- published: 09 May 2013
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- List of Hungarians
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Send this Playlist by SMS
ByeAlex - Kedvesem (Zoohacker Remix) (Hungary) First Rehearsal
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:25
- Updated: 07 Jun 2013
Powered by http://www.eurovision.tv The success in the Hungarian national selection A Dal came totally out of the blue for ByeAlex. With his gentle song Kedv...
http://wn.com/ByeAlex_Kedvesem_Zoohacker_Remix_Hungary_First_Rehearsal
Powered by http://www.eurovision.tv The success in the Hungarian national selection A Dal came totally out of the blue for ByeAlex. With his gentle song Kedv...
Part 21 Hungary Campaign Deus Lo Vult "Tired Generals and City Repairs"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 25:19
- Updated: 29 May 2013
Please subscribe, put your thumbs up and comment at the bottom. Advice and tips always welcome. -------------------------------------------------------------...
http://wn.com/Part_21_Hungary_Campaign_Deus_Lo_Vult_Tired_Generals_and_City_Repairs
Please subscribe, put your thumbs up and comment at the bottom. Advice and tips always welcome. -------------------------------------------------------------...
- published: 10 May 2013
- views: 224
- author: snowhood42o
Hungary is now a NAZI country / Orban, Jobbik and facts of Hungary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:43
- Updated: 01 Jun 2013
Hungary has become a Nazi country in Europe once again, with fatal attacks on Roma people and many hate crimes against Jews and even harassment for Muslim co...
http://wn.com/Hungary_is_now_a_NAZI_country_Orban,_Jobbik_and_facts_of_Hungary
Hungary has become a Nazi country in Europe once again, with fatal attacks on Roma people and many hate crimes against Jews and even harassment for Muslim co...
- published: 10 May 2013
- views: 1228
- author: Louis Hollande
Roe Buck Hunting in Hungary Békés County (HD)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:04
- Updated: 31 May 2013
www.huntingvideo.eu, Őzbak vadászat Békésben, Rehbockjagd in Ungarn Roe Buck Hunting In Hungary Peter Novak, PN Hunting Video Production.
http://wn.com/Roe_Buck_Hunting_in_Hungary_Békés_County_HD
www.huntingvideo.eu, Őzbak vadászat Békésben, Rehbockjagd in Ungarn Roe Buck Hunting In Hungary Peter Novak, PN Hunting Video Production.
- published: 09 May 2013
- views: 1271
- author: huntingvideoeu P.N.Hunting Video Production
Chicago Team 2013 - GOLD - USA v Hungary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 25:00
- Updated: 16 May 2013
This is the bronze medal bout of the 2013 Grade A Women's Sabre Team world cup in Chicago, Illinois, USA. The American team is on the right and consists of M...
http://wn.com/Chicago_Team_2013_GOLD_USA_v_Hungary
This is the bronze medal bout of the 2013 Grade A Women's Sabre Team world cup in Chicago, Illinois, USA. The American team is on the right and consists of M...
- published: 10 May 2013
- views: 291
- author: CyrusofChaos
1995, James Nolan, European Junior Championships, Men's 800m, Hungary.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:31
- Updated: 24 May 2013
1995 European Junior Championships Men's 800m. James Nolan, Ireland, takes on Andre Bucher (Switzerland) and Roberto Parra (Spain).
http://wn.com/1995,_James_Nolan,_European_Junior_Championships,_Men's_800m,_Hungary
1995 European Junior Championships Men's 800m. James Nolan, Ireland, takes on Andre Bucher (Switzerland) and Roberto Parra (Spain).
- published: 10 May 2013
- views: 26
- author: urbs intacta
Brian Molko (Placebo) Interview in Hungary 2006 (русские субтитры)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:39
- Updated: 12 May 2013
Тайтл-трек* - песня в альбоме имеющая тоже название что и сам альбом.
http://wn.com/Brian_Molko_Placebo_Interview_in_Hungary_2006_русские_субтитры
Тайтл-трек* - песня в альбоме имеющая тоже название что и сам альбом.
- published: 10 May 2013
- views: 90
- author: Дмитрий Федин
Jenson Button drives a Lada in Hungary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:49
- Updated: 14 May 2013
Part of a promotional safety demonstration for sponsor Vodafone, former F1 champion Jenson Button gets behind the wheel of a variety of vehicles - including ...
http://wn.com/Jenson_Button_drives_a_Lada_in_Hungary
Part of a promotional safety demonstration for sponsor Vodafone, former F1 champion Jenson Button gets behind the wheel of a variety of vehicles - including ...
- published: 09 May 2013
- author: CarBuzzMedia
World Jewish Congress Faces Protests in Hungary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:25
- Updated: 15 May 2013
www.thepeoplesunderground.com.
http://wn.com/World_Jewish_Congress_Faces_Protests_in_Hungary
www.thepeoplesunderground.com.
- published: 05 May 2013
- views: 787
- author: PeoplesUnderground's channel
Hungary's far-right plays with fire - reporter
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:42
- Updated: 06 Jun 2013
http://www.euronews.com/ "Death to the Jews!" "Auschwitz isn't this way!" "We're taking you to a free campsite, with heating!" "No return ticket!" Slogans li...
http://wn.com/Hungary's_far-right_plays_with_fire_reporter
http://www.euronews.com/ "Death to the Jews!" "Auschwitz isn't this way!" "We're taking you to a free campsite, with heating!" "No return ticket!" Slogans li...
- published: 26 Apr 2013
- views: 3151
- author: Euronews
Hungary - World of Potentials
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:27
- Updated: 06 Jun 2013
Written and directed by Isti Madarász Produced by AERA - www.aera.hu Music by Jorgosz & Lepe (Balkan Fanatik), ének: Nóri Kovács - based on the song of Muzsi...
http://wn.com/Hungary_World_of_Potentials
Written and directed by Isti Madarász Produced by AERA - www.aera.hu Music by Jorgosz & Lepe (Balkan Fanatik), ének: Nóri Kovács - based on the song of Muzsi...
- published: 22 Dec 2010
- views: 1040659
- author: brunthalllepcso
DOG FEHÉR PULI - HUNGARY WHITE PULI KENNEL - 5 HETESEK VAGYUNK 2013. 05. 10. MOV03159
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:16
- Updated: 11 May 2013
GAZDINK BEHELYEZETT IDE BENNÜNKET, HOGY MINDANNYIAN LÁTSZÓDJUNK, MERT NEHÉZ BENNÜNKET KÖVETNI, EBBEN A NAGY HANCÚROZÁSBAN.
KISEBB, NAGYOBB SIKERREL KIJUTUNK INNEN, AZÉRT NEM SOKÁIG MARADUNK EGYÜTT EBBEN AZ ALOM LÁDÁBAN.
http://wn.com/DOG_FEHÉR_PULI_HUNGARY_WHITE_PULI_KENNEL_5_HETESEK_VAGYUNK_2013_05_10_MOV03159
GAZDINK BEHELYEZETT IDE BENNÜNKET, HOGY MINDANNYIAN LÁTSZÓDJUNK, MERT NEHÉZ BENNÜNKET KÖVETNI, EBBEN A NAGY HANCÚROZÁSBAN.
KISEBB, NAGYOBB SIKERREL KIJUTUNK INNEN, AZÉRT NEM SOKÁIG MARADUNK EGYÜTT EBBEN AZ ALOM LÁDÁBAN.
- published: 11 May 2013
- views: 5
Hungary: Standing Up to the West?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 24:11
- Updated: 09 Jun 2013
Since the fall of Communism, Hungary has been doing everything the Western institutions have asked, privatizing and selling off state assets, which resulted ...
http://wn.com/Hungary_Standing_Up_to_the_West?
Since the fall of Communism, Hungary has been doing everything the Western institutions have asked, privatizing and selling off state assets, which resulted ...
- published: 20 Aug 2012
- views: 15607
- author: PressTVGlobalNews
DOG FEHÉR PULI HUNGARY WHITE PULI KENNEL 5 HETESEK VAGYUNK 2013. 05. 10.-én.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:37
- Updated: 10 May 2013
ILYEN NAGYOK VAGYUNK MÁR.
http://wn.com/DOG_FEHÉR_PULI_HUNGARY_WHITE_PULI_KENNEL_5_HETESEK_VAGYUNK_2013_05_10-én
Hungary's Jobbik party hold anti-semitic rally
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:39
- Updated: 05 Jun 2013
A rally by Hungary's far-right Jobbik party, the third largest in the country's parliament, has been held in Budapest despite government efforts to ban it be...
http://wn.com/Hungary's_Jobbik_party_hold_anti-semitic_rally
A rally by Hungary's far-right Jobbik party, the third largest in the country's parliament, has been held in Budapest despite government efforts to ban it be...
- published: 05 May 2013
- views: 4568
- author: telegraphtv
WTCC 2013 Hungary Race 1 - FULL ENG
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 56:59
- Updated: 14 May 2013
http://wn.com/WTCC_2013_Hungary_Race_1_FULL_ENG
WTCC 2013 Hungary Race 2 - FULL ENG
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 73:05
- Updated: 26 May 2013
http://wn.com/WTCC_2013_Hungary_Race_2_FULL_ENG
Short Presentation about Hungary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:41
- Updated: 02 Jun 2013
It's the first version of our presentation in Germany about Hungary. (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wozzx6lBgSc here is the normal version) There are some m...
http://wn.com/Short_Presentation_about_Hungary
It's the first version of our presentation in Germany about Hungary. (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wozzx6lBgSc here is the normal version) There are some m...
- published: 04 Jun 2012
- views: 202407
- author: Kristóf Kovács
Stranglehold - Walkthrough Part 3 (Hungary)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 31:25
- Updated: 11 May 2013
http://wn.com/Stranglehold_Walkthrough_Part_3_Hungary
Hungary: Motorway M6 Dunaujvaros - Budapest
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:20
- Updated: 07 May 2013
Music: Niche - Feelings I can't explain
http://wn.com/Hungary_Motorway_M6_Dunaujvaros_Budapest
Music: Niche - Feelings I can't explain
- published: 07 May 2013
- views: 30
Spring Compilation of 2013 - Arquinho BÉKÉSCSABA, HUNGARY
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:36
- Updated: 10 May 2013
Compilation of a few videos which have been recorded recently.
Centro Cultural Senzala de Capoeira Békéscsaba: www.capoeira.fw.hu
Music: "Tihuana-Tropa De Elite"
http://wn.com/Spring_Compilation_of_2013_Arquinho_BÉKÉSCSABA,_HUNGARY
Compilation of a few videos which have been recorded recently.
Centro Cultural Senzala de Capoeira Békéscsaba: www.capoeira.fw.hu
Music: "Tihuana-Tropa De Elite"
- published: 10 May 2013
- views: 77
Gipsy Church 2013 New cd "Szi ek Dél" Kocica Hungary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:48
- Updated: 07 May 2013
gipsychurch.wordpress.com
http://wn.com/Gipsy_Church_2013_New_cd_Szi_ek_Dél_Kocica_Hungary
gipsychurch.wordpress.com
- published: 07 May 2013
- views: 301
Budapest, Hungary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 55:35
- Updated: 09 Jun 2013
Recorded July 21-22, 2011: Long video of my two-day stay in Budapest, Hungary includes: 00:23 Flight from Paris, France 01:46 Landing at Budapest Airport 04:...
http://wn.com/Budapest,_Hungary
Recorded July 21-22, 2011: Long video of my two-day stay in Budapest, Hungary includes: 00:23 Flight from Paris, France 01:46 Landing at Budapest Airport 04:...
- published: 07 Sep 2011
- views: 153278
- author: hoosiertim
photo: AP / Alexei Nikolsky
07 Jun 2013
By GREGORY L. WHITE and PAUL SONNE. MOSCOW—Russian President Vladimir Putin and his wife said Thursday they are separating after nearly three decades of marriage, setting the stage for the first divorce of a Russian leader since Peter the Great and bringing an end to years of speculation about the state of the couple's union. Enlarge Image. Close. "It was our joint decision," Mr ... Mr ... Mr ... Mrs ... Asked if they were divorcing, Mrs ... Mr ... Close. Mr ... Mrs....(size: 5.6Kb)
photo: Creative Commons
08 Jun 2013
Swedish Princess Madeleine fell in love in the Big Apple. Now she has said "yes" to New York banker Christopher O'Neill in a lavish and emotional wedding ceremony in Stockholm. Madeleine, 30, was wearing a stunning silk organza dress with a lace top and four-meter (13-foot) trail, designed by Valentino Garavani, when she tied the knot with British-American O'Neill on Saturday ... But her life hasn't always been a fairytale ... ....(size: 4.8Kb)
photo: Creative Commons / ABr /
08 Jun 2013
SAO PAULO — Brazilian indigenous rights activists say the number of Indians killed in Latin America's biggest country has been rising since 2002. The Roman Catholic Church-backed Indigenous Missionary Council says 452 Indians were killed between 2002 and 2010 compared to 167 killed between 1995 and 2002. The council says conflicts between ranchers and Indians account for most of the killings ... Special Report ... Orientalist Artworks ... Middle5....(size: 2.9Kb)
photo: AP / Osservatore Romano
07 Jun 2013
VATICAN CITY -- Pope Francis has revealed that he never wanted to be pope and that he's living in the Vatican hotel for his "psychiatric" health. Francis got very personal Friday as he met with thousands of children from Jesuit schools across Italy and Albania ... But he said he went ahead because he loved Christ ... After joking around, Francis replied. "I didn't want to be pope.". Related on HuffPost. Loading Slideshow ... (AP Photo/CTV) ... Caivano)....(size: 17.3Kb)
photo: AP / Reed Saxon
08 Jun 2013
SANTA MONICA, Calif.-A heavily armed gunman killed four people Friday in a terrifying rampage through the streets of Santa Monica that ended when police fatally shot him at a college library where students had been studying for exams. By Friday evening, investigators were still working to piece together the confusing string of incidents that unfolded about noon along Pico Boulevard and on the campus of Santa Monica College ... "No....(size: 6.9Kb)
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The Australian
10 Jun 2013
GERMAN authorities have urged 15,000 more people to flee their homes in a city on the swollen Elbe river as central Europe's worst floods in a decade also threatened Hungary after causing havoc in the Czech Republic and Austria ... The deluge has also sparked massive emergency responses in Austria and Slovakia ... Recommended Coverage. Floods slam Germany and Hungary. End of sidebar. Return to start of sidebar ... No one was injured ... AFP. . ....(size: 5.7Kb)
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Detroit Free Press
10 Jun 2013
At least 21 flood-related deaths have been reported in central Europe, as rivers such as the Danube, the Elbe and the Vlatava have overflowed after a week of heavy rains and caused extensive damage in central and southern Germany, the Czech Republic, Austria, Slovakia and Hungary ... In Hungary, officials said the flooded Danube River was expected to ......(size: 3.6Kb)
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Canberra Times
10 Jun 2013
Click to play video. Return to video Video settings. Please Log in to update your video settings. Video will begin in 5 seconds. Don't play Play now. More video Recommended. Click to play video. Hero dog meets and greets in Manila Click to play video. Turkish clashes affect business Click to play video. Ferrer praises Nadal mentality Click to play video. Floods slam Germany and Hungary Click to play video. Mandela in prayers of South Africans ... ....(size: 3.9Kb)
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The Times of India
10 Jun 2013
MAGDEBURG. German authorities urged 15,000 more people to flee their homes in a city on the swollen Elbe river on Sunday as central Europe's worst floods in a decade also threatened Hungary after causing havoc in the Czech Republic and Austria ... The deluge has also sparked massive emergency responses in Austria and Slovakia ... Across central Europe, the floods have killed at least 18 people, including 10 in the Czech Republic ... ....(size: 5.3Kb)
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BBC News
09 Jun 2013
A dam has broken on the flood-swollen River Elbe in eastern Germany, forcing thousands of people to leave their homes around the city of Magdeburg. Water levels in Magdeburg stood at 7.44m (24ft) on Sunday, nearly four times higher than normal (2m). In Hungary, water levels on the Danube are expected to peak on Sunday after the worst floods in more than a decade ... Sandbags ... No flood-related deaths have so far been reported in Hungary ... ....(size: 2.1Kb)
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Tens of thousands across Germany and Hungary left homeless by floods swelling Elbe and Danube rivers
The Independent09 Jun 2013
Tens of thousands of people were forced to evacuate their homes across Germany and Hungary on Sunday as further dramatic rises in the levels of the swollen Elbe and Danube rivers continued to cause some of the most devastating floods ever experienced in Central Europe ... In Hungary, thousands of volunteers, rescue workers and even convicts were reinforcing dykes along a 470-mile stretch of the swollen Danube yesterday....(size: 2.9Kb)
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The Independent
09 Jun 2013
Tens of thousands of people were being forced to evacuate their homes across swathes of Germany and Hungary today as further dramatic rises in the levels of the swollen Elbe and Danube rivers continued to cause some of the most devastating floods ever experienced in Central Europe ... Some 2,000 residents were evacuated from the village of Gyorujfalu in western Hungary because a dyke threatened to burst....(size: 3.2Kb)
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BBC News
09 Jun 2013
Emergency services and volunteers in Hungary are racing to build and reinforce flood ......(size: 0.4Kb)
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Boston Herald
09 Jun 2013
At least 21 people have been killed by a week of flooding in central Europe, as rivers such as the Danube, the Elbe and the Vlatava have overflowed after heavy rains and caused extensive damage in central and southern Germany, the Czech Republic, Austria, Slovakia and Hungary ... Pablo Gorondi contributed from Budapest, Hungary ... Hungary government....(size: 2.4Kb)
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Otago Daily Times
09 Jun 2013
The river Danube is set to reach record levels in Budapest and dykes have been strengthened at critical points to protect the capital from flooding, Hungary's Prime Minister Viktor Orban said ... The deluge reached Hungary on Friday but so far authorities, soldiers and thousands of volunteers have managed to defend the villages and towns along the river, piling more than three million sandbags beside its dykes....(size: 2.4Kb)
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Boston Herald
09 Jun 2013
At least 21 flood-related deaths have been reported in central Europe, as rivers such as the Danube, the Elbe and the Vlatava have overflowed after a week of heavy rains and caused extensive damage in central and southern Germany, the Czech Republic, Austria, Slovakia and Hungary ... Associated Press writer Pablo Gorondi contributed from Budapest, Hungary ... Hungary government....(size: 4.0Kb)
This article is about the European country. For other uses, see Hungary (disambiguation).
| Hungary
Magyarország
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||
| Anthem: Himnusz "Hymn"  |
||||||
![Location of Hungary (dark green)– in Europe (green & dark grey)– in the European Union (green) — [Legend]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130610025047/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EU-Hungary.svg) Location of Hungary (dark green)
– in Europe (green & dark grey) |
||||||
| Capital (and largest city) |
Budapest 47°26′N 19°15′E / 47.433°N 19.25°E / 47.433; 19.25 |
|||||
| Official language(s) | Hungarian | |||||
| Ethnic groups (2001) | 92.3% Hungarians, 1.9% Roma, 5.8% others and unspecified[1][dead link] |
|||||
| Demonym | Hungarian | |||||
| Government | Parliamentary republic | |||||
| - | President | János Áder | ||||
| - | Prime Minister | Viktor Orbán | ||||
| - | Speaker of the National Assembly | László Kövér | ||||
| Legislature | Országgyűlés | |||||
| Foundation | ||||||
| - | Foundation of Hungary | 895 | ||||
| - | Recognized as Christian kingdom | 1000 | ||||
| - | Current 3rd republic | 23 October 1989 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 93,030 km2 (109th) 35,919 sq mi |
||||
| - | Water (%) | 0.74% | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2011 estimate | 10,014,324[2] (83rd) | ||||
| - | 2011 census | 9,982,000[3] | ||||
| - | Density | 107.2/km2 (94th) 279.0/sq mi |
||||
| GDP (PPP) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $195.640 billion[4] | ||||
| - | Per capita | $19,591[4] | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $140.303 billion[4] | ||||
| - | Per capita | $14,050[4] | ||||
| Gini (2008) | 24.96 (low) (3rd) | |||||
| HDI (2011) |  0.816[5] (very high) (38th) |
|||||
| Currency | Forint (HUF) |
|||||
| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) | |||||
| - | Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | ||||
| Date formats | yyyy.mm.dd, yyyy.mm.dd (CE) |
|||||
| Drives on the | right | |||||
| ISO 3166 code | HU | |||||
| Internet TLD | .hu1 | |||||
| Calling code | 36 | |||||
| 1 | Also .eu as part of the European Union. | |||||
Hungary 
i/ˈhʌŋɡəri/ (Hungarian: Magyarország [ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ] (
listen)) is a country, which is located in Central Europe.[6] It is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine and Romania to the east, Serbia and Croatia to the south, Slovenia to the southwest and Austria to the west. The country's capital, and largest city, is Budapest. Hungary is a member of the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the Visegrád Group, and is a Schengen state. The official language is Hungarian, also known as Magyar, which is part of the Finno-Ugric group and is the most widely spoken non-Indo-European language in Europe.[7]
Following a Celt (after c. 450 BC) and a Roman (AD 9 - c. 430) period, the foundation of Hungary was laid in the late 9th century by the Hungarian prince Árpád, whose great-grandson Saint Stephen I was crowned with a crown sent by the pope from Rome in 1000 AD. The Kingdom of Hungary lasted for 946 years,[note 1] and at various points was regarded as one of the cultural centres of the Western world. After about 150 years of partial Ottoman occupation (1541–1699), Hungary was integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy, and later constituted half of the Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy (1867–1918).
A great power until the end of World War I, Hungary has lost about 70 percent of its territory, along with one third of its ethnically Hungarian population,[8] and all its sea ports under the Treaty of Trianon,[9] the terms of which have been considered excessively harsh by many in Hungary.[10] The kingdom was succeeded by an authoritarian regime, and then a Communist era (1947–1989) during which Hungary gained widespread international attention during the Revolution of 1956 and the seminal opening of its border with Austria in 1989, thus accelerating the collapse of the Eastern Bloc. The present form of government is a parliamentary republic, which was established in 1989. Today, Hungary is a high-income economy[11] and a regional leader in some[vague] respects.[12][13][14][15]
Hungary is one of the thirty most popular tourist destinations of the world, attracting 8.6 million tourists a year (2007).[16][17] The country is home to the largest thermal water cave system[18] and the second largest thermal lake in the world (Lake Hévíz), the largest lake in Central Europe (Lake Balaton), and the largest natural grasslands in Europe (Hortobágy).
Contents
|
History[link]
Main article: History of Hungary
Before 895[link]
Main articles: Hungarian prehistory and Hungarian mythology
The Roman Empire conquered territory west of the Danube between 35 and 9 BCE. From 9 BCE to the end of the 4th century Pannonia was part of the Roman Empire, located within part of later Hungary's territory. Later came the Huns, who built a powerful empire. After Hunnish rule, the Germanic Ostrogoths, Lombards, and Gepids, and the polyethnic Avars, had a presence in the Carpathian Basin.[19] In the late 9th century the land was inhabited by Slavic peoples and Avars. On the eve of the arrival of the Hungarians, East Francia, the First Bulgarian Empire and Great Moravia ruled the territory of the Carpathian Basin. Additionally, the Avars formed a significant part of the population of the Carpathian Basin at the end of the 9th century; both contemporary sources[20][21] and a growing number of archaeological evidences suggest that groups of the Avars survived the disintegration of their empire.
The freshly unified Magyars (Hungarians)[22] led by Árpád settled in the Carpathian Basin starting in 895.[21][23] According to linguists, they originated from an ancient Uralic-speaking population that formerly inhabited the forested area between the Volga River and the Ural Mountains.[24]
Medieval Hungary 895–1526[link]
Main article: Kingdom of Hungary in the Middle Ages
As a federation of united tribes, Hungary was established in 895, some 50 years after the division of the Carolingian Empire at the Treaty of Verdun in 843, before the unification of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. Initially, the rising Principality of Hungary ("Western Tourkia" in medieval Greek sources)[25] was a state consisting of a semi-nomadic people. However, it accomplished an enormous transformation into a Christian realm during the 10th century. This state was well-functioning and the nation's military power allowed the Hungarians to conduct successful fierce campaigns and raids from Constantinople to as far as today's Spain.[26] The Hungarians defeated no fewer than three major East Frankish Imperial Armies between 907 and 910.[27] A later defeat at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955 signaled a provisory end to most campaigns on foreign territories, at least towards the West.
Age of Árpádian kings[link]
Main article: Árpád dynasty
103.jpg)
The year 972 marked the date when the ruling prince (Hungarian: fejedelem) Géza of the Árpád dynasty officially started to integrate Hungary into the Christian Western Europe.[28] His first-born son, Saint Stephen I became the first King of Hungary after defeating his pagan uncle Koppány, who also claimed the throne. Under Stephen, Hungary was recognized as a Catholic Apostolic Kingdom.[29] Applying to Pope Sylvester II, Stephen received the insignia of royalty (including probably a part of the Holy Crown of Hungary, currently kept in the Hungarian Parliament) from the papacy.
By 1006, Stephen had consolidated his power, and started sweeping reforms to convert Hungary into a Western feudal state. The country switched to using the Latin language, and until as late as 1844, Latin remained the official language of Hungary. Hungary became a powerful kingdom.[30] Ladislaus I extended Hungary's frontier in Transylvania and invaded Croatia in 1091.[31][32][33][34] The Croatian campaign culminated in the Battle of Gvozd Mountain in 1097 and a personal union of Croatia and Hungary in 1102, ruled by Coloman.[35]
The most powerful and wealthiest king of the Árpád dynasty was Béla III, who disposed of the equivalent of 23 tonnes of pure silver a year. This exceeded the income of the French king (estimated at 17 tonnes) and was double the receipts of the English Crown.[36]
Andrew II issued the Diploma Andreanum which secured the special privileges of the Transylvanian Saxons and is considered the first Autonomy law in the world.[37] He led the Fifth Crusade to the Holy Land in 1217, setting up the largest royal army in the history of Crusades. His Golden Bull of 1222 was the first constitution in Continental Europe. The lesser nobles also began to present Andrew with grievances, a practice that evolved into the institution of the parliament (parlamentum publicum).
In 1241–1242, the kingdom received a major blow with the Mongol (Tatar) Invasion. Up to half of Hungary's then population of 2,000,000 were victims of the invasion.[38] King Béla IV let Cumans and Jassic people into the depopulated country, who were fleeing the Mongols.[39] Over the centuries they were fully assimilated into the Hungarian population.[40]
As a consequence, after the Mongols retreated, King Béla ordered the construction of hundreds of stone castles and fortifications, to defend against a possible second Mongol invasion. The Mongols returned to Hungary in 1285, but the newly built stone-castle systems and new tactics (using a higher proportion of heavily armed knights) stopped them. The invading Mongol force was defeated[41] near Pest by the royal army of Ladislaus IV of Hungary. As with later invasions, it was repelled handily, the Mongols losing much of their invading force.
Age of elected kings[link]
Main article: Ottoman–Hungarian Wars
File:The wars of Matthias Corvinus of Hungary (1458-1490).png
Western conquests of Matthias Corvinus.
The Kingdom of Hungary reached one of its greatest extent during the Árpádian kings, yet royal power was weakened at the end of their rule in 1301. After a destructive period of interregnum (1301–1308), the first Angevin king, Charles I of Hungary – a bilineal descendant of the Árpád dynasty – successfully restored royal power, and defeated oligarch rivals, the so called "little kings". The second Angevin Hungarian king, Louis the Great (1342–1382), led many successful military campaigns from Lithuania to Southern Italy (Kingdom of Naples), and was also King of Poland from 1370. After King Louis died without a male heir, the country was stabilized only when Sigismund of Luxembourg (1387–1437) succeeded to the throne, who in 1433 also became Holy Roman Emperor. Sigismund was also (in several ways) a bilineal descendant of the Árpád dynasty.
The first Hungarian Bible translation was completed in 1439. For half a year in 1437, there was an antifeudal and anticlerical peasant revolt in Transylvania, the Budai Nagy Antal Revolt, which was strongly influenced by Hussite ideas.
From a small noble family in Transylvania, John Hunyadi grew to become one of the country's most powerful lords, thanks to his outstanding capabilities as a mercenary commander. He was elected governor then regent. He was a successful crusader against the Ottoman Turks, one of his greatest victories being the Siege of Belgrade in 1456.
The last strong king of medieval Hungary was the Renaissance king Matthias Corvinus (1458–1490), son of John Hunyadi. His election was the first time that a member of the nobility mounted to the Hungarian royal throne without dynastic background. He was a successful military leader and an enlightened patron of the arts and learning.[42] His library, the Bibliotheca Corviniana, was Europe's greatest collection of historical chronicles, philosophic and scientific works in the 15th century, and second only in size to the Vatican Library. The library is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[43] The serfs and common people considered him a just ruler because he protected them from excessive demands from and other abuses by the magnates.[44] Under his rule, in 1479, the Hungarian army destroyed the Ottoman and Wallachian troops at the Battle of Breadfield. Abroad he defeated the Polish and German imperial armies of Frederick at Breslau (Wrocław). Matthias' mercenary standing army, the Black Army of Hungary, was an unusually large army for its time, and it conquered parts of Austria, Vienna (1485) and parts of Bohemia.
Decline of Hungary (1490–1526)[link]
King Matthias died without lawful sons, and the Hungarian magnates procured the accession of the Pole Vladislaus II (1490–1516), supposedly because of his weak influence on Hungarian aristocracy.[42] Hungary's international role declined, its political stability shaken, and social progress was deadlocked.[45] In 1514, the weakened old King Vladislaus II faced a major peasant rebellion led by György Dózsa, which was ruthlessly crushed by the nobles, led by János Szapolyai. The resulting degradation of order paved the way for Ottoman pre-eminence. In 1521, the strongest Hungarian fortress in the South, Nándorfehérvár (the Hungarian name of Belgrade, Serbia), fell to the Turks. The early appearance of Protestantism further worsened internal relations in the anarchical country.
Ottoman wars 1526–1699[link]
Main articles: Habsburg Hungary, Ottoman Hungary, Principality of Transylvania (1571–1711), and Ottoman–Habsburg wars
After some 150 years of wars with the Hungarians and other states, the Ottomans gained a decisive victory over the Hungarian army at the Battle of Mohács in 1526, where King Louis II died while fleeing. Amid political chaos, the divided Hungarian nobility elected two kings simultaneously, János Szapolyai and Ferdinand I of the Habsburg dynasty.
With the conquest of Buda by the Turks in 1541, Hungary was divided into three parts and remained so until the end of the 17th century. The north-western part, termed as Royal Hungary, was annexed by the Habsburgs who ruled as Kings of Hungary. The eastern part of the kingdom became independent as the Principality of Transylvania, under Ottoman (and later Habsburg) suzerainty. The remaining central area, including the capital Buda, was known as the Pashalik of Buda.
In 1686, the Holy League's army, containing over 74,000 men from various nations, reconquered Buda from the Turks. After some more crushing defeats of the Ottomans in the next few years, the entire Kingdom of Hungary was removed from Ottoman rule by 1718. The last raid into Hungary by the Ottoman vassals Tatars from Crimea took place in 1717.[46] The constrained Habsburg Counter-Reformation efforts in the 17th century reconverted the majority of the kingdom to Catholicism.
The ethnic composition of Hungary was fundamentally changed as a consequence of the prolonged warfare with the Turks. A large part of the country became devastated, population growth was stunted, and many smaller settlements perished.[47] The Austrian-Habsburg government settled large groups of Serbs and other Slavs in the depopulated south and settled Germans in various areas, but Hungarians were not allowed to settle or re-settle in the south of the Great Plain.[48]
From the 18th century to World War I[link]
Main article: History of Hungary 1700–1919
Between 1703 and 1711 there was a large-scale uprising led by Francis II Rákóczi, who after the dethronement of the Habsburgs in 1707 at the Diet of Ónod, took power provisionally as the Ruling Prince of Hungary for the wartime period, but refused the Hungarian Crown and the title "King". The uprisings lasted for years. After 8 years of war with the Habsburg Empire, the Hungarian Kuruc army lost the last main battle at Trencsén (1708).[49]
The Period of Reforms[link]
During the Napoleonic Wars and afterwards, the Hungarian Diet had not convened for decades.[50] In the 1820s, the Emperor was forced to convene the Diet, which marked the beginning of a Reform Period (1825–1848, Hungarian: reformkor).
Count István Széchenyi, one of the most prominent statesmen of the country, recognized the urgent need of modernization and his message got through. The Hungarian Parliament was reconvened in 1825 to handle financial needs. A liberal party emerged and focused on providing for the peasantry. Lajos Kossuth – a famous journalist at that time – emerged as leader of the lower gentry in the Parliament. A remarkable upswing started as the nation concentrated its forces on modernization even though the Habsburg monarchs obstructed all important liberal laws relating to human civil and political rights and economic reforms. Many reformers (Lajos Kossuth, Mihály Táncsics) were imprisoned by the authorities.
Revolution and War of Independence[link]
Main article: Hungarian Revolution of 1848
On 15 March 1848, mass demonstrations in Pest and Buda enabled Hungarian reformists to push through a list of 12 demands. Under governor and president Lajos Kossuth and the first Prime Minister, Lajos Batthyány, the House of Habsburg was dethroned.
The Habsburg Ruler and his advisors skillfully manipulated the Croatian, Serbian and Romanian peasantry, led by priests and officers firmly loyal to the Habsburgs, and induced them to rebel against the Hungarian government, though the Hungarians were supported by the vast majority of the Slovak, German and Rusyn nationalities and by all the Jews of the kingdom, as well as by a large number of Polish, Austrian and Italian volunteers.[51] In July 1849 the Hungarian Parliament proclaimed and enacted the first laws of ethnic and minority rights in the world. Many members of the nationalities gained the coveted highest positions within the Hungarian Army, like General János Damjanich, an ethnic Serb who became a Hungarian national hero through his command of the 3rd Hungarian Army Corps.
Initially, the Hungarian forces (Honvédség) defeated Austrian armies. To counter the successes of the Hungarian revolutionary army, Habsburg Emperor Franz Joseph I asked for help from the "Gendarme of Europe", Czar Nicholas I, whose Russian armies invaded Hungary. This made Artúr Görgey surrender in August 1849. The leader of the Austrian army, Julius Jacob von Haynau, became governor of Hungary for a few months, and ordered the execution of the 13 Martyrs of Arad, leaders of the Hungarian army, and Prime Minister Batthyány in October 1849. Lajos Kossuth escaped into exile.
Following the war of 1848 – 1849, the whole country was in "passive resistance".
Austria–Hungary 1867–1918[link]
Main articles: Austria-Hungary and Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen
Because of external and internal problems, reforms seemed inevitable and major military defeats of Austria forced the Habsburgs to negotiate the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, by which the dual Monarchy of Austria–Hungary was formed. This Empire had the second largest area in Europe (after the Russian Empire), and it was the third most populous (after Russia and the German Empire). The two realms were governed separately by two parliaments from two capital cities, with a common monarch and common external and military policies. Economically, the empire was a customs union. The old Hungarian Constitution was restored, and Franz Joseph I was crowned as King of Hungary.
The country was mixed with regard to both mother tongue and religion.
Religions (1910 census, Croatia-Slavonia excluded):[citation needed]
- Roman Catholic 49.3% (Hungarians, Germans, Slovaks)
- Calvinist 14.3% (Hungarians)
- Greek Orthodox 12.8% (Romanians, Serbs)
- Greek Catholic 11.0% (Ruthenians, Romanians)
- Lutheran 7.1% (Germans, Slovaks, Hungarians)
- Jewish 5.0% (Hungarians, Germans)
- Unitarian 0.4% (Hungarians)
First language (1910 census, Croatia-Slavonia excluded):[citation needed]
- Hungarian 54.5%
- Romanian 16.1%
- Slovak 10.7%
- German 10.4%
- Serbian 2.5%
- Ruthenian 2.5%
- Croatian 1.1%
The era witnessed impressive economic development. The formerly backward Hungarian economy became relatively modern and industrialized by the turn of the 20th century, although agriculture remained dominant until 1890. In 1873, the old capital Buda and Óbuda were officially united with Pest,[52] thus creating the new metropolis of Budapest.
Technological change accelerated industrialization and urbanization. The GNP per capita grew roughly 1.45% per year from 1870 to 1913. The growth was even higher, by a substantial amount, in the Hungarian-language area of the country. That level of growth compared very favorably to that of other European nations such as Britain (1.00%), France (1.06%), and Germany (1.51%).[citation needed] Many of the state institutions and the modern administrative system of Hungary were established during this period.
World War I 1914–1918[link]
Main article: Hungary in World War I
After the Assassination in Sarajevo, the Hungarian prime minister István Tisza and his cabinet, the only one in Europe to do so, tried to avoid the outbreak and escalating of a war in Europe, but their diplomatic efforts were unsuccessful.
Austria–Hungary drafted 9 million (fighting forces: 7.8 million) soldiers in World War I (over 4 million from the Kingdom of Hungary) on the side of Germany, Bulgaria and Turkey. The Central Powers conquered Serbia. Romania declared war. The Central Powers conquered Southern Romania and the Romanian capital Bucharest. In 1916 Emperor Franz Joseph died, and the new monarch Charles IV sympathized with the pacifists. With great difficulty, the Central powers stopped and repelled the attacks of the Russian Empire.
The Eastern front of the Allied (Entente) Powers completely collapsed. The Austro-Hungarian Empire then withdrew from all defeated countries. On the Italian front, the Austro-Hungarian army made no progress against Italy after January 1918. Despite great Eastern successes, Germany suffered complete defeat on the more important Western front.
By 1918, the economic situation had deteriorated (strikes in factories were organized by leftist and pacifist movements) and uprisings in the army had become commonplace. In the capital cities, the Austrian and Hungarian leftist liberal movements (the maverick parties) and their leaders supported the separatism of ethnic minorities. Austria-Hungary signed a general armistice in Padua on 3 November 1918.[53] In October 1918, Hungary's union with Austria was dissolved.
Between the World Wars 1918–1941[link]
Main articles: Hungary between the two world wars and Hungarian interwar economy
Majority Hungarian areas detached from Hungary
The success of the 1918 Aster Revolution in Budapest brought Mihály Károlyi to power as prime minister and later as president of the first republic of Hungary.[56] a devotee of Entente. Károlyi ordered the full disarmament of the Hungarian Army, leaving Hungary without any national defence.
Romania took control of Transylvania and other parts of eastern Hungary, Czechoslovakia took control of the northern parts (also known as Upper Hungary), and a joint Serbian and French army took control of the southern parts. These territories had majority populations of the respective occupying nations, but territories were occupied further than the ethnic boundaries, and so each had a significant Hungarian population as well. The post-War Entente backed the subsequent annexations of these territories.
In March 1919, the Communists took power in Hungary. In April, Béla Kun proclaimed the Hungarian Soviet Republic. Kun's government, like its immediate predecessor, proved to be short-lived. Despite some initial military successes against the Czechoslovakian Army, the Romanian Army defeated Kun's troops and took Budapest, ousting his regime.
On 4 June 1920, the Treaty of Trianon was signed, which established new borders for Hungary. Hungary lost 71% of its territory and 66% of its population. About one-third of the ethnic Hungarian population (3.4 of 10 million Hungarians) became minorities in neighboring countries. The new borders separated Hungary's industrial base from its sources of raw materials, and Hungary also lost its only sea port at Fiume (today Rijeka). The revision of the Treaty of Trianon rose to the top of Hungary's political agenda. Some wanted to restore the full pre-Trianon area, others only the ethnic Hungarian majority territories.
Rightist Hungarian military forces, led by the former Austro-Hungarian Admiral Miklós Horthy, entered Budapest in the wake of the Romanian Army's departure and filled the vacuum of state power. In January 1920, elections were held for a unicameral assembly. Admiral Horthy was elected Regent, thereby formally restoring the monarchy to Hungary. However, there would be no more kings of Hungary despite attempts by the former Habsburg ruler Charles IV to return to his former seat of power. Horthy ruled as Regent until 16 October 1944. Hungary remained a parliamentary democracy, but after 1932, autocratic tendencies gradually returned as a result of Nazi influence and the Great Depression.
World War II 1941–1945[link]
Main articles: Hungary during World War II and Soviet occupation of Hungary
The Germans and Italians granted Hungary a part of southern Czechoslovakia and Subcarpathia in the First Vienna Award of 1938, and then northern Transylvania in the Second Vienna Award of 1940. In 1941, the Hungarian army took part in the invasion of Yugoslavia, regaining some more territories. On 22 June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union under Operation Barbarossa; Hungary joined the German effort and declared war on the Soviet Union, and formally entered World War II on the side of the Axis Powers. In late 1941, the Hungarian troops on the Eastern Front experienced success at the Battle of Uman. By 1943, after the Hungarian Second Army suffered extremely heavy losses at the River Don, the Hungarian government sought to negotiate a surrender with the Allies. In 1944, as a result of this duplicity, German troops occupied Hungary in what was known as Operation Margarethe. Miklós Horthy made a token effort to disengage Hungary from the war, but he was replaced by a puppet government under the pro-German Prime Minister Ferenc Szálasi of the Arrow Cross Party.[57]
In late 1944, Hungarian troops on the Eastern Front again experienced success at the Battle of Debrecen, but this was followed immediately by the Soviet invasion of Hungary and the Battle of Budapest. During the German occupation in May–June 1944, the Arrow Cross Party and Hungarian police deported nearly 440,000 Jews, mostly to Auschwitz.[58] The Swedish Diplomat Raoul Wallenberg managed to save a considerable number of Hungarian Jews by giving them Swedish passports, but when the Soviets arrived, he was arrested as a spy and disappeared.[59] Rudolf Kastner (original spelling Kasztner), one of the leaders of the Hungarian Aid and Rescue Committee, negotiated with senior SS officers such as Adolf Eichmann to allow a number of Jews to escape in exchange for money, gold, and diamonds.[60][61][62] Other diplomats also organized false papers and safe houses for Jews in Budapest and hundreds of Hungarian people were executed by the Arrow Cross Party for sheltering Jews.
The war left Hungary devastated, destroying over 60% of the economy and causing huge loss of life. Many Hungarian men, women, and children were raped, murdered and executed or deported for slave labour by Czechoslovaks,[63][64][65][66][67][68] Soviet Red Army troops,[69][70][71] and Yugoslavs[72] (mostly Serbian partisans and regular units)— by the end of the war approximately 500,000–650,000 people.[citation needed]
On 13 February 1945, the Hungarian capital city surrendered unconditionally. By the agreement between the Czechoslovakian president Edvard Beneš and Joseph Stalin, expulsions of Hungarians from Czechoslovakia and Slovaks from Hungary started. 250,000 ethnic Germans were also transferred to Germany pursuant to article XIII of the Potsdam Protocol of 2 August 1945.[73]
The territories regained with the Vienna Awards and during World War II were again lost by Hungary with the Paris Peace Treaty in 1947.
Communist era 1947–1989[link]
Main articles: Republic of Hungary (1946–1949), People's Republic of Hungary, and Hungarian Revolution of 1956
Following the fall of Nazi Germany, Soviet troops occupied all of the country, and Hungary gradually became a communist satellite state of the Soviet Union.
An estimated 2,000 people were executed and over 100,000 were imprisoned. Approximately 350,000 officials and intellectuals were purged from 1948 to 1956.[74] Many freethinkers and democrats were secretly arrested and taken to inland or foreign concentration camps without any judicial sentence. Some 600,000 Hungarians were deported to Soviet labour camps after the Second World War and at least 200,000 died in captivity.[75]
Rákosi adhered to a militarist, industrialising, and war compensation economic policy, and the standard of living fell. The rule of the Rákosi government led to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution and Hungary's temporary withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact. The multi-party system was restored by Prime Minister Imre Nagy. Many people were shot and killed by Soviet and Hungarian political police (ÁVH) at peaceful demonstrations throughout the country, creating a nationwide uprising.
Spontaneous revolutionary militias fought against the Soviet Army and the ÁVH in Budapest. The roughly 3,000-strong Hungarian resistance fought Soviet tanks using Molotov cocktails and machine pistols. Though the preponderance of the Soviets was immense, they suffered heavy losses, and by 30 October most Soviet troops had withdrawn from Budapest to garrisons in the Hungarian countryside.
On 4 November 1956, the Soviets retaliated, sending in over 150,000 troops and 2,500 tanks.[76] During the Hungarian uprising an estimated 20,000 people were killed, nearly all during the Soviet intervention. Nearly a quarter of a million people left the country during the brief time that the borders were open in 1956.[77]
Kádár Era 1956–1988[link]
See also: Goulash Communism
In the first days of November, the Soviet leadership was still undecided about the developments in Hungary, but soon the position prevailed that an intervention was necessary to prevent Hungary from breaking away from the Soviet bloc. János Kádár (Minister of State in the Imre Nagy cabinet) was chosen by the Soviet party leadership to act as the head of the new government intended to replace Imre Nagy's coalition cabinet. In the reprisals following the crushing of the uprising by the Soviet troops, 21,600 mavericks (democrats, liberals, and reformist communists) were imprisoned, 13,000 interned, and 230 brought to trial and executed.Imre Nagy, the legal Prime Minister of the country, was condemned to death and executed in 1958.
Following the invasion, Hungary was under Soviet military administration for a couple of months, but Kadar was capable of stabilizing the political situation in a remarkably short time. In 1963, general amnesty was granted and the majority of those imprisoned for their active participation in the uprising were released. Kadar proclaimed a new policy line according to which the people were no longer compelled to profess loyalty to the party if they tacitly accepted the Socialist regime as a fact of life, in other words "Those who are not against us are with us," as Kadar put it in one of his political speeches. Kádár introduced new planning priorities in the economy. Consumer goods and food were produced in greater volumes and military production was reduced to one-tenth of the pre-revolutionary level. This was followed in 1968 by the New Economic Mechanism (NEM), which introduced free market elements into Socialist command economy. From the 1960s through the late 1980s, Hungary was often referred to as "the happiest barrack" within the Eastern bloc. As a result of the relatively high standard of living, a more liberalised economy, a less oppressed press, and less restricted travel rights than elsewhere in the Eastern Bloc, Hungary was generally considered one of the more liberal countries in which to live in Eastern Europe during the Cold War.
The third Hungarian Republic 1989–present[link]
See also: Revolutions of 1989 and 2006 protests in Hungary
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File:Tessek valasztani.jpg
Choose, please! – A 1990 political poster by Fidesz, depicting Leonid Brezhnev and Erich Honecker performing a traditional and widely known communist-style kiss-greeting and a kissing young couple.
In June 1988, 80,000 demonstrated against Romania's communist regime's plans to demolish Transylvanian villages. In March 1989, for the first time in decades, the government declared the anniversary of the 1848 Revolution a national holiday. Opposition demonstrations filled the streets of Budapest with more than 75,000 marchers. Premier Károly Grósz met Mikhail Gorbachev in Moscow, who accepted Hungary's moves toward a multi-party system and promised that the USSR would not interfere in Hungary's internal affairs. The Opposition Round Table Consultations with the representatives of the government, which was founded for the stated goal of introducing multi-party democracy, market economy and change of power, and defining its characteristics, started its sessions. In May, Hungary began taking down its barbed wire fence along the Austrian border – the first tear in the Iron Curtain.
June brought the reburial of former Prime Minister Imre Nagy, executed after the 1956 Revolution, drawing a crowd of 250,000 at the Heroes' Square. The last speaker, 26-year-old Viktor Orbán, publicly called for Soviet troops to leave Hungary. In September, Foreign Minister Gyula Horn announced that East German refugees in Hungary would not be repatriated but would instead be allowed to go to the West. The resulting exodus shook East Germany and hastened the fall of the Berlin Wall. On 23 October, Mátyás Szűrös declared Hungary a republic.
The majorities in the decisive bodies of the state party agreed to give up their monopoly on power, paving the way for free elections in March 1990. The party's name was changed from the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party to simply the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP] and a new programme advocating social democracy and a free-market economy was adopted. This was not enough to shake off the stigma of four decades of autocratic rule, however, and the 1990 election was won by the centre-right Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF), which advocated a gradual transition towards capitalism. The liberal Alliance of Free Democrats (SZDSZ), which had called for much faster change, came second and the Socialist Party trailed far behind. As Gorbachev looked on, Hungary changed political systems with scarcely a murmur and the last Soviet troops left Hungary in June 1991. In coalition with two smaller parties, the MDF provided Hungary with sound government during its hard transition to a full market economy.
The economic changes of the early 1990s resulted in declining living standards for most people in Hungary. In 1991 most state subsidies were removed, leading to a severe recession exacerbated by the fiscal austerity necessary to reduce inflation and stimulate investment. This made life difficult for many Hungarians, and in the May 1994 elections the Hungarian Socialist Party led by former Communists won an absolute majority in parliament.
All three main political parties advocated economic liberalisation and closer ties with the West. In 1998, the European Union began negotiations with Hungary on full membership. In a 2003 national referendum, 85% voted in favour of Hungary joining the European Union, which followed on 1 May 2004.
Geography[link]
Main article: Geography of Hungary
See also: List of national parks of Hungary
.jpg)
Hungary lies between latitudes 45° and 49° N, and longitudes 16° and 23° E.
Slightly more than one half of Hungary's landscape consists of flat to rolling plains of the Pannonian Basin: the most important plain regions include the Little Hungarian Plain in the west, and the Great Hungarian Plain in the southeast. The highest elevation above sea level on the latter is only 183 metres (600 ft).
Transdanubia is a primarily hilly region with a terrain varied by low mountains. These include the very eastern stretch of the Alps, Alpokalja, in the west of the country, the Transdanubian Mountains, in the central region of Transdanubia, and the Mecsek Mountains and Villány Mountains in the south. The highest point of the area is the Írott-kő in the Alps, at 882 metres (2,894 ft).
The highest mountains of the country are located in the Carpathians: these lie in the North Hungarian Mountains, in a wide band along the Slovakian border (highest point: the Kékes at 1,014 m/3,327 ft).
Hungary is divided in two by its main waterway, the Danube (Duna); other large rivers include the Tisza and Dráva, while Transdanubia contains Lake Balaton, a major body of water. The largest thermal lake in the world, Lake Hévíz (Hévíz Spa), is located in Hungary. The second largest lake in the Carpathian Basin is the artificial Lake Tisza (Tisza-tó).
Phytogeographically, Hungary belongs to the Central European province of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the WWF, the territory of Hungary belongs to the ecoregion of Pannonian mixed forests.
Hungary has 10 national parks, 145 minor nature reserves and 35 landscape protection areas.
Climate[link]
Hungary has a continental climate,[78] with hot summers with low overall humidity levels but frequent rainshowers and mildly cold snowy winters. Average annual temperature is 9.7 °C (49.5 °F). Temperature extremes are about 41.9 °C (107.4 °F) on 20 Jul 2007 at Kiskunhalas in the summer and −35 °C (−31.0 °F) on 16 Feb 1940 Miskolc-Görömbölytapolca in the winter. Average high temperature in the summer is 23 °C (73.4 °F) to 28 °C (82 °F) and average low temperature in the winter it is −3 °C (27 °F) to −7 °C (19 °F). The average yearly rainfall is approximately 600 mm (23.6 in). A small, southern region of the country near Pécs enjoys a reputation for a Mediterranean climate, but in reality it is only slightly warmer than the rest of the country and still receives snow during the winter.
Hungary is ranked sixth in an environmental protection index by GW/CAN.[79]
Politics[link]
Main article: Politics of Hungary
The President of the Republic, elected by the members of the National Assembly every five years, has a largely ceremonial role, but he is nominally the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces and his powers include the nomination of the Prime Minister who is to be elected by a majority of the votes of the Members of Parliament, based on the recommendation made by the President of the Republic.
By the Hungarian Constitution, based on the post-WWII Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany, the Prime Minister has a leading role in the executive branch as he selects Cabinet ministers and has the exclusive right to dismiss them (similarly to the competences of the German federal chancellor). Each cabinet nominee appears before one or more parliamentary committees in consultative open hearings, survive a vote by the Parliament and must be formally approved by the president.
A controversial constitutional change in force from 1 January 2012 repealed the words "Republic of" from the country's official name.[80][81]
The unicameral, 386-member National Assembly (Országgyűlés) is the highest organ of state authority and initiates and approves legislation sponsored by the Prime Minister. Its members are elected for a four-year term. 176 members are elected in single-seat constituencies, 152 by proportional representation in multi-seat constituencies, and 58 so-called compensation seats are distributed based on the number of votes "lost" (i.e., the votes that did not produce a seat) in either the single-seat or the multi-seat constituencies. The election threshold is 5%, but it only applies to the multi-seat constituencies and the compensation seats, not the single-seat constituencies.
A 15-member Constitutional Court has power to challenge legislation on grounds of unconstitutionality.
Political parties[link]
Main article: List of political parties in Hungary
Military[link]
Main article: Military of Hungary
The Military of Hungary, or "Hungarian Armed Forces" currently has two branches, the "Hungarian Ground Force" and the "Hungarian Air Force". The Hungarian Ground Force (or Army) is known as the "Corps of Homeland Defenders" (Honvédség). This term was originally used to refer to the revolutionary army established by Lajos Kossuth and the National Defence Committee of the Revolutionary Hungarian Diet in September 1848 during the Hungarian Revolution.
Hussar: A type of irregular light horsemen was already well established by the 15th century in medieval Hungary. Hussar refers to a number of types of light cavalry created in Hungary[82] in the 15th century and used throughout Europe and even in America since the 18th century. Some modern military units retain the title 'hussar' for reasons of tradition.
Administrative divisions[link]
Administratively, Hungary is divided into 19 counties. In addition, the capital (főváros), Budapest, is independent of any county government. The counties and the capital are the 20 NUTS third-level units of Hungary.
The counties are further subdivided into 174 (1 January 2011.) subregions (kistérségek), and Budapest is its own subregion. Since 1996, the counties and City of Budapest have been grouped into 7 regions for statistical and development purposes. These seven regions constitute NUTS' second-level units of Hungary.
There are also 23 towns with county rights (singular megyei jogú város), sometimes known as "urban counties" in English (although there is no such term in Hungarian). The local authorities of these towns have extended powers, but these towns belong to the territory of the respective county instead of being independent territorial units.
- Regions
- Northern Hungary
- Northern Great Plain
- Central Hungary
- Central Transdanubia
- Western Transdanubia
- Southern Transdanubia
- Southern Great Plain
- Counties (county seats)
Foreign relations[link]
Main article: Foreign relations of Hungary
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of Hungary
Hungary held its first multi-party elections in 1990, following four decades of Communist rule, and has succeeded in transforming its centrally planned economy into a market economy. Both foreign ownership of and foreign investment in Hungarian firms are widespread. Hungary has a requirement to reduce government spending and further reform its economy in order to meet the 2020[83] target date for accession to the euro zone.
Highest-value banknote of the Hungarian Forint (obverse)
The private sector accounts for over 80% of GDP. Hungary gets nearly one third of all foreign direct investment flowing into Central Europe, with cumulative foreign direct investment totaling more than US$185 billion since 1989. It enjoys strong trade, fiscal, monetary, investment, business, and labor freedoms. The top income tax rate is fairly high, but coporate taxes are low. Inflation is low, it was on the rise in the past few years[when?], but it is now[when?] starting to regulate. Investment in Hungary is reported to be "easy", although it is subject to government licensing in security-sensitive areas. Foreign capital enjoys virtually the same protections and privileges as domestic capital. The rule of law is strong, a professional judiciary protects property rights, and the level of corruption is low.
The Hungarian economy is a medium-sized, structurally, politically, and institutionally open economy in Central Europe and is part of the EU single market. Like most Eastern European economies, it experienced market liberalisation in the early 1990s as part of a transition away from communism.
Today, Hungary is a full member of OECD and the World Trade Organization.
OECD was the first international organization to accept Hungary as a full member in 1996, after six years of successful cooperation.
Hungarian economy today[link]
Hungary, as a member state of the European Union may seek to adopt the common European currency, the Euro. To achieve this, Hungary would need to fulfill the Maastricht criteria.
In foreign investments, Hungary has seen a shift from lower-value textile and food industry to investment in luxury vehicle production, renewable energy systems, high-end tourism, information technology.
The austerity measures introduced by the government are in part an attempt to fulfill the Maastricht criteria.
The austerity measures include a 2% rise in social security contributions, half of which is paid by employees, and a large increase in the minimum rate of sales tax (levied on food and basic services) from 15 to 20%.
Hungary, which joined the European Union in 2004, has been hit hard by the late-2000s recession because of its heavy dependence on foreign capital to finance its economy and has one of the biggest public deficits in the EU.[84][85]
Total government spending is high. Many state-owned enterprises have not been privatized. Business licensing is a problem[by whom?], as regulations are not applied consistently.[86] According to the conservative think tank Heritage Foundation, Hungary's economy was 67.2% "free" in 2008,[86] which makes it the world's 43rd-freest economy. Its overall score is 1% lower than last year, partially reflecting new methodological detail. Hungary is ranked 25th out of 41 countries in the European region, and its overall score is slightly lower than the regional average.[86]
In 2011 Hungarian economy showed signs of recovery with decreasing tax rates and a moderate 1.7 percent GDP growth from the previous financial crisis,[87] however, in November 2011 Moody’s has downgraded Hungary's sovereign credit rating to Ba1, just below investment grade, because of mounting financial-sector funding pressures and the general government debt which is of 81% of GDP (2010).[88] Economic reform measures such as health care reform, tax reform, and local government financing are being addressed by the present government.
Education[link]
Main article: Education in Hungary
In the year 1276 the university of Veszprém was destroyed by the troops of Péter Csák and it was never rebuilt. A university was established in Pécs 1367. Sigismund established a university at Óbuda in 1395. Another, Universitas Istropolitana, was established 1465 in Pozsony by Mattias Corvinus. Nagyszombat University was founded in 1635 and moved 1777 to Buda and is today called Eötvös Loránd University. The world's first institute of technology was founded in Selmecbánya, Kingdom of Hungary (since 1920 Banská Štiavnica, now Slovakia) in 1735. Its legal successor is University of Miskolc in Hungary. The Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME) is considered the oldest institute of technology in the world with university rank and structure. Its legal predecessor was founded in 1782 by Emperor Joseph II.
Science and technology[link]
Hungary is famous for its excellent mathematics education which has trained numerous outstanding scientists. Famous Hungarian mathematicians include father Farkas Bolyai and son János Bolyai, designer of modern geometry (non-Euclidian geometry) 1820–1823. Paul Erdős, famed for publishing in over forty languages and whose Erdős numbers are still tracked;[89] and John von Neumann, Quantum Theory, Game theory a pioneer of digital computing and the key mathematician in the Manhattan Project. Many Hungarian scientists, including Erdős, von Neumann, Leo Szilard, Eugene Wigner and Edward Teller emigrated to the US. Thirteen Hungarian or Hungarian-born scientists received the Nobel Prize, all of whom emigrated, mostly because of persecution of communist and/or fascist regimes. Contemporary, internationally well-known Hungarian scientists include: mathematician László Lovász, physicist Albert-László Barabási, physicist Ferenc Krausz, biochemist Árpád Pusztai.
Hungarian inventions[link]
- The English word "coach" came from the Hungarian kocsi ("wagon from Kocs" referring to the village in Hungary where coaches were first made).[90]
- Wolfgang von Kempelen invented a manually operated speaking machine in 1769.
- János Irinyi invented the noiseless match.
- In 1827 Ányos Jedlik invented the electric motor. He created the first device to contain the three main components of practical direct current motors: the stator, rotor and commutator.
- Donát Bánki and János Csonka invented the Carburetor for the stationary engine.[91]
- Ottó Bláthy, Miksa Déri and Károly Zipernowsky invented the modern transformer in 1885.[92][92]
- Kálmán Kandó invented the Three-phase Alternating Current Electric locomotive, and was a pioneer in the development of electric railway traction.
- Tivadar Puskás invented the Telephone Exchange.
- Loránd Eötvös: weak equivalence principle and surface tension
- Albert Szent-Györgyi discovered Vitamin C and created the first artificial vitamin.(Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1937)
- Theodore Kármán - Mathematical tools to study fluid flow and mathematical background of supersonic flight and inventor of swept-back wings, "father of Supersonic Flight"
- Leó Szilárd: hypothesized the nuclear chain reaction (therefore he was the first who realized the feasibility of an atomic bomb), patented the Nuclear reactor, invented the Electron microscope
- Dennis Gabor invented the Holography (Nobel Prize in Physics in 1971)
- László Bíró invented ballpoint pen
- Edward Teller hypothesized the thermonuclear fusion and the theory of the hydrogen bomb
- Ernő Rubik invented the Rubik's Cube
Transport[link]
Main article: Transport in Hungary
Hungary has a highly developed road, railway, air and water transport system. Budapest, the capital of the state, serves as an important node in the public transport network.
The Hungarian railway system is centralized around Budapest, where the three main railway stations are the Eastern (Keleti), the Western (Nyugati) and the Southern (Déli). Déli is the most modern but Keleti and Nyugati are more decorative and architecturally impressive. Other important railway stations countrywide include Szolnok (the most important railway junction outside Budapest), Tiszai Railway Station in Miskolc and the stations of Pécs, Győr, Szeged and Székesfehérvár.
Four Hungarian cities have tram networks, and the four cities are Budapest, Debrecen, Miskolc and Szeged . The Budapest Metro is the second-oldest underground metro system in the world, and its iconic Line 1 (dating from 1896) was declared a World Heritage Site in 2002. The system consists of three lines (the fourth being under construction). Budapest also has a suburban railway service in and around the city (HÉV).
Hungary has a total length of approximately 1,314 km (816.48 mi) motorways (Hungarian: autópálya). Motorway sections are being added to the existing network, which already connects many major economically important cities to the capital.
The most important port is Budapest. Other important ones include Dunaújváros and Baja.
There are five international airports in Hungary. Budapest Liszt Ferenc, Debrecen, Sármellék (also called FlyBalaton for its proximity to Lake Balaton, Hungary's number one tourist attraction), Győr-Pér and Pécs-Pogány. The national carrier, Malév Hungarian Airlines operated flights to over 60, mostly European cities, but ceased operations on 3 February 2012.
Demographics[link]
Main article: Demographics of Hungary
Due to migrations and significant territorial changes, the demographics of Hungary have significantly fluctuated over time. In modern times, Hungary has become an ethnically homogeneous state. According to the 2001 Hungarian Census, Hungarians constituted 92.3%, whilst the largest minority are the Roma people (1.9%).
| Ethnic composition of Hungary (census 2001) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungarians |
|
92.3% | ||
| Roma |
|
1.9% | ||
| Germans |
|
0.6% | ||
| Others |
|
5.2% | ||
Language[link]
.
93.6% of the population speak Hungarian, a Uralic language unrelated to any neighboring language and distantly related to Finnish and Estonian. The main minority group are the Roma.[93] Other groups include: Germans, Slovaks, Croats and Bunjevcis, Romanians, Ukrainians, Serbs and Slovenes.[94] A fringe theory that is well known by linguists is that the Hungarian language is a descendant of Sumerian. Some linguists and historians (like Ida Bobula, Ferenc Badiny Jós, dr Tibor Baráth and others) have published this theory. There are some artifacts which they claim support this view (like the Tartaria tablets). Mainstream linguists reject the Sumerian theory as pseudoscience. Hungarian has often been claimed to be related to Hunnish, since Hungarian legends and histories show close ties between the two peoples; also, the name Hunor is preserved in legends and (along with a few Hunnic-origin names, such as Attila) is still used as a given name in Hungary. Many people share the belief that the Székelys, a Hungarian ethnic group living in Romania, are descended from the Huns.
Religion[link]
Main article: History of Christianity in Hungary
See also: History of the Jews in Hungary and Bahá'í Faith in Hungary
In the Eurostat – Eurobarometer poll of 2005, 44% of Hungarians answered that they believed there is a God, 31% answered they believed there is some sort of spirit or life force, and 19% that they do not believe there is a God, spirit, nor life force.[95]
| Denominations | Population | % of total |
|---|---|---|
| Catholicism | 5,558,901 | 54.5 |
| Roman Catholics | 5,289,521 | 51.9 |
| Greek Catholics | 268,935 | 2.6 |
| Protestantism | 1,985,576 | 19.5 |
| Calvinists | 1,622,796 | 15.9 |
| Lutherans | 304,705 | 3.0 |
| Baptists | 17,705 | 0.2 |
| Unitarians | 6,541 | 0.1 |
| Other Protestants | 33,829 | 0.3 |
| Orthodox Christianity | 15,298 | 0.1 |
| Other Christians | 24,340 | 0.2 |
| Judaism | 12,871 | 0.1 |
| Other religions | 13,567 | 0.1 |
| All religions | 7,610,553 | 74.6 |
| No religion | 1,483,369 | 14.5 |
| Did not wish to answer | 1,034,767 | 10.1 |
| Unknown | 69,566 | 0.7 |
| total | 10,198,315 | 100.00 |
The majority of Hungarians became Christian in the 11th century. Hungary's first king, Saint Stephen I, took up Western Christianity, although his mother, Sarolt, was baptized in the Eastern Rite. Hungary remained predominantly Catholic until the 16th century, when the Reformation took place and, as a result, first Lutheranism, then soon afterwards Calvinism, became the religion of almost the entire population.
In the second half of the 16th century, however, Jesuits led a successful campaign of counterreformation among the Hungarians. The Jesuits founded educational institutions, including Péter Pázmány Catholic University, the oldest university that still exists in Hungary, but organized so-called missions too in order to promote popular piety. By the 17th century, Hungary had once again become predominantly Catholic.[citation needed]
Some of the eastern parts of the country, however, especially around Debrecen ("the Calvinist Rome"), still have significant Protestant communities. Orthodox Christianity in Hungary has been the religion mainly of some national minorities in the country, notably, Romanians, Rusyns, Ukrainians, and Serbs.[97]
Hungary has been the home of a sizable Armenian Catholic community as well. They worship according to the Armenian Rite, but they have united with the Catholic Church under the primacy of the Pope.
Faith Church is one of the Pentecostal churches, accepts the results and spiritual, moral values of both early Christianity and the Reformation, as well as other revival movements serving the progress of the Christian faith. Based on the 1% tax designation to churches, Faith Church is the seventh most supported church in Hungary.[98] The weekly Sunday service of the Church is regularly broadcast in live television.[citation needed]
Historically, Hungary was home to a significant Jewish community, especially when many Jews, persecuted in Russia, found refuge in the Kingdom of Hungary during the 19th century. The census of January 1941 found that 6.2% of the population, i.e., 846,000 people, were considered Jewish according to the racial laws of that time. Of this number, 725,000 were considered religiously Jewish as well.[99] Some Hungarian Jews were able to escape the Holocaust during World War II, but most (perhaps 550,000[100]) either were deported to concentration camps, from which the majority did not return, or were murdered by the Hungarian Arrow Cross fascists. Most Jewish people who remain in Hungary live in the centre of Budapest, especially in district VI. The largest synagogue in Europe is located in Budapest.[101]
Legislation at the end of 2011 vested in Parliament instead of the judiciary the power to grant the officially recognized status of a church. The number of registered churches fell from over 300 under previous legislation to 32. Among those dropped was the socially active Hungarian Evangelical Fellowship. The legislation was criticized as discriminatory in an invited Opinion by the Venice Commission.[102]
Urbanization[link]
| Rank | City | County | City | Agglomeration | Metro | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Budapest | Budapest | 1,733,685 |
2,539,828 | 3,104,259 | |||||
| 2 | Debrecen | Hajdú-Bihar | 208,016 |
234,928 | 254,008 | |||||
| 3 | Szeged | Csongrád | 170,275 |
210,477 | 238,992 | |||||
| 4 | Miskolc | Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén | 168,075 |
208,114 | 271,220 | |||||
| 5 | Pécs | Baranya | 157,721 |
178,215 | 208,221 | |||||
| 6 | Győr | Győr-Moson-Sopron | 131,267 |
180,007 | 204,029 | |||||
| 7 | Nyíregyháza | Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg | 117,852 |
134,055 | 158,007 | |||||
| 8 | Kecskemét | Bács-Kiskun | 113,275 |
145,104 | 205,973 | |||||
| 9 | Székesfehérvár | Fejér | 101,943 |
124,992 | 150,223 | |||||
| 10 | Szombathely | Vas | 79,590 | 119,800 | - | |||||
| 11 | Szolnok | Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok | 74,544 | 93,410 | - | |||||
| 12 | Tatabánya | Komárom-Esztergom | 70,169 | 130,012 | - | |||||
| 13 | Kaposvár | Somogy | 67,979 | 82,601 | - | |||||
| 14 | Érd | Pest | 65,043 | - | ||||||
| 15 | Veszprém | Veszprém | 64,339 | 82,007 | - | |||||
| 16 | Békéscsaba | Békés | 64,074 | 148,888 | - | |||||
| 17 | Zalaegerszeg | Zala | 61,970 | 76,412 | - | |||||
| 18 | Sopron | Győr-Moson-Sopron | 60,755 | 70,012 | - | |||||
| 19 | Eger | Heves | 56,530 | 74,013 | - | |||||
| 20 | Nagykanizsa | Zala | 49,850 | 50,082 | - | |||||
| 2011 census data
Culture[link]
Main article: Culture of Hungary
Architecture[link]
See also: List of Hungarian architects
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Hungary is home to the largest synagogue in Europe (Great Synagogue), the largest medicinal bath in Europe (Széchenyi Medicinal Bath), one of the largest basilicas in Europe (Esztergom Basilica), the second largest territorial abbey in the world (Pannonhalma Archabbey), and the largest Early Christian Necropolis outside Italy (Pécs).
Notable architectural styles in Hungary include Historicism and Art Nouveau, or rather several variants of Art Nouveau. In contrast to Historicism, Hungarian Art Nouveau is based on the national architectural characteristics. Taking the eastern origins of the Hungarians into account, Ödön Lechner (1845–1914), the most important figure in Hungarian Art Nouveau, was initially inspired by Indian and Syrian architecture, and later by traditional Hungarian decorative designs. In this way, he created an original synthesis of architectural styles. By applying them to three-dimensional architectural elements, he produced a version of Art Nouveau that was specific to Hungary.
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Turning away from the style of Lechner, yet taking inspiration from his approach, the group of "Young People" (Fiatalok), which included Károly Kós and Dezsö Zrumeczky, were to use the characteristic structures and forms of traditional Hungarian architecture to achieve the same end.
Besides the two principal styles, Budapest also displays local versions of trends originating from other European countries. The Sezession from Vienna, the German Jugendstil, Art Nouveau from Belgium and France, and the influence of English and Finnish architecture are all reflected in the buildings constructed at the turn of the 20th century. Béla Lajta initially adopted Lechner's style, subsequently drawing his inspiration from English and Finnish trends; after developing an interest in the Egyptian style, he finally arrived at modern architecture. Aladár Árkay took almost the same route. István Medgyaszay developed his own style, which differed from Lechner's, using stylised traditional motifs to create decorative designs in concrete. In the sphere of applied arts, those chiefly responsible for promoting the spread of Art Nouveau were the School and Museum of Decorative Arts, which opened in 1896.
Foreigners have unexpectedly "discovered" that a significantly large portion of the citizens live in old and architecturally valuable buildings. In the Budapest downtown area almost all the buildings are about hundred years old, with thick walls, high ceiling and motifs on the front wall.[23][103]
Music[link]
Main article: Music of Hungary
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The music of Hungary consists mainly of traditional Hungarian folk music and music by prominent composers such as Liszt and Bartók, considered as the greatest Hungarian composers. Other composers of international renown are Dohnányi, Franz Schmidt, Zoltán Kodály, Gabriel von Wayditch, Rudolf Wagner-Régeny, László Lajtha, Franz Lehár, Imre Kálmán, Sándor Veress and Rózsa. Hungarian traditional music tends to have a strong dactylic rhythm, as the language is invariably stressed on the first syllable of each word. Hungary also has a number of internationally renowned composers of contemporary classical music, György Ligeti, György Kurtág, Péter Eötvös, Zoltán Kodály and Zoltán Jeney among them. One of the greatest Hungarian composers, Béla Bartók was also among the most significant musicians of the 20th century. His music was invigorated by the themes, modes, and rhythmic patterns of the Hungarian and neighboring folk music traditions he studied, which he synthesized with influences from his contemporaries into his own distinctive style.
Hungary has made many contributions to the fields of folk, popular and classical music. Hungarian folk music is a prominent part of the national identity and continues to play a major part in Hungarian music. Hungarian folk music has been significant in former country parts that belong – since the 1920 Treaty of Trianon – to neighboring countries such as Romania, Slovakia, southern Poland and especially in southern Slovakia and the Transylvania: both regions have significant numbers of Hungarians. After the establishment of a music academy led by Ferenc Erkel and Franz Liszt Hungary produced an important number of art musicians:
- Pianists: Ernö von Dohnányi, Ervin Nyíregyházi, Andor Földes, Tamás Vásáry, Gyorgy Sandor, Géza Anda, György Cziffra, Edward Kilényi, Balint Vazsonyi, András Schiff, Zoltán Kocsis, Dezsö Ránki, Jenö Jandó and others.
- Violists: Joseph Joachim, Leopold Auer, Jenö Hubay, Jelly d'Arányi, Joseph Szigeti, Sándor Végh, Emil Telmanyi, Zathurecky, Zsigmondy, Franz von Vecsey, Zoltán Szekely, Tibor Varga and newcomers Antal Szalai, Vilmos Szabadi, Kristóf Baráti (b. 79) and others.
- organists: Varnus Xaver
- Opera singers: Astrid Varnay, József Simándy, Julia Varady, Julia Hamari, Kolos Kováts (Bluebeard in Bartoks Bluebeard)
- Conductors: Eugene Ormandy, George Szell, Antal Doráti, János Ferencsik, Fritz Reiner, sir Georg Solti, István Kertész, Ferenc Fricsay, Zoltán Rozsnyai, Sándor Végh, Arpad Joó, Ádám Fischer, Iván Fischer, Péter Eötvös, Zoltán Kocsis, Tamás Vásáry, Gilbert Varga and others
- String Quartets: Budapest Quartet, Hungarian Quartet, Végh Quartet, Takács Quartet, Kodály Quartet, Eder Quartet, Festetics Quartet,
Broughton claims that Hungary's "infectious sound has been surprisingly influential on neighboring countries (thanks perhaps to the common Austro-Hungarian history) and it's not uncommon to hear Hungarian-sounding tunes in Romania, Slovakia and southern Poland".[104] It is also strong in the Szabolcs-Szatmár area and in the southwest part of Transdanubia, near the border with Croatia. The Busójárás carnival in Mohács is a major Hungarian folk music event, formerly featuring the long-established and well-regarded Bogyiszló orchestra.[105]
Hungarian classical music has long been an "experiment, made from Hungarian antedecents and on Hungarian soil, to create a conscious musical culture [using the] musical world of the folk song".[106] Although the Hungarian upper class has long had cultural and political connections with the rest of Europe, leading to an influx of European musical ideas, the rural peasants maintained their own traditions such that by the end of the 19th century Hungarian composers could draw on rural peasant music to (re)create a Hungarian classical style.[107] For example, Béla Bartók and Zoltán Kodály, two of Hungary's best known composers, used folk themes in their music. Bartók collected folk songs from across Eastern Europe, including Romania and Slovakia, whilst Kodály was more interested in creating a distinctively Hungarian musical style.
During the era of Communist rule in Hungary (1944–1989) a Song Committee scoured and censored popular music for traces of subversion and ideological impurity. Since then, however, the Hungarian music industry has begun to recover, producing successful performers in the fields of jazz such as trumpeter Rudolf Tomsits, pianist-composer Károly Binder and, in a modernized form of Hungarian folk, Ferenc Sebő and Márta Sebestyén. The three giants of Hungarian rock, Illés, Metró and Omega, remain very popular, especially Omega, which has followings in Germany and beyond as well as in Hungary. Older veteran underground bands such as Beatrice from the 1980s also remain popular.
Literature[link]
Main article: Hungarian literature
File:Ohlm original.jpg
The oldest survivng Hungarian (and Uralic) poem, Old Hungarian Laments of Mary
In the earliest times Hungarian language was written in a runic-like script (although it was not used for literature purposes in the modern interpretation). The country switched to the Latin alphabet after being Christianized under the reign of Stephen I of Hungary (1000–1038).
The oldest remained written record in Hungarian language is a fragment in the founding document of the Abbey of Tihany (1055) which contains several Hungarian terms, among them the words feheruuaru rea meneh hodu utu rea, "up the military road to Fehérvár" The rest of the document was written in Latin.
The oldest remained complete text in Hungarian language is the Funeral Sermon and Prayer (Halotti beszéd és könyörgés) (1192–1195), a translation of a Latin sermon.
The oldest remained poem in Hungarian is the Old Hungarian Laments of Mary (Ómagyar Mária-siralom), also a (not very strict) translation from Latin, from the 13th century. It is also the oldest surviving Uralic poem.
Among the first chronicles about Hungarian history were Gesta Hungarorum ("Deeds of the Hungarians") by the unknown author usually called Anonymus, and Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum ("Deeds of the Huns and the Hungarians") by Simon Kézai. Both are in Latin. These chronicles mix history with legends, so historically they are not always authentic. Another chronicle is the Képes krónika (Illustrated Chronicle), which was written for Louis the Great.
Renaissance literature flourished under the reign of King Matthias (1458–1490). Janus Pannonius, although he wrote in Latin, counts as one of the most important persons in Hungarian literature, being the only significant Hungarian Humanist poet of the period. The first printing house was also founded during Matthias' reign, by András Hess, in Buda. The first book printed in Hungary was the Chronica Hungarorum. The most important poets of the period was Bálint Balassi (1554–1594) and Miklós Zrínyi (1620–1664). Balassi's poetry shows Mediaeval influences, his poems can be divided into three sections: love poems, war poems and religious poems. Zrínyi's most significant work, the epic Szigeti veszedelem ("Peril of Sziget", written in 1648/49) is written in a fashion similar to the Iliad, and recounts the heroic Battle of Szigetvár, where his great-grandfather died while defending the castle of Szigetvár. Among the religious literary works the most important is the Bible translation by Gáspár Károli (The second Hungarian Bible translation in the history), the Protestant pastor of Gönc, in 1590. The translation is called the Bible of Vizsoly, after the town where it was first published. (See Hungarian Bible translations for more details.)
The Hungarian enlightenment took place about fifty years after the French enlightenment. The first enlightened writers were Maria Theresia's bodyguards (György Bessenyei, János Batsányi and others). The greatest poets of the time were Mihály Csokonai Vitéz and Dániel Berzsenyi. The greatest figure of the language reform was Ferenc Kazinczy. The Hungarian language became feasible for all type of scientific explanations from this time, and furthermore many new words were coined for describing new inventions.
Hungarian literature has recently gained some renown outside the borders of Hungary (mostly through translations into German, French and English). Some modern Hungarian authors have become increasingly popular in Germany and Italy especially Sándor Márai, Péter Esterházy, Péter Nádas and Imre Kertész. The latter is a contemporary Jewish writer who survived the Holocaust and won the Nobel Prize for literature in 2002. The older classics of Hungarian literature and Hungarian poetry have remained almost totally unknown outside Hungary. János Arany, a famous 19th century Hungarian poet is still much loved in Hungary (especially his collection of Ballads), among several other "true classics" like Sándor Petőfi, the poet of the Revolution of 1848, Endre Ady, Mihály Babits, Dezső Kosztolányi, Attila József and János Pilinszky. Other well-known Hungarian authors are Ferenc Móra, Géza Gárdonyi, Zsigmond Móricz, Gyula Illyés, Albert Wass and Magda Szabó.
Cuisine[link]
Main article: Cuisine of Hungary
See also: Hungarian wine and Hungarian beer
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The Hungarian cuisine is a prominent feature of the Hungarian culture, just like the art of hospitality. Traditional dishes such as the world famous Goulash (gulyás stew or gulyás soup) feature prominently. Dishes are often flavoured with paprika (ground red peppers), a Hungarian innovation.[108] Thick, heavy Hungarian sour cream called tejföl is often used to soften the dishes flavour. The famous Hungarian hot river fish soup called Fisherman's soup or halászlé is usually a rich mixture of several kinds of poached fish. Other dishes are Chicken Paprikash, Foie gras made of goose liver, pörkölt stew, vadas, (game stew with vegetable gravy and dumplings), trout with almonds and salty and sweet dumplings, like túrós csusza, (dumplings with fresh quark cheese and thick sour cream). Desserts include the iconic Dobos Cake, Strudels (rétes), filled with apple, cherry, poppy seed or cheese, Gundel pancake, plum dumplings (szilvás gombóc), somlói dumplings, dessert soups like chilled Sour cherry soup and sweet chestnut puree, gesztenyepüré (cooked chestnuts mashed with sugar and rum and split into crumbs, topped with whipped cream). Perec and kifli are widely popular pastries.
The csárda is the most distinctive type of Hungarian inn, an old-style tavern offering traditional cuisine and beverages. Borozó usually denotes a cozy old-fashioned wine tavern, pince is a beer or wine cellar and a söröző is a pub offering draught beer and sometimes meals. The bisztró is an inexpensive restaurant often with self-service. The büfé is the cheapest place, although one may have to eat standing at a counter. Pastries, cakes and coffee are served at the confectionery called cukrászda, while an eszpresszó is a cafeteria.
Pálinka: is a fruit brandy, distilled from fruit grown in the orchards situated on the Great Hungarian Plain. It is a spirit native to Hungary and comes in a variety of flavours including apricot (barack) and cherry (cseresznye). However, plum (szilva) is the most popular flavour. Beer: Beer goes well with many traditional Hungarian dishes. The five main Hungarian brands are: Borsodi, Soproni, Arany Ászok, Kõbányai, and Dreher.
Wine: As Hugh Johnson says in The History of Wine, the territory of Hungary is ideal for wine-making. Since the fall of communism there has been a renaissance of Hungarian wine-making. The choice of good wine is widening from year to year. The country can be divided to six wine regions: North-Transdanubia, Lake Balaton, South-Pannónia, Duna-region or Alföld, Upper-Hungary and Tokaj-Hegyalja. Hungarian wine regions offer a great variety of style: the main products of the country are elegant and full-bodied dry whites with good acidity, although complex sweet whites (Tokaj), elegant (Eger) and full-bodied robust reds (Villány and Szekszárd). The main varieties are: Olaszrizling, Hárslevelű, Furmint, Pinot gris or Szürkebarát, Chardonnay (whites), Kékfrankos (or Blaufrankisch in German), Kadarka, Portugieser, Zweigelt, Cabernet sauvignon, Cabernet franc and Merlot. The most famous wines from Hungary are Tokaji Aszú and Egri Bikavér.
Tokaji: Tokaji, meaning "of Tokaj", or "from Tokaj" in Hungarian, is used to label wines from the wine region of Tokaj-Hegyalja in Hungary. Tokaji wine has received accolades from numerous great writers and composers including Beethoven, Liszt, Schubert and Goethe; Joseph Haydn's favorite wine was a Tokaji. Louis XV and Frederick the Great tried to outdo one another in the excellence of the vintages they stocked when they treated guests like Voltaire to some Tokaji. Napoleon III, the last Emperor of the French, ordered 30–40 barrels of Tokaji for the Court every year. Gustav III, King of Sweden, never had any other wine to drink. In Russia, customers included Peter the Great and Empress Elizabeth of Russia.
Zwack Unicum: For over 150 years, a blend of 40 Hungarian herbs has been used to create the liqueur Unicum. Unicum is a bitter, dark-coloured liqueur that can be drunk as an apéritif or after a meal, thus helping the digestion. The recipe is held secret by the Zwack family.
Recreation[link]
Hungary is a land of thermal water. A passion for spa culture and Hungarian history have been connected from the very beginning. Hungarian spas feature Roman, Greek, Turkish, and northern country architectural elements.[109]
Because of an advantageous geographical location thermal water can be found with good quality and in great quantities on over 80% of Hungary's territory. Approximately 1,500 thermal springs can be found in Hungary. There are approximately 450 public baths in Hungary.
The Romans heralded the first age of spa in Hungary, the remains of their bath complexes are still to be seen in Óbuda, to this day. The spa culture was revived during the Turkish Invasion who used the thermal springs of Buda for the construction of a number of bathhouses, some of which are still functioning (Király Baths, Rudas Baths).
In the 19th century the advancement in deep drilling and medical science provided the springboard for a further leap in bathing culture. Grand spas such as Gellért Baths, Lukács Baths, Margaret Island, and Széchenyi Medicinal Bath are a reflection of this resurgence in popularity.
Folk art[link]
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Ugrós (Jumping dances): Old style dances dating back to the Middle Ages. Solo or couple dances accompanied by old style music, shepherd and other solo man's dances from Transylvania, and marching dances along with remnants of medieval weapon dances belong in this group.
Karikázó: a circle dance performed by women only accompanied by singing of folksongs.
Csárdás: New style dances developed in the 18–19th centuries is the Hungarian name for the national dances, with Hungarian embroidered costumes and energetic music. From the men's intricate bootslapping dances to the ancient women's circle dances, Csárdás demonstrates the infectious exuberance of the Hungarian folk dancing still celebrated in the villages.
Verbunkos: a solo man's dance evolved from the recruiting performances of the Austro-Hungarian army.
The Legényes: is a men's solo dance done by the ethnic Hungarian people living in the Kalotaszeg region of Transylvania. Although usually danced by young men, it can be also danced by older men. The dance is performed freestyle usually by one dancer at a time in front of the band. Women participate in the dance by standing in lines to the side and sing/shout verses while the men dance. Each lad does a number of points (dance phrases) typically 4 to 8 without repetition. Each point consists of 4 parts, each lasting 4 counts. The first part is usually the same for everyone (there are only a few variations).
It was in the beginning of the 18th century that the present style of Hungarian folk art took shape, incorporating both Renaissance and Baroque elements, depending on the area, as well as Persian Sassanide influences. Flowers and leaves, sometimes a bird or a spiral ornament, are the principal decorative themes. The most frequent ornament is a flower with a centerpiece resembling the eye of a peacock's feather.
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Nearly all the manifestations of folk art practiced elsewhere in Europe also flourished among the Magyar peasantry at one time or another, their ceramics and textile being the most highly developed of all.
The finest achievements in their textile arts are the embroideries which vary from region to region. Those of Kalotaszeg in Transylvania are charming products of Oriental design, sewn chiefly in a single color – red, blue, or black. Soft in line, the embroideries are applied on altar cloths, pillow cases and sheets.
In Hungary proper Sárköz in Transdanubia and the Matyóföld in the Great Hungarian Plain produce the finest embroideries. In the Sárköz region the women's caps show black and white designs as delicate as lace and give evidence of the people's wonderfully subtle artistic feeling. The embroidery motifs applied to women's wear have also been transposed to tablecloths and runners suitable for modern use as wall decorations.
These vessels, made of black clay, reflect more than three hundred years of traditional Transdanubian folk patterns and shapes. No two are precisely alike, since all work is done by hand, including both the shaping and the decorating. The imprints are made by the thumb or a finger of the ceramist who makes the piece.
Porcelain[link]
Main articles: Herend Porcelain and Zsolnay
Founded in 1826, Herend Porcelain is one of the world's largest ceramic factories, specializing in luxury hand painted and gilded porcelain. In the mid-19th century it was purveyor to the Habsburg Dynasty and aristocratic customers throughout Europe. Many of its classic patterns are still in production. After the fall of communism in Hungary the factory was privatised and is now 75% owned by its management and workers, exporting to over 60 countries of the world.[110]
Zsolnay Porcelain Manufacture is a Hungarian manufacturer of porcelain, pottery, ceramics, tiles, and stoneware. The company introduced the eosin glazing process and pyrogranite ceramics. The Zsolnay factory was established by Miklós Zsolnay in Pécs, Hungary, to produce stoneware and ceramics in 1853. In 1863, his son, Vilmos Zsolnay (1828–1900) joined the company and became its manager and director after several years. He led the factory to worldwide recognition by demonstrating its innovative products at world fairs and international exhibitions, including the 1873 World Fair in Vienna, then at the 1878 World Fair in Paris, where Zsolnay received a Grand Prix.
Sport[link]
File:Puskas Ferenc.jpg
Football (soccer) legend Ferenc Puskás
Only seven countries (US, USSR, UK, France, Italy, China and Germany) have won more Summer Olympic gold medals than Hungary. At the all time total medal count for Olympic Games, Hungary reaches the 9th rank out of 211 participating nations, with a total of 465 medals. See All-time Olympic Games medal table (2008 data).
One of the reasons of this achievement is the Hungarians' success in water sports: in water polo the Hungarian team is the leading medal winner by a significant margin (See: Water polo at the Summer Olympics) and in swimming the men are fourth most successful overall while the women are eighth most successful overall. (See: List of Olympic medalists in swimming (men). List of Olympic medalists in swimming (women).) There has also been success in canoeing.
Some of the world's leading best Sabre (fencing) athletes have historically hailed from Hungary.[111][112]
In 2009 the Hungarian national ice hockey team qualified for their first IIHF World Championship.
See also: Hungary national football team
Hungary has remarkable football history, having won three Olympic titles, finishing runners-up in the 1938 and 1954 FIFA World Cups, and third in the 1964 UEFA European Football Championship. Hungary revolutionized the sport in the 1950s, laying the tactical fundamentals of Total Football and dominating international football with the remarkable Golden Team which included legends like Ferenc Puskás, top goalscorer of the 20th century,[113][114][115] whom FIFA dedicated[116] its newest award, the Puskás Award. The side of that era has the all-time highest Football Elo Ranking in the world, with 2166, and one of the longest undefeated runs in football history, remaining unbeaten in 31 games, spanning over more than 4 years and including matches such as the Match of the Century.
The post-golden age decades saw a gradually weakening Hungary, though recently there is renewal in all aspects. The Hungarian Children's Football Federation was founded in 2008, as youth development thrives. For the first time in Hungarian football's history, they hosted the 2010 UEFA Futsal Championship in Budapest and Debrecen, the first time the MLSZ staged a UEFA finals tournament. Also, the national teams have produced some surprise successes such as beating Euro 2004 winner Greece 3–2[117] and 2006 FIFA World Cup winner Italy 3–1.[118] Although they have not qualified for a major tournament's finals since 1986, they came semi-finalists at the 2008 European Under-19 Championship and qualified for the 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup which saw their U-20 national team gaining third place to bring home Hungary's first major tournament medal in nearly half a century, feeding their hopes of a future revival.
Holidays and domestic animals[link]
Main articles: Public holidays in Hungary and Hungarian animals
See also[link]
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- Outline of Hungary
- Index of Hungary-related articles
- Public holidays in Hungary
- Telecommunications in Hungary
- Countrywide Blue Tour in Hungary
- Curse of Turan
- Healthcare in Hungary
- History of the Jews in Hungary
- Hungarian American
- Hungarian castles and mansions
- Hungarian cuisine
- Hungarian domestic animals
- Hungarian language
- Hungarian notation
- Hungarian people
- Hungarian Scout Association
- Hungarian Unix Portal
- Hungarians in Romania (Transylvania)
- Hungarians in Slovakia
- Hungarians in Vojvodina
- Music of Hungary
- Name days in Hungary
- National symbols of Hungary
- Old Hungarian script
- Serbs in Hungary
- Transportation in Hungary
- Wendish question
- Tourism in Hungary
Lists:
- Common Hungarian surnames
- Eastern name order used in Hungarian personal names
- List of cities in Hungary
- List of twin towns and sister cities in Hungary
- List of castles in Hungary
- List of Hungarians
- List of Hungarian rulers
- List of Hungarian writers
- List of universities in Hungary
- List of colleges in Hungary
- List of Hungarian Americans
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Notes[link]
- ^ The form of government was at times changed or ambiguous, causing short interruptions
References[link]
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- ^ http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XCe-grzP4swC&lpg=PT77&dq=.%20Orthodox%20Christianity%20in%20Hungary%20has%20been%20the%20religion%20mainly%20of%20some%20national%20minorities%20in%20the%20country%2C%20notably%2C%20Romanians%2C%20Rusyns%2C%20Ukrainians%2C%20and%20Serbs&pg=PT77#v=onepage&q&f=false
- ^ http://www.apeh.hu/szja1_1/kimutat/2010_rend_egyh_kiem.html
- ^ Volume 3, p.979, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1982
- ^ Braham, Randolph L. A Magyarországi Holokauszt Földrajzi Enciklopediája [The Geographic Encyclopedia of the Holocaust in Hungary]. Budapest:Park Publishing, 3 vol. (2006). Vol 1, p. 91.
- ^ http://www.greatsynagogue.hu/gallery_syn.html
- ^ Opinion on Act CCVI/2011: Retrieved 26 March 2012.
- ^ "General information on various student flats and building types in Budapest". Budapest Corner. http://budapestcorner.com/index.php/flats/general-information. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
- ^ Szalipszki, p. 12
Refers to the country as "widely considered" to be a "home of music". - ^ Broughton, pp. 159–167
- ^ Szabolcsi, The Specific Conditions of Hungarian Musical Development
"Every experiment, made from Hungarian antedecents and on Hungarian soil, to create a conscious musical culture (music written by composers, as different from folk music), had instinctively or consciously striven to develop widely and universally the musical world of the folk song. Folk poetry and folk music were deeply embedded in the collective Hungarian people’s culture, and this unity did not cease to be effective even when it was given from and expression by individual creative artists, performers and poets." - ^ "Szabolcsi". Mek.oszk.hu. http://mek.oszk.hu/02100/02172/html/index.html. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
- ^ "Sulinet: Magyar növény-e a paprika?". Sulinet.hu. http://www.sulinet.hu/tart/fcikk/Kjc/0/23144/1. Retrieved 21 November 2008.
- ^ http://www.visitspas.eu/hungary/
- ^ "Herend Porcelain Manufactory Ltd". Herend.com. http://www.herend.com/. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
- ^ "FIE 2009–2010 men's rankings". Fie.ch. http://www.fie.ch/Competitions/RankingList.aspx?param=8C508173B39155DD53B81E624647082B999A7254268EA043313A21E19F3CCE115928F31266BFED5C96744EFE404921371BA0B553CB9419D947CC609C9FC6CCFB48C6AE112ABA5A4EB917D1B7B1AFEA73D9301125242F40950B39007F8B30803B1428FD85451599C7E8B640F55FBB99F96E85563733B996F4DA086222E241E75C. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
- ^ "FIE 2009–2010 women's rankings". Fie.ch. http://www.fie.ch/Competitions/RankingList.aspx?param=F822EFF311A4B9B772C67048D9DA32F4B0EED82CC9D791272D364D08FDA7CEAE08236B030B5BAF7869033790E5CBFE0B1DE4945E6BF24D1B417CA444D76B51ABFDBEC84449C9BB34B6AC942A1FF403A3D9301125242F40950B39007F8B30803B1428FD85451599C7E8B640F55FBB99F96E85563733B996F4DA086222E241E75C. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
- ^ "FIFA President: FIFA to help the Galloping Major". FIFA. 12 October 2005. Archived from the original on 7 October 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061007122035/http://www.fifa.com/en/organisation/president/index/0,4095,110412,00.html?articleid=110412. Retrieved 17 November 2006.
- ^ "Coronel Puskas, el zurdo de oro" (in Spanish). AS. 17 November 2006. http://www.as.com/articulo/Futbol/Coronel/Puskas/zurdo/oro/dasftb/20061117dasdasftb_2/Tes/. Retrieved 17 November 2006.
- ^ Mackay, Duncan (13 October 2005). "Lineker tees up another nice little earner". The Guardian (London). http://sport.guardian.co.uk/golf/story/0,10069,1590809,00.html. Retrieved 17 November 2006.
- ^ "Blatter unveils FIFA Puskas Award". Fifa.com. 21 October 2009. http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/awards/gala/news/newsid=1120835.html. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
- ^ "Hungary 3–2 Greece: Euro champions stunned". ESPN. 24 May 2008. http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=238244&cc=5739. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
- ^ "Hungary 3–1 Italy: World Champions stunned". ESPN. 22 August 2007. http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=223003&cc=5739. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
External links[link]
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- Official site of the National Assembly
- Chief of State and Cabinet Members
- Hungary entry at The World Factbook
- Hungary at UCB Libraries GovPubs
- Hungary at the Open Directory Project
- Wikimedia Atlas of Hungary
Geographic data related to Hungary at OpenStreetMap- Hungary travel guide from Wikitravel
- Hungary Guide
- History of Hungary: Primary Documents
- History of Hungary from The Corvinus Library
- In The Land of Hagar: The Jews of Hungary a virtual exhibition
- Translation of Hungarian literary works database
- Agricultural land use profile
- Your most up-to-date guide to Hungary
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http://wn.com/Hungary
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary
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For other people named James Nolan, see James Nolan (disambiguation).
James Nolan (born 27 January 1977 in Tullamore, Co Offaly) is an athletics coach who was an Irish international runner from 1996 until 2008. He was a two time Olympian who specialized in the 800 metres between 1996 and 2000 before changing to the 1500 metres later that year. He was runner up in the 800 metre race at the European U23 athletics championship in 1999 and runner up over 1500 metres at the European Indoor Championship in 2000. Nolan ran in numerous championships in the years thereafter, racing in over 25 countries during his thirteen year career but never met his early promise and his international racing wound down with a final showing at the 2008 World Indoor Championship: later that year he was unable to qualify for the 2008 Olympics and he retired in early January 2009 four years after his Irish Sports Council grant was withdrawn citing injury problems [1]. He had a longer career and more consistently qualified for championships than contemporaries such as David Matthews and Gareth Turnbull but as stated after his earlier medal wins struggled particularly at outdoor events to do more than qualify for championships. Nolan was involved in a well publicised row in 2004 when RTÉ's commentator Jerry Kiernan accused him of being a dilettante at that year's Olympics. The controversy brought the normally quiet and self contained Nolan to the attention of the wider Irish public when he launched a savage attack on the pundit in response [2]. He is now a sports coach, having graduated from UCD in 2008, which he attended from 1996-2001 on a sports scholarship and then 2005-2008, with a BSc in sports management and he is now involved with projects such as www.fastkids.i.e. Nolan was r appointed head of athletics by the Paralympic Council of Ireland in 2009 and is also middle distance coach at his old university UCD for 2010/11. He is married to Afton whom he met whilst he trained regularly in South Africa between 2001 and 2005.
Achievements[link]
| Year | Tournament | Venue | Result | Extra |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1999 | World Indoor Championships | Maebashi, Japan | 5th | 800 m |
| 2000 | European Indoor Championships | Ghent, Belgium | 2nd | 1500 m |
| 2002 | European Indoor Championships | Vienna, Austria | 6th | 1500 m |
| 2003 | World Indoor Championships | Birmingham, England | 6th | 1500 m |
| 2006 | World Indoor Championships | Moscow, Russia | 6th | 1500 m |
Personal bests[link]
- 800 metres - 1:46.05 min (1999)
- 1500 metres - 3:35.69 min (2003)
- One mile - 3:54.50 min (2003)
- 3000 metres - 7:52.84 min (2006)
External links[link]
- IAAF profile for James Nolan
- Profile
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Nolan, James |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Athletics (sport) competitor |
| Date of birth | 27 January 1977 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/James_Nolan
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Nolan
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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 |
This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (December 2011) |
| Brian Molko | |
|---|---|
 Brian Molko performing at the European Parliament in Brussels in 2010. |
|
| Background information | |
| Born | (1972-12-10) 10 December 1972 (age 39) Brussels, Belgium |
| Origin | Luxembourg |
| Genres | Alternative rock |
| Occupations | Musician, singer, songwriter, actor |
| Instruments | Vocals, guitar, bass guitar, keyboards, piano, harmonica, saxophone, drums |
| Years active | 1994–present |
| Labels | EMI, Virgin, Hut, Caroline, PIAS (current) |
| Associated acts | Placebo |
| Website | www.placeboworld.co.uk/ |
| Notable instruments | |
| Fender Jaguar Gibson SG Fender Telecaster Thinline Gretsch Duo Jet Fender Cyclone |
|
Brian Molko (born 10 December 1972 in Brussels, Belgium) is a songwriter, lead vocalist, and guitarist of the band Placebo. He is known in particular for his nasal, high-pitched vocals, androgynous appearance, and unique, Sonic Youth-influenced guitar style and tuning.
Contents |
Early life[link]
He was born to an American father of French-Italian heritage[1] and a Scottish mother. Molko's family moved frequently during his childhood including to Scotland, Liberia, Lebanon, and Luxembourg.[2][unreliable source?] Brian Molko has referred to a period spent in his mother's home town of Dundee, Scotland, as "where I grew up".[3]
While Molko was brought up in a strict household that disapproved of artistic expression (his father wanted him to become a banker), he rebelled by affecting an androgynous image, wearing nail polish, lipstick, and eyeliner, and listening to punk music. Molko initially attended the European School of Luxembourg but had to leave due to excessive bullying;[4] he later attended the American International School of Luxembourg (AISL)[5] and went on to study drama at Goldsmiths College in London.[6]
Career[link]
 |
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2010) |
Molko and Stefan Olsdal had both attended AISL (though they were never friends);[7][unreliable source?] when Molko moved to London, he ran into Olsdal at South Kensington tube station and invited him to one of his gigs in a club, which he played with Steve Hewitt.[7]
Along with Hewitt and Olsdal, he had a role in the 1998 film Velvet Goldmine,[8] for which Placebo performed the T. Rex song "20th Century Boy". He played Malcolms, a singer of the fictional glam rock band, The Flaming Creatures, who resembled the early Alice Cooper band.
Drugs[link]
Molko has been open about his use of recreational drugs; in a 1997 interview with New York Doll, he admitted at one point that heroin was "probably the only drug on this planet I haven't tried".[9] However, he later admitted to experimenting with heroin as well.[10] The band holds that the drug references within their music reflect the nature of current times, and the removal of such references would deteriorate the meaningfulness of their work.[11][12][13] In a 2010 interview Molko said that the band had stopped using drugs. [14]
Personal life[link]
In October 2005, Molko's then-partner Helena Berg gave birth to his first child, Cody. As of June 2009, (as stated in an interview) he and Helena are no longer together. Molko is openly bisexual.[15]
Collaborations[link]
He has performed, as a guest vocalist and with other artists on Placebo's records, on tracks by:
- The Cure – "If Only Tonight We Could Sleep"
- Justin Warfield – "Spite & Malice"
- Losers[disambiguation needed
] – "Summertime Rolls" - Asia Argento – "Je T'aime, Moi Non Plus"
- Alison Mosshart from The Kills – "Meds"
- Michael Stipe of R.E.M. – "Broken Promise"
- Faultline & Françoise Hardy – "Requiem for a Jerk"
- Timo Maas – "Pictures", "Like Siamese", "First Day", "College 84"
- Kristeen Young – "No Other God"
- Dream City Film Club – "Some", "Billy Chic"
- Jane Birkin – "Smile"
- AC Acoustics – "Crush"
- Alpinestars – "Carbon Kid"
- Trash Palace – "The Metric System"
- Hotel Persona – "Modern Kids"
- Indochine – "Pink Water 3"
He also wrote the English lyrics to "Pink Water 3", a song by Indochine from the album Alice & June, released in 2005.[citation needed] Molko is friends with David Bowie, with whom he sang on Placebo's "Without You I'm Nothing"[16] and the "20th Century Boy" cover live.
Equipment[link]
Molko uses a variety of guitars. In the Sleeping With Ghosts era, he used Gibson SGs ("The Bitter End", "Every You Every Me", "Plasticine", "Black-Eyed", "Without You I'm Nothing", "Special K", "Bulletproof Cupid", "Soulmates", "Special Needs", "This Picture"), Fender Jaguars ("Allergic", "Nancy Boy", "Bionic", "Centrefolds"), a Fender Thinline Telecaster ("Taste in Men"), a Fender Jazzmaster ("Pure Morning"), and a Fender Bass VI ("Slave to the Wage"). For amplification he used a Fender Twin Reverb.[citation needed]
Through the Meds tour, he used Gretsch Duo Jets ("Infra-Red", "Because I Want You", "Song to Say Goodbye", "One of a Kind", "The Bitter End", "Running Up that Hill", "Special K"), Gibson SGs ("Special Needs", "Every You Every Me", "Black-Eyed", "Without You I'm Nothing"), a Fender Jaguar ("Drag", "Nancy Boy", "I Know"), a Fender Thinline Telecaster ("Twenty Years", "Taste in Men"), and a Gibson Chet Atkins SST ("Meds"). Once again his amplifier was a Fender Twin Reverb.
In the Battle for the Sun tour, he still used Gretsch Duo Jets ("Devil In The Details", "Come Undone", "Follow The Cops Back Home"), a Gibson SG ("Bright Lights"), Fender Jaguars ("Ashtray Heart", "The Never-Ending Why", "Happy You're Gone", "Breathe Underwater", "Bionic"), a Gibson Les Paul ("For What It's Worth", "Speak In Tongues", "Julien", "Meds"), a Fender Telecaster Thinline ("Kitty Litter"), and a Fender Telecaster Deluxe ("Battle for the Sun").[citation needed] His pedalboard consisted of a Boss TU-2 chromatic tuner, Electro Harmonix Holy Grail reverb, MXR Phase 90 phaser, two Electro Harmonix Hot Tubes distortion units, Boss DD-3 delay, MXR Distortion + booster, MG Monovibe chorus/vibrato, Electro Harmonix #1 Echo delay and a Radial Loopbone effect chain switcher.
In 2010, he signed an endorsement contract to use Orange amps.[17]
Filmography[link]
- Velvet Goldmine (1998) – Malcolm of The Flaming Creatures
- Sue's Last Ride (2001) – executive producer
Appearances[link]
 |
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- Never Mind the Buzzcocks
- Episode #2.06 (1997)
- Episode #8.01 (2001)
- Episode #9.06 (2001)
- Rockwave Festival (Greece, Athens) (July 13, 1999)
- Glastonbury Festival (1997)
- BRIT Awards (1999)
- Late Night with Conan O'Brien
- Episode dated March 27, 1999
- rage
- Placebo Guest Programme rage (1999)
- Terremoto Festival (Hamburg) (2000)
- Paskvil
- Rockwave Festival (Greece, Athens) (July 3, 2001)
- Episode #5.11 (2001)
- The Kerrang! Awards (2002)
- Rive droite – rive gauche
- Episode dated March 21, 2003
- V Graham Norton
- Episode #4.21 (2003)
- Tout le monde en parle
- Episode dated May 3, 2003
- Episode dated February 14, 2004
- Double je
- Episode dated June 26, 2003
- Placebo: Soulmates Never Die – Live in Paris 2003
- Le grand journal de Canal+
- Rockwave Festival (Greece, Athens) (June 22, 2004)
- Episode dated September 13, 2004
- Episode dated October 13, 2004
- Placebo: Androgyny (2005)
- Live 8 (2005)
- Terra Vibe Festival (Greece, Athens) (September 5, 2006)
- 4Music (2006)
- Rock am Ring (2006)
- Rock im Park (2006)
- Isle of Wight Festival (2006)
- Greenfield Festival (2006)
- The Friday Night Project (2006)
- Soccer A.M. (2006)
- Nova Rock Festival (June 15, 2006)
- Roskilde Festival (Denmark, Roskilde) (July 2, 2006)
- Open'er Festival (July 6, 2006)
- T in the Park (July 8, 2006)
- Oxegen (July 9, 2006)
- Vieilles Charrues Festival (July 21, 2006)
- Festival Internacional de Benicàssim (July 23, 2006)
- Rock-A-Field (July 25, 2006)
- Leeds Festival (August 25, 2006)
- Rock'n Coke (September 3, 2006)
- Moni Lazariston Festival (Greece, Thessaloniki) (June 13, 2007)
- Lyccabetus (Greece, Athens) (June 14, 2007)
- Siesta Festival (May 29, 2009)
- Rock Am Ring (2009)
- Rock Im Park (2009)
- Rockwave Festival (Greece, Athens) (June 27, 2009)
- Open'er Festival (July 5, 2009)
- Rock for People (July 8, 2009)
- Sziget (August 15, 2009)
- Reading Festival (August 28, 2009)
- Leeds Festival (August 30, 2009)
- Soundwave Festival (20, 21, 26, 27 February and 1 March 2010)
- Exit Festival (July 9, 2010)
- Sonisphere Festival (July 31, 2010)
- Pukkelpop Festival (August 19, 2010)
- Two Days A Week Festival (September 4, 2010)
- Earth Theatre w/ Aviv Geffen (Greece, Thessaloniki) (September 10, 2010)
- Rockwave Festival (Greece, Athens) (September 11, 2010)
- Huxleys Neue Welt (Germany, Berlin) (August 9, 2011)
- Mercedes-Benz (Germany, Stuttgart) (August 11, 2011)
References[link]
- ^ "Brians Molko". TV.com. CNET Networks Entertainment. http://www.tv.com/brian-molko/person/109075/biography.html. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
- ^ "Extra info about Brian". brian-molko.com. 22 June 2009. http://www.brian-molko.com/index.php/category/biography/band-members/. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
- ^ "NME interview with Placebo". NME/PlaceboWorld. Archived from the original on 2006–04–15. http://web.archive.org/web/20060415091720/http://www.placeboworld.co.uk/archive/missiveattack.htm. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
- ^ "FHM interview with Brian Molko". FHM/PlaceboWorld. Archived from the original on 2008–01–25. http://web.archive.org/web/20080125023847/http://www.placeboworld.co.uk/archive/fhm.htm. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
- ^ "Role Reversal". Sessions[[{{subst:DATE}}|{{subst:DATE}}]] [disambiguation needed ]/PlaceboWorld. Archived from the original on 2007–10–16. http://web.archive.org/web/20071016072418/http://placeboworld.co.uk/archive/role.htm. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
- ^ "The Boy Can't Help It". Guitarist/PlaceboWorld. Archived from the original on 2008–01–19. http://web.archive.org/web/20080119154735/http://www.placeboworld.co.uk/archive/guitaris.htm. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
- ^ a b "Brian Molko's biography". brian-molko.com. http://www.brian-molko.com/index.php/category/biography/. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
- ^ "Velvet Goldmine (1998) – Full cast and crew". IMDB. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0120879/fullcredits#cast. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
- ^ Kerrigan, "Kerrang Interview", New York Doll, archived from the original on 30 January 2008, http://web.archive.org/web/20080130153315/http://placeboworld.co.uk/archive/doll.htm, retrieved 20 December 2006
- ^ "I Thought I Was Good at Handling Pussy", Select Magazine, archived from the original on 24 March 2008, http://web.archive.org/web/20080324003724/http://www.placeboworld.co.uk/archive/selpussy.htm, retrieved 15 April 2007
- ^ "Funny Mexican Placebo Interview part 1". YouTube. 3 October 2006. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ELbPys9xHI. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
- ^ "Funny Mexican Placebo Interview part 2". YouTube. 3 October 2006. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0zjsvTBF81Y&feature=related. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
- ^ "Funny Mexican Placebo Interview part 3". YouTube. 3 October 2006. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmS5tfMIQag&feature=related. Retrieved 6 January 2009.
- ^ "juice interview". http://www.placeborussia.ru/press/press-2010/juicemar10. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
- ^ Dave West. "Molko: I wish I kept quiet on sexuality". Digital Spy. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/showbiz/news/a31417/molko-i-wish-i-kept-quiet-on-sexuality.html. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
- ^ "Placebo with David Bowie Chat Transcript – 29/3/99". BowieWonderworld.com. http://www.bowiewonderworld.com/chats/dbplacebo0399.htm. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
- ^ "Orange Amps Signs Over 110 New Endorsees". Ultimate Guitar. http://www.ultimate-guitar.com/news/press_releases/orange_amps_signs_over_110_new_endorsees.html.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Brian Molko |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Molko Farrel, Brian Thomas |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | December 10, 1972 |
| Place of birth | Brussel, Belgium |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Brian_Molko
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Molko
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 Button at the 2012 Bahrain Grand Prix |
|
| Born | (1980-01-19) 19 January 1980 (age 32) Frome, England, United Kingdom |
|---|---|
| Formula One World Championship career | |
| Nationality |  British |
| 2012 team | McLaren-Mercedes |
| 2012 car # | 3 |
| Races | 216 (214 starts) |
| Championships | 1 (2009) |
| Wins | 13 |
| Podiums | 45 |
| Career points | 856 |
| Pole positions | 7 |
| Fastest laps | 7 |
| First race | 2000 Australian Grand Prix |
| First win | 2006 Hungarian Grand Prix |
| Last win | 2012 Australian Grand Prix |
| Last race | 2012 Monaco Grand Prix |
| 2011 position | 2nd (270 pts) |
Jenson Alexander Lyons Button MBE (born 19 January 1980) is a British Formula One driver currently signed to McLaren. He was the 2009 World Drivers' Champion for Brawn GP.
Button began karting at the age of eight and achieved early success, before progressing to car racing in the British Formula Ford Championship and the British Formula Three Championship. He first drove in Formula One with the Williams team for the 2000 season. The following year he switched to Benetton, which in 2002 became Renault, and then for the 2003 season he moved to BAR. They were subsequently renamed Honda for the 2006 season, during which Button won his first Grand Prix in Hungary, after 113 races.[1]
Following the withdrawal of Honda from the sport in December 2008, he was left without a drive for the 2009 season, until Ross Brawn led a management buyout of the team in February 2009, and Button suddenly found himself in a highly competitive, Mercedes-engined car. He went on to win a record-equalling six of the first seven races of the 2009 season, securing the World Drivers' Championship at the Brazilian Grand Prix, having led on points all season; his success also helped Brawn GP to secure the World Constructors' Championship. For 2010, he moved to McLaren, partnering fellow British racer and former World Champion Lewis Hamilton. After finishing fifth for the team in 2010, Button finished the 2011 season as runner-up.
Contents |
Early life and career[link]
Button was born on 19 January 1980 in Frome, Somerset and brought up in nearby Vobster.[2] He was named after his father's friend Erling Jensen, changing the "e" to an "o" to differentiate it from Jensen Motors.[3] He was educated at Vallis First School, Selwood Middle School and Frome Community College.[4] He is the fourth child of South African-born Simone Lyons and former Rallycross driver John Button, who was well known in the UK during the 1970s for his so-called Colorado Beetle Volkswagen. After his parents divorced when he was seven, he and his three elder sisters were brought up by their mother in Frome.[3] He failed his first driving test for getting too close to a parked vehicle.[4]
Button began karting at the age of eight, after his father bought him his first kart, and made an extraordinarily successful start. In 1989, aged nine, he came first in the British Super Prix.[5] He won all 34 races of the 1991 British Cadet Kart Championship, along with the title.[6] Further successes followed, including three triumphs in the British Open Kart Championship. In 1997, he won the Ayrton Senna Memorial Cup, and also became the youngest driver ever to win the European Super A Championship.[5]
Aged 18, Button moved into car racing, winning the British Formula Ford Championship with Haywood Racing; he also triumphed in the Formula Ford Festival at Brands Hatch.[7] At the end of 1998, he won the annual McLaren Autosport BRDC Young Driver Award. His prize included a test in a McLaren Formula One car, which he received at the end of the following year.[8] Button entered the British Formula Three Championship in 1999, with the Promatecme team. He won three times —at Thruxton, Pembrey and Silverstone—and finished the season as the top rookie driver, and third overall.[7] He finished fifth and second respectively in the Marlboro Masters and Macau Grand Prix, losing out by 0.035 seconds to winner Darren Manning in the latter.[7]
Formula One career[link]
2000: Williams[link]
At the end of 1999, Button had his McLaren test prize at Silverstone, and also tested for the Prost team. A vacant race seat became available at the Williams team, following the departure of Alex Zanardi, and team boss Frank Williams arranged a 'shoot-out' test between Button and Formula 3000 racer Bruno Junqueira, with Button securing the drive.[6] This made him Britain's youngest ever Formula One driver.[9] Button was heavily hyped before his first race: former driver Gerhard Berger described him as a "phenomenon"; the head of his karting team, Paul Lemmens, compared him to Ayrton Senna; and Williams' technical director Patrick Head said he was "remarkably mature and definitely a star of the future".[10] However some had misgivings about his lack of experience and ability to cope with the pressures of Formula One.[10]
Making his début in Australia, Button crashed during practice and qualified second-last on the grid. However, he performed strongly in the race and was set to score a point before his engine failed 11 laps from the finish.[11][12] A sixth-place finish at the next race in Brazil made him, at the time, the youngest driver ever to score a point.[13] In his first six races, he outqualified his teammate Ralf Schumacher twice, and was consistently close in pace; journalist David Tremayne described Button's start as "the stuff of any team owner's wildest dreams".[13] However, Williams had intended to use Button only until they could exercise their option to buy the highly rated Juan Pablo Montoya out of his contract at Ganassi Racing.[14] A dip in Button's form, combined with Montoya's victory in that year's Indianapolis 500, led to Montoya being announced as his replacement midway through the season. Williams chose not to sell Button's contract, keeping the right to recall him in 2003. He went to Benetton on a two-year loan.[15]
Button's best qualification of the season was third place in the Belgian Grand Prix at Spa-Francorchamps; and his best result was fourth in the German Grand Prix.[16] Despite the worries about his inexperience, he made few mistakes during the season, the most notable coming in the Italian Grand Prix at Monza. Under safety car conditions Button swerved to avoid the pack which had bunched up, and subsequently crashed into the barrier; he blamed Michael Schumacher who had been leading at the time (and so controlling the pace), and Schumacher apologised for it after the race.[17] Button finished his impressive debut season in eighth place with 12 points (Ralf Schumacher finished fifth with 24).[18][19][20]
2001: Benetton[link]
For 2001, Button partnered experienced driver Giancarlo Fisichella at Benetton, which had recently been purchased by Renault. He endured a dismal season: the Benetton car was very uncompetitive and he was consistently outperformed by his teammate.[21] He finished 17th in the Drivers' Championship with only 2 points, with his best result being fifth place at the German Grand Prix.[22] His poor form led to speculation he would be replaced before the end of the year;[21] team principal Flavio Briatore said, "Either he shows he's super-good or he leaves the top echelon of drivers",[23] and reportedly offered him the chance to walk.[24] Button believed that his inexperience showed as he struggled to help his team set-up a competitive car.[24] His lack of success combined with an extravagant lifestyle led some to dub him a "playboy".[25][26]
2002: Renault[link]
In 2002, Benetton was rebranded as Renault F1, and Jarno Trulli joined the team to partner Button. Over the winter break, Button spent a lot of time working with his engineering team and felt there was an improved understanding between them; he described himself as "very confident" for the season.[23] He started well: in the second race of the season in Malaysia, he was on track for his first podium before a suspension problem in the final laps dropped him to fourth place.[27] Button's performances were greatly improved from the previous season's; although often outqualified by Trulli, he showed the faster race pace to outscore his more experienced teammate.[28] Despite Button's performances, and his desire to stay with Renault,[29] it was announced at the French Grand Prix that he would make way in 2003 for test driver Fernando Alonso.[28] Briatore faced criticism for his decision, but stated "time will tell if I am wrong";[30] he would also accuse Button of being a "lazy playboy".[31] In July, Button signed a two-year contract with a two-year option for British American Racing, partnering 1997 world champion Jacques Villeneuve.[32] An important factor in his decision was the chance to work with David Richards, the BAR team principal.[32] He finished the season seventh with 14 points, one place and 5 points ahead of Trulli.[33]
2003–2005: BAR[link]
2003[link]
Button faced early hostility from new teammate Villeneuve, who suggested that Button had been hired for his marketing appeal more than his ability, and compared him to a "member of a boy band". Button responded by denying he had anything to prove to Villeneuve; "I am not here to earn Jacques' respect, I am here to win and move the team forward".[34] Their relationship did not improve after the first Grand Prix in Australia: Villeneuve was due to pit, but stayed out an extra lap and pitted when Button was due in, leaving Button waiting in the pit lane while Villeneuve's car was serviced. Villeneuve blamed it on "radio problems", but both Button and team principal David Richards hinted that they did not believe him.[35] Button performed well in the first six races, scoring eight points (the points system had changed that year to award points to the top eight finishers), including fourth place at the Austrian Grand Prix; Villeneuve had scored only three.[36] Button crashed heavily at 185 mph (298 km/h) during Saturday practice in Monaco, briefly knocking him unconscious, and he was detained in hospital overnight.[37] Despite the accident Button still wanted to race, but was withdrawn by his team on medical advice.[38] He also missed a one-day test in Monza, but was cleared to race in the following Grand Prix in Montreal.[39] Button continued to outperform his teammate (although Villeneuve suffered a large number of mechanical problems), and this helped rebuild his previously faltering reputation.[40] Just before the final race in Japan, Villeneuve lost his seat at BAR, so Button was partnered with Takuma Sato;[41] he took his second fourth place for the season, and finished ninth in the Drivers' Championship with 17 points.[42]
2004[link]
The 2004 season was the first in which Button was the more experienced driver in his team. He was ambitious for the season, saying: "This year I could be a front-runner. We want to run alongside the top teams. I want to be consistently in the points and on the podium."[43] He took his first ever podium in the second race of the season—third-place at the Malaysian Grand Prix—saying afterwards, "There are no words to describe the feeling of your first podium".[44] He followed it up two weeks later with another third-place in Bahrain. In the next race at Imola, he took his first pole position and finished second behind Michael Schumacher.[45] His results for the season were impressive: he took 10 podiums in 18 races, and failed to score points in only three.[46] Button came third in the Drivers' Championship, behind the two utterly dominant Ferrari drivers, and helped BAR to take second in the Constructors' Championship.
In August, Button became embroiled in a contract dispute. On 5 August, Button chose to leave BAR and signed a two-year contract to return to Williams.[47] This was surprising, as Button was enjoying his best season to date, while Williams had been struggling.[48] BAR, however, insisted they had the right to exercise their option to keep Button. Button's management argued that the BAR option was not valid because it contained a clause allowing him to leave if BAR risked losing their Honda engines. They felt the new contract signed in the summer for Honda to supply engines to BAR was not definitive, and thus Button was free to move.[48][49] The dispute went to Formula One's Contract Recognition Board, who ruled in favour of BAR on 20 October, forcing Button to stay with the team.[49] Two of the men at the centre of the dispute were soon removed from their positions: team principal David Richards was replaced by Nick Fry after Honda bought 45 percent of the BAR business;[50] and Button separated from his manager John Byfield, saying he had been badly advised.[51]
2005[link]
Despite the feud, Button insisted he had his team's backing,[52] and was optimistic for the 2005 season.[53] He endured a torrid start: BAR were off the pace in the first race in Australia;[54] and in the following race in Malaysia, both cars retired with engine failure after only three laps.[55] Two weeks later in the Bahrain Grand Prix, Button had fought his way to fourth place from eleventh on the grid, before a clutch problem forced him into another retirement.[56] The poor start only got worse at the San Marino Grand Prix. Button finished third, but after the race scrutineers found his car had a second fuel tank kept inside the main tank; once both were drained, his car was 5.4 kg underweight. Although the race stewards took no action, the FIA appealed against the decision and the case was examined by the FIA International Court of Appeal.[57] It could not be proved that BAR were deliberately cheating; however, for contravention of the rules, both drivers were stripped of their points from San Marino and banned from the next two races.[58][59]
Returning at the European Grand Prix, BAR were still struggling and Button finished tenth.[60] He surprised everyone by taking the second pole position of his career in Montreal,[61] but crashed out on lap 47 of the race while running third.[62] The forced withdrawal of all teams using Michelin tyres, including BAR, at the controversial United States Grand Prix, meant Button and Sato were still yet to score points after nine races of a 19-race season.[63] However, this marked a turning point as Button scored in all of the remaining races. He was on the podium twice in the season—third-place finishes in Germany and Belgium.[64] He finished the season in ninth place[65] with BAR sixth in the Constructors' Championship.[66]
For the second year in a row, Button had contract disputes involving BAR and Williams. Button had signed a pre-contract to drive for Williams in 2006, but he now believed his prospects would be better at BAR, and that his Williams contract was not binding.[67] Frank Williams insisted the contract was fully binding, and that there would be "absolutely no turning back"; his team required Button to fulfil some contractual obligations with sponsors.[68] After several weeks of talks, Williams agreed to release Button in exchange for an estimated £18 million in compensation.[69] BAR brought in experienced driver Rubens Barrichello from Ferrari to partner Button, replacing Takuma Sato.[70] In October, Honda bought the remaining 55 percent of BAR from British American Tobacco, renaming the team Honda Racing F1; Button said at the time, "Honda buying the team is amazing news and really shows their commitment to winning the world championship".[71]
2006–2008: Honda[link]
2006[link]
The new team performed well in testing prior to the 2006 season, helped by the extra resources now available from Honda, and Button was confident in the car.[72]
The early part of the 2006 season proved difficult; at the first round, he scored five points with 4th place, and finished on the podium in Malaysia. In Australia, he qualified on pole, but was overtaken on the run to the first corner by Fernando Alonso and Kimi Räikkönen after a safety car period; he was running 5th in the race, before his engine blew at the last corner on the last lap. He stopped short of the finish line to avoid an engine penalty. At his home race at Silverstone, he qualified 19th after he lost time being weighed, and his team failed to get him on track quickly enough. He spun off on lap eight due to an engine oil leak.
At the Canadian Grand Prix, Button out-qualified Barrichello for the first time since Imola, but finished outside the points in ninth. He retired at the United States Grand Prix, in a first lap collision involving several drivers and again at the French Grand Prix due to an engine failure. At the German Grand Prix, Button was again pulled into the weighbridge, but went on to qualify fourth. After running third for a while in the race, Button eventually finished fourth.
Button took the first win of his career in 2006 at a chaotic Hungarian Grand Prix – the 113th Grand Prix start of his career.[1] He started 14th after a 10-place grid penalty for an engine change. The race was badly affected by heavy rain, and Button passed a number of drivers in the early laps – including championship contender Michael Schumacher – and was up to fourth by lap 10. Following the retirement of leading drivers Kimi Räikkönen and Fernando Alonso, he went on to win the race by just over half a minute from Pedro de la Rosa and Nick Heidfeld. Alonso was behind Button on the racetrack when he retired, although Button still had one pitstop to make.[73] Button's win bettered Nigel Mansell's 1989 win from 12th on the grid at the Hungaroring. Button was the first British driver to win since David Coulthard in March 2003, and the first English driver to win since Johnny Herbert won the 1999 European Grand Prix. He was the second driver after Räikkönen to win a race despite a grid penalty for changing an engine. At the British Academy Television Awards 2007, Button's first win earned ITV1 a BAFTA under the category of 'Best Sport'.[74]
Button finished fourth or fifth at each of the next five races and finished the season with a podium finish at the final round in Brazil. Over the last six races of the season, Button scored more points (35) than any other driver.[75]
2007[link]
In 2007, Button again competed with Honda alongside Barrichello. He was unable to take part in winter testing, prior to the season because of two hairline fractures to his ribs, sustained in a karting incident in late 2006.[76] Former British world champion Damon Hill aired doubts over Button's hopes to be a championship contender at Honda over the coming season, saying, "if he is serious... he has to get himself in a car that is a championship contender."[77] Alan Henry writing in The Guardian 2007 F1 season guide, predicted: "Button will win a couple more races but is not a title contender."[78] He was proved to be wrong, as the Honda RA107 proved to be aerodynamically poor.
At the first race of the season in Australia, Button only managed to qualify 14th after handling problems. The race was no better, as he endured considerable understeer throughout, was given a drive-through penalty for speeding in the pit lane and finished 15th. The next two races in Malaysia and Bahrain were just as unsuccessful, Button finishing 12th behind team-mate Barrichello in Malaysia, and not even completing a lap in Bahrain, after colliding with Red Bull Racing driver David Coulthard at Turn 4. At the French Grand Prix, Button finished eighth, earning his and Honda's first point of 2007. Following the British Grand Prix, it was announced that Button would remain with Honda for 2008.[79]
As Button's place as the pre-eminent British driver in Formula One was effectively taken by Lewis Hamilton, former champion Nigel Mansell criticised Button, saying: "Jenson should have won more races, he has under-performed and that is down to him." Honda team boss Nick Fry defended his driver, saying: "I would refute everything Nigel has said, and particularly I think his comments about Jenson's reputation for partying are about five years out of date...his increasing maturity and the way he changed his lifestyle is extremely noticeable."[80] Button made no secret of his frustration regarding his current situation; he described his 2007 season as "a total disaster".[81] Button did, however, record several impressive outings towards the end of the season, especially when rain was prominent.
2008[link]
Button stayed with Honda for 2008, and continued to be partnered by Barrichello. The Honda RA108 proved to be uncompetitive, and he scored his only points at the Spanish Grand Prix with 6th place, but did not finish in the wet in front of his home crowd at Silverstone, where Barrichello finished third. On 5 December 2008, Honda announced that they were quitting Formula One, due to the global economic crisis, leaving Button's chances of a drive in 2009 dependent on the team finding a buyer.[82]
2009: Brawn GP[link]
On 5 March 2009, it was announced that the former Honda team would race in 2009 as Brawn GP, following a late buy-out by Ross Brawn, the previous team principal of Honda Racing. Button and Rubens Barrichello were confirmed as the team's drivers for 2009, with Button reported to have taken a 50% pay cut as part of the deal.[83]
In the first half of the year the Brawn team benefited from an innovative diffuser design, which gave the teams using it an advantage over teams that did not. The Williams and Toyota teams also using the design however, did not benefit to anywhere near the same degree, leading many to doubt that the diffuser was in fact the main ingredient to Brawn and Button's success. Once the major teams introduced their own reconfigured diffusers Button's dominance ended, with Button winning 6 of the first 7 races, but averaging only 6th in the following ten races.[84][85]
Brawn GP impressed from the first grand prix: Button took pole position in Australia, his first for the team and fourth ever, with Barrichello qualifying in second.[86] Button then led from start to finish to win the race ahead of his team-mate—the first time a team had scored a 1–2 finish on their debut since 1954—with Button describing it as "a fairytale ending for the first race".[87] One week later he repeated the accomplishment, taking pole position and winning a rain-curtailed Malaysian Grand Prix; due to the rain the race was red flagged and only half points were awarded.[88] At the Chinese Grand Prix, Button finished third behind Red Bull's Sebastian Vettel and Mark Webber,[89] but returned to winning ways the following week in Bahrain despite only qualifying fourth.[90]
The fifth race of the season was at the Circuit de Catalunya in Barcelona. The return to Europe allowed most of the teams to update their cars, including modifications to Button's car, the Brawn BGP 001, which had not yet been altered since the season began.[91] Button took pole position with the final lap of the qualifying session, describing the updates as "good step forward".[92] Both Button and Barrichello initially planned to stop three times during the race; however, after he fell behind Barrichello at the first corner, Button was switched to a two-stop strategy, and this meant he ended up finishing comfortably ahead. An unhappy Barrichello felt immediately after the race that the team might have sacrificed him to help Button, saying: "If I get the slightest sniff that they are favouring Jenson I'll hang up my helmet tomorrow".[93]
At the Monaco Grand Prix, Button scored his fourth pole position of the season with his final lap of qualifying, commenting afterwards, "It was my best lap of the weekend and definitely one of the best laps I've ever done."[94] Button then managed his tyres much better than his teammate in the early stages of the race, building a lead which he did not relinquish, and making it a hat-trick of victories.[95] David Tremayne described it as "as good a performance as anything we had seen there from the likes of Ayrton Senna or Michael Schumacher", adding that it "swept away final doubts about his ability after years of floundering in mediocre machinery".[96] In Turkey, Button qualified second behind Vettel but a first-lap error from the German allowed him to take the lead and he held off the competition to take his fourth consecutive win. This meant he had won six out of season's first seven races; an achievement matched only by Alberto Ascari, Juan Manuel Fangio, Jim Clark and Michael Schumacher, who all went on to win the world title.[97]
The British Grand Prix in June marked the end of Button's superiority over the field, and was the first in a string of poor results for him. He achieved only sixth place,[98] followed by a fifth place in Germany, as Red Bull's cars dominated both races.[99] Brawn GP were hopeful of a strong result in the Hungarian Grand Prix, as the car had been significantly updated and was usually at its best in hot conditions.[100] However, Button struggled with tyre temperatures and achieved a season-worst seventh place; during the race, he asked frustratedly over team radio, "How can this car be so bad at the moment?"[101]
His bad run continued in Valencia; he was out-qualified by his teammate, and then, held up behind Webber for a lot of the race, could finish only in seventh place. Barrichello pushed on to win the race, and close the gap on Button to 18 points.[102] Martin Brundle felt that Button was struggling with the pressure of leading the world championship, writing: "He has tightened up in the car and his natural instincts behind the wheel are being restricted."[103] The following race at Spa-Francorchamps, Button had his first retirement of the season after a collision with Romain Grosjean during the first lap.[104] This meant Button had scored only 11 points from his previous five races, and with five races left his lead was down to 16 points over Barrichello, and 19 and 20.5 over Vettel and Webber respectively.[105]
Button recovered at Monza: he qualified sixth, before finishing second behind his teammate.[106] The following race in Singapore, Button qualified poorly in 12th but performed much better on race day to take fifth place; Barrichello could manage only sixth. With three races and 30 points remaining, this put Button 15 points ahead of his teammate and 25 ahead of Vettel, with Webber now unable to win.[107] A week later at the Japanese Grand Prix, the Brawn GP cars struggled again, Barrichello and Button finishing seventh and eighth respectively.[108]
At the Brazilian Grand Prix, Button was hampered in qualifying by a poor choice of tyres in the wet weather and could achieve only fourteenth position. His championship campaign was boosted by Vettel qualifying sixteenth, but team-mate and closest rival Barrichello qualified on pole. In the race, Button was aided by a first-lap incident, and was up to seventh by lap seven. He ran as high as second place by halfway, but ultimately finished fifth, taking enough points to secure the 2009 championship with one round to spare.[109] At the final race of the season, in Abu Dhabi, Button qualified behind Barrichello again, but was able to achieve a podium by coming third.[110]
With 169 starts, Button made the second-highest number of race starts before becoming World Champion. Only Nigel Mansell (with 176 starts, at the 1992 Hungarian Grand Prix) had competed in more races than Button before winning the World Championship.[111] Button wrote a book about his 2009 season, entitled "My Championship Year",[112] which was published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson on 19 November 2009.
On 30 November 2009, Button was announced as one of the ten men and women shortlisted for the 2009 BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award.[113][114] At the awards ceremony on 13 December 2009, Button was awarded second place.[115] On 6 December, Button won the BBC West Country's Sports Personality of the Year at the University of Bath. He won the main award against racehorse trainer Paul Nicholls, cricketer Marcus Trescothick and golfer Chris Wood. He also won the Laureus World Breakthrough of the Year award.[116]
Button was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2010 New Year Honours for his services to motorsport.[117][118] Button's home town, Frome, has named a street, Jenson Avenue, after him,[119] and has awarded him the Freedom of the town.[120] The town also intends to name a new bridge over the River Frome 'The Jenson Button Bridge'.[121]
2010–present: McLaren[link]
2010[link]
Following the buy-out of Brawn by Mercedes, Button announced on 18 November 2009 that he would be leaving the team to move to McLaren for the 2010 season.[122] He signed a three-year deal for a reported £6 million per season to drive alongside former world champion Lewis Hamilton.[123] Button said he moved because he wanted the motivation and challenge from competing head-to-head with Hamilton, and that Brawn GP had offered him more money.[124] A number of people, including former Formula One drivers John Watson, Jackie Stewart and Eddie Irvine, believed the move was a mistake, and that Button would struggle to compete with Hamilton at McLaren.[125][126]
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After a seventh place finish in the opening round in Bahrain, Button won the second race in Australia from fourth on the grid. Button was the first to come in for slick tyres on a damp but drying track, which lifted him to second place after the other drivers had pitted. He inherited the lead when Vettel retired with brake problems and maintained his lead to the end without changing his tyres again.[127] His victory made him the thirteenth driver in Formula One history to have won Grands Prix for at least three different constructors.[128] Following an eighth place finish in Malaysia, after starting seventeenth, Button went on to win his second race of the season from fifth on the grid in China, by staying on slick tyres while most of the other drivers pitted for intermediates, he was promoted to second place. However, the rain did not come, and the other drivers had to pit again for dry tyres. Subsequently, he went on to lead the Drivers' Championship, with McLaren leading the Constructors' Championship.[129]
In Spain he was leapfrogged by Michael Schumacher and finished a frustrated fifth, before retiring in Monaco due to an overheating engine on lap three. As a result, Button lost his lead in the Championship, dropping to fourth behind both Red Bull drivers and Alonso. Button then finished second in Turkey after Red Bull teammates Mark Webber and Sebastian Vettel, who were leading the race, collided with each other. His own teammate Hamilton took the win, after the two of them briefly touched after a few corners of wheel-to-wheel racing. Hamilton had been told by the McLaren team to slow down and that Button would not pass him if he did so. Button passed the surprised Hamilton anyway, though Hamilton quickly took the lead back.[130] The second place promoted Button to second overall in the Championship, just behind Webber. In Canada he followed up this result and remained second in the Championship, 3 points behind his teammate Hamilton. At the European Grand Prix in Valencia, Button finished 3rd and maintained 2nd place in the title race with another podium. Button missed out on a podium at the British Grand Prix, finishing fourth after problems with the balance off his car in qualifying had left him fourteenth.
After three further-points scoring finishes, Button retired at the Belgian Grand Prix after being hit by Vettel and punctured the radiator of his car. Second at Monza was followed by a fourth place in both Singapore and Japan. During the Brazilian Grand Prix weekend, Button and his entourage were threatened by a number of gunmen on his way back from qualifying at Interlagos, although nobody was harmed during the incident.[131] Button was mathematically eliminated from retaining his championship title with a fifth place in the race. At the season finale in Abu Dhabi, Button qualified fourth. He moved ahead of Alonso at the start, and moved up to third. Hamilton and Vettel pitted, leaving Button in the lead. After doing 39 laps on the option tyre, Button pitted and slotted back into third, where he would finish and secure fifth in the championship.
2011[link]
2011 began slowly for Button and McLaren, with Vettel dominating the early races. Button came second in Malaysia, and third in Spain and Monaco, losing the chance for a race win in the latter race after a red flag in the closing laps allowed Vettel and Alonso to change tyres. Two weeks later in Canada, Button took what he called the "best win of (his) career", overtaking Vettel on the final lap after Vettel made a mistake under pressure. Button made five pit-stops, had his teammate crash into him, served a drive-through penalty for speeding under the safety car – dropping him to last place – as well as sustaining a puncture from a collision with Alonso, and made 27 on-track passes to win the longest Formula One race in history.[132]
Button suffered his first retirement of the season at the British Grand Prix, caused by an error at his final pit stop. The wheel gun failed to refit the wheel nut and Button was released by the pit crew with an unsecured wheel. At the German Grand Prix, he retired in consecutive races for the first time since 2008, due to hydraulic issues. Button won his 200th Formula One race at the Hungarian Grand Prix, where he had won his first Grand Prix in 2006.[133] Button finished third in Belgium, having qualified in 13th after a miscommunication with his team,[134] after overtaking Alonso with two laps to go. He finished second at both Monza. In Singapore, Button chased Vettel who was in the lead with a few laps to go, closing at over a second a lap, but at the final moment, traffic denied him the chance to take first. After Singapore he moved into second place in the Drivers' Championship, and he became the only driver that could deny Vettel a second consecutive title.
Prior to the Japanese Grand Prix, Button signed a multi-year contract extension with McLaren.[135] The new deal will earn Button £85 million.[136] He took victory in the race ahead of Alonso and Vettel, the latter becoming champion. At the Indian Grand Prix McLaren team principal Martin Whitmarsh stated that the length of Button's new contract was 3 years. Button qualified fourth for this race and elevated himself to second position on the first lap, overtaking Alonso at the turn one and Webber on the long back straight. He eventually finished second behind Vettel, whose race pace he had been unable to match. In Abu Dhabi, Button qualified third and also finished in third after teammate Hamilton won the race and pole-sitter Vettel suffered a puncture on lap 1 and retired with suspension damage. Button suffered a recurring KERS problem for a large part of the race, but still had a good gap between himself and fourth placed man Webber, as well as an almost equal gap to second placed Alonso in front. These results ensured that Button was the first teammate to outscore Lewis Hamilton in a season.[137] At the final race of the season – the Brazilian Grand Prix, Button outqualified Hamilton to start third on the grid and he also finished third – in both occasions behind the two Red Bull cars – by overtaking Alonso on lap 62. The result secured second place in the Championship for Button, some 122 points behind Vettel. In 2011, Button won three Grands Prix, set three fastest laps and finished on the podium twelve times.
2012[link]
Button remains at McLaren for the 2012 season, again partnering Hamilton.[138] Button qualified second to Hamilton, before going on to win the first race of the season in Australia.[139] Button went on to qualify second to Hamilton at the following race in Malaysia,[140] however he finished 14th after a collision with the HRT of Narain Karthikeyan and a lack of grip. This was Button's first non-points finish since the 2010 Korean Grand Prix and it ended a points streak which started at the 2011 Hungarian Grand Prix. Button finished second in China two weeks later. In the 2012 Bahrain Grand Prix Button qualified fourth behind his team mate Lewis Hamilton in second. During the race Button found frustration with the levels of grip and retired on lap 55 due to an exhaust failure. At the 2012 Spanish Grand Prix Button qualified 11th, the first time he had qualified outside the top ten all season.
Driving style[link]
Button is known for having a very smooth driving style; journalist Mark Hughes wrote in 2009, "Button has a fantastic feel for how much momentum can be taken into a corner and this allows him to be minimal in his inputs—his steering and throttle movements in particular tend to be graceful and beautifully co-ordinated."[141] This allows him to perform well in tricky conditions, such as his maiden win in the 2006 Hungarian Grand Prix. Many believe using his smooth style he can conserve his tyres better during race conditions than other drivers.[142] However, his smooth style can also mean he struggles to generate the necessary tyre temperature on cool days or undemanding tracks.[141]
Coupled with his driving style, Button has demonstrated intelligent race decisions such as his pit stop strategy during the 2010 Australian Grand Prix.[143] Jackie Stewart drew similarities with the driving style and racecraft of Alain Prost.[144] In an interview in 2003, Button said about Prost: "His way of driving was so smooth. He is the person I have modelled myself on".[145] However, he contradicted himself in 2009, when he said, "I've never tried to model myself on anyone. I don't think many people do when they are pursuing their career."[144] Parallels have also been made with the McLaren partnership and rivalry to 2008 World Champion Lewis Hamilton to the Prost-Senna rivalry of the 1980s, though the latter clearly had a more tempestuous relationship.[144]
Personal life[link]
Like many Formula One drivers, Button resided in the principality of Monaco but he has since moved to Guernsey. He said that it was the great training possibilities that took him away from the tax haven. He also has properties in the United Kingdom and Bahrain.[146][147] His hobbies include mountain biking, competing in triathlons and body boarding, and his car collection includes a Nissan GT-R, a 1956 VW Campervan, a Honda S600 and a Mercedes C63 AMG, numerous Ferraris (including an Enzo) and his championship winning Brawn BGP 001. He previously owned a blue Honda NSX Type R and a blue on black Bugatti Veyron.[148]
He was engaged to the actress and singer Louise Griffiths before ending their five year relationship in May 2005.[149] Button has been dating Japanese model Jessica Michibata for two and a half years.[150] Button has two tattoos: a black coat button on his right forearm; and Japanese kanji-characters on his ankle which say "一番" (Ichi ban, "Number One" in Japanese), this was done before he won the world title, and is the name of Button's triathlon team. Since mid-2010, the same legend has appeared on Button's race helmet.[151] Button is also a brand ambassador for Head & Shoulders, and has appeared in advertising campaigns for the company.[152]
Racing record[link]
Career summary[link]
| Season | Series | Team | Races | Wins | Poles | F/Laps | Podiums | Points | Position |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1998 | British Formula Ford Championship | Haywood Racing | 15 | 7 | 9 | 7 | 12 | 133 | 1st |
| Formula Ford Festival | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1st | ||
| 1999 | British Formula Three | Promatecme UK | 16 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 168 | 3rd |
| Macau Grand Prix | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 2nd | ||
| Masters of Formula 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | N/A | 5th | ||
| Korea Super Prix | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 2nd | ||
| Spa 24 Hours | BMW FINA Team Rafanelli | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC | |
| 2000 | Formula One | BMW WilliamsF1 Team | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 8th |
| 2001 | Formula One | Mild Seven Benetton Renault | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 17th |
| 2002 | Formula One | Mild Seven Renault F1 Team | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 7th |
| 2003 | Formula One | Lucky Strike BAR Honda | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 9th |
| 2004 | Formula One | Lucky Strike BAR Honda | 18 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 10 | 85 | 3rd |
| 2005 | Formula One | Lucky Strike BAR Honda | 16 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 37 | 9th |
| 2006 | Formula One | Lucky Strike Honda Racing F1 Team | 18 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 56 | 6th |
| 2007 | Formula One | Honda Racing F1 Team | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 15th |
| 2008 | Formula One | Honda Racing F1 Team | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 18th |
| 2009 | Formula One | Brawn GP F1 Team | 17 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 9 | 95 | 1st |
| 2010 | Formula One | Vodafone McLaren Mercedes | 19 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 214 | 5th |
| 2011 | Formula One | Vodafone McLaren Mercedes | 19 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 12 | 270 | 2nd |
| 2012 | Formula One | Vodafone McLaren Mercedes | 6 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 45 | 7th* |
* Season in progress.
Complete British Formula Three results[link]
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest lap)
| Year | Entrant | Chassis | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | DC | Points |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1999 | Promatecme UK | Dallara F399 | Renault | DON1 2 |
SIL1 6 |
THR1 1 |
BRH1 8 |
BRH2 7 |
OUL 5 |
CRO Ret |
BRH3 6 |
SIL2 2 |
SNE 11 |
PEM1 2 |
PEM2 1 |
DON2 2 |
SPA 4 |
SIL3 1 |
THR2 Ret |
3rd | 168 |
Complete Formula One results[link]
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
| Year | Entrant | Chassis | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | WDC | Points |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | BMW WilliamsF1 Team | Williams FW22 | BMW E41 3.0 V10 | AUS Ret |
BRA 6 |
SMR Ret |
GBR 5 |
ESP 17† |
EUR 10† |
MON Ret |
CAN 11 |
FRA 8 |
AUT 5 |
GER 4 |
HUN 9 |
BEL 5 |
ITA Ret |
USA Ret |
JPN 5 |
MAL Ret |
8th | 12 | |||
| 2001 | Mild Seven Benetton Renault | Benetton B201 | Renault RS21 3.0 V10 | AUS 14† |
MAL 11 |
BRA 10 |
SMR 12 |
ESP 15 |
AUT Ret |
MON 7 |
CAN Ret |
EUR 13 |
FRA 16† |
GBR 15 |
GER 5 |
HUN Ret |
BEL Ret |
ITA Ret |
USA 9 |
JPN 7 |
17th | 2 | |||
| 2002 | Mild Seven Renault F1 Team | Renault R202 | Renault RS22 3.0 V10 | AUS Ret |
MAL 4 |
BRA 4 |
SMR 5 |
ESP 12† |
AUT 7 |
MON Ret |
CAN 15† |
EUR 5 |
GBR 12† |
FRA 6 |
GER Ret |
HUN Ret |
BEL Ret |
ITA 5 |
USA 8 |
JPN 6 |
7th | 14 | |||
| 2003 | Lucky Strike BAR Honda | BAR 005 | Honda RA003E 3.0 V10 | AUS 10 |
MAL 7 |
BRA Ret |
SMR 8 |
ESP 9 |
AUT 4 |
MON DNS |
CAN Ret |
EUR 7 |
FRA Ret |
GBR 8 |
GER 8 |
HUN 10 |
ITA Ret |
USA Ret |
JPN 4 |
9th | 17 | ||||
| 2004 | Lucky Strike BAR Honda | BAR 006 | Honda RA004E 3.0 V10 | AUS 6 |
MAL 3 |
BHR 3 |
SMR 2 |
ESP 8 |
MON 2 |
EUR 3 |
CAN 3 |
USA Ret |
FRA 5 |
GBR 4 |
GER 2 |
HUN 5 |
BEL Ret |
ITA 3 |
CHN 2 |
JPN 3 |
BRA Ret |
3rd | 85 | ||
| 2005 | Lucky Strike BAR Honda | BAR 007 | Honda RA005E 3.0 V10 | AUS 11† |
MAL Ret |
BHR Ret |
SMR DSQ |
ESP |
MON |
EUR 10 |
CAN Ret |
USA DNS |
FRA 4 |
GBR 5 |
GER 3 |
HUN 5 |
TUR 5 |
ITA 8 |
BEL 3 |
BRA 7 |
JPN 5 |
CHN 8 |
9th | 37 | |
| 2006 | Lucky Strike Honda Racing F1 Team |
Honda RA106 | Honda RA806E 2.4 V8 | BHR 4 |
MAL 3 |
AUS 10† |
SMR 7 |
EUR Ret |
ESP 6 |
MON 11 |
GBR Ret |
CAN 9 |
USA Ret |
FRA Ret |
GER 4 |
HUN 1 |
TUR 4 |
ITA 5 |
CHN 4 |
JPN 4 |
BRA 3 |
6th | 56 | ||
| 2007 | Honda Racing F1 Team | Honda RA107 | Honda RA807E 2.4 V8 | AUS 15 |
MAL 12 |
BHR Ret |
ESP 12 |
MON 11 |
CAN Ret |
USA 12 |
FRA 8 |
GBR 10 |
EUR Ret |
HUN Ret |
TUR 13 |
ITA 8 |
BEL Ret |
JPN 11† |
CHN 5 |
BRA Ret |
15th | 6 | |||
| 2008 | Honda Racing F1 Team | Honda RA108 | Honda RA808E 2.4 V8 | AUS Ret |
MAL 10 |
BHR Ret |
ESP 6 |
TUR 11 |
MON 11 |
CAN 11 |
FRA Ret |
GBR Ret |
GER 17 |
HUN 12 |
EUR 13 |
BEL 15 |
ITA 15 |
SIN 9 |
JPN 14 |
CHN 16 |
BRA 13 |
18th | 3 | ||
| 2009 | Brawn GP F1 Team | Brawn BGP 001 | Mercedes FO 108W 2.4 V8 | AUS 1 |
MAL 1‡ |
CHN 3 |
BHR 1 |
ESP 1 |
MON 1 |
TUR 1 |
GBR 6 |
GER 5 |
HUN 7 |
EUR 7 |
BEL Ret |
ITA 2 |
SIN 5 |
JPN 8 |
BRA 5 |
ABU 3 |
1st | 95 | |||
| 2010 | Vodafone McLaren Mercedes | McLaren MP4-25 | Mercedes FO 108X 2.4 V8 | BHR 7 |
AUS 1 |
MAL 8 |
CHN 1 |
ESP 5 |
MON Ret |
TUR 2 |
CAN 2 |
EUR 3 |
GBR 4 |
GER 5 |
HUN 8 |
BEL Ret |
ITA 2 |
SIN 4 |
JPN 4 |
KOR 12 |
BRA 5 |
ABU 3 |
5th | 214 | |
| 2011 | Vodafone McLaren Mercedes | McLaren MP4-26 | Mercedes FO 108Y 2.4 V8 | AUS 6 |
MAL 2 |
CHN 4 |
TUR 6 |
ESP 3 |
MON 3 |
CAN 1 |
EUR 6 |
GBR Ret |
GER Ret |
HUN 1 |
BEL 3 |
ITA 2 |
SIN 2 |
JPN 1 |
KOR 4 |
IND 2 |
ABU 3 |
BRA 3 |
2nd | 270 | |
| 2012 | Vodafone McLaren Mercedes | McLaren MP4-27 | Mercedes FO 108Z 2.4 V8 | AUS 1 |
MAL 14 |
CHN 2 |
BHR 18† |
ESP 9 |
MON 16† |
CAN |
EUR |
GBR |
GER |
HUN |
BEL |
ITA |
SIN |
JPN |
KOR |
IND |
ABU |
USA |
BRA |
7th* | 45* |
‡ Half points awarded as less than 75% of race distance was completed.
† Driver did not finish the Grand Prix, but was classified as they completed over 90% of the race distance.
* Season in progress.
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External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jenson Button |
- Official Website
- Jenson Button on Twitter
- Jenson Button at the Internet Movie Database
- Jenson Button profile and statistics
- Jenson Button career statistics
- F1Fanatic – Who's Who: Jenson Button
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Button, Jenson |
| Alternative names | Button, Jenson Alexander Lyons |
| Short description | Formula One driver |
| Date of birth | 19 January 1980 |
| Place of birth | Frome, England, United Kingdom |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Jenson_Button
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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