Arab Indonesians

Friday, 25 January 2013

Indonesian People (Arab Descent and European Descent)

Heboh lagu Bang SMS penyanyi cilik cantik Arab-Indonesia

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An Arab Shipwreck in Indonesian Waters Part 1

Jama'ah Arab Saudi - Bayan Markaz Bandung, Indonesia (Arabic & Indonesian)

An Arab Shipwreck in Indonesian Waters Part 2

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Arabian peninsula
The Arabian Peninsula (Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīrat al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب Ǧazīrat al 'Arab‎) is a land mass situated north-east of Africa. Also known as Arabia or the Arabian subcontinent, it is the world's largest peninsula and covers 3,237,500 km² (1,250,000 mi²). The area is an important part of the Asian continent and plays a critical geopolitical role of the Middle East and Arab World due to its vast reserves of oil and natural gas. The peninsula formed as a result of the rifting of the Red Sea between 56-23 million years ago, and is bordered by the Red Sea to the west, the Persian Gulf to the northeast, and the Indian Ocean to the southeast.
The Arabian Peninsula is located in the Asia continent and bounded by (clockwise) the Persian Gulf on the northeast, the Strait of Hormuz and the Gulf of Oman on the east, the Arabian Sea on the southeast and south, the Gulf of Aden on the south, the Bab-el-Mandeb strait on the southwest, and the Red Sea on the southwest and west. The northern portion of the peninsula merges with the Syrian Desert with no clear border line, although the northern boundary of the Arabian Peninsula is generally considered to be the northern borders of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.

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Central Java
Central Java (Indonesian: Provinsi Jawa Tengah) is a province of Indonesia. The administrative capital is Semarang. It is one of six provinces on the island of Java. This province is the province of high Human Development in Indonesia and its Points Development Index countries is equivalent to Lebanon. The province of Central Java is 39,800.69 km² in area; approximately a quarter of the total land area of Java. Its population was 30,380,687 at the 2010 Census, making it the third most-populous province in Indonesia after West Java and East Java, and constituting a bit less than one quarter of the crowded island's population.
Central Java is also a cultural concept that includes the Special Area and city of Yogyakarta. However, administratively the city and surrounding region has been part of a separate special region since Indonesian independence.
Located in the middle of the island of Java, the Central Java province is bordered by West Java and East Java provinces. A small portion of its south region is the Yogyakarta Special Region province, fully enclosed by the Central Java province. Yogyakarta is historically and culturally part of the Central Java region, although it is currently a separate political entity. To the north and the south, the Central Java province faces the Java Sea and the Indian Ocean. Central Java also includes offshore islands such as Karimun Jawa Islands in the north, and Nusakambangan in the southwest.

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Dutch East Indies
The Dutch East Indies (Dutch: Nederlands-Indië; Indonesian: Hindia-Belanda) was a Dutch colony that became modern Indonesia following World War II. It was formed from the nationalised colonies of the Dutch East India Company, which came under the administration of the Dutch government in 1800.
During the 19th century, Dutch possessions and hegemony were expanded, reaching their greatest territorial extent in the early 20th century. This colony which later formed modern-day Indonesia was one of the most valuable European colonies under Dutch Empire's rule, and contributed to Dutch global prominence in spice and cash crop trade in 19th to early 20th century. The colonial social order was based on rigid racial and social structures with a Dutch elite living separate but linked to their native subjects.
Japan's World War II occupation dismantled much of the Dutch colonial state and economy. Following the Japanese surrender in August 1945, Indonesian nationalists declared independence which they fought to secure during the subsequent Indonesian National Revolution. The Netherlands formally recognized Indonesian sovereignty at the 1949 Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference with the exception of the Netherlands New Guinea (Western New Guinea), which was ceded to Indonesia in 1963 under the provisions of the New York Agreement.

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East Java
East Java (Indonesian: Jawa Timur, Javanese: Jawa Wétan) is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the eastern part of the island of Java and includes neighboring Madura and islands to its east (the Kangean and Sapudi groups) and to its north (Bawean and the Masalembu Islands. The provincial capital is Surabaya, the second largest city in Indonesia and a major industrial center and port.
According to the 2000 census, East Java has 34 million inhabitants, estimated to increase to 37½ million in 2010, making it the second most populous Indonesian province after West Java. The inhabitants are predominantly ethnically Javanese. Native minorities include migrants from nearby Madura, and distinct Javanese ethnicities such as the Tengger people in Bromo, the Samin and the Osing people in Banyuwangi. East Java also hosts a significant population of other ethnic groups, such as Chinese, Indians, and Arabs. In addition to the national language, Indonesian, they also speak Javanese. Javanese as spoken in the western East Java is a similar dialect to the one spoken in nearby Central Java, with its hierarchy of high, medium, and low registers. In the eastern cities of Surabaya, Malang, and surrounding areas, a more egalitarian version of Javanese is spoken, with less regard for hierarchy and a richer vocabulary for vulgarity.

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Indonesia
Indonesia (ⁱ/ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ IN-də-NEE-zhə or /ˌɪndoʊˈniːziə/ IN-doh-NEE-zee-ə), officially the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Republik Indonesia Indonesian pronunciation: [rɛpʊblɪk ɪndɔnɛsɪa]), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 17,508 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies. The Indonesian economy is the world's 17th largest economy by nominal GDP.
The Indonesian archipelago has been an important trade region since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, and Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished. Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Muslim traders brought Islam, and European powers brought Christianity and fought one another to monopolize trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery. Following three and a half centuries of Dutch colonialism, Indonesia secured its independence after World War II. Indonesia's history has since been turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters, corruption, separatism, a democratization process, and periods of rapid economic change.

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Jakarta
Jakarta ( /dʒəˈkɑrtə/), officially known as the Special Capital Territory of Jakarta (Indonesian: Daerah Khusus Ibu Kota Jakarta), is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. Located on the northwest coast of Java, Jakarta is the country's economic, cultural and political centre, and with a population of 10,187,595 as of November 2011, it is the most populous city in Indonesia and in Southeast Asia, and is the twelfth-largest city in the world. The official metropolitan area, known as Jabodetabekjur, is the second largest in the world, yet the city's suburbs still continue beyond it. Jakarta is listed as a global city in the 2008 Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC) research. and has an area of 661 square kilometres (255 sq mi)
Based on Brooking Institute survey about growth, in 2011 Jakarta ranked 17th among the world's 200 largest cities, a significant jumps from 2007 when Jakarta ranked 171st. Jakarta has seen more rapid growth than Kuala Lumpur, Beijing and Bangkok.

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South Sumatra
South Sumatra (Indonesian: Sumatera Selatan) is a province of Indonesia.
It is on the island of Sumatra, and borders the provinces of Lampung to the south, Bengkulu to the west, and Jambi to the north. Off the east coast are the islands of Bangka and Belitung, which were split from South Sumatra province to form the new province of Bangka-Belitung in 2000.
The capital of South Sumatra province is Palembang.
This province is divided into 11 regencies:
and 4 cities:
The coal deposit of South Sumatra is 22.24 billion tons or 48.45 percent of the total national reserves. The province also has 4.18 trillion standard cubic feet of natural gas and 757.4 standard cubic feed of natural oil.

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West Java
West Java (Indonesian: Jawa Barat; Sundanese: Jawa Kulon; acronym: Jabar), with a population of over 43 million, is the most populous and most densely populated province of Indonesia. Located on the island of Java, it is slightly smaller in area than densely populated Taiwan, but with nearly double the population. Its capital city is Bandung.
The oldest human inhabitant archaeological findings in the region were unearthed in Anyer (the western coast of Java) with evidence of bronze and iron metallurgical culture dating to the first millennium AD. The prehistoric Buni culture (near present-day Bekasi) clay pottery were later developed with evidence found in Anyer to Cirebon. Artefacts (dated from 400 BC — AD 100) such as food and drink containers were found mostly as burial gifts. There is also archeological evidence in Batujaya Archaeological Site dating from the 2nd century,^{[citation needed]} and according to Dr Tony Djubiantono, the head of Bandung Archeology Agency, Jiwa Temple in Batujaya, Karawang, West Java was also built around this time.^{[citation needed]}

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Abdurrahman Baswedan
AR Baswedan (born in Surabaya, East Java, 9 September 1908 – deceased in Jakarta, 16 March 1986) is the popular name of Abdurrahman Baswedan, a nationalist, journalist, Indonesian freedom fighter, diplomat, and writer. During his political life, AR Baswedan was involved in the Investigating Committee for the Preparation of Indonesian Independence (Badan Penyelidik Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia, BPUPKI), served as Deputy Minister of Information of the third Sjahrir Cabinet, member of the Central Indonesia National Committee-Working Group (Badan Pekerja Komite Nasional Indonesia Pusat, BP KNIP), member of Parliament, and also a member of Constitutional Assembly. AR Baswedan is one of Indonesia’s first diplomats who successfully gaining de jure and de facto international recognition for the Republic of Indonesia (from Egypt).
AR Baswedan was a rebel of his age. In August 1934, Semarang based daily newspaper “Matahari” published his provoking article on Indonesians of Arab descent, calling them to unite in supporting Indonesia’s independence. AR Baswedan himself is an Arab descent, but he spoke with strong East Javanese accent. He was calling Arab descents living in Indonesia –as himself- to adhere ius soli principle: “where I born, there my motherland is.” His picture on the article conveyed the message strongly as he was posed with a blangkon (Javanese traditional hat).

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Abu Bakar Bashir
Abu Bakar Bashir (also Abubakar Ba'asyir, Abdus Somad, and Ustad Abu ("Teacher Abu"), born 17 August 1938, is an Indonesian Muslim cleric and leader of the Indonesian Mujahedeen Council (MMI).
He runs the Al-Mukmin boarding school in Ngruki, Central Java which he co-founded with Abdullah Sungkar in 1972. He was in exile in Malaysia for 17 years during the secular New Order administration of the President of Indonesia Suharto resulting from various activities, including urging the implementation of Sharia law.
Intelligence agencies and the United Nations claim he is the spiritual head of Jemaah Islamiyah (also known as JI) and has links with Al-Qaeda.
Bashir was born in Jombang, East Java on 17 August 1938, to a family of Hadhrami Arab and Javanese descent. He was a student of Gontor Islamic boarding school in Ponorogo, graduating in 1959, before entering Al-Irsyad University, in Solo, Central Java and graduating in 1963. After time as an activist for the Islamic Student Association (Indonesian: Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam) in Solo, he was elected secretary of Al-Irsyad Youth Organization, and then president of Indonesian Islamic Youth Movement (GPII) (1961), and Indonesian Student Da'wah Organization (LDMI).^{[citation needed]}

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Ali Alatas
Ali Alatas (4 November 1932 – 11 December 2008) was an Indonesian diplomat of Hadhrami descent, who served as the country's foreign minister from 1988 to 1999. He was Indonesia's longest serving foreign minister.
Alatas graduated from the Indonesian Foreign Service Academy in 1954 and earned a law degree from the University of Indonesia in 1956. Alatas joined the Indonesian foreign service in 1954 as a 22-year-old. His early career included stints in the Indonesian embassies in Bangkok, Thailand and in Washington, DC. He was named Indonesia's ambassador to the UN, in Geneva from 1975 to 1978 and was also ambassador to the UN in New York from 1982 to 1988.
He was Indonesia's Minister for Foreign Affairs from March 1988, serving three terms under the former Suharto administration and once under the Habibie administration in May 1998,. He advocated regional cooperation and played a crucial role in drafting the ASEAN Charter and the Constitution of the 10-member grouping the Eminent Persons Group. He also brokered peace negotiations in several hot spots in Southeast Asia.

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Arab American
An Arab American (Arabic: عرب أمريكا‎) is a United States citizen or resident of Arab ethnic, cultural and linguistic heritage or identity, who identifies themselves as Arab. Arab Americans trace ancestry to any of the various waves of immigrants of the countries comprising the Arab World. Americans descended from immigrants of the Arab world via other countries are also included.
Countries of origin for Arab Americans include Lebanon, Syria, Palestine (mostly pre-1948 Palestine Christians as well as what since corresponds to the Gaza Strip and West Bank, plus Arab citizens of Israel), Jordan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, and Kuwait in West Asia and Libya, Sudan, Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, Mauritania and Morocco (plus also Sahrawis from the disputed Western Sahara) in North Africa.
According to the 2008 ACS, there are 1,573,530 Arab Americans, accounting for 0.5% of the American population. The largest subgroup is by far the Lebanese Americans, with 501,907, nearly a third of the Arab American population. Over 1/4 of all Arab Americans claimed two ancestries, having not only Arab ancestry but also non-Arab. Some groups from the Arab World are non Arabs; Assyrians were listed in the US census under Assyrian/Chaldean/Syriac. Arab Americans, and Arabs in general, comprise a highly diverse amalgam of groups with differing ancestral origins, religious backgrounds and historic identities. Instead, the ties that bind are a shared heritage by virtue of common linguistic, cultural, and political traditions.

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Arab Argentine
An Arab Argentine is an Argentine citizen or resident alien whose ancestry traces back to any of various waves of immigrants, largely of Arab cultural and linguistic heritage and/or identity, originating mainly from what is now Lebanon and Syria but also there are some individuals from the twenty-two countries which comprise the Arab world.
Although a highly diverse group of Argentines — in ancestral origins, religion and historic identities — Arab Argentines hold a heritage that shares common linguistic, cultural, and political traditions.
The majority of the Arab Argentines are from either Lebanese or Syrian background. Among Arab Argentines, 784,000 are Muslims. The interethnic marriage in the Arab community, regardless of religious affiliation, is very high; most community members have only one parent who has Arab ethnicity. As a result of this, the Arab community in Argentina shows marked language shift away from Arabic. Only a few speak any Arabic, and such knowledge is often limited to a few basic words. Instead the majority, especially those of younger generations, speak Spanish as a first language.

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Arab Australian
An Arab Australian is an Australian citizen or resident of Arab cultural and linguistic heritage and/or identity whose ancestry traces back to any of various waves of immigrants originating from one or more of the twenty-three countries comprised by the Arab World (from the northernmost Syria and westernmost Morocco in North Africa to the southernmost Sudan and easternmost Iraq in Southwest Asia).
Although Arab Australians comprise a highly diverse group of people, differing in ancestral origins, religious backgrounds and historic identities, Arab Australians hold a heritage that shares common linguistic, cultural, and political traditions, and it is these factors which are the ties that bind.
Arab Australians are people in Australia who have ancestry from the Arab World and are citizens of the Commonwealth of Australia, totaling approximately 308,104. The majority of Arab Australian originate from Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, Jordan, Egypt, Iraq and Morocco and other Arab nations, which are small in numbers but present nonetheless. The largest group of whom are the Lebanese numbering 199,640 or (0.92%), Palestinians who number 45,001 or (0.03%) , Syrian who number 20,213 or (0.08%), Iraqis who number 11,190 or (0.05%), Egyptians who number 50,001 or (0.12%), Sudanese who number 3,788 or (0.01%), Jordanians who number 2,687 or (0.01%), and Algerians who number 696 or (0.003%).

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Arab Brazilian
An Arab Brazilian is a Brazilian citizen born in an Arabic country, or a Brazilian-born person of Arab descent, who is aware of such ancestry and remains connected, in some degree, to Arabic culture.
Immigration of Arabs to Brazil started in the late 19th century, most of them coming from Lebanon, later from elsewhere in Ottoman Syria - Palestine and Iraq. When they were first processed in the ports of Brazil, they were classified as Turks because what is modern day Lebanon and Syria was a territory of the Turkish Ottoman Empire. The causes for Arabs to leave their homeland were an accelerated increase in population in Lebanon and the persecution by the Ottoman Turks. Arab immigration to Brazil grew in the 20th century, and was concentrated in the state of São Paulo, but also extended to Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Goiás, Rio de Janeiro and other parts of Brazil.
Most Arab immigrants in Brazil were Christians, the Muslims being a small minority in comparison to them. Intermarriage between Brazilians of Arab descent and other Brazilians, regardless of ethnic ancestry or religious affiliation, is very high; most Brazilians of Arab descent only have one parent of Arab origin. As a result of this, the new generations of Brazilians of Arab descent show marked language shift away from Arabic. Only a few speak any Arabic, and such knowledge is often limited to a few basic words. Instead the majority, especially those of younger generations, speak Portuguese as a first language.

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Arab Canadians
According to the latest 2006 census the Arab Canadian population is 470,580. The large majority of the Canadians of Arab origin population live in either Ontario or Quebec.
Arab Canadians come from all of the countries of the Arab World including Lebanese, Syria, Palestine, Jordan, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Iraq, Sudan and Yemen.
The distribution of the Arab population of Canada according to the 2001 census was as follows

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Arab Chileans
Arab Chileans, are immigrants to Chile from the Arab world. Most are Christian and are the descendants of immigrants from the Ottoman Empire, from the lands that are now Occupied Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan, who arrived in Chile in the mid-19th to early-20th centuries to escape from poverty. Ethnically Arab Chileans are often called "Turks", (Spanish: Turcos) a term believed to derive from the fact that they arrived from the Ottoman Turkish Empire. Most arrived as members of the Eastern Orthodox church, but a minority became Roman Catholic. A minority are Muslim.
It is estimated that 800,000 Chileans or nearly 5% of the population is of Arab origin, chiefly descendants of immigrants from the Middle East (i.e. Palestinians, Syrians, Lebanese and Middle East Armenians).Chile is home to a large population of immigrants, mostly Christian, from the Levant. Roughly 500,000 Palestinian descendants are believed to reside in Chile. And the effects of their migration are widely visible. The earliest such migrants came in the 1850s, with others arriving during World War I and later the 1948 Arab-Israeli war. The Club Palestino is one of the most prestigious social clubs in Santiago. They are believed to form the largest Palestinian community outside of the Arab world. Aside from these migrants of previous decades, Chile has also taken in some Palestinian refugees in later years, as in April 2008 when they received 117 from the Al-Waleed refugee camp on the Syria–Iraq border near the Al-Tanf crossing. The situation in Gaza has caused tensions even thousands of miles away between the Israeli and Palestinian communities in Chile.

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Arab Indonesians
Arab Indonesians are citizens of Indonesia of Arab, mainly Hadrami, descent. Restricted under Dutch East Indies' law until 1919, the community elites later gained economic power through real estate investment and trading. Currently found mainly in Java and South Sumatra, they are almost all (generally orthodox) Muslims.
Indonesia has had contact with the Arab world for hundreds of years, prior to the emergence of Islam in Indonesia. Most contact was with spice traders, but the first Arab settlements in the archipelago may date from the fifth century. Some later founded dynasties, including the Sultanate of Pontianak, while others intermingled with existing kingdoms. These early communities adopted much of the local culture, and some disappeared entirely while others formed ethnically distinct communities.
Modern Arab Indonesians are generally descended from Hadramis who came to Indonesia during the Dutch colonial period and married native women. They were classified as "foreign orientals" along with Chinese Indonesians, which led to them being unable to attend certain schools and restricted from travelling, and having to settle in special Arab districts, or kampung Arab. These laws were repealed in 1919.

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Arab Mexican
An Arab Mexican is a Mexican citizen of Arabic-speaking origin who can be of various ancestral origins. The vast majority of Mexico's 1.1 million Arabs are from either Lebanese, Syrian, Iraqi, or Palestinian background.
The interethnic marriage in the Arab community, regardless of religious affiliation, is very high; most community members have only one parent who has Arab ethnicity. As a result of this, the Arab community in Mexico shows marked language shift away from Arabic. Only a few speak any Arabic, and such knowledge is often limited to a few basic words. Instead the majority, especially those of younger generations, speak Spanish as a first language. Today, the most common Arabic surnames in Mexico include Nader, Hayek, Ali, Haddad, Nasser, Malik, Salazar, Abed, Mansoor, Harb and Elias.
Arab immigration to Mexico started in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Roughly 100,000 Arabic-speakers settled in Mexico during this time period. They came mostly from Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, and Iraq and settled in significant numbers in Nayarit, Puebla, Mexico City and the Northern part of the country (mainly in the states of Baja California, Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon, Sinaloa, Chihuahua, Coahuila, and Durango, as well as the city of Tampico and Guadalajara . The term "Arab Mexican" may include ethnic groups that do not in fact identify as Arab.

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Arab Singaporean
The majority of the Arabs in Singapore are Hadhramis tracing their ancestry from the southern part of the Arabian Peninsula called Hadhramaut, which is now part of the Republic of Yemen. The People's Democratic Republic of Yemen PDRY was formed on 30 November 1967 when it achieved independence after 129 years of British rule. Some of the people living there are known as “Hadhramis”. The land there is mostly desert region. The fertile areas, suitable for cultivation, are small and concentrated in the wadi region. This harsh natural environment drove the Hadhramis to travel out of the area to trade and acquire the necessary items they needed. They had travelled to and engaged in trade in several areas: Hyderabad, India (before 1947), Dar-es-Salaam and East Africa as well as Malaya and the Netherlands East Indies.
Ingram (1936) gave a description of the type of social classes of the Hadhramis. Among them were migrants from Iraq, the Seyyids (Syeds), who were descendants of the grandsons of Prophet Muhammad, Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali. The Syeds were well known for their education and influence over religious matters. Another social class, Sheikhs, was also influential in matters concerning religion. Both the Syeds and the Sheikhs formed the top of the social class in Hadhramaut. The Arabs in Singapore are descended from the Syeds and Sheikhs. As such, they carry the title of “Syed” and “Sharifah” (for men and women respectively) and "Sheikh" (also spelled “Shaikh”) and "Shaykhah" (also spelled "Shaikha") (for men and women respectively).

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Arab Venezuelan
An Arab Venezuelan is a Venezuelan citizen of Arab origin or descent. There are around 600,000 Venezuelans of Arab origin, mainly from Lebanon, Syria and Palestine. Venezuela has one of the largest Arab populations in the Americas.^{[citation needed]}
Arab immigration to Venezuela started as early as the 19th and 20th centuries. They came mostly from Lebanon, Syria, and Palestine, and are present in significant numbers in Caracas.
Immigration of Arabs in Venezuela has influenced Venezuelan culture, in particular Arabic food and music. Most Arab Venezuelans are of Lebanese descent with their number around 340,000 and additional 400,000 are descendants of people from mainly Syria but also Palestine.
In religion, the majority of Arab-Venezuelans are Christians who belong to the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Rite Catholic Churches. There are few Muslims.

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Arabs in Berlin
Most Arabs in Berlin came to Germany in the 1970s, partly as Gastarbeiter from Morocco, the Turkish Province of Mardin (see: Arabs in Turkey) and Tunisia. However, the majority of Arabs in Berlin are refugees of the conflicts in the Middle East, e.g. the Lebanon Wars and the recent Iraq War. The Arabs in Berlin aren't a homogeneous group, because they originate from about 20 countries.
The largest concentration of Arab people in Berlin, can be found in Neukölln, where they make up 7.5% of the population. The percentage is certainly higher around Sonnenallee, which is characterized by a high presence of Middle Eastern shops. Around 35,000 are of Palestinian and 15,000 of Lebanese origin. The rest of 20,000 are mostly of Moroccon, Iraqi, Algerian and Egyptian origin.

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Arabs in Bulgaria
Arabs in Bulgaria are the people from Arab countries, particularly Lebanon, Syria, the Palestinian Territories, and Iraq, who emigrated from their native nations and currently reside in Bulgaria. Most Arab Bulgarians are of Lebanese or Syrian origin. In the forty year history of this community, 10,000 Arabs have migrated to Bulgaria. According to other data from two teams of anthropologists and sociologists, the number of Arabs in Bulgaria who are legal residents and officially have work permits was 17,000 people in 2004. Approximately the same number of Arabs reside in Bulgaria without official status.

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Arabs in Europe
Arabs in Europe are people of Arab descent living in Europe.
Arabs in Europe have a long history beginning with the Arab Empire when the Arabs conquered the Iberian peninsula, including what is now Spain and Portugal, and the island of Sicily in Italy. However, most of the Arabs of that time were expelled after the Reconquista. Nevertheless, many of the people in the Iberian peninsula, Malta, and Sicily today retain some genetic ties to the Arabs that controlled these territories in the past. There were also brief periods of independent Arab-Islamic colonization and occupation, in modern-day France, Switzerland, and Italy, using Fraxinet in the Gulf of St. Tropez as a base for raids and colonization.
The post-World War II migration of Arabs to Europe began as many Arabs from former French colonies like Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Lebanon and Syria migrated permanently to France. Also another source of migration began with guest workers, particularly from Morocco, who arrived under the terms of a Labour Export Agreements between several European countries including Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Austria and France. Also other events in the Arab world sent new immigration waives to Europe like the Palestinian exodus, the Lebanese Civil War, and the first and second Iraq war. Many other Arabs immigrated to Europe because of political issues in their native countries. Another source of migration are Arabs who studied in European universities and decided to stay.

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Arabs in France
Arabs in France are people of Arab descent living in France.
French people of Arab origin (predomintly from Maghreb but also some from Mashreq areas of the Arab world) in France form the largest ethnic group after French people of European origin.
According to Michel Tribalat, a researcher at INED, there were 3.5 million people of Arab Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco or Tunisia) but also Arab Mashreqi origin (with at least one grandparent from Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, Iraq or Egypt) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7 millions in 2005). Arab Maghrebis/Mashreqis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the Paris region. Many famous French people like Edith Piaf,Isabelle Adjani, Arnaud Montebourg, Alain Bashung, Dany Boon have Arab Maghrebi ancestry and Éric Besson, Carlos Ghosn, Jacques Saadé, Élie Aboud, Abdel Rahman El Bacha, Antoine Sfeir, Philippe Aractingi, Andrée Chedid, Matthieu Chedid, RAmez, Henri Jibrayel and Reem Acra are of Lebanese ancestry.

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Arabs in Germany
Arabs in Germany are people of Arab descent living in Germany. They form the second-largest predominantly Muslim immigrant group in Germany after the large German - Turkish community. There is an estimated number of 400,000- 500,000 people of Arab origin residing in Germany. Most Arabs came to Germany in the 1970s, partly as Gastarbeiter from Morocco, the Turkish Province of Mardin (see: Arabs in Turkey) and Tunisia. However, the majority of Arabs are refugees of the conflicts in the Middle East, e.g the Lebanon Wars and the recent Iraq War. The Arabs in Germany aren't a homogenous group, because they originate from about 20 countries.
The largest concentration of Arab people in Germany, can be found in Berlin, where they make up 2%-3% (70,000 people) of the population. The percentage is significantly higher in the Berlin boroughs of Neukölln, Kreuzberg and Wedding. Other significant centres of Arab populations in Germany can be found in Frankfurt am Main, Cologne, Munich, in the Ruhrgebiet, Hanover, Bonn and Hamburg. Most Arabs reside in urban areas and cities in former West-Germany. The only place in former Eastern Germany with a sizeable number of Arabs is Leipzig, where people of any Arab descent make up 0.8% of the total population (4,000 out of 522,800).

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Arabs in Greece
Greece has a significant Arab population of about 200,000 people. There about 60,000 Egyptians, 40,000 Iraqis and around 30,000 Lebanese. There also many Arabs from Syria, Palestine and Jordan. The majority tend to live in Athens, however they can be found in all the parts of the country. The majority of Egyptians and Iraqis are Muslims,there also some Christians(Copts and Assyrians). Lebanese, Syrians, Palestinians and Jordanians are primarily Christians (mostly Greek Orthodox) with an important number of Muslims.

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Arabs in Pakistan
Arabs in Pakistan (Urdu: عربي) consist of migrants from different countries of the Arab world, especially Egypt, Oman, Kuwait, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Palestine and Yemen and have a long history. The first form of contact between the Arab people and modern-day Pakistan originally came in 711, when Muhammad bin Qasim, an Arab military general, was on a quest to free Muslims and their families who had apparently been arrested by Raja Dahir's soldiers while they were returning in a merchant ship to their homes in Iraq's city of Basra from Sri Lanka.
However, another version tells us about the migration of a number of the descendants of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, to Sindh, after the atrocities by the Omayya and Abassi caliphs against them. They have settled in the province of Sindh, Panjab and as far north as Murree.
The ship was hauled up by Dahir's men while it was passing a port located in the Sindh province of Pakistan and the people were taken as captives. At that time, Hajjaj bin Yusuf was the governor of present-day Iraq. Upon hearing the news, he wrote to Raja Dahir and demanded him to release the prisoners. Raja Dahir, who was the governor of Sindh at that time, refused to accept the request which tempted Yusuf to order Muhammad bin Qasim to proceed to Sindh along with an army unit of 6,000 troops in order to get the prisoners released. Qasim was hardly seventeen years of age at that time, however he was a ruthless and capable military commander, the main reason for which Yusuf may have recruited him.

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Arabs in Turkey
Arabs comprise the third largest ethnic group in Turkey. (Arabic: العرب في تركيا, Turkish: Türkiye Arapları) are a Semitic people.
Arabs in Turkey are mostly Muslims living along the southeastern border with Syria and Iraq in the provinces such as Batman, Bitlis, Gaziantep, Hatay, Mardin, Muş, Siirt, Şırnak and Şanlıurfa. The Arabs in eastern part of the border consist of many Bedouin tribes in addition to other Arabs who settled there before Turkic tribes came to Anatolia from Central Asia in the 11^th century. Many of these Arabs have blood ties to Arabs of living in Syria, especially in the city of Ar Raqqah. The Arab society in Turkey is well integrated into the Turkish population. The majority of Arabic people who live in Turkey don't have knowledge of Arabic, especially the new generation.
The Treaty of Lausanne ceded to Turkey large areas that belonged to Ottoman Syria, especially within Aleppo Vilayet. Those areas were mostly inhabited by Arabs, who felt isolated within the new border.

wn.com/Arabs_in_Turkey
Azyumardi Azra
Azyumardi Azra CBE was born in Lubuk Alung, West Sumatra, Indonesia, on March 4, 1955. He is prominent as one of Indonesian public intellectuals, Muslim thinker and former Rector of State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta. He graduated from Department of History, Columbia University (1992. He is known as a prolific books writer; member of advisory board of a number of international organizations such as UN Democracy Fund (UNDEF), International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA. Now he is Director, Graduate School, State Islamic University, Jakarta, Indonesia.

wn.com/Azyumardi_Azra
British Arabs
British Arabs are Arab people living or born in the United Kingdom. Unlike Black British or Asian British, the term is not one of those employed in government ethnicity categorisations used in the census and for national statistics. It is, however, the term used by the National Association of British Arabs and has also been employed by academics and in the media. It has been announced that the category 'Arab' will added to the 2011 UK Census for the first time ever.
Most Arabs live in the Greater London area, and many are either businesspeople, recent immigrants or students. Author Anthony McRoy suggests that there might be 500,000 British Arabs. The majority originate from Iraq, Yemen, Sudan, Somalia, Morocco, Palestine and Lebanon.

wn.com/British_Arabs
Chinese Indonesians
Chinese Indonesians or Indonesian Chinese are Indonesians of Chinese – particularly Han – descent, who emigrated to Indonesia or the former Dutch East Indies colony; this migration was done both directly and through Maritime Southeast Asia. Their population grew rapidly during the colonial period when workers were contracted from their home provinces in southern China. Indonesia's 2010 census reported more than 8.8 million self-identified ethnic Chinese citizens: 3.7 percent of the country's population.
Under the Dutch ethnic classification policy, Chinese Indonesians were considered "foreign orientals"; as such, they struggled to enter the colonial and national sociopolitical scene, despite successes in their economic endeavors. Evidence of discrimination against Chinese Indonesians can be found throughout the history of Indonesia, although more recent government policies have attempted to redress this. Resentment of ethnic Chinese economic aptitude grew in the 1950s as native Indonesian merchants felt they could not remain competitive. In some cases, government action only propagated the stereotype that ethnic Chinese-owned conglomerates were corrupt. Although the 1997 Asian financial crisis severely disrupted their business activities, reform of government policy and legislation removed a number of political and social restrictions on Chinese Indonesians.

wn.com/Chinese_Indonesians
Hadhrami people
The Hadhrami (Arabic: حضرمي‎) or Hadharem (Arabic: الحضارم‎) are people from the Hadhramaut and their descendants in diaspora communities around the world. They speak Hadhrami Arabic.
Though most of the Muslim peoples of the Arabian peninsula speak Arabic and have similar ancestry and dress, they are not all one people. Among the two million inhabitants of Democratic Yemen, there are 1,300 distinct Arab tribes. Even unity among the 151,000 Hadrami people is not very strong. Antagonism between townsfolk and wandering tribesmen has been so bitter that the towns are surrounded by stone walls to protect them from attack by their tribal countrymen.
Many Hadramis still practice the nomadic lifestyle of their ancient ancestors. But today approximately half of the Hadramis live in the towns and villages scattered through the deep valleys of their region. Even among these settled peoples, there are sharp distinctions, the highest social prestige belonging to the wealthy, educated Sadahs, who claim to be direct descendants of Muhammed. Hadramis rarely marry outside their own social level, and often live in segregated groups in separate parts of town.

wn.com/Hadhrami_people
Leo Suryadinata
Leo Suryadinata (born Liauw Kian-Djoe [or Liao Jianyu; 廖建裕] in Jakarta, 1940 or 1941), is a Chinese Indonesian sinologist.
Suryadinata was born Liauw Kian-Djoe (also written Liao Jianyu) in Jakarta. His father was the owner of a building material factory. He had 7 siblings.
During high school, Suryadinata read and wrote numerous papers on Indonesian and Chinese history and literature. He later attended Nanyang University in Singapore, focusing on Chinese and South-East Asian literature. He graduated in 1962 with a bachelour's degree in arts.
From 1962 to 1965, Suryadinata studied literature at the University of Indonesia in Jakarta, receiving another bachelour's degree from that institution. He focused on Chinese literature, but began to show interest in the ethnic Chinese in Indonesia. His thesis discussed the late 19th century Peranakan Chinese press and early 20th century resistance movements against the Dutch colonial government.
In 1970, Suryadinata received a master's degree in history from Monash University in Australia. Two years later, he graduated from the University of Ohio in the United States with a master's degree in politics. He later received his doctorate from the American University in Washington, D.C.

wn.com/Leo_Suryadinata
Native Indonesians
Native Indonesians are also known as Pribumi, literally meaning "sons of the soil", is a term that refers to a population group in Indonesia that shares a similar sociocultural heritage. Translated from inlander in Dutch, the term was first coined by the Dutch colonial administration to lump diverse groups of local inhabitants of Indonesia's archipelago, mostly for social discrimination purposes. During the colonial period, the Dutch instilled a regime of three-level racial separation; the first class race being Europeans, the second class race being the "Foreign Orientals" (Vreemde Oosterlingen) which includes Chinese, Arabs, and Indians, the third class race being the "Inlander" or natives. The system was very similar to South Africa's apartheid, which prohibited inter-racial neighborhoods (wet van wijkenstelsel) and inter-racial interactions were limited by "passenstelsel" laws.

Pribumi makes up about 95% of Indonesian population. Using Indonesia’s population estimate in 2006, the mix translates to about 230 million people. As an umbrella of similar cultural heritage among about hnic groups in Indonesia, Pribumi culture plays a significant role in shaping the country’s socioeconomic condition.

wn.com/Native_Indonesians
Palestinian Peruvian
A Palestinian Peruvian is a Peruvian citizen of Palestinian descent. The phrase may refer to someone born in Peru of Palestinian descent or to someone who has immigrated to Peru from Palestine. An estimated 10,000 Palestinians live in Peru^{[citation needed]} alone, many of these families who arrived after the first Israel wars in 1948-49 had reestablished and bettered themselves in Peru when it comes to socioeconomic status.

wn.com/Palestinian_Peruvian

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photo: AP / Mohammad Hannon

In this Sept. 14, 2012 file photo, Libyan military guards check one of the burnt out buildings at the U.S. Consulate in Benghazi, Libya, during a visit by Libyan President Mohammed el-Megarif to express sympathy for the death of American ambassador to Libya Chris Stevens and his colleagues in the Sept. 11, 2012 attack on the consulate.

There are bigger issues to worry about than Benghazi

The News Tribune

25 Jan 2013

Sadly for them, they got their wish ... But when Sen ... Fat chance ... “The Arab revolutions have scrambled power dynamics and shattered security forces across the region,” Clinton said in her testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee ... Benghazi ... The Arab spring created power vacuums across North Africa and the Middle East that Islamist parties, factions and militias are rushing to fill ... Perhaps not. The correct U.S ... ....(size: 4.8Kb)

photo: White House / Pete Souza

A bronze bust of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. is visible in the foreground as President Barack Obama meets with senior advisors, in the Oval Office, Feb. 4, 2010.

Same Bibles, Different Theologies and Histories

WorldNews.com

24 Jan 2013

Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. In the world of politics and imagination, theater usually trumps theology while history is most often vanquished by histrionics. President Barack Obama's swearing-in ceremony for a second term reflects this truth, specifically as he uses two historic bibles-one belonging to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and another used only by Abraham Lincoln ... "With malice toward none; with charity for all."....(size: 7.3Kb)

photo: AP / Lee Jin-man

South Koreans watch a television broadcasting undated image a North Korea launch missile at the Seoul Railway Station in Seoul, South Korea, Thursday, July 2, 2009. North Korea test-fired two short-range missiles Thursday, South Korea's Defense Ministry said, a move that aggravates already high tensions following Pyongyang's recent nuclear test and U.N. sanctions imposed as punishment. The Korean read "North Korea test-fired two short-range missiles."

North Korea Threatens to Conduct Nuclear Test That Targets U.S.

Bloomberg

24 Jan 2013

North Korea threatened to conduct a nuclear weapons test “targeted” at the U.S. after the Obama administration pushed through new United Nations sanctions against the totalitarian state for last month’s rocket launch. “In a new phase of the anti-U.S ... The UN Security Council imposed additional restrictions on North Korea on Jan ... The U.S ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)

photo: USAF / Tech. Sgt. Chad Chisholm

File - A staff sergeant marshalls an MQ-9 Reaper after it returned from a mission Dec. 1, 2010, at Kandahar Airfield, Afghanistan.

UN launches major investigation into civilian drone deaths

Antiwar

24 Jan 2013

Ben Emmerson QC addresses reporters in London (Photo. TBIJ). A UN investigation into the legality and casualties of drone strikes has been formally launched, with a leading human rights lawyer revealing the team that will carry out the inquiry ... He added ... This campaign group, formed as President Saleh’s regime weakened during the Arab Spring, campaigns for human rights, strong civil society and the rule of law in Yemen....(size: 7.1Kb)

photo: AP / Patric Schneider

A Harris Precinct 4 Constable blocks off an entrance to the Lone Star College North Harris campus after a shooting on Tuesday, Jan. 22, 2013 in Houston.

Two suspects detained after shooting on Texas college campus

Reuters

23 Jan 2013

HOUSTON (Reuters) - Three people were wounded, one critically, on Tuesday when gunfire erupted during an altercation between two people on a community college campus near Houston, police said, the latest in a series of shootings on U.S. college and school campuses. Two people "of interest" in the Lone Star College shooting were detained for questioning, including one with a student identification, according to authorities....(size: 3.7Kb)

timeline:
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World’s Muslims Speak With Signs, Gestures in Mecca

Jakarta Globe

22 Oct 2012

A hotline, the Mnask service, has also been set up to respond to the questions of pilgrims in Arabic, English, French, Urdu, Indonesian, Turkish, Bengali and Hausa. The authorities have launched a free smart phone application that provides a simple explanation on hajj rituals in four languages — English, Arabic, Indonesian, and Urdu ... Some pilgrims attempt to learn some Arabic during their short stay for hajj....(size: 5.1Kb)

FXstreet.com Data Feed Now Available on MetaTrader Platforms

PR Newswire

26 Sep 2012

 . LIMASSOL, , September 26, 2012 /PRNewswire/ --. Today MetaQuotes Software Corp ... This will significantly expand opportunities for traders allowing them to use reliable and accurate data when making their trading decisions ... From this point onwards, FXstreet.com news and analytics are available for MetaTrader 4 and MetaTrader 5 in 9 languages (English, French, German, Spanish, Chinese, Arabic, Indonesian, Russian and Turkish) ... ....(size: 5.5Kb)

The surprising beauty of today’s Arab democracy

Jakarta Post

31 Aug 2012

The Arab Spring vindicates the validity of the Indonesian path to democracy ... Expectedly, the Arab Human Development Report 2012 focuses on the theme, “Empowerment ... What is interesting is to see how democracy sets in place possibilities and structures that encourage Arabs and Indonesians to be true to their religious selves while not forgetting that they have an allegiance to the state as well....(size: 6.7Kb)

Between: A Growth Story Of An Intimate App For Two

Forbes

03 Jul 2012

Between has reached yet another milestone today. 1 Millionth App Download. Between app allows couples to share photos, text messages, and voice messages with one another ... When Path was launched in 2010, many questioned the logic of a social network with limited followers ... It already supports 13 languages, namely Korean, English, Japanese, Chinese, Arabic, Indonesian, Thai, Spanish, French, Italian, Portugese, Russian, and German ... ....(size: 2.4Kb)

Shafira Designs Help You Look Your Best for Lebaran

Jakarta Globe

01 Jul 2012

Her adept fingers carried a medley of Indonesian songs, such as “Bengawan Solo” and “Indonesia Tanah Air Beta .”. “For this collection, we combined Chinese, Arab and Indonesian fashion styles,” said Shafira product and creative director Sigit Endroyono ... A window of one of the houses onstage opened and revealed Indonesian harpist Maya Hasan, in a beaded white chiffon dress, plucking her golden harp....(size: 6.1Kb)

An Afternoon With Former Indonesian President BJ Habibie

Jakarta Globe

29 Apr 2012

At 76 years of age, Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie is as agile and enthusiastic as someone half his age ... Always polite, ready to smile and quick to crack jokes ... “I never went into politics,” he said ... Habibie’s autobiography, which he wrote just a year after Ainun passed away, is available in Indonesian, English, German, Japanese and Arabic. An Indonesian production house has already bought the rights to adapt the story for the big screen ... ....(size: 6.1Kb)

Wikipedia forcing nudity and sex on all readers

The Examiner

27 Oct 2011

There are vast cultural differences among the voters, too.  The Arabic Wikipedia was most in favor of establishing such an image filter -- issuing a mean score of 8.17 out of 10 points, where "10" is to strongly favor Wikimedia projects offering this feature to readers. Close behind the Arabic community was the Indonesian language ......(size: 8.3Kb)

The Thinker: In the Background

Jakarta Globe

14 Oct 2011

Even in its heyday, there was a direct relationship between the respect accorded to Indonesian Muslims by fellow believers of other nationalities and Indonesiaâs political significance on the global stage. Interest in, and appreciation of, Indonesian Muslim culture hardly seemed to follow as a result ... But Indonesian Islam boasts a number of unique features that draw the admiration of foreign Muslim observers....(size: 4.6Kb)

The miracle of Bahasa Indonesia and Arabic

Jakarta Post

12 Oct 2011

It has always been the dream and wish of many Arabs that everyone should speak the same classical Arabic ... In reality, however, Arabic dialects have always existed, even during the time of the Prophet Muhammad ... The development of Indonesian, (originally Malay), has historically been rather different from that of Arabic ... He studied Arabic and Indonesian language and literature at Leiden University in the Netherlands....(size: 7.4Kb)

Suporahardjo and Farha Ciciek: Salt of the earth

Jakarta Post

12 Aug 2011

We have a saying in Indonesia ...   ... Ciciek hails from Ambon and is descended from an Arab-Indonesian family ... ... ... From 1999 onward she became increasingly involved with Islamic women’s organizations (among others Rahima and Puan Amal Hayati), focusing on the reinterpretation of Islamic texts and how to prevent violence against women — still two of the most important issues Indonesian women face today ... two boys ... ....(size: 4.0Kb)

Comment: Arabic prayers on offer

Jakarta Post

19 Jul 2011

... the sunnah (tradition) of the Prophet Muhammad — who spoke Arabic — and believe their prayers are more solemn in Arabic than in Indonesian....(size: 0.8Kb)

Arabic prayers on offer

Jakarta Post

15 Jul 2011

These questions and others like it abound for the faithful throughout the world, with many Muslims in Indonesia assuming their prayers should be in Arabic. They see it as part of their adherence to the sunnah (tradition) of the Prophet Muhammad — who spoke Arabic — and believe their prayers are more solemn in Arabic than in Indonesian....(size: 6.0Kb)

Poise and polish

The Star

12 Jul 2011

She might be a newcomer, but Fathia Latiff is meeting celebrity life head-on and brushing away gossip. Young actress Fathia Latiff threw a tantrum on the set of TV3 drama Stanza Cinta recently. And mind you, she wasn't acting ... If I break this promise, I have to say goodbye to acting," said the actress of Arab and Indonesian descent who has been featured as the leading actress in three dramas Musang Berjanggut, Hani and Laila Asyikin ... ....(size: 5.5Kb)

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Arab Indonesian
*Arab-Indonesia*
**عرب إندونيسيا**
Total population

Arab family in Tegal from the colonial period
87,227 (2005)^[1] 5 million Native Indonesians with Arab descent^[2]
Regions with significant populations
Indonesia: Jakarta, West Java, Central Java, East Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi & Maluku
Languages
Indonesian, Arabic, Indonesian regional languages
Religion
Sunni Islam
Related ethnic groups
Hadhramis, Arab diaspora

This article contains Arabic text, written from right to left in a cursive style with some letters joined. Without proper rendering support, you may see unjoined Arabic letters written left-to-right instead of right-to-left or other symbols instead of Arabic script.

Arab Indonesians are citizens of Indonesia of Arab, mainly Hadrami, descent. Restricted under Dutch East Indies' law until 1919, the community elites later gained economic power through real estate investment and trading. Currently found mainly in Java and South Sumatra, they are almost all (generally orthodox) Muslims.

1 History
2 Identity
3 Distribution
4 Religion
5 Notable Arab Indonesians
6 References

History [link]

Indonesia has had contact with the Arab world for hundreds of years, prior to the emergence of Islam in Indonesia. Most contact was with spice traders, but the first Arab settlements in the archipelago may date from the fifth century. Some later founded dynasties, including the Sultanate of Pontianak, while others intermingled with existing kingdoms. These early communities adopted much of the local culture, and some disappeared entirely while others formed ethnically distinct communities.^[3]

Modern Arab Indonesians are generally descended from Hadramis who came to Indonesia during the Dutch colonial period and married native women.^[4]^[5] They were classified as "foreign orientals" along with Chinese Indonesians, which led to them being unable to attend certain schools and restricted from travelling, and having to settle in special Arab districts, or kampung Arab. These laws were repealed in 1919.^[6]

The community elites began to build economic power through trade and real estate acquisition, buying large amounts of real estate in Batavia (modern-day Jakarta), Singapore and other parts of the archipelago. Through charity work and "conspicuous consumption", they built and protected their social capital; eventually, some Arab Indonesians joined the Volksraad, the people's council of the Dutch East Indies.^[7]

During the Indonesian National Awakening, Arab Indonesians began to experience hostility from native Indonesians owing to their foreign descent; they also experienced hostility from the Dutch. This led to the formation of organizations exclusively for Arab Indonesians beginning in 1913; these organizations viewed the Arabian peninsula as a homeland and tended to ignore Indonesia. An Indonesian nationalistic movement, Persatoean Arab Indonesia, was founded by Abdurrahman Baswedan in 1934, eventually leading to a "cultural reorientation".^[8]

Indonesian scholar Azyumardi Azra depicts Indonesians of Arab descent as wishing to purge Indonesian Islam of its indigenous religious elements and AL-Irsyad AL-Islamiyah by SYEIKH AHMAD SURKATI AL-ANSHARI. Indonesian critics of Arab influence in Indonesia point to the founding of the radical group Jemaah Islamiah (JI) and leadership of Laskar Jihad (LJ) and Front Pembela Islam by Indonesian Arabs,^[9]^[10].

Identity [link]

First generation immigrants are referred to as wulayātī or totok. They are a small minority of the Arab Indonesian population. The majority, mullawad, were born in Indonesia and may be of mixed heritage.^[11]

Distribution [link]

The majority of Arab Indonesians live on Java, primarily in East Java. A sizable minority live in South Sumatra.^[12]

Religion [link]

Four parallel bar graphs, with the one second from right having a much larger blue bar than others

Arab Indonesians (second from right) had a higher proportion of Muslims than other ethnic groups.

Arab Indonesians are almost all Muslim; according to the 2000 census, 98.27 percent of Arab Indonesians are Muslim, compared to 88.22 percent of the general population. Historically, most have lived in kauman, or the area around mosques, but this has changed in recent years.^[13] The majority are Sunni, following the Shafi'i school of Islamic law; a growing minority are Shia.^[14] Children are generally sent to madrasahs.^[15]

The Islam practiced by Arab Indonesians tends to be more orthodox than the local, indigenous-influenced forms like abangan. Many Arab Indonesians attempt to convince local Muslims to follow a more orthodox form of Islam as well.^[9]

Notable Arab Indonesians [link]

Ali Alatas, former Minister of Foreign Affairs^[16]
Abdurrahman Baswedan, founder of Persatoean Arab-Indonesia^[16]
Abu Bakar Bashir, suspected head of Jemaah Islamiyah^[16]

References [link]

Footnotes

^ Suryadinata 2008, p. 29.
^ Hadramaut dan Para Kapiten Arab
^ Cribb & Kahin 2004, pp. 18–19.
^ Jacobsen 2009, p. 20.
^ Fealy 2004, pp. 109–110.
^ Jacobsen 2009, p. 54.
^ Freitag 2003, pp. 237–239.
^ Jacobsen 2009, pp. 54–55.
^ ^a ^b Diederich 2005, p. 140.
^ Fealy 2004, pp. 109-110.
^ Jacobsen 2009, pp. 21-22.
^ Suryadinata 2008, p. 32.
^ Suryadinata 2008, pp. 29-30.
^ Jacobsen 2009, p. 19.
^ Jacobsen 2009, p. 21.
^ ^a ^b ^c Cribb & Kahin 2004, pp. 18-19.

Bibliography

Cribb, Robert; Kahin, Audrey (2004). Historical Dictionary of Indonesia. Historical dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-4935-8. http://books.google.ca/books?id=SawyrExg75cC&pg=PR25&dq=Arab+Indonesian&hl=en&ei=x-BRTtn9FcfwrQe4idGsAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFEQ6AEwCDgK#v=onepage&q=Arab%20Indonesian&f=false.
Diederich, Mathias (2005). "Indonesians in Saudi Arabia: Religious and Economic Connections". In Al-Rasheed, Madawi. Transnational Connections and the Arab Gulf. London: Rutledge. pp. 128–146. ISBN 978-0-203-39793-0. http://books.google.ca/books?id=qEus420fcbgC&pg=PA140&dq=arab+indonesians&hl=en&ei=8s9RTqX7AsnlrAfi69isAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=arab%20indonesians&f=false.
Fealy, Greg (2004). "Islamic Radicalism in Indonesia: The Faltering Revival?". Southeast Asian Affairs (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies): 104–124. ISSN 0377-5437. http://books.google.ca/books?id=-yggT4cR05gC&pg=PA110&dq=arab+indonesians&hl=en&ei=8s9RTqX7AsnlrAfi69isAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFEQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=arab%20indonesian&f=false.
Freitag, Ulrike (2003). Indian Ocean Migrants and State Formation in Hadhramaut: Reforming the Homeland. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12850-7. http://books.google.ca/books?id=cmsCFF2I14wC&pg=PA235&dq=Arab+Indonesian&hl=en&ei=m9dRTvILza6sB5-T5KwC&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Arab%20Indonesian&f=false.
Jacobsen, Frode (2009). Hadrami Arabs in Present-day Indonesia : an Indonesia-oriented Group with an Arab Signature. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-48092-5. http://books.google.ca/books?id=Vqy8gf2elqUC&pg=PA54&dq=Arab+Indonesian+-wikipedia&hl=en&ei=PRRRTtm3MY2JrAfsu4StAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFoQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Arab%20Indonesian%20-wikipedia&f=true.
Suryadinata, Leo (2008). Ethnic Chinese in Contemporary Indonesia. Singapore: Chinese Heritage Centre and Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-981-230-835-1. http://books.google.ca/books?id=UFNKQcvGNSAC&pg=PA29&dq=Arab+Indonesian+-wikipedia&hl=en&ei=YhRRTpCjEcjXrQfi2dmsAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=Arab%20Indonesian%20-wikipedia&f=false.

v t e Arab diaspora

Africa	Côte d'Ivoire

Americas	Argentina Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Haiti Mexico Peru United States Venezuela

Asia	Afghanistan Indonesia Iran Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Turkey

Europe	Bulgaria France Germany (Berlin) Greece Netherlands United Kingdom

Oceania	Australia

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Indonesians

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Contents

History [link]

Identity [link]

Distribution [link]

Religion [link]

Notable Arab Indonesians [link]

References [link]

http://wn.com/Arab_Indonesians

Related pages:

http://fr.wn.com/Arabes d'Indonésie

http://id.wn.com/Arab-Indonesia