Arkhangelsk (Russian: Архангельск; IPA: [ɐrˈxanɡʲɪlʲsk]), formerly known in English as Archangel, is a city and the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. It lies on both banks of the Northern Dvina River near its exit into the White Sea in the north of European Russia. The city spreads for over 40 kilometers (25 mi) along the banks of the river and numerous islands of its delta. Arkhangelsk was the chief seaport of medieval Russia, until 1703. It is served by the Talagi Airport and a smaller Vaskovo Airport. The city is located at the northern end of a 1,133-kilometer (704 mi) long railroad, connecting it to Moscow via Vologda and Yaroslavl. Population: 348,716 (2010 Census preliminary results);[8] 356,051 (2002 Census);[9] 415,921 (1989 Census).[15]
The area where Arkhangelsk is situated was known to the Vikings as Bjarmaland. Ohthere of Hålogaland told from his travels circa 800 of an area by a river and the White Sea with many buildings. This was probably the place later known as Arkhangelsk. According to Snorri Sturluson, there was a Viking raid on this area in 1027, led by Thorir Hund.
In 1989, an unusually rich silver treasure was found by the mouth of Dvina, right next to present-day Arkhangelsk. It was probably buried in the beginning of the 12th century, and contained articles that may have been up to two hundred years old at that time.
Most of the findings are made up by a total of 1.6 kilograms (3.5 lb) of silver, mostly coins. Jewelry and pieces of jewelry come from Russia or neighboring areas. Most coins were German, but there was also a smaller number of Kufan, English, Bohemian, Hungarian, Danish, Swedish and Norwegian coins.
It is hard to place this find historically until further research is completed. There are at least two possible interpretations. It may be a treasure belonging to the society outlined by the Norse source material. Generally such finds, whether from Scandinavia, the Baltic area, or Russia, are closely tied to well-established agricultural societies with considerable trade activity.
Alternatively, like the Russian scientists who published the find in 1992, one may see it as an evidence of a stronger force of Russian colonization than previously thought.
In the 12th century, the Novgorodians established the Archangel Michael Monastery in the estuary of the Northern Dvina River.
The main trade center of the area at that time was Kholmogory, located 75 kilometers (47 mi) southeast of Arkhangelsk, up the Dvina River, about 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) downstream from where the Pinega River flows into the Dvina. Written sources indicate that Kholmogory existed early in the 12th century, but there is no archeological material to illuminate the early history of the town. It is not known whether this settlement was originally Russian, or if it goes back to pre-Russian times. In the center of the small town (or Gorodok) that is there today is a large mound of building remains and river sand, but it has not been archeologically excavated.
Location of Arkhangelsk in northwestern Russia
The area of Arkhangelsk came to be important in the rivalry between Norwegian and Russian interests in the northern areas. From Novgorod, the Russian interest sphere was extended far north to the Kola Peninsula in the 12th century. However, here Norway enforced taxes and rights to the fur trade. A compromise agreement entered in 1251 was soon broken.
In 1411, Yakov Stepanovich from Novgorod went to attack Northern Norway. This was the beginning of a series of clashes, and in 1419 Norwegian ships with five hundred soldiers entered the White Sea. The "Murmaners", as the Norwegians were called (cf. Murmansk), plundered many Russian settlements along the coast, among them the Archangel Michael monastery.
Novgorod managed to drive the Norwegians back. However, in 1478 the area was taken over by Ivan III and passed to the Grand Duchy of Moscow with the rest of Novgorod Republic.
Three English ships set out to find the Northeast passage to China in 1553; two disappeared, and one ended up in the White Sea, eventually coming across the area of Arkhangelsk. Ivan the Terrible found out about this, and brokered a trade agreement with the ship's captain. Trade privileges were officially granted to English merchants in 1555, leading to the founding of the Company of Merchant Adventurers, which began sending ships annually into the estuary of the Northern Dvina. Dutch merchants also started bringing their ships into the White Sea from the 1560s. Scottish and English merchants also traded in the 16th century; however, by the 17th century it was mainly the Dutch that sailed to the White Sea area.
Plan of New Dvina Fort in Arkhangelsk
In 1584,[12] Ivan ordered the founding of New Kholmogory (which would later be renamed after the nearby Archangel Michael Monastery). At the time access to the Baltic Sea was still mostly controlled by Sweden, so while Arkhangelsk was icebound in winter, it remained Moscow's almost sole link to the sea-trade. Local inhabitants, called Pomors, were the first to explore trade routes to Northern Siberia as far as the trans-Urals city of Mangazeya and beyond.
In 1693, Peter the Great ordered the creation of a state shipyard in Arkhangelsk. A year later the ships Svyatoye Prorochestvo (Holy Prophecy), Apostol Pavel (Apostle Paul), and the yacht Svyatoy Pyotr (Saint Peter) were sailing in the White Sea. However, he also realized that Arkhangelsk would always be limited as a port due to the five months of ice cover, and after a successful campaign against Swedish armies in the Baltic area, he founded St. Petersburg in 1704.
In 1722, Peter the Great decreed that Arkhangelsk should no longer accept goods more than it was sufficient for the town itself (for the so-called domestic consumption). It was due to the Tsar's will to shift all international marine trade to St. Petersburg. This factor contributed a lot to the deterioration of Arkhangelsk that continued up to 1762 when this decree was canceled.
Arkhangelsk declined in the 18th century as the Baltic trade became ever more important. In the early years of the 19th century, the arrest and prolonged detention by the Russian authorities of John Bellingham, an English export representative based at Arkhangelsk, was the indirect cause of Bellingham later assassinating British Prime Minister Spencer Perceval.
Arkhangelsk's economy revived at the end of the 19th century when a railway to Moscow was completed and timber became a major export. The city resisted Bolshevik rule from 1918 to 1920 and was a stronghold of the anti-Bolshevik White Army supported by the military intervention of British-led Entente forces along an Allied expedition, including a North American contingent known as the Polar Bear Expedition.[16]
During both world wars, Arkhangelsk was a major port of entry for Allied aid. During World War II, the city became known in the West as one of the two main destinations (along with Murmansk) of the Arctic Convoys bringing supplies to assist the Russians who were cut off from their normal supply lines. During Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, Archangelsk was one of two cities (the other being Astrakhan) selected to mark the envisaged eastern limit of Nazi control. The military operation was to be halted at this A-A line, but never reached it in reality as the German forces failed to capture either of the two cities as well as Moscow.
Today, Arkhangelsk remains a major seaport, now open year-round due to improvements in icebreakers. The city is primarily a timber and fishing center.
On March 16, 2004, fifty-eight people were killed in an explosion at an apartment block in the city.
Apart from being the administrative center of the oblast,[3] Arkhangelsk serves as the administrative center of Primorsky District, although it is not administratively a part of it.[4] Administratively, along with five rural localities, it is incorporated as the city of oblast significance of Arkhangelsk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[3] Municipally, the city of oblast significance of Arkhangelsk is incorporated as Arkhangelsk Urban Okrug.[5]
The city is divided into nine territorial okrugs:[17]
Nordavia (formerly Aeroflot Nord) airline has its head office on the grounds of the Talagi Airport in Arkhangelsk.[18]
Archangelsk is home to the following facilities of higher education:
- Pomorsky State University
- Northern State Medical University
- Arkhangelsk State Technical University
- Makarov state Maritime Academy
- A branch of the All-Russian Distance Institute of Finance and Economics
The
Sutyagin House, claimed to be the world's tallest wooden single-family house
Mikhail Lomonosov came from a Pomor village near Kholmogory. A monument to him was installed to a design by Ivan Martos in 1829. A monument to Peter the Great was designed by Mark Antokolsky in 1872 and installed in 1914.
After its historic churches were destroyed during Joseph Stalin's rule, the city's main extant landmarks are the fort-like Merchant Yards (1668–1684) and the New Dvina Fortress (1701–1705). The Assumption Church on the Dvina embankment (1742–1744) was rebuilt in 2004.
Another remarkable[citation needed] structure is the Arkhangelsk TV Mast, a 151-meter (495 ft) tall guyed mast for FM-/TV-broadcasting built in 1964. This tubular steel mast has six crossbars equipped with gangways, which run in two levels from the mast structure to the crossbars. On these crossbars there are also several antennas installed (image).
An unusual example of local "vernacular architecture" was the so-called Sutyagin house. This thirteen-story, 44-meter (144 ft) tall[19][20] residence of the local entrepreneur Nikolay Petrovich Sutyagin was reported to be the world's, or at least Russia's, tallest wooden house. Constructed by Mr. Sutyagin and his family over the course of fifteen years (starting in 1992), without formal plans or a building permit, the structure deteriorated while Mr. Sutyagin spent a few years in prison on racketeering charges. In 2008, it was condemned by the city as a fire hazard, and the courts ordered it to be demolished by February 1, 2009.[19][21] On December 26, 2008, the tower was pulled down,[22][23] and the remainder of the building was dismantled manually by early February 2009.[24][25]
The cultural life of Archangelsk includes:
- The Archangelsk Lomonosov Drama Theater
- Arkhangelsk Philarmonia
- Arkhangelsk Youth Theater
- Arkhangelsk Oblast Museum
- Arkhangelsk Art Museum
- Stepan Pisakhov Museum
Russian North, and, in particular, the area of Arkhangelsk, is notable for its folklore. Until the mid-20th century, fairy tales and bylinas were still performed on the daily basis by performers who became professionals. Starting from the 1890s, folkloric expeditions have been organized to the White Sea area and later to other areas of the Arkhangelsk Governorate in order to write down the tales and the bylinas, especially in Pomor dialects. In the 1920s, mostly due to the efforts of Anna Astakhova, these expeditions became systematic. By the 1960s, the performing art was basically extinct. These folkloric motives and fairy tales inspired the literary works of Stepan Pisakhov and Boris Shergin, who were both natives of Arkhangelsk.
Arkhangelsk experiences a subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification Dfc).
| Climate data for Arkhangelsk |
| Month |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
Apr |
May |
Jun |
Jul |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Year |
| Record high °C (°F) |
5.0
(41.0) |
6.2
(43.2) |
12.1
(53.8) |
25.3
(77.5) |
30.2
(86.4) |
32.1
(89.8) |
34.4
(93.9) |
33.4
(92.1) |
27.7
(81.9) |
18.3
(64.9) |
9.7
(49.5) |
9.1
(48.4) |
34.4
(93.9) |
| Average high °C (°F) |
−9.6
(14.7) |
−8.3
(17.1) |
−2.9
(26.8) |
4.1
(39.4) |
10.8
(51.4) |
17.6
(63.7) |
20.9
(69.6) |
18.3
(64.9) |
11.5
(52.7) |
3.9
(39.0) |
−2.2
(28.0) |
−6.6
(20.1) |
4.8
(40.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) |
−13.1
(8.4) |
−12
(10.4) |
−7.3
(18.9) |
−0.3
(31.5) |
6.4
(43.5) |
12.8
(55.0) |
16.1
(61.0) |
14.1
(57.4) |
8.4
(47.1) |
1.7
(35.1) |
−4.7
(23.5) |
−9.9
(14.2) |
1.0
(33.8) |
| Average low °C (°F) |
−16.6
(2.1) |
−15.6
(3.9) |
−11.7
(10.9) |
−4.6
(23.7) |
1.9
(35.4) |
7.9
(46.2) |
11.2
(52.2) |
9.8
(49.6) |
5.2
(41.4) |
−0.6
(30.9) |
−7.2
(19.0) |
−13.2
(8.2) |
−2.7
(27.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) |
−45.2
(−49.4) |
−41.2
(−42.2) |
−37.1
(−34.8) |
−27.3
(−17.1) |
−13.7
(7.3) |
−3.9
(25.0) |
−0.5
(31.1) |
−4.1
(24.6) |
−7.5
(18.5) |
−21.1
(−6.0) |
−36.5
(−33.7) |
−43.2
(−45.8) |
−45.2
(−49.4) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) |
33
(1.3) |
27
(1.06) |
26
(1.02) |
31
(1.22) |
42
(1.65) |
54
(2.13) |
61
(2.4) |
68
(2.68) |
60
(2.36) |
61
(2.4) |
53
(2.09) |
44
(1.73) |
560
(22.05) |
| Avg. rainy days |
0 |
0 |
2 |
8 |
10 |
14 |
15 |
16 |
17 |
7 |
3 |
0 |
92 |
| Avg. snowy days |
21 |
17 |
16 |
6 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
15 |
21 |
26 |
125 |
| Source: Pogoda.ru.net[26] |
Vodnik's home stadium Trud, the arena for the final of the 2011-2012 season
Bandy is the biggest sport in the city and is considered a national sport in Russia.[27] Vodnik nine times became the Russian champion (1996–2000 and 2002–2005). Arkhangelsk hosted the Bandy World Championships in 1999 and 2003.[28] The 2011-2012 season Russian Bandy League final was played here 25/3.[29][30]
- Yuliya Fomenko, athlete (middle distance runner)
- Timur Gaidar, admiral
- Ilya Halyuza, association football player
- Nadezhda Kosintseva, chess player (IM)
- Tatiana Kosintseva, chess player (GM)
- Alexander Kravchenko, poker player
- Mikhail Lomonosov, polymath
- Boris Lukoshkov, painter
- Vladimir Malaniuk, chess player (GM)
- Mikhail Pletnev, pianist and conductor
- Stepan Pisakhov, writer
- Boris Shergin, writer
- Anatoli Tebloyev, association football player
Arkhangelsk is twinned with:[31]
- ^ a b Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по статистике. Комитет Российской Федерации по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации. №ОК 019-95 1 января 1997 г «Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код 11 401», в ред. изменения №185/2011 от 1 января 2012 г. (State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification. #OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division . Code 11 401, as amended by the Amendment #185/2011 of January 1, 2012. ).
- ^ "www.arhcity.ru" (in Russian). Мэрия Архангельска. http://www.arhcity.ru/?page=275/0. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
- ^ a b c d e Oblast Law #65-5-OZ
- ^ a b Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по статистике. Комитет Российской Федерации по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации. №ОК 019-95 1 января 1997 г «Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код 11 252», в ред. изменения №185/2011 от 1 января 2012 г. (State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification. #OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division . Code 11 252, as amended by the Amendment #185/2011 of January 1, 2012. ).
- ^ a b c d Oblast Law #258-vneoch.-OZ
- ^ a b "Информация о мэре города" (in Russian). Мэрия Архангельска. http://www.arhcity.ru/?page=3/1. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
- ^ "Паспорт города" (in Russian). Мэрия Архангельска. http://www.arhcity.ru/?page=1/1. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
- ^ a b Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2011). "Предварительные итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года (Preliminary results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census)" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census). Federal State Statistics Service. http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/results-inform.php. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
- ^ a b Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (May 21, 2004). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек (Population of Russia, its federal districts, federal subjects, districts, urban localities, rural localities—administrative centers, and rural localities with population of over 3,000)" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002). Federal State Statistics Service. http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
- ^ The value of density was calculated automatically by dividing the 2010 Census population by the area specified in the infobox. Please note that this value may not be accurate as the area specified in the infobox does not necessarily correspond to the area of the entity proper or is reported for the same year as the population.
- ^ Правительство Российской Федерации. Постановление №725 от 31 августа 2011 г. «О составе территорий, образующих каждую часовую зону, и порядке исчисления времени в часовых зонах, а также о признании утратившими силу отдельных Постановлений Правительства Российской Федерации». Вступил в силу по истечении 7 дней после дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Российская Газета", №197, 6 сентября 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Resolution #725 of August 31, 2011 On the Composition of the Territories Included into Each Time Zone and on the Procedures of Timekeeping in the Time Zones, as Well as on Abrogation of Several Resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation. Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication.).
- ^ a b Энциклопедия Города России. Moscow: Большая Российская Энциклопедия. 2003. p. 25. ISBN 5-7107-7399-9.
- ^ "List of postal codes" (in Russian). Russian Post. http://info.russianpost.ru/database/ops.html. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
- ^ "Коды областных центров" (in Russian). Beeline. http://mobile.beeline.ru/media/Abonents/Geography/For_guests/City%20codes%20%28rus%29.pdf. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
- ^ "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров. (All Union Population Census of 1989. Present population of union and autonomous republics, autonomous oblasts and okrugs, krais, oblasts, districts, urban settlements, and villages serving as district administrative centers.)" (in Russian). Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (All-Union Population Census of 1989). Demoscope Weekly (website of the Institute of Demographics of the State University—Higher School of Economics. 1989. http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg.php. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
- ^ "Detroit's Polar Bears and their confusing war". The Detroit News. http://info.detnews.com/history/story/index.cfm?id=178&category=life. Retrieved July 12, 2007.
- ^ Архангельский городской Совет народных депутатов. Решение №88 от 15 ноября 1991 г. «Об образовании территориальных городских округов». (Arkhangelsk City Council of People's Deputies. Decision #88 of November 15, 1991 On Establishing the City Territorial Okrugs. ).
- ^ "Contact Us." Nordavia. Retrieved on June 29, 2010.
- ^ a b Sutyagin House, Arkhangelsk, Russia: Standing tall. WorldArchitectureNews.com, Wednesday 7 Mar 2007. (Includes photo)
- ^ According to other sources, twelve stories, 38 meters (125 ft)
- ^ Ponomaryova, Hope (June 26, 2008). "Гангстер-хаус: Самый высокий деревянный дом в России объявлен вне закона [Gangster house: Russia's tallest wooden house is now outlawed]" (in Russian). Rossiyskaya Gazeta. Moscow, Russia. http://www.rg.ru/2008/06/26/gangster.html. Retrieved 2009-08-15.
- ^ "В Архангельске провалилась первая попытка снести самое высокое деревянное здание в мире [Arkhangelsk The first attempt to demolish the tallest wooden building in the world failed in Arkhangelsk]" (in Russian). NEWSru.com Realty (Недвижимость). Moscow, Russia. December 26, 2008. http://realty.newsru.com/article/26Dec2008/wooden. Retrieved 2009-08-15.
- ^ mihai055 (December 26, 2008). "Сутягин, снос дома [Demolition of Sutyagin's house]" (in Russian) (Flash video). YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pa_Ahn29Myw. Retrieved 2009-08-15.
- ^ "В Архангельске разрушено самое высокое деревянное здание в мире [The tallest wooden building in the world has been destroyed in Arkhangelsk]" (in Russian). NEWSru.com Realty (Недвижимость). Moscow, Russia. February 6, 2009. http://realty.newsru.com/article/06Feb2009/sutyagin. Retrieved 2009-08-15.
- ^ "От самого высокого деревянного строения в мире осталась груда мусора [Only a heap of debris is left from the world's tallest wooden building]" (in Russian) (flash video and text). Channel One Russia. Moscow, Russia: Web-службой Первого канала. February 6, 2009. http://www.1tv.ru/newsvideo/137558. Retrieved 2009-12-29.
- ^ "Pogoda.ru.net" (in Russian). http://pogoda.ru.net/climate/22550.htm. Retrieved September 8, 2007.
- ^ "Russian bandy players blessed for victory at world championship in Kazan". Tatar-Inform. 2011-01-21. http://eng.tatar-inform.ru/news/2011/01/21/33986/. Retrieved 2009-08-31.
- ^ Video from a home game against Baykal-Energiya from Irkutsk: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1uAVZxVEoe0
- ^ http://www.kuzbassbandyclub.ru/mainnews/archive/769
- ^ Video from the final of the Russian Championships in 2012
- ^ "Информация о городах-побратимах" (in (Russian)). www.arhcity.ru. 2007-10-26. http://www.arhcity.ru/?page=232/0. Retrieved September 17, 2009.
- ^ "Twin towns". www.ouka.fi. http://www.ouka.fi/kansainvalisyys/english/ystavyyskaupungit.html. Retrieved 2009-11-07.
- Архангельское областное Собрание депутатов. Областной закон №65-5-ОЗ от 23 сентября 2009 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Архангельской области», в ред. Областного закона №150-12-ОЗ от 4 мая 2010 г «О внесении изменений и дополнений в отдельные областные законы». Вступил в силу через десять дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Волна", №43, 6 октября 2009 г. (Arkhangelsk Oblast Council of Deputies. Oblast Law #65-5-OZ of September 23, 2009 On the Administrative and Territorial Structure of Arkhangelsk Oblast, as amended by the Oblast Law #150-12-OZ of May 4, 2010 On Amending and Supplementing Certain Oblast Laws. Effective as of the day ten days after the official publication.).
- Архангельское областное Собрание депутатов. Областной закон №258-внеоч.-ОЗ от 23 сентября 2004 г. «О статусе и границах территорий муниципальных образований в Архангельской области (текст в ред. от 15 февраля 2010 г.)», в ред. Областного закона №446-29-ОЗ от 15 марта 2012 г «О внесении дополнений и изменений в областной закон "О статусе и границах территорий муниципальных образований в Архангельской области"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Волна", №38, 8 октября 2004 г. (Arkhangelsk Oblast Council of Deputies. Oblast Law #258-vneoch.-OZ of September 23, 2004 On the Status and Borders of the Territories of the Municipal Formations in Arkhangelsk Oblast (text of rev. of February 15, 2010), as amended by the Oblast Law #446-29-OZ of March 15, 2012 On Supplementing and Amending the Oblast Law "On the Status and Borders of the Territories of the Municipal Formations in Arkhangelsk Oblast". Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
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