Rhodes House in Oxford, designed by Sir Herbert Baker.

The Rhodes Scholarship, named after Cecil John Rhodes, is an international postgraduate award for study at the University of Oxford.^[1] It was the first large-scale programme of international scholarships,^[2] and is widely considered the "world's most prestigious scholarship" by many public sources such as Time,^[3] Yale University Press,^[4] The McGill Reporter,^[5] and Associated Press.^[6]

Rhodes Scholars may study any full-time postgraduate course offered by the University,^[7] whether a taught Master’s programme, a research degree, or a second undergraduate degree (senior status). In the first instance, the scholarship is awarded for two years. However, it may also be held for one year or three years. Applications for a third year are considered during the course of the second year.

University and College fees are paid by the Rhodes Trust. In addition, Scholars receive a monthly maintenance stipend to cover accommodation and living expenses.^[8][9] Although all scholars become affiliated with a residential college while at Oxford, they also enjoy access to Rhodes House, an early 20th century mansion with numerous public rooms, gardens, a library, study areas, and other facilities.

"For more than a century, Rhodes scholars have left Oxford with virtually any job available to them. For much of this time, they have overwhelmingly chosen paths in scholarship, teaching, writing, medicine, scientific research, law, the military and public service. They have reached the highest levels in virtually all fields."^[10]

History[link]

Known as the "world's oldest and most prestigious international graduate scholarship",^[11] the Rhodes Scholarships are administered and awarded by the Rhodes Trust, which was established in 1902 under the terms and conditions of the will of Cecil John Rhodes, and funded by his estate under the administration of Nathan Rothschild.^[12] Scholarships have been awarded to applicants annually since 1902 on the basis of academic achievement and strength of character. There have been more than 7,000 Rhodes Scholars since the inception of the Trust. More than 4,000 are still living.^[13]

In 1925, the Commonwealth Fund Fellowships (later renamed the Harkness Fellowships) were established to reciprocate the Rhodes Scholarships by enabling British graduates to study in the United States.^[14] The Kennedy Scholarship program, created in 1966 as a living memorial to John F. Kennedy, adopts a comparable selection process to the Rhodes Scholarships to allow 10 British post-graduate students per year to study at either Harvard or MIT.^[15][16]

Standards[link]

Rhodes' legacy specified four standards by which applicants were to be judged:

• Literary and scholastic attainments;
• Energy to use one's talents to the fullest, as exemplified by fondness for and success in sports;
• Truth, courage, devotion to duty, sympathy for and protection of the weak, kindliness, unselfishness and fellowship;
• Moral force of character and instincts to lead, and to take an interest in one's fellow beings.

This legacy originally provided for scholarships for the British colonies, the United States, and Germany. These three were chosen because it was thought that " ... a good understanding between England, Germany and the United States of America will secure the peace of the world ... "^[12]

Rhodes, who attended Oxford University (as a member of Oriel College), chose his alma mater as the site of his great experiment because he believed its residential colleges provided the ideal environment for intellectual contemplation and personal development.

Rhodes' original aim with the Scholarship and subsequent changes[link]

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An early change was the elimination of the scholarships for Germany during World Wars I and II. No German scholars were chosen from 1914 to 1929, nor from 1940 to 1969.^[17]

Rhodes' bequest was whittled down considerably in the first decades after his death, as various scholarship trustees were forced to pay taxes upon their own deaths. A change occurred in 1929, when an Act of Parliament established a fund separate from the original proceeds of Rhodes' will and made it possible to expand the number of scholarships. Between 1993 and 1995, scholarships were extended to other countries in the European Community.

Because the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 in the United Kingdom did not affect wills, it took another Act of Parliament to change the Rhodes' will to extend selection criteria in 1977 to include women.

For at least its first 75 years, scholars usually studied for a Bachelor of Arts degree. While that remains an option, more recent scholars usually study for an advanced degree.

Allocations[link]

There were originally 52 scholarships.^[12][17]

Four South African boys' schools were mentioned in Rhodes' will, each to receive an annual scholarship: the Boys High School, in Stellenbosch (today known as Paul Roos Gymnasium); the Diocesan College (Bishops) in Rondebosch; the South African College Schools (SACS) in Newlands; and St Andrew's College in Grahamstown.

During the ensuing 100 years, the Trustees added at one time or another approximately another 40 scholarships, though not all have continued. Some of these extended the scheme to Commonwealth countries not mentioned in the Will.^[13] A more detailed allocation by region by year can be found at Rhodes Scholarship Allocations. Very brief summaries of some of the terms and conditions can be found on the Trust's web site.^[34][35] Complete details can be obtained from the nominating countries.^[36]

Currently, scholars are selected from citizens of 14 specified geographic constituencies,^[37][38] namely: Australia; Bermuda; Canada; Germany; Hong Kong; India; Jamaica & Commonwealth Caribbean; Kenya; New Zealand; Pakistan; Southern Africa (South Africa and neighbours Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia and Swaziland); USA; Zambia; and Zimbabwe.

From 2006, 11 scholarships were suspended for a period of 5 years.^{[why?][citation needed]} The scholarships for Hong Kong were abolished in July 1997 following its withdrawal from the Commonwealth (due to the transfer of sovereignty from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China), although a Commonwealth country Sri Lanka has not been granted scholarships since 1974, even though scholarships were granted to Ceylon.^[39][40] However, with the benefaction from the Lee Hysan Foundation (described by the Rhodes Trust as "substantial and generous"^{[citation needed]}), the Rhodes Scholarships for Hong Kong were reintroduced in late 2006.^[41] Since 1998 Rhodes Scholarships have been granted to Bangladesh.

Notable Rhodes Scholars[link]

See also: Rhodes scholars category

Centenary degrees[link]

In recognition of the centenary of the foundation of the Rhodes Trust in 2003, four scholars were awarded honorary degrees by the University of Oxford:

• John Brademas (Indiana & Brasenose 1950), President of New York University, U.S. Congressman (Indiana), 1959–1981
• Robert J. L. (Bob) Hawke (Western Australia & University 1953), Prime Minister of Australia, 1983–1991
• Rex Nettleford (Jamaica & Oriel 1957), Vice-Chancellor of the University of the West Indies, author, dance director
• David R. Woods (Rhodes & University 1963), Vice-Chancellor of Rhodes University

References and notes[link]

In the Oxford University Calendar,^[42] the Greek letter rho (ρ) against a name indicates that the person is a former Rhodes Scholar. This symbol should precede the name.^[43]

Further reading[link]

• Rotberg, R. I. (1988), The Founder: Cecil Rhodes and the Pursuit of Power, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-504968-3 .
• Kenny, Anthony, ed. (2001), The History of the Rhodes Trust, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-920191-9 .
• Ziegler, Philip (2008), Legacy: Cecil Rhodes, the Rhodes Trust and Rhodes Scholarships, Yale: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-11835-3 .

External links[link]

• The Rhodes Trust (UK)
  • History of Rhodes Trust and Rhodes Scholarship
  • Scholarship and application information
• Updates on Rhodes Alumni
• The Rhodes Trust, USA
• The Rhodes Project: The first in-depth study of Rhodes women

Joseph Peter Burg (June 4, 1882 – April 28, 1969) was a third baseman in Major League Baseball. He played 13 games for the Boston Doves in 1910.

External links[link]

• Career statistics and player information from Baseball-Reference

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Jonah Lehrer talking at Pop!Tech, 2009

Jonah Lehrer (born June 25, 1981) is an American author and journalist who writes on the topics of psychology, neuroscience, and the relationship between science and the humanities. He has published three books. Simon Ings has written, "Lehrer fancies himself – and not without reason – as a sort of one-man third culture, healing the rift between sciences and humanities by communicating and contrasting their values in a way that renders them comprehensible to partisans of either camp."^[1]

Life[link]

Lehrer graduated from Columbia University in 2003 with a major in neuroscience; while an undergraduate, he examined the biological process of memory in Professor Eric Kandel's Lab.^[2] He was also editor of the Columbia Review for two years.^[2] He then studied 20th century literature and philosophy at Oxford University as a Rhodes Scholar.^[3] He is a contributing editor at Wired, Scientific American Mind, National Public Radio's Radiolab, and has written for The New Yorker, Nature, Seed, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, and The Boston Globe.^[4] Jonah Lehrer is also featured in brief informational sessions on the television show "Brink", on the science channel. He currently writes the "Head Case" column for The Wall Street Journal.

Books[link]

Jonah Lehrer is the author of three books: Proust Was a Neuroscientist (2007), How We Decide (2009), and Imagine: How Creativity Works (2012).

Proust Was a Neuroscientist was Lehrer's debut book; it is a collection of biographical essays on creative figures such as Paul Cezanne, Walt Whitman, Auguste Escoffier, and Marcel Proust.^[5] Lehrer argues for an intimate relationship with science and the humanities, and he holds that many discoveries of neuroscience are actually rediscoveries of insights made much earlier by various artists.^[1]

In How We Decide, Lehrer argues there are two main parts of the brain involved in decision-making, the rational and the emotional.^[6] His thesis has been called into question based on current understanding of neuroscience.^[7] On 5 February 2009, he appeared on The Colbert Report to discuss the book.^[8] Lehrer appeared a second time on 17 April 2012 to promote his newest book "Imagine: How Creativity works".

See also[link]

• Multiple discovery

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Jonah Lehrer

• Lehrer's website: "about/contact:Jonah Lehrer". http://www.jonahlehrer.com/about. 
• The Frontal Cortex Wired.com blog
• The Frontal Cortex (Archive)
• "Authors@google:Jonah Lehrer". June 11, 2008. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m0InoDh5Nuc.  Videorecording of Jonah Lehrer's lecture at Google's Cambridge, MA office. Lehrer discusses his book Proust Was a Neuroscientist (2007).
• "Jonah Lehrer, Proust, and the Brain," 2008 interview by Andrea Hiott, Pulse Magazine Berlin
• 2012 radio interview (53 minutes) at The Bat Segundo Show

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This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (October 2009)

Grant Woods
Attorney General of Arizona
In office January 1991 – January 1999
Preceded by	Bob Corbin
Succeeded by	Janet Napolitano
Personal details
Born	May 19, 1954
Political party	Republican
Residence	Arizona

Grant Woods served as attorney general of Arizona from 1991 until 1999. A Republican.

Woods is a supporter of John McCain in his race for the Republican U.S. Senate nomination against J.D. Hayworth in 2010.^[1] Woods was McCain's chief of staff when he was a congressman.

References[link]

This biographical article related to politics in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e