Bugis

Abu Bakar of Johor • B.J. Habibie Najib Tun Razak • Jusuf Kalla • Ziana Zain
Total population
6.0 million (2000 census)
Regions with significant populations
Indonesia (2000 census) 5,157,000 [1] Sulawesi South Sulawesi 3,400,000 South East Sulawesi 372 289 Central Sulawesi 314 008 Kalimantan East Kalimantan 522 570 South Kalimantan 366 495 West Kalimantan 135 490 Sumatera Riau 120 508 Jambi 64 393 Bangka-Belitung Islands 33 200 Riau Islands 26 400 Malaysia 728,465 Singapore (1990 census) 15 374
Languages
Bugis, Indonesian, Malay
Religion
Predominately Muslim, some animism
Related ethnic groups
Austronesian peoples
Footnotes
a An estimated 3,500,000 claim Bugis descent.

Aru Pancana We Tenriolle, Queen of Tanette, South Sulawesi. Pictured accompanied by court ladies

Bugis traditional clothing

The Bugis are an Austronesian ethnic group—the most numerous of the three major linguistic and ethnic groups of South Sulawesi, in the southwestern province of Sulawesi, third largest island of Indonesia.^[2] The Austronesian ancestors of the Bugis people settled on Sulawesi around 2500 B.C.E.. It has been hypothesised that there is "historical linguistic evidence of some late Holocene immigration of Austronesian speakers to South Sulawesi from Taiwan" - which means that the Bugis have "possible ultimate ancestry in South China", and that as a result of this immigration, "there was an infusion of an exogenous population from China or Taiwan."^[3] The Bugis in 1605 converted to Islam from Animism.^[4] Although many Bugis live in the large port cities of Makassar and Parepare, the majority are farmers who grow wet rice on the lowland plains to the north and west of the town of Maros. The name Bugis is an exonym which represents an older form of the name; (To) Ugi is the endonym.^{[citation needed]}

The Bugis speak a distinct regional language in addition to Indonesian, called Basa Ugi, Bugis or Buginese. In reality, there are a several dialects, some of which are sufficiently different from others to be considered separate languages. Bugis belongs to the South Sulawesi language group; other members include Makasar, Toraja, Mandar and Enrekang, each being a series of dialects.^[5]

History[link]

Homeland[link]

This section relies largely or entirely upon a single source. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. Discussion about the problems with the sole source used may be found on the talk page. (January 2011)

The homeland of the Bugis is the area around Lake Tempe and Lake Sidenreng in the Walennae Depression in the southwest peninsula of Sulawesi. It was here that the ancestors of the present-day Bugis settled, probably in the mid- to late second millennium BC. The area is rich in fish and wildlife and the annual fluctuation of Lake Tempe (a reservoir lake for the Bila and Walennae rivers) allows speculative planting of wet rice, while the hills can be farmed by swidden or shifting cultivation, wet rice, gathering and hunting. Around AD 1200 the availability of prestigious imported goods including Chinese and Southeast Asian ceramics and Gujerati print-block textiles, coupled with newly discovered sources of iron ore in Luwu stimulated an agrarian revolution which expanded from the great lakes region into the lowland plains to the east, south and west of the Walennae depression. This led over the next 400 years to the development of the major kingdoms of South Sulawesi, and the social transformation of chiefly societies into hierarchical proto-states.^[6]

In Malay peninsular and Sumatra[link]

This section relies largely or entirely upon a single source. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. Discussion about the problems with the sole source used may be found on the talk page. (January 2011)

The conclusion in 1669 of a protracted civil war led to a diaspora of Bugis and their entry into the politics of peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra. The Bugis played an important role in defeating Jambi and had a huge influence in Sultanate of Johor. Apart from the Malays, another influential faction in Johor at that time was the Minangkabau. Both the Bugis and the Minangkabau realized how the death of Sultan Mahmud II had provided them with the chance to exert power in Johor. Under the leadership of Daeng Parani, the descendants of two families settled on the Linggi and Selangor rivers and became the power behind the Johor throne, with the creation of the office of the Yang Dipertuan Muda (Yam Tuan Muda), or Bugis underking.^[7]

In northern Australia[link]

Long before European colonialists extended their influence into these waters, the Makasar, the Bajau, and the Bugis built elegant, ocean-going schooners in which they plied the trade routes. Intrepid and doughty, they travelled as far east as the Aru Islands, off New Guinea, where they traded in the skins of birds of paradise and medicinal masoya bark, and to northern Australia, where they exchanged shells, birds'-nests and mother-of-pearl for knives and salt with Aboriginal tribes. The products of the forest and sea that they brought back were avidly sought after in the markets and entrepots of Asia, where the Bugis bartered for opium, silk, cotton, firearms and gunpowder.^{[citation needed]}

The Bugis sailors left their mark and culture on an area of the northern Australian coast which stretches over two thousand kilometers from the Kimberley to the Gulf of Carpentaria. Throughout these parts of northern Australia, there is much evidence of a significant Bugis presence. There are the remains of Bugis buildings on islands, Bugis words have become part of the Aboriginal languages and Bugis men and their craft feature in the indigenous art of the people of Arnhem Land.^{[citation needed]} Each year, the Bugis sailors would sail down on the northwestern monsoon in their wooden pinisi. They would stay in Australian waters for several months to trade and take trepang (or dried sea cucumber) before returning to Makassar on the dry season off shore winds. These trading voyages continued until 1907.^{[citation needed]}

As Thomas Forrest wrote in A Voyage from Calcutta to the Mergui Archipelago, "The Bugis are a high-spirited people: they will not bear ill-usage...They are fond of adventures, emigration, and capable of undertaking the most dangerous enterprises."

Lifestyle[link]

This article's section "Present Lifestyle" needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2011)

Most present-day Bugis now earn their living as rice farmers, traders or fishermen. Women help with the agricultural cycle and work in the homes. Some women still weave the silk sarongs worn on festive occasions by men and women.^{[citation needed]}

Most Bugis live in stilted houses, sometimes three meters (9 ft) or more off the ground, with plank walls and floors. During growing seasons some family members may reside in little huts dispersed among the fields.^{[citation needed]}

Many of the marriages are still arranged by parents and ideally take place between cousins. A newlywed couple often lives with the wife's family for the first few years of their marriage. Divorce is a fairly common occurrence, particularly when the married couple are still in their teens.^{[citation needed]}

The Bugis' diet consists mainly of rice, maize, fish, chicken, vegetables, fruit and coffee. On festive occasions, goat is served as a special dish. Visual and performing arts, such as dance and recitations of epic poetry have largely been replaced by modern entertainments such as karaoke.^{[citation needed]}

The Bugis recognize five separate genders.^[8] These include makkunrai, calabai, calalai, oroané, and bissu.^[9]

Religion[link]

In the early 17th century, the Minangkabau ulema, Dato Ri Bandang, Dato Ri Tiro, and Dato Ri Patimang spread Islam in South Sulawesi.^[10] The Bugis converted from indigenous animistic practices and beliefs to Islam. A few west coast rulers converted to Christianity in the mid-16th century, but failure by the Portuguese at Malacca to provide priests meant that this did not last. By 1611, all the Makasar and Bugis kingdoms had converted to Islam, though pockets of animists among the Bugis To Lotang at Amparita and the Makasar Konja in Bulukumba persist to this day. Practices originating in the pre-Islamic period also survive, such as ancestor veneration and spirit possession, though these practices are less inclined to be performed by the current generation, as most are now educated in Islam.^{[citation needed]}

Sea exploration[link]

The seafaring Bugis of southern Sulawesi traded throughout the Indonesian archipelago. The Makasar, Bajau, and Bugis often set up permanent settlements, either through conquest or diplomacy, and marrying into local societies.^{[citation needed]} Most Bugis have traditionally been rice farmers.^{[citation needed]}

See also[link]

Indonesia portal

• Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia
• Bugis of Sabah
• Bugis in Singapore
• Demographics of Indonesia
• Demographics of Malaysia

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Bugis.

• The history of Bugis and Makassarese

Tommy Thompson
19th United States Secretary of Health and Human Services
In office February 2, 2001 – January 26, 2005
President	George W. Bush
Preceded by	Donna Shalala
Succeeded by	Mike Leavitt
42nd Governor of Wisconsin
In office January 5, 1987 – February 1, 2001
Lieutenant	Scott McCallum
Preceded by	Tony Earl
Succeeded by	Scott McCallum
Personal details
Born	Tommy George Thompson (1941-11-19) November 19, 1941 (age 70) Elroy, Wisconsin
Political party	Republican
Spouse(s)	Sue Ann Mashak (m. 1968)
Alma mater	University of Wisconsin–Madison University of Wisconsin Law School
Religion	Roman Catholic
Military service
Service/branch	United States Army
Rank	Captain

Tommy George Thompson (born November 19, 1941), a United States Republican politician, was the 42nd Governor of Wisconsin, after which he served as U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services. Thompson was a candidate for the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election, but dropped out early after a poor performance in polls.^[1] He is currently running for the United States Senate election in 2012.^[2]

Early life, education, and military service[link]

Thompson was born in Elroy, Wisconsin, where his father, Allan, owned and ran a gas station and country grocery store, and his mother, Julia, was a teacher.^[3] He is a former captain in the United States Army and United States Army Reserve, and holds a law degree from the University of Wisconsin Law School.

Early political career (1966-1987)[link]

Wisconsin Assembly[link]

Thompson was elected to the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1966; he became the Assembly's assistant minority leader in 1973 and minority leader in 1981. He was famous for aggressively utilizing parliamentary procedure to give his minority party some limited say in the legislative process. Since this use of procedure was invariably one of delay and obstruction, he soon received the nickname "Dr. No" by the frustrated majority.^{[neutrality is disputed]}

1979 congressional election[link]

Incumbent Republican U.S. Congressman William Steiger of Wisconsin's 6th congressional district died at the age of 40 from a heart attack. There was a special election in 1979. In the February 1979 Republican primary, he was defeated by Tom Petri 35%-19%.^[4] Petri won the general election and still represents the 6th district today.

Governor of Wisconsin (1987-2001)[link]

Thompson served as the 42nd Governor of Wisconsin, having been elected to an unprecedented four terms. While serving as governor, he was elected Chairman of the Midwestern Governors Association in 1989 and 1990.

The American Legislative Exchange Council identifies Thompson in the form of one of its success stories, being important to the organization in its formative years.^[5]

Elections[link]

1986

Thompson decided to run for Governor of Wisconsin in 1986 against incumbent Democrat Anthony Earl. He ran and won the Republican primary with 52% of the vote in a five candidate field.^[6] He defeated Earl 53%-46%.^[7]

1990

Thompson won re-election to a second term defeating Democrat Thomas Loftus, the Speaker of the Wisconsin State Assembly, 58%-42%.^[8]

1994

Thompson won re-election to a third term defeating Democrat State Senator Chuck Chvala 67%-31%. He won every county in the state except Menominee County.^[9]

1998

Thompson won re-election to a fourth term defeating Democrat Ed Garvey, the Wisconsin Deputy Attorney General, 60%-39%.^[10]

Tenure[link]

Thompson's initiatives during his 14 years as governor of Wisconsin were his Wisconsin Works welfare reform and school choice programs.^[11] In 1990 Thompson pushed for the creation of the country's first parental school-choice program, allowing low-income Milwaukee families to send children to the private or public school of their choice at taxpayer expense. He created the BadgerCare program, designed to provide health coverage to those families whose employers don't provide health insurance but make too much money to qualify for Medicaid. Through the federal waiver program, Thompson helped replicate this program in several states when he became Secretary of Health and Human Services.

Post-gubernatorial career[link]

Health and Human Services Secretary[link]

Thompson at the 2004 HealthierUS summit

Thompson left office when he was appointed by President George W. Bush as HHS Secretary. Thompson announced his resignation from HHS on December 3, 2004, and served until January 26, 2005, when the Senate confirmed his successor, Michael O. Leavitt.

Business career[link]

He was a member of the Amtrak Board of Directors and had an Amtrak locomotive named for him.^[12][13][14]

Thompson is a partner at Akin Gump, a Washington, D.C., law firm, and was formerly senior adviser at the consulting firm Deloitte and formerly the independent chairman of the Deloitte Center for Health Solutions.^[15] Thompson taught a class in the fall of 2005 at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government on medical diplomacy.^[16]

Shortly after leaving his Bush Cabinet post, Thompson joined and served for two years on the board of directors of Applied Digital Solutions, makers of the controversial VeriChip: a glass-encapsulated RFID chip that can be injected into human flesh for various database-driven identification purposes.

He was formerly the co-host for their television series, Plain Talk About Health.^[17]

2008 Presidential campaign[link]

After first announcing the formation of an exploratory committee in late 2006, Thompson announced his candidacy for the 2008 presidential election on April 1, 2007.^[18]

During a May 3, 2007, presidential debate at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library Thompson said in response to a question from moderator Chris Matthews that a private employer opposed to homosexuality should have the right to fire a gay worker.^[19] He said, "I think that is left up to the individual business. I really sincerely believe that that is an issue that business people have got to make their own determination as to whether or not they should be." He called CNN the following morning to say he didn't hear the question correctly. He apologized, saying, "It's not my position. There should be no discrimination in the workplace."

Thompson had stated he would drop out of the race if he did not finish either first or second in the Ames straw poll on August 11, 2007. Thompson finished sixth, with just 7% of the vote, despite the fact that some major contenders were not competing in the poll. On August 12, Thompson officially announced he would drop out of the race.

In October 2007, Thompson endorsed Rudy Giuliani. Thompson told the Associated Press in a statement that "Rudy Giuliani has shown that he is a true leader. He can and will win the nomination and the presidency. He is America's mayor, and during a period of time of great stress for this country he showed tremendous leadership." He then endorsed Senator John McCain after Giuliani's withdrawal from the presidential race.^[20] However, in a New York Times article published October 11, 2008, Thompson is quoted in response to a question regarding whether he was happy with McCain's campaign as saying, "No. I don't know who is."^[21]

2012 U.S. Senate election[link]

On September 19, 2011, Thompson officially launched his campaign to run for the Wisconsin senate seat vacated by Sen. Herb Kohl.^[22] On December 1, 2011, he formally announced his candidacy.

Criticism[link]

Medicare controversies[link]

After leaving office, Thompson promoted changes to Medicare that some complained would benefit companies Thompson has a financial stake in (including Centene and the Deloitte Center for Health Solutions).^[23]

Additionally, while in office, Thompson was involved in a dispute over whether the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services had to share cost estimates to Congress for legislation that would create a prescription drug benefit. Critics accused HHS of downplaying the true cost of the law by $150 billion. CMS Administrator Tom Scully threatened to fire the actuary if he revealed to Congress his estimate. Investigators determined that the data was improperly hidden from Congress, but did not conclude whether laws had been broken.^[24]

Treatment of Ojibwa spearfishers[link]

During his 1986 gubernatorial campaign, Thompson suggested abrogating the right of Wisconsin's Ojibwa tribe to engage in traditional spearfishing.^[25] Once in office, Thompson called on the tribe to sell their rights to spearfish in off-reservation lakes and streams, which is guaranteed by treaties with the United States, for $42 million dollars to the Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa and $10 million to the Mole Lake Band of Lake Superior Chippewa.^[25] Thompson and anti-spearfishing organizations Protect Americans' Rights and Resources and Stop Treaty Abuse-Wisconsin tried unsuccessfully to challenge the 1983 "Voigt Decision" of the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals—which prohibited Wisconsin from regulating fishing on Ojibwe land.^[25] The decision was upheld by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1983.^[25][26] Thompson claimed that Native Americans' lives were in danger from protesters associated with PARR and STA if they continued spearfishing.  In 1989, federal judge Barbara Crabb refused the request and chastised the state for attempting to avoid violence by punishing the Ojibwa, who had broken no laws, since it was violence by non-Native American protesters that was threatening.^[26] Crabb issued an injunction against violent anti-spearfishing protests in 1991, and made it permanent in 1992.^[27] On May 20, 1991, the Thompson administration declared it would no longer attempt to appeal the 1983 Voight Decision.^[25]

Statements about Jews, Israel[link]

In April 2007, Thompson was compelled to apologize for remarks he made about Jews and Israel during an address to an assembled crowd of Jewish social activists in Washington, D.C.^[28] On April 18, 2007, appearing before a conference organized by the Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism, Thompson made reference to his lucrative transition from public service to the private sector by stating: "You know that's sort of part of the Jewish tradition and I do not find anything wrong with that."^[29] After the conclusion of his address, Thompson was reportedly pulled aside privately by the RAC's Rabbi David Saperstein, and then returned to the podium to issue a clarification,^[30] adding: "I just want to clarify something because I didn't (by) any means want to infer or imply anything about Jews and finances and things. What I was referring to, ladies and gentlemen, is the accomplishments of the Jewish religion. You've been outstanding business people and I compliment you for that."^[29]

Later, Thompson told Politico that his remarks could be blamed on fatigue and a persistent cold.^[28]

Thompson made a variety of other lesser gaffes, including referring to the Anti Defamation League as the fringe Jewish Defense League, and to Israel bonds as "Jewish bonds".^[31][32][33] He also discussed his connections to politically conservative Israeli and Jewish leaders while speaking to the mostly liberal leaning group.^[31]

Conference organizers avoided comment on the faux pas, instead praising Thompson's decision to appear before the group.^[34]

Politicizing of science[link]

In 2001, early in his term as Secretary of Health and Human Services, Thompson's office rejected 19 of 26 people recommended for seats on the advisory board for the NIH developing nations unit, including a Nobel laureate, by the unit's director.^[35] In return, Thompson's office sent résumés for other scientists that Gerald Keusch, the director of the Fogarty International Center, described in an interview as "lightweights" with "no scientific credibility". Keusch relayed to the Nobel laureate, Torsten Wiesel, that he was rejected for having "signed too many full-page letters in The New York Times critical of President Bush." ^[36] This incident was cited by the advocacy group Union of Concerned Scientists as part of a report detailing their allegations of politicization of science under President George W. Bush's administration.^[37][38]

Electoral history[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Official sites

• U.S. Senate Campaign Website

Documentaries, topic pages and databases

• Federal Election Commission - Tommy G. Thompson (President) campaign finance reports
• On the Issues - Tommy Thompson issue positions and quotes
• PBS NewsHour with Jim Lehrer - Vote 2008: Tommy Thompson
• "Tommy Thompson and the Conservative Revolution"; primary source material compiled by the Wisconsin Historical Society
• Tommy Thompson at the Open Directory Project
• Tommy G. Thompson Collection, 1957-ongoing Special Collections & Archives, Marquette University (archive of materials donated by Thompson and others)
• Appearances on C-SPAN

Media coverage

• New York Times - Tommy G. Thompson news stories and commentary

v t e United States Secretaries of Health and Human Services (previously United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare) Secretaries of Heath, Education, and Welfare Hobby Folsom Flemming Ribicoff Celebrezze Gardner Cohen Finch Richardson Weinberger Mathews Califano Harris Secretaries of Health and Human Services Harris Schweiker Heckler Bowen Sullivan Shalala Thompson Leavitt Sebelius