.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 128.
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- ^ Gordon, Ian (2002). "Felix the Cat". St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_tov/ai_2419100434. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
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- ^ "GOOFY BIOGRAPHY". Tripod.com. http://members.tripod.com/~kariv/bio.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ "Donald Duck". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9096160/Donald-Duck. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ a b c "The Windows on Main Street: Sharon Lund « WDW Central". Wdwcentral.wordpress.com. 2008-12-01. http://wdwcentral.wordpress.com/2008/12/01/the-windows-on-main-street-sharon-lund/. Retrieved 2012-04-08.
- ^ "Social Security Death Index". Ssdi.rootsweb.ancestry.com. 2011-05-26. http://ssdi.rootsweb.ancestry.com. Retrieved 2011-05-31.
- ^ "Silverado Vineyards". Silverado Vineyards. http://www.silveradovineyards.com/winery/history. Retrieved 2012-04-08.
- ^ a b Diane Disney - Biography
- ^ a b "Diane Disney Miller Remembers Dad: Walt's Secret Disneyland Apartment, His Passions & More (PHOTOS)". Huffingtonpost.com. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/02/07/walt-disneys-secret-disneyland-apartment-diane-disney-miller_n_1259421.html. Retrieved 2012-04-08.
- ^ a b c d Sharon Disney - Biography
- ^ One Hour in Wonderland (TV 1950) - IMDb
- ^ Barrier, 2008, p.324)
- ^ "Sharon Disney Lund | Sharon Lund; Daughter of Walt Disney". Los Angeles Times. 1993-10-17. http://articles.latimes.com/1993-02-17/local/me-60_1_walt-disney. Retrieved 2012-04-08.
- ^ "CalArts Honors Major Donors To Its $125 Million Campaign". Calarts.edu. http://calarts.edu/news/2007-mar-21/calarts-honors-major-donors-its-125-million-campaign. Retrieved 2012-04-08.
- ^ "Popeye's Popularity – Article from 1935". Golden Age Cartoons. http://forums.goldenagecartoons.com/showthread.php?t=2907. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
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- ^ Walt & El Grupo (documentary film, 2008).
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- ^ Gabler, 2006, p.444
- ^ Cramer, Gisela; Prutsch, Ursula, "Nelson A. Rockefeller's Office of Inter-American Affairs (1940–1946) and Record Group 229", Hispanic American Historical Review 2006 86(4):785–806; doi:10.1215/00182168-2006-050. Cf. p.795 and note 28.
- ^ Bender, Pennee. "Hollywood Meets South American and Stages a Show" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Studies Association. 2009-05-24 <[1][dead link]>
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- ^ Leonard, Thomas M.; Bratzel, John F., Latin America during World War II, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2007. ISBN 978-0-7425-3741-5. Cf. p.47.
- ^ Solomon, Charles. "Mickey in the Post-War Era". Disney. http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/exhibits/articles/mickeymousepostwar/index.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
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- ^ http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/collection/insidestory/inside_1933d.html
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References[link]
- Thomas, Bob (1994). Walt Disney: An American Original. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 0-7868-6027-8.
Further reading[link]
- Barrier, Michael (1999). Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516729-5.
- Broggie, Michael (1997, 1998, 2005). Walt Disney's Railroad Story. Virginia Beach, Virginia. Donning Publishers. ISBN 1-56342-009-0
- Eliot, Marc (1993). Walt Disney: Hollywood's Dark Prince. Carol. ISBN 1-55972-174-X
- Mosley, Leonard. Disney's World: A Biography (1985, 2002). Chelsea, MI: Scarborough House. ISBN 0-8128-8514-7.
- Gabler, Neal. Walt Disney: The Triumph of American Imagination (2006). New York, NY. Random House. ISBN 0-679-43822-X
- Schickel, Richard, and Dee, Ivan R. (1967, 1985, 1997). The Disney Version: The Life, Times, Art and Commerce of Walt Disney. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, Publisher. ISBN 1-56663-158-0.
- Sherman, Robert B. and Sherman, Richard M. (1998) "Walt's Time: From Before to Beyond" ISBN 0-9646059-3-7
- Thomas, Bob (1991). Disney's Art of Animation: From Mickey Mouse to Beauty and the Beast. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 1-56282-899-1.
- Watts, Steven, The Magic Kingdom: Walt Disney and the American Way of Life, University of Missouri Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8262-1379-0
External links[link]
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Walt Disney |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Walt Disney |
- Walt Disney at the Internet Movie Database
- Walt Disney at the TCM Movie Database
- Works by or about Walt Disney in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Walt Disney Family Museum
- Walt Disney Gravesite
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Disney, Walter Elias |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Producer, director and animator |
| Date of birth | December 5, 1901 |
| Place of birth | Chicago, Illinois, United States |
| Date of death | December 15, 1966 |
| Place of death | Los Angeles, California, United States |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
