Frank Owen Gehry
Frank Gehry in 2007
Born	(1929-02-28) February 28, 1929 (age 83) Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Nationality	Canadian-American
Alma mater	University of Southern California
Awards	AIA Gold Medal National Medal of Arts Order of Canada Pritzker Prize
Work
Practice	Gehry Partners, LLP
Buildings	Guggenheim Museum, Walt Disney Concert Hall, Gehry Residence, Weisman Art Museum, Dancing House, Art Gallery of Ontario, EMP/SFM, Cinémathèque française, 8 Spruce Street, Ohr-O'Keefe Museum Of Art

Frank Owen Gehry, CC (born Frank^[1] Owen Goldberg; February 28, 1929) is a Canadian American Pritzker Prize-winning architect based in Los Angeles, California.

His buildings, including his private residence, have become tourist attractions. His works are cited as being among the most important works of contemporary architecture in the 2010 World Architecture Survey, which led Vanity Fair to label him as "the most important architect of our age".^[2]

Gehry's best-known works include the titanium-covered Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain; MIT Stata Center in Cambridge, Massachusetts; Walt Disney Concert Hall in downtown Los Angeles; Experience Music Project in Seattle; Weisman Art Museum in Minneapolis; Dancing House in Prague; the Vitra Design Museum and MARTa Museum in Germany; the Art Gallery of Ontario in Toronto; the Cinémathèque française in Paris; and 8 Spruce Street in New York City. But it was his private residence in Santa Monica, California, which jump-started his career, lifting it from the status of "paper architecture" – a phenomenon that many famous architects have experienced in their formative decades through experimentation almost exclusively on paper before receiving their first major commission in later years. Gehry is also the designer of the future Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial.^[3]

Personal life[link]

Gehry was born Frank Owen Goldberg^[1] on February 28, 1929, in Toronto, Ontario to parents, Irwin and Thelma (née Thelma Caplan) Goldberg.^[4] His parents were Polish Jews.^[5] A creative child, he was encouraged by his grandmother, Mrs. Caplan, with whom he would build little cities out of scraps of wood.^[6] With these scraps from her husband's hardware store, she entertained him for hours, building imaginary houses and futuristic cities on the living room floor.^[4] His use of corrugated steel, chain link fencing, unpainted plywood and other utilitarian or "everyday" materials was partly inspired by spending Saturday mornings at his grandfather's hardware store. He would spend time drawing with his father and his mother introduced him to the world of art. "So the creative genes were there," Gehry says. "But my father thought I was a dreamer, I wasn't gonna amount to anything. It was my mother who thought I was just reticent to do things. She would push me."^[7]

He was given the Hebrew name "Ephraim" by his grandfather but only used it at his bar mitzvah.^[1]

In 1947 Gehry moved to California, got a job driving a delivery truck, and studied at Los Angeles City College, eventually to graduate from the University of Southern California's School of Architecture. According to Gehry: “I was a truck driver in L.A., going to City College, and I tried radio announcing, which I wasn't very good at. I tried chemical engineering, which I wasn't very good at and didn't like, and then I remembered. You know, somehow I just started racking my brain about, "What do I like?" Where was I? What made me excited? And I remembered art, that I loved going to museums and I loved looking at paintings, loved listening to music. Those things came from my mother, who took me to concerts and museums. I remembered Grandma and the blocks, and just on a hunch, I tried some architecture classes.”^[8] In 1952, he married Anita Snyder, and in 1956 he changed his name to Frank O. Gehry, at her suggestion, in part because of the anti-semitism he had suffered as a child and as a undergraduate at USC. Gehry graduated at the top of his class with a Bachelor of Architecture degree from USC in 1954. Afterwards, he spent time away from the field of architecture in numerous other jobs, including service in the United States Army. In the fall of 1956, he moved his family to Cambridge, where he studied city planning at the Harvard Graduate School of Design. He left before completing the program, disheartened and underwhelmed. Gehry's left-wing ideas about socially responsible architecture were under-realized, and the final straw occurred when he sat in on a discussion of one professor's "secret project in progress" - a palace that he was designing for right-wing Cuban Dictator Fulgencio Batista (1901-1973).^[4] In 1966 he and Snyder divorced. In 1975 he married Panamanian, Berta Isabel Aguilera, his current wife. He has two daughters from his first marriage, and two sons from his second marriage.

Having grown up in Canada, Gehry is a huge fan of ice hockey. He began a hockey league in his office, FOG (which stands for Frank Owen Gehry), though he no longer plays with them.^{[citation needed]} In 2004, he designed the trophy for the World Cup of Hockey.^{[citation needed]} Gehry holds dual citizenship in Canada and the United States. He lives in Santa Monica, California, and continues to practice out of Los Angeles.

Architectural style[link]

The tower at 8 Spruce Street in lower Manhattan which was completed in February 2011 has a titanium and glass exterior and is 76 stories high.

Much of Gehry's work falls within the style of Deconstructivism, which is often referred to as post-structuralist in nature for its ability to go beyond current modalities of structural definition. In architecture, its application tends to depart from modernism in its inherent criticism of culturally inherited givens such as societal goals and functional necessity. Because of this, unlike early modernist structures, Deconstructivist structures are not required to reflect specific social or universal ideas, such as speed or universality of form, and they do not reflect a belief that form follows function. Gehry's own Santa Monica residence is a commonly cited example of deconstructivist architecture, as it was so drastically divorced from its original context, and in such a manner as to subvert its original spatial intention.

The Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain

Gehry is sometimes associated with what is known as the "Los Angeles School," or the "Santa Monica School" of architecture. The appropriateness of this designation and the existence of such a school, however, remains controversial due to the lack of a unifying philosophy or theory. This designation stems from the Los Angeles area's producing a group of the most influential postmodern architects, including such notable Gehry contemporaries as Eric Owen Moss and Pritzker Prize-winner Thom Mayne of Morphosis, as well as the famous schools of architecture at the Southern California Institute of Architecture (co-founded by Mayne), UCLA, and USC where Gehry is a member of the Board of Directors.

Gehry’s style at times seems unfinished or even crude, but his work is consistent with the California ‘funk’ art movement in the 1960s and early 1970s, which featured the use of inexpensive found objects and non-traditional media such as clay to make serious art^{[citation needed]}. Gehry has been called "the apostle of chain-link fencing and corrugated metal siding".^[9] However, a retrospective exhibit at New York's Whitney Museum in 1988 revealed that he is also a sophisticated classical artist, who knows European art history and contemporary sculpture and painting^{[citation needed]}.

The Experience Music Project in Seattle

Walt Disney Concert Hall

Dancing House in Prague

Art Gallery of Ontario in Toronto

Fish sculpture located in front of the Port Olímpic, in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

Gallery of African American Art, Ohr-O'Keefe Museum Of Art campus located in Biloxi, Mississippi

Criticism[link]

Reception of Gehry's work is not always positive. Art historian Hal Foster reads Gehry's architecture as, primarily, in the service of corporate branding.^[10] Criticism of his work includes complaints that the buildings waste structural resources by creating functionless forms, do not seem to belong in their surroundings and are apparently designed without accounting for the local climate.^[11]

Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial[link]

His proposed design for the national Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial has been severely criticized by Susan Eisenhower, who said that her entire family opposes it.^[12][13] Roger L. Lewis, an architect and a professor emeritus at the University of Maryland, criticized opposed the design in the Washington Post: "Building a quasi-fenced precinct makes no sense. The narrative theme relating to Eisenhower’s boyhood, so visually dominant in the present design, also makes no sense. Gehry instead could craft a less grandiose yet visually powerful memorial composition..."^[14] Columnist Richard Cohen wrote that the Memorial does not accurately capture Eisenhower's life.^[15] George F. Will also opposed the design in the Washington Post.^[16] The design has been criticized in The New Republic,^[17] National Review,^[18] Foreign Policy,^[19] Metropolis Magazine,^[20] The American Spectator,^[21] The Washington Examiner,^[22] The Daily Caller,^[23] The Cleveland Plain Dealer,^[24] and The Wichita Eagle.^[25]

However, Philip Kennicott, the Washington Post's culture critic, praised the design: "Gehry has produced a design that inverts several of the sacred hierarchies of the classical memorial, emphasizing ideas of domesticity and interiority rather than masculine power and external display. He has 're-gendered' the vocabulary of memorialization, giving it new life and vitality..."^[26]

Other notable aspects of career[link]

Awards[link]

Gehry was elected to the College of Fellows of the American Institute of Architects (AIA) in 1974, and he has received many national, regional, and local AIA awards, including AIA Los Angeles Chapter Gold Medal. He presently serves on the steering committee of the Aga Khan Award for Architecture. Gehry was awarded the Pritzker Architecture Prize at the Tōdai-ji Buddhist Temple in 1989. The Pritzker Prize serves to honor a living architect whose built work demonstrates a combination of those qualities of talent, vision, and commitment, which has produced consistent and significant contributions to humanity and the built environment through the art of architecture. In 1999, he was awarded the AIA Gold Medal "in recognition of a significant body of work of lasting influence on the theory and practice of architecture." He accepted the 2007 The Henry C. Turner Prize for Innovation in Construction Technology from the National Building Museum on behalf of Gehry Partners and Gehry Technologies.

Academia[link]

Gehry is a Distinguished Professor of Architecture at Columbia University and teaches advanced design studios at the Yale School of Architecture. He has received honorary doctoral degrees from Occidental College, Whittier College, the Southern California Institute of Architecture, the University of Toronto, the California College of Arts and Crafts, the Technical University of Nova Scotia, the Rhode Island School of Design, the California Institute of the Arts, and the Otis Art Institute at the Parsons School of Design. In 1982 and 1989, he held the Charlotte Davenport Professorship in Architecture at Yale University. In 1984, he held the Eliot Noyes Chair at Harvard University. In January 2011, he joined the University of Southern California (USC) faculty, as the Judge Widney Professor of Architecture.^[27]

Budgets[link]

Gehry has gained a reputation for taking the budgets of his clients seriously, in an industry where complex and innovative designs like Gehry's typically go over budget. Sydney Opera House, which has been compared with the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao in terms of architectural innovation, had a cost overrun of 1,400 percent. It was therefore duly noted when the Guggenheim Bilbao was constructed on time and budget. In an interview in Harvard Design Magazine^[28] Gehry explained how he did it. First, he ensured that what he calls the "organization of the artist" prevailed during construction, in order to prevent political and business interests from interfering with the design. Second, he made sure he had a detailed and realistic cost estimate before proceeding. Third, he used CATIA (computer-aided three-dimensional interactive application) and close collaboration with the individual building trades to control costs during construction.

However, not all of Gehry's projects have gone smoothly. The Walt Disney Concert Hall in Downtown Los Angeles resulted in over 10,000 RFIs (requests for information) and was $174 million over budget. Furthermore, there was a dispute which ended with a $17.8 million settlement.^[29]

Celebrity status[link]

Gehry is considered a modern architectural icon and celebrity, a major "Starchitect" — a neologism describing the phenomenon of architects attaining a sort of celebrity status. Although Gehry has been a vocal opponent of the term, it usually refers to architects known for dramatic, influential designs that often achieve fame and notoriety through their spectacular effect. Other notable celebrity architects include Jean Nouvel, Zaha Hadid, Thom Mayne, Steven Holl, Rem Koolhaas, and Norman Foster. Gehry came to the attention of the public in 1972 with his "Easy Edges" cardboard furniture. He has appeared in Apple's black and white "Think Different" pictorial ad campaign that associates offbeat but revered figures with Apple's design philosophy. He even once appeared as himself in The Simpsons in the episode "The Seven-Beer Snitch", where he parodied himself by intimating that his ideas are derived by looking at a crumpled paper ball. He also voiced himself on the TV show Arthur, where he helped Arthur and his friends design a new treehouse. Steve Sample, President of the University of Southern California, told Gehry that "...After George Lucas, you are our most prominent graduate." In 2009, Gehry designed a hat for pop star Lady Gaga, reportedly by using his iPhone.^[30]

Documentary[link]

In 2005, veteran film director Sydney Pollack, a friend of Gehry's, made the documentary Sketches of Frank Gehry with appreciative comments by Philip Johnson, Ed Ruscha, Julian Schnabel, and Dennis Hopper, and critical ones by Hal Foster supplementing dialogue between Gehry and Pollack about their work in two collaborative art forms with considerable commercial constraints and photography of some buildings Gehry designed. It was released on DVD by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment on August 22, 2006, together with an interview of Sydney Pollack by fellow director Alexander Payne and some audience questions following the premiere of the film.

Fish and furniture[link]

Gehry is very much inspired by fish. Not only do they appear in his buildings, he created a line of jewelry, household items, and sculptures based on this motif. "It was by accident I got into the fish image", claimed Gehry. One thing that sparked his interest in fish was the fact that his colleagues are recreating Greek temples. He said, "Three hundred million years before man was fish....if you gotta go back, and you're insecure about going forward...go back three hundred million years ago. Why are you stopping at the Greeks? So I started drawing fish in my sketchbook, and then I started to realize that there was something in it."^[31]

Standing Glass Fish is just one of many works featuring fish which Gehry has created. The gigantic fish is made of glass plates and silicone, with the internal supporting structure of wood and steel clearly visible. It soars above a reflecting pool in a glass building built especially for it, in the Minneapolis Sculpture Garden. Another huge Gehry fish sculpture, built in 1992, is located in front of the Port Olímpic, in Barcelona, and another one dominates a public garden in front of the Fishdance Restaurant in Kobe, Japan.

In addition to architecture, Gehry has made a line of furniture, jewelry for Tiffany & Co., various household items, sculptures, and even a glass bottle for Wyborowa Vodka. His first line of furniture, produced from 1969–1973, was called "Easy Edges", constructed out of cardboard. Another line of furniture released in the spring of 1992 is "Bentwood Furniture". Each piece is named after a different hockey term. He was first introduced to making furniture in 1954 while serving in the U.S. Army, where he designed furniture for the enlisted soldiers. Gehry claims that making furniture is his "quick fix".^[32]

Software development[link]

Gehry's firm was responsible for innovation in architectural software. His firm spun off another firm called Gehry Technologies which developed Digital Project.

Works[link]

Awards[link]

• Gehry is a Senior Fellow of the Design Futures Council
• In 1989, Gehry was the recipient of the Pritzker Prize for architecture.
• In 1994, Gehry was the recipient of The Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize.
• In 1995, Gehry was the recipient of the Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate Award.
• In 1998, he was awarded the National Medal of Arts.^[33]
• In 1999, he was awarded the AIA Gold Medal.
• In 2000, Gehry was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum^[34]
• In 2004, on November 3, Gehry was awarded the prestigious Woodrow Wilson Award for public service by the Woodrow Wilson Center of the Smithsonian Institution in New York City.
• In 2006 on December 6, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Frank Gehry into the California Hall of Fame located at The California Museum for History, Women, and the Arts.
• 2008 Medal of the Order of Charlemagne, Principality of Andorra (declined honor).

Honorary doctorates[link]

• Visual Arts; California Institute of the Arts (Valencia, California, USA—1987)
• Fine Arts; Rhode Island School of Design (Providence, Rhode Island, USA—1987)
• Engineering; Technical University of Nova Scotia (Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada—1989)
• Fine Arts; Otis College of Art and Design (Los Angeles, California, USA—1989)
• Humanities; Occidental College (Los Angeles, California, USA—1993)
• Whittier College (Whittier, California, USA—1995)
• Architecture; Southern California Institute of Architecture (Los Angeles, California, USA—1997)
• Laws; University of Toronto (Toronto, Ontario, Canada—1998)
• University of Edinburgh (Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom—2000)
• University of Southern California (Los Angeles, California, USA—2000)
• Yale University (New Haven, Connecticut, USA—2000)
• Harvard University (Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA—2000)
• City College of New York (New York, New York, USA—2002)
• Art Institute of Chicago (Chicago, Illinois, USA—2004)

See also[link]

	Biography portal
	Architecture portal

• Organization of the artist
• Thin-shell structure

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Isenberg, Barbara; Gehry, Frank O. (2009). Conversations with Frank Gehry. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-307-26800-4.  ISBN 978-0-307-26800-6
• Sketches of Frank Gehry - Documentary
• Gehry, Frank O.; Colomina, Beatriz; Friedman, Mildred; Mitchell, William J.; Ragheb, J. Fiona; Cohen, Jean-Louis; Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (Corporate Author); Museo Guggenheim Bilbao (Corporate Author) (May 2001) (Hardcover). Frank Gehry Architect. Guggenheim Publications. pp. 390. ISBN 0-8109-6929-7.  ISBN 97808109692
• El Croquis 74/75 1995
• Architects Today - Laurence King Publishers
• Dal Co, Francesco; Forster, Kurt W.; Arnold, Hadley (1998). Frank O. Gehry: The Complete Works. New York, NY: The Monacelli Press. ISBN 1-885254-63-6.  ISBN 978-1-885254-63-4.
• The Pritzker Architecture Prize- www.pritzkerprize.com

Further reading[link]

• Bletter, Rosemarie Haag; Walker Art Center (1986). The Architecture of Frank Gehry. New York, NY: Rizzoli. pp. 215. ISBN 0-8478-0763-0..  ISBN 978-0-8478-0763-5.
• Cohen, Jean-Louis (July 2, 2003, 2001) (Paperback). Frank O. Gehry: The Art of Architecture. New York, NY: Guggenheim Museum. pp. 384. ISBN 0-89207-277-6.  ISBN 978089207277.
• Friedman, Mildred (ed.); Sorkin, Michael (December 17, 1999) (Hardcover). Gehry Talks: Architecture + Process (1st ed.). New York, NY: Rizzoli. pp. 300. ISBN 0-8478-2165-X.  ISBN 978-0-8478-2165-5.
• Richardson, Sara S. (-1987). Frank O. Gehry: A Bibliography. Monticello, Ill.: Vance Bibliographies. ISBN 1-55590-145-X. 
• van Bruggen, Coosje (December 30, 1999) (Hardcover). Frank O. Gehry: Guggenheim Museum Bilbao (1st ed.). New York, NY: Guggenheim Museum Pubns. pp. 207. ISBN 0-8109-6907-6.  ISBN 978-0-8109-6907-0.

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Frank Gehry

• Gehry Partners, LLP, Gehry's architecture firm
• Gehry Technologies, Inc., Gehry's technology firm
• Profile at the Pritzker Prize
• Frank Gehry at TED Conferences
• Frank Gehry on Charlie Rose
• Frank Gehry at the Internet Movie Database
• Works by or about Frank Gehry in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
• Frank Gehry collected news and commentary at The Guardian
• Frank Gehry collected news and commentary at The New York Times
• Fish Forms: Lamps by Frank Gehry Exhibition (2010) at The Jewish Museum (New York)
• STORIES OF HOUSES: Frank Gehry's House in California
• Bidding for the National Art Museum of China’s new site

Thomas Pritzker (born 1951) is a member of the wealthy Pritzker family. He is the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of The Pritzker Organization (TPO), which manages the various Pritzker family business assets, and the Executive Chairman of the Hyatt Hotels Corporation.^[1] Besides his business interests, he is the chairman of the board of the Art Institute of Chicago and organized the Pritzker Neuropsychiatric Disorders Research Consortium.^[2]

Notes[link]

External links[link]

• Forbes.com: Forbes World's Richest People - Thomas Pritzker

Walt Disney
Walt Disney on January 1, 1954
Born	Walter Elias Disney (1901-12-05)December 5, 1901[1] Hermosa, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Died	December 15, 1966(1966-12-15) (aged 65) Burbank, California, U.S.
Cause of death	Lung Cancer
Resting place	Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California, U.S.
Residence	Burbank, California
Nationality	American
Education	McKinley High School
Occupation	Film producer, Co-founder of The Walt Disney Company, formerly known as Walt Disney Productions
Years active	1920–1966
Home town	Chicago, Illinois
Political party	Republican
Board member of	The Walt Disney Company
Religion	Christian (Congregationalist)[2]
Spouse	Lillian Bounds (1925–1966; his death)
Children	Diane Marie Disney Sharon Mae Disney
Parents	Elias Disney Flora Call Disney
Relatives	Ronald William Miller (son-in-law) Robert Borgfeldt Brown (son-in-law) Roy Edward Disney (nephew)
Family	Herbert Arthur Disney (brother) Raymond Arnold Disney (brother) Roy Oliver Disney (brother) Ruth Flora Disney (sister)
Awards	7 Emmy Awards, 22 Academy Awards, Cecil B.DeMille Award
Signature

Walter Elias "Walt" Disney (December 5, 1901 – December 15, 1966) was an American film producer, director, screenwriter, voice actor, animator, entrepreneur, entertainer, international icon,^[3] and philanthropist, well known for his influence in the field of entertainment during the 20th century. Along with his brother Roy O. Disney, he was co-founder of Walt Disney Productions, which later became one of the best-known motion picture producers in the world. The corporation is now known as The Walt Disney Company and had an annual revenue of approximately US$36 billion in the 2010 financial year.^[4]

Disney is particularly noted as a film producer and a popular showman, as well as an innovator in animation and theme park design. He and his staff created some of the world's most well-known fictional characters including Mickey Mouse, for whom Disney himself provided the original voice. During his lifetime he received four honorary Academy Awards and won 22 Academy Awards from a total of 59 nominations, including a record four in one year,^[5] giving him more awards and nominations than any other individual in history.^[6] Disney also won seven Emmy Awards and gave his name to the Disneyland and Walt Disney World Resort theme parks in the U.S., as well as the international resorts Tokyo Disney Resort, Disneyland Paris, and Hong Kong Disneyland.

The year after his December 15, 1966 death from lung cancer in Burbank, California, construction began on Walt Disney World Resort in Florida. His brother Roy Disney inaugurated the Magic Kingdom on October 1, 1971.

1901–1937: Beginnings[link]

Childhood[link]

Disney was born on December 5, 1901, at 2156 N. Tripp Avenue in Chicago's Hermosa community area to Irish-Canadian father Elias Disney and Flora Call Disney, who was of German and English descent.^[7][8] His great-grandfather, Arundel Elias Disney, had emigrated from Gowran, County Kilkenny, Ireland where he was born in 1801. Arundel Disney was a descendant of Robert d'Isigny, a Frenchman who had travelled to England with William the Conqueror in 1066.^[9] With the d'Isigny name anglicised as "Disney", the family settled in a village now known as Norton Disney, south of the city of Lincoln, in the county of Lincolnshire.

In 1878, Disney's father Elias had moved from Huron County, Ontario, Canada to the United States at first seeking gold in California before finally settling down to farm with his parents near Ellis, Kansas, until 1884. Elias worked for the Union Pacific Railroad and married Flora Call on January 1, 1888, in Acron, Florida. The family moved to Chicago, Illinois, in 1890,^[10] hometown of his brother Robert^[10] who helped Elias financially for most of his early life.^[10] In 1906, when Walt was four, Elias and his family moved to a farm in Marceline, Missouri,^[11] where his brother Roy had recently purchased farmland.^[11] In Marceline, Disney developed his love for drawing^[12] with one of the family's neighbors, a retired doctor named "Doc" Sherwood, paying him to draw pictures of Sherwood's horse, Rupert.^[12] His interest in trains also developed in Marceline, a town that owed its existence to the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway which ran through it. Walt would put his ear to the tracks in anticipation of the coming train^[8] then try and spot his uncle, engineer Michael Martin, conducting the train.