Burgos (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈburɣos], UK /ˈbʊərɡɒs/, US /ˈbʊərɡoʊs/) is a city in northern Spain, historic capital of Castile. It is situated on the River Arlanzón in northern Spain, just to the west of Logroño and southwest of Bilbao, at the edge of the central plateau. It has about 180,000 inhabitants in the proper city and another 20,000 in its suburbs. It is the capital of the province of Burgos, in the autonomous community of Castile and León. The Burgos Laws or Leyes de Burgos first governing the behaviour of Spaniards towards natives of the Americas were promulgated there in 1512.
It has many historic landmarks, set apart specially by the Cathedral of Burgos (named World Heritage Site by the UNESCO in 1984), Las Huelgas Reales Monastery and the Cartuja of Miraflores. It preserves a large number of churches, palaces and other building from the medieval age. The city is surrounded by the Fuentes Blancas and the Paseo de la Isla parks.
The city forms the principal crossroad of northern Spain along the Camino de Santiago, which runs parallel to the River Arlanzón. It has a developed transportation system, forming the main communication node in northern Spain.
The Museum of Human Evolution was opened in 2010, unique in its kind across the world and projected to become one of the top 10 visited museums in Spain. The museum features the first Europeans, which lived in this area 800,000 years ago.
There are several possible origins for the toponomy. When the city was founded, the inhabitants of the surrounding country got into the fortified village, whose Visigothic name of Burgos signified consolidated walled villages (Gothic baurgs).[1] The city began to be called Caput Castellae ("Cabeza de Castilla" or "Head of Castile").
Early humans occupied sites around Burgos as early as 800,000 years ago. When the Romans took possession of what is now the province of Burgos, the site had been a Celtiberian city. In Roman times, it belonged to Hispania Citerior ("Hither Spain") and then to Hispania Tarraconensis. In the 5th century, the Visigoths drove back the Suebi, then the Arabs occupied almost all of Castile in the 8th century, though only for a brief period, and left little if any trace of their occupation. Alfonso III the Great, king of León reconquered it about the middle of the 9th century, and built several castles for the defence of Christendom, which was then extended through the reconquest of lost territory. The region came to be known as Castile (Latin castella), i.e. "land of castles".
View of Burgos Castle, built in 884 AD
Burgos was founded in 884 as an outpost of this expanding Christian frontier,[2] when Diego Rodríguez "Porcelos", count of Castile, governed this territory with orders to promote the increase of the Christian population; with this end in view he gathered the inhabitants of the surrounding country into one fortified village. The city began to be called Caput Castellae ("Cabeza de Castilla" or "Head of Castile"). The county (condado) of Burgos, subject to the Kings of León, continued to be governed by counts and was gradually extended; one of these counts, Fernán González, established his independence.[3]
In the 11th century, the city became the see of a Catholic bishop and the capital of the Kingdom of Castile. Burgos was a major stop for pilgrims on their way to Santiago de Compostela[4] and a centre of trade between the Bay of Biscay and the south, which attracted an unusually large foreign merchant population, who became part of the city oligarchy and excluded other foreigners.[5] Throughout the 13th and 14th centuries, Burgos was a favourite seat of the kings of León and Castile and a favoured burial site. The consejo or urban commune of Burgos was firmly in the hands of an oligarchic class of caballeros villanos, the "peasant knights" of Burgos, who provided the monarchs with a mounted contingent: in 1255 and 1266 royal charters granted to those citizens of Burgos who owned horses and could arm themselves relief from taxes, provided that they continue to live within the city walls.[6] The merchant oligarchy succeeded the cathedral chapter as the major purchasers of land after 1250; they carried on their mercantile business in common with municipal or royal functions and sent their sons to England and Flanders to gain experience in overseas trade. A few families within the hermandades or confraternities like the Sarracín and Bonifaz succeeded in monopolising the post of alcalde, or mayor; a special court, the alcalde del rey was first mentioned at Burgos in 1281.[7] By the reign of Alfonso X, the exemption of the non-noble knights and religious corporations, combined with exorbitant gifts and grants to monasteries and private individuals, placed great stress on the economic well-being of the realm.
In the century following the conquest of Seville (1248), Burgos became a testing ground for royal policies of increasing power against the consejo, in part by encouraging the right to appeal from the consejo to the king. In 1285, Sancho IV added a new body to the consejo which came to dominate it: the jurado in charge of collecting taxes and overseeing public works; the king reserved the right to select its members. The city perceived that danger to its autonomy came rather from an uncontrolled aristocracy during royal minorities: Burgos joined the hermandades of cities that leagued together for mutual protection in 1295 and 1315. In the 14th century, official royal intrusion in city affairs was perceived as a palliative against outbreaks of violence by the large excluded class of smaller merchants and artisans, on whom the tax burden fell. The alguacil was the royal official instituted to judge disagreements.
On 9 June 1345, sweeping aside the city government, Alfonso XI established direct royal rule of Burgos through the Regimiento of sixteen appointed men.
In 1574, Pope Gregory XIII made its bishop an archbishop, at the request of king Philip II.
Burgos has been the scene of many wars: with the Moors, the struggles between León and Navarre, and between Castile and Aragon. In the Peninsular War against Napoleonic France, Burgos was the scene of a battle, and again in the 19th-century Carlist civil wars of the Spanish succession. During the Spanish Civil War, Burgos was the base of Gen. Franco's rebel Nationalist government.
At an elevation of 856 m, the city of Burgos experiences the continental Mediterranean climate (Kŏppen Csb). Burgos' climate features cool winters due to altitude and an inland location. Winters typically include snow and temperatures below freezing. Burgos' continentality is caused by two principal factors: 1) distance from the sea and 2) higher altitude. Temperature ranges can be extreme and Burgos is much drier than Spain's coastal regions, although there is year-round precipitation. Average annual precipitation is 555 mm (21.9 in) and the average annual relative humidity is 72%. In winter, temperatures often drop below freezing and snowfalls are common, while the summer months see average high temperatures of 26.4 °C (80 °F). The lowest recorded temperature in Burgos was −21 °C (−6 °F) on 20 January 1885. The highest recorded temperature was 42 °C (108 °F) on 13 August 1987.
| Climate data for Burgos (1971–2000) |
| Month |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
Apr |
May |
Jun |
Jul |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Year |
| Average high °C (°F) |
6.7
(44.1) |
8.9
(48.0) |
12.0
(53.6) |
13.3
(55.9) |
17.2
(63.0) |
22.0
(71.6) |
26.4
(79.5) |
26.7
(80.1) |
22.9
(73.2) |
16.5
(61.7) |
10.7
(51.3) |
7.6
(45.7) |
15.9
(60.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) |
2.7
(36.9) |
4.1
(39.4) |
6.3
(43.3) |
7.8
(46.0) |
11.4
(52.5) |
15.2
(59.4) |
18.7
(65.7) |
18.9
(66.0) |
15.7
(60.3) |
10.9
(51.6) |
6.2
(43.2) |
3.9
(39.0) |
10.1
(50.2) |
| Average low °C (°F) |
−1.2
(29.8) |
−0.6
(30.9) |
0.6
(33.1) |
2.2
(36.0) |
5.6
(42.1) |
8.4
(47.1) |
11.0
(51.8) |
11.1
(52.0) |
8.5
(47.3) |
5.3
(41.5) |
1.6
(34.9) |
0.3
(32.5) |
4.4
(39.9) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) |
46
(1.81) |
42
(1.65) |
31
(1.22) |
65
(2.56) |
69
(2.72) |
46
(1.81) |
30
(1.18) |
27
(1.06) |
36
(1.42) |
50
(1.97) |
56
(2.2) |
57
(2.24) |
555
(21.85) |
| Avg. rainy days |
8 |
8 |
6 |
9 |
10 |
6 |
4 |
4 |
5 |
8 |
8 |
9 |
85 |
| Avg. snowy days |
5 |
4 |
3 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
3 |
19 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours |
90 |
113 |
171 |
173 |
213 |
270 |
312 |
291 |
218 |
150 |
108 |
74 |
2,183 |
| Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[8] |
Arco de Santa María, the medieval entrance at the city was built in the XIV century.
|
Burgos is rich in ancient churches and convents. The three most notable are the cathedral, with its chapel of the Condestables de Castilla, the monastery of Las Huelgas, and the Carthusian monastery of Miraflores. Minor notable churches are San Esteban, San Gil (Sancti Aegidii), San Pedro, San Cosme y San Damián, Santiago (Sancti Jacobi), San Lorenzo and San Lesmes (Adelelmi). The Convento de la Merced, occupied by the Jesuits, and the Hospital del Rey are also of historic and architectural interest.
Among the other interesting architectural structures, in the walls of the city are the famous gateway of Santa María, erected for the first entrance of the Emperor Charles V, and the arch of Fernán González.
Construction on Burgos' Gothic Cathedral began in 1221 and spanned mainly from the 13th to 15th centuries. It has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The west front is flanked by towers terminating in octagonal spires covered with open stonework traceries. The middle section, which serves as an entrance, has three alabaster pilasters, the intercolumnar spaces bearing panel-pictures representing the martyrdom of saints. The façade possessed ornate and fantastic surface decoration.
The octagonal chapel of the Condestable, in florid, thus highly sculpted, Gothic design, has a roof finished with balustraded turrets, needle-pointed pinnacles, and statues. In the lower portion, coats of arms, shields, and crouching lions have been worked into the ensemble. The exterior of the sacristy is decorated with carved traceries, figures of angels and armoured knights. The elaborate tabernacle is composed of two octagonal sections in Corinthian style.
Main article:
Las HuelgasThe Monasterio de las Huelgas Reales (Monastery of the Royal Retreats) on the outskirts of the city, was founded in 1180 by king Alfonso VIII, and was begun in a pre-Gothic style, although almost every style has been introduced over many additions. The remarkable cloisters have been described as "unrivalled for beauty both of detail and design, and perhaps unsurpassed by anything in its age and style in any part of Europe" (1911 Encyclopædia Britannica). One cloister has semicircular arches with delicate and varied columns; the other has an ogival style of early Gothic. The interior of the church has enormous columns supporting its magnificent vault; the entrance is modern. This convent historically benefited from extraordinary privileges granted to its abbess by kings and popes.
The Carthusian monastery of Miraflores Charterhouse is situated about four kilometres from the historic city center. Among the treasures of the Charterhouse are the wooden statue of St. Bruno, the wooden choir stalls in the church and the mausoleum of King John II and of his wife, Isabella of Portugal, constructed of marble and with their alabaster recumbent effigies. Around the top frieze are statues of angels in miniature. The French soldiers in the War of Independence (1814) mutilated this beautiful work, cutting off some of the heads and carrying them away to France. King John II's daughters by his first wife, heiresses Catherine, Princess of Asturias, and Eleanor, Princess of Asturias, are also buried in the monastery.
Historic street leading to the cathedral
The city preserves historic centre from the medieval age, corresponding to the city walls.
Burgos has a total of 10 museums, the newest being the Museum of Human Evolution (the 10th most visited museum in Spain).
The Museum of Human Evolution was inaugurated on 13 July 2010. Its foundation is based on the archeological site of Atapuerca located 20 km (12 mi) east of Burgos. The Atapuerca site has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It contains several caves, where fossils and stone tools of the earliest known Hominids in West Europe have been found, near Atapuerca Mountains.
The museum also allows the visitor to travel to the archaeological site.
It summarizes the history of the province of Burgos. It has important objects and documents from all the ages, starting from Atapuerca, passing to the romans and iberians, and finishing in the contemporary period.
The museum is located in a renascence palace, the House of Íñigo Angulo, which has a main patio that structures the museum.
Between the Main Square “Plaza Mayor” and the Promenade of the Espolón “Paseo del Espolón,” on the side street, Travesía del Mercado nº3, you find the Fadrique de Basilea Book Museum “Museo del Libro Fadrique de Basilea”, of the Burgos publisher, Siloé, a cosy museum that shows the history of the book from its first written form to its modern electronic form.
Burgos Airport is located only 5 km (3.11 mi) from the city centre, with daily flights to Barcelona International Airport, and during spring and summer to Palma de Mallorca, and Paris Orly.
Burgos International Train Station
Map of the Spanish high-speed railway network.
The city is considered a first-class rail route through which two rail lines circulate, both operated by Renfe: the Madrid-Irun, and a direct rail link Madrid-Burgos through Aranda de Duero.
2010 marked 150 years since the arrival of the first railroad to the city; the first train was present on October 25, 1860. Madrid was joined with the French border and the this was considered the main route of railway communication between Spain and Europe. Located at the halfway point, Burgos soon become an important hub of communications between the center and the north.
Since December 2007, the city has been connected to the main provincial capitals by high-speed service Alvia. It also provides other services, middle and long distance, which connect with the main population centers of the country. 18 long distance trains and 12 middle distance trains circulate through the train station each day, which results in around 330,000 yearly users.
The new railway station was opened on 12 December 2008 under the name Burgos-Rosa de Lima, belonging to ADIF. It is located in the neighborhood of Villímar, northeast of the city, and has been adapted for the future arrival of the AVE.
In 2015, AVE high speed trains will serve the city, connecting it to cities such as Madrid in only 84 minutes, or Bilbao in 70 minutes.
A project to implement a tram for the city has been planned, which would run the length of the Boulevard, officially called the Avenida de Valencia. It would consist of a line of about 12 km long and will originate from the Burgos-Rosa de Lima train station and end at the University of Burgos. Its cost is estimated between 80 and 120 million euros.
Due to the economic crisis and real estate, the project has been postponed temporarily until further funding. In February 2010 work began on the development of the Boulevard, which reserves a lane for public transport; first buses, and eventually the tram.
Burgos has an international bus station located in the city centre, just one hundred meters from the Cathedral. It connects the city with nearly every region of Spain, as well as with a wide number of European cities.
Burgos' city bike network
The city has its own free public bicycle rental system, called Bicibur. It has been designed by a local company and has more than 20 points of distribution throughout the city. A network of over 100 km of bicycle lanes net the city making it the 6th largest bicycle lane network in Spain and the first in kilometers per resident.[9]
Burgos has undertaken many efforts concerning sustainable mobility, and it won the CiViTAs City of the Year in 2007, the most important Award at the European level and the Energy Globe Award in 2008 (the sustainability Nobel awards) in the Air Category for the same reason. The city is the leader among Spanish cities in terms of sustainable mobility with big efforts for a city centre free of cars, a free bicycle loan system and 100% clean public transport. Burgos now leads the CiViNET Network of cities concerned with sustainable mobility in Spain and Portugal.
State Education in Spain is free, and compulsory from 6 to 16 years. The current education system is called LOE (Ley Orgánica de Educación).[10]
- University of Burgos
Often abbreviated 'UBU', the University of Burgos is a public university with about 10,000 students studying over 30 different undergraduate degrees, over 20 PhD Programmes, as well as several Official Masters and other graduate courses. It was established in 1994 when it was divided from the University of Valladolid.
UBU cooperates with the Erasmus Project, a European Union (EU) student-exchange programme, and each semester hosts students from various countries across the 15-state European Union, as well as Iceland, Lichtenstein, Norway, Malta and the 10 associated countries in Eastern Europe (Hungary, Romania, Czeck Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Bulgaria, Stonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Slovenia).[11] Additionally, university students from various regions around the world including China, Latin and North America are able to participate in exchange programmes to study abroad at the University of Burgos. In total, the University of Burgos has education agreements with over 100 international academic institutions.[12]
- Private International University of Burgos
Based in Burgos, it is a private online university in development and expected to become operational during 2012/2013. It offers distance and some classroom education. This University has been promoted by Education Campus of Castile and Leon.
Urbanisation in the
Gamonal district
View of a 1950s-era building in the
El Crucero district
Panoramic of Burgos; view facing south-east
Panoramic of Burgos; view facing north
Most of the parks in the city of Burgos can be found along the river Arlanzón. Indeed, the banks of the river itself constitute a green corridor along the city. In total, there are nearly 3 square miles (1,878 acres) of parks in Burgos and one tree for every 3 inhabitants.
- Parque del Castillo (or the Castle Park) is one of the lungs of the city. The city grew from the southern foot of the hill of the castle. Gradually, some of the upper neighborhoods began disappearing. After the destruction of the castle, military installations were established there. In the 1950s, the engineer Jaquotot Mariano, who later became mayor of the city, decided to leave the hill completely bare. Besides the ruins of the castle, this park contains the Bird Conservation Center. It also has play areas for children and exercise. Also, there is a terraced area with gardens and an ornamental fountain. The highlight of the park is the viewpoint from which you get a great view of the city, especially the cathedral. A metal plaque on the rail at the vista point helps to identify the most characteristic places of the city. The park contains the unique view of the city of Burgos from the viewpoint of the Castle.
Panoramic of Burgos desde el Mirador from the vista point of the Parque del Castillo
- Fuentes Blancas is Burgos' most visited large park extending east from the city along the river Arlanzón. It contains a network of walking and biking paths and includes camping and various outdoor recreational activities.
- Paseo del Espolón is the tree-lined promenade that is the most emblematic of Burgos. It's situated along the banks of the river Arlanzón, and consists of a landscaped walk that goes from the theater square to the Arc de Santa Maria, passing shops and cafes. It's a popular social spot for residents during the warm summer months.
Summer on the "Paseo del Espolón"
- Paseo de la Isla is another one of Burgos' beautiful tree-lined garden walks. It passes by the Palacio de la Isla which served as one of Franco's headquarters during the Spanish Civil War and is currently the Language Institute of Castilian and Leonese.
- Parque El Parral is located at the old "Hospital del Rey", a former hospital for pilgrims of the "Way of Saint James", now part of the University of Burgos campus
Burgos is a rich city, with a GDP over the Spain average. It is an important trade and tourist center with some manufacturing.
Wheat is the more vast cultivation, which surrounds the city outside limits.
Burgos is a very industrial city, with a secondary sector widely developed. The city has the biggest industrial park of north Spain, called Villalonquéjar.
It employs the bigger percentage in the city and is represented by the public sector (production, delivery and allocation of goods and services), due to the capital status.
The city has a complete culture infrastructure, remarked by the Auditorio y Palacio de Congresos de Burgos, which will be opened in mid 2012.
Burgos is considered to have the best spoken castellano of Spain.
The language was created near the city, in Valpuesta, a monastery located 100 km (62 mi) to the northeast of the city.
Burgos province is famous for Queso de Burgos, a white cheese which is soft and unctuous (because it is made with whey). Although originally made with sheep's milk, now cow's milk or mixtures are more common. Each comarca (rural district) produces a minor variation, and the major dairies produce an industrial product that is acceptable for people with sensitive digestion (it is said to promote good health if taken every day)
Burgos is blessed with a moderate climate and this fresh cheese was able to be conserved there without the need for curing of more than 10 days. With the improvement of aseptic industrial production processes this can be extended to about 30 days at a cool 6 °C. Its production reaches 35,000 tons annually.
Morcilla de Burgos, a pig's-blood sausage (black pudding), is a staple country food famous across the Iberian peninsula. Spiced with onions and herbs its most noticeable content is rice (often mistaken for fat) which makes it one of the lightest and healthiest products of its kind. Oral tradition says that it must be "salty, smooth and piquant". (see Spanish pages es:Burgos (desambiguación) for details)
Both products are regularly found all over Spain sliced and skewered on a slice of baguette bread as tapas (small bar-top treats, often served free with drinks).
Jamón Serrano (Literally: Mountain Ham): dry-cured Spanish Ham. Just as in most of Spain, this is a very popular food in Burgos. It is usually served in thin slices, eaten by itself or in a sandwich.
Burgos is twinned with:
The mayors of Bruges in Belgium's Flemish Region and Burgos signed a treaty on 29 January 2007 in Bruges's city hall for future cooperation. This engagement could be seen as a prologue on the opening of the exhibition Comeliness and Madness. This exhibition on Philip the Handsome took place in the Casa del Cordón in Burgos where the monarch died. On 30 January 2007, the exhibition opened in Bruges, the city where Philip the Handsome was born and where the urn with his heart is kept in Onthaalkerk O.L.V. (the Church of Our Lady).
Burgos and San Juan de los Lagos sponsor and coordinate activities between both populations.
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Back façade of the Cathedral
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The western façade of the cathedral
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Façade of Arco de Santa María
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La Cartuja de Miraflores, founded in 1441
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Entrance at San Lorenzo el Real Church
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La Merced Church, built between the 15th and 16th centuries
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San Cosme y San Damián Church (16th century)
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Casa del Cordón, south façade (15th century)
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San Lesmes Church (1074 and reformed in 14th century)
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Santa Dorotea Convent (15th century)
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Santa Clara Convent (13th century)
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Consistorial house of Burgos
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San Esteban Church, of Gothic style was built between the 13th and 14th centuries
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Palacio de La Isla – Franco's headquarters during the Spanish Civil War, currently the Language Institute of Castilian and Leonese
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Burgos Historic Centre at night
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IMG 2245.jpg
Way of St. James leading to Burgos Cathedral
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Paseo de Espolón during snowfall in February
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Snowfall behind the Cathedral
- ^ Wright, Joseph, 1892, A Primer of the Gothic Language, glossary & section 182.
- ^ Teofilo F. Ruiz, "The Transformation of the Castilian Municipalities: The Case of Burgos 1248–1350" Past and Present 77 (November 1977, pp. 3–32), p. 5.
- ^ It later became the Kingdom of Castile, being sometimes united with Navarre and sometimes with Leon. In the reign of St. Ferdinand III (c. 1200–1252), Leon and Castile were united, but they continued to be called respectively the Kingdom of Leon and the Kingdom of Castile until the nineteenth century.
- ^ The Camino de Santiago passed directly through the city, where an urban section of it was called the "French Road" (Ruiz 1977:13).
- ^ Ruiz 1977:10.
- ^ Ruiz 1977:6–9.
- ^ Ruis 1977:23.
- ^ "Valores Climatológicos Normales. Burgos / B. Aérea". Agencia Estatal de Meteorología. http://www.aemet.es/es/elclima/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos?l=2331&k=cle. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
- ^ http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=491550&page=21
- ^ "Sistema Educativo LOE by the Spanish Ministry of Education(Spanish Only)" (in (Spanish)). Mec.es. Archived from the original on 12 April 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080412073035/http://www.mec.es/educa/sistema-educativo/loe/sistema-educativo-loe.html. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
- ^ http://www.ubu.es/en/english-information/the-international-office/europeans-programs/socrates-erasmus
- ^ http://www.ubu.es/es/english-information/the-international-office/other-agreements/list-spanish
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